Cc kim loi qu him nht hnh tinh

Cp nht lc 09h29' ngy 24/02/2011

Xem thm: kim loi qu, indi, bc, renni, pladi, osimi, iridi, ruteni, vng, bch kim

Cc kim loi c xem l qu khi s lng ca chng t v him, c tm quan trng i

vi kinh t x hi. Trong khi vng v bc ang thu ht s quan tm ca cc nh u t,
cn c mt s kim loi rt qu him khc c nhng tnh nng s dng qu gi c bit.
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Mt s kim

pht
hin
8
kim
loi qu trn Tri t

loi
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trong
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c ngun gc t v tr

Hy cng im mt top 10 kim loi qu him hng u th gii, trong n v o lng

dng cho kim loi qu l troy ounce tng ng vi 1,1 ounce thng hay bng 0,031kg
(1 ounce = 28,35g).
10. Indi

Nhng thi Indi nguyn cht.

Indi (Indium) l mt kim loi kh him, mm, d un v d nng chy, dng kim loi
tinh khit c nhiu ngun ti liu cho l khng c hi, c hai nh ha hc ngi c l
Ferdinand Reich v Hieronymous Theodor Richter pht hin nm 1863. Khi dng kim loi
nguyn cht v b un cong th n pht ra cc ting ku rng rc. ng dng ch yu ca n
hin nay l to ra cc in cc trong sut dng trong cc mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD). N
cng c s dng rng ri trong cc mng mng to ra cc lp bi trn.
Indi ng th 61 v ph bin trong lp v Tri t, ngha l n c nhiu gp ba ln bc.
Indi c sn xut ch yu t cc cn b cn li sau khi tinh ch qung km. Nhu cu s dng
indi gia tng nhanh chng trong nhng nm gn y vi s ph bin ca mn hnh my
tnh/ti vi LCD.

9. Bc

Cc vt dng bng bc sang trng th hin s giu c ca ch nhn

T ngn xa, kim loi ny c dng trong bun bn v lm c s cho nhiu h thng tin
t. Ngy nay, ngoi vic c s dng lm cc trang tr c gi tr, bc cn c s dng
trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh lm rng gi, linh kin in t hay sn xut gng cn phn
x cao. c bit, cc mui halgen ca n c vai tr quan trng v c ng dng rng ri
trong i sng; chng hn, bc nitrat c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh lu phim nh;
hay Itua bc c th lm t my to ma nhn to.
Bc t bn thn n khng c nhng phn ln cc mui ca n l c v c th gy ung
th.
Bc c hiu ng v kh nng git cht nhiu loi vi khun, vi trng m khng li nh
hng r rng ti sc khe v s sng ca cc ng vt bc cao. Hippocrates - cha ca y
hc hin i, vit rng bc c cc thuc tnh c li cho sc khe v phng chng bnh tt.
Vit Nam, dn ta cng bit p dng hiu ng ny khi eo bc "k gi", "phng bnh".
Theo nhng nghin cu gn y, sa m trong bnh sa trng bc lu hng hn l ng
trong bnh nha thng thng. Nhiu nh sn xut thit b in lnh nh Toshiba, Panasonic,
Samsung ng dng cng ngh nano bc trong t lnh, iu ha nhit , my git vi mc
ch st khun.
8. Reni (Rhenium)

Nhng thi Reni tinh khit.

Nhng kim loi c xp hng qu l do chng kh tm v c bit kh phn tch. Vic khai
thc kim loi him bao gi cng l quy trnh phc tp v t tin. Chng hn nh cn phi x
l mt lng ln khong thch mi chit ra c 1kg kim loi him Rhenium. y l kim
loi qu c ngha chin lc trong ngnh c kh ch to my mc chu nhit cao. Vi nhit
nng chy rt cao (hn 3.000 C), cc hp kim vi Rhenium c dng ch to cc
b phn trong my bay phn lc, tn la, v l vt liu l tng trong ngnh nng lng
nguyn t. Hp kim ca Reni vi vonfram dng lm dy tc bng n in, ch to pin nhit
in. Reni cn c dng lm cht xc tc trong cng nghip lc - ho du.
Rhenium c cc nh khoa hc tm ra vo nm 1925. Tn gi ca n xut pht t tn sng
Rhein ca c (v ngi ta tm ra n c). Vo nm 2010, kim loi ny c gi khong
141USD/troy ounce (tng ng khong hn 4.500USD/kg.
7. Paladi (Palladium)

Tinh th Paladi
Paladi l mt kim loi him mu trng bc v bng, c William Hyde Wollaston pht hin
nm 1803, v t tn theo tn gi ca tiu hnh tinh Pallas. c bit, nhit phng v p
sut kh quyn, paladi c th hp th hir ti 900 ln th tch ca n, iu ny lm cho paladi
l cht lu tr hiu qu v an ton cho hir. Paladi cng chng xn mu tt, dn in n
nh v kh nng chng n mn ha hc cao, chu nhit tt.
Phn ln paladi c dng trong cc b chuyn i xc tc ca cng nghip sn xut t.
u nhng nm 2000, do e ngi vic sn xut t c th b tr hon do thiu ht paladi, nn
Ford Motor tin hnh d tr mt lng ln kim loi ny bng vic mua mc gi gn nh
cao nht. Do gi c sau gim xung nn Ford thua thit khong 1 t USD.
Cc tnh cht c o ca paladi v cc kim loi cng thuc nhm platin (PGM) gii thch
cho s dng rng ri ca chng. Khong mt phn t hng ha sn xut ngy nay hoc l
cha PGM hoc l c PGM ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut ra chng. Trn
mt na ngun cung cp paladi v platin c dng cho cc b chuyn i xc tc, trong
chng chuyn ha ti 90% cc kh c hi t khi t.
Paladi c tm thy trong nhiu in t nh my tnh, in thoi di ng, t in gm
nhiu lp, m hp thnh, tip im in p thp, v ti vi SED/OLED/LCD; n cn c s
dng trong y hc, trong cng ngh in nh.
N cng c th c dng thay th cho niken trong sn xut vng trng. Paladi l mt
trong s ba kim loi hay c s dng nht to hp kim vi vng trong sn xut vng
trng.
6. Osimi (Osmium)

Tinh th Osimi.
Osimi l mt trong nhng nguyn t m c nht trn tri t, c Smithson Tennant pht
hin vo nm 1803. N l cht chu nhit tt nht trong cc kim loi thuc nhm platin
(PGM), trng thi rn chc, osimi c mt mu trng hi xanh tng t nh km v vng
bn vi cc axt.
Kim loi ny c dng ch yu trong cc hp kim khng g dng bt u cc ngi
bt hoc cc tr bn l dng c.
Mi y, cc nh khoa hc Anh pht hin rng hp cht gia Osimi v Rutheni c kh
nng cha bnh ung th rut v ung th bung trng.
Cc nh nghin cu thuc trng i hc Warwick v Leeds pht hin rng cc nguyn t kim
loi Rutheni v Osmium c tnh cht ha hc kh ging nhau, nguyn t ca chng c th kt
hp vi cc phn t AND, tiu dit cc t bo ung th. Khi s dng hp cht Rutheni v
Osmium c th khin cc t bo ung th rut v ung th bung trng b tiu dit, ng thi
cc t bo ung th c kh nng khng thuc Xitplatin cng b tiu dit bi hp cht ny.
Vo nm 2010 gi ca 1kg osimi l vo khong 12.700USD.
5. Iridi (Iridium)

Bugi iridi dng cho xe hi.

Iridi l mt trong nhng nguyn t him nht trn hnh tinh chng ta. N l mt kim loi
cng, mu trng bc thuc nhm platin (PCM), l kim loi khng n mn tt nht, thm ch l
nhit cao khong 2000 C.
Iridi c Smithson Tennant pht hin nm 1803 Anh (cng nm ng pht hin ra Osimi).
Mc d l mt trong nhng nguyn t him nht trong v Tri t, vi sn lng v tiu th
hng nm ch 3 tn, n c nhiu ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip c th v trong y
hc. Vi nhng tnh cht c bit, Iridi ng vai tr quan trng trong cc ngnh y khoa, in
t, t cng nh cc mt hng tiu dng khc nh bt bi, ng h, v la bn.
Chng hn, vi kh nng chng n mn cao, Iridi c dng trong cc ni nung lm ti kt
tinh ca cc cht bn dn nhit cao, cc in cc trong sn xut clo, v my pht nhit
in ng v phng x c dng trong phi thuyn khng ngi li. Trong cng nghip t,
iridi c dng lm bugi nh la.
Iridi phn b ch yu Nam Phi, v gi trung bnh ca n vo khong 13.500USD/kg.
4. Ruteni (Ruthenium)

Chic ng h ch tc t vng v Ruteni tr gi 70.000USD.

Rutheni c nh khoa hc Nga l Karl Klaus pht hin v c lp nm 1844. Tn gi c
ngun gc t Ruthenia, mt t La tinh ch Rus, mt khu vc lch s m ngy nay l min
ty Nga, Ukraina, Belarus, mt phn Slovakia v Ba Lan. Karl Klaus t tn cho nguyn t
nh vy vinh danh qu hng ng.
Sau mt qu trnh ha hc phc tp, kim loi ny c phn lp v s dng cho nhiu mc
ch khc nhau. Chng hn nh Ruteni c thm vo vi hp kim ca paladi v bch kim
gia tng cng v tng cng bn. Ruteni cng c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc
in t. Nm 2009, gi ca kim loi ny vo khong 14.500USD/kg
V mt sinh hc, Rutheni c th lm sm mu da ngi, v c th l cht gy ung th v
tch ly sinh hc trong xng.
3. Vng (Gold)

Cc vt dt vng lun th hin s giu c v c v p lng ly.

Vng l kim loi c mu vng khi thnh khi, nhng khi ct nhuyn cng c khi c mu en,
hng ngc hay ta; mm, d un, d dt mng, v chiu sng.
Vng kt hp vi cc kim loi khc s cho ra cc hp kim c mu khc nhau, nh kt hp vi
ng cho mu hn, hp kim vi st mu xanh l, hp kim vi nhm cho mu ta, vi bch
kim cho mu trng.
T xa, vng thng c xem l c li cho sc kho, tuy nhin, ch cc mui v ng v ca
vng mi c gi tr y t. Khoa hc ngy nay chng minh tim vng gip lm gim au v
sng do thp khp v lao.
Cc hp kim vng c s dng trong vic phc hi nha khoa, c bit l rng, nh thn
rng v cu rng vnh vin.
Ngoi ra vng cn c s dng trong thc phm. Vng l, bng hay bi c dng trong
mt s thc phm cho ngi snh n nh 1 thnh phn trang tr. Tuy nhin, bi vng kim loi
tr vi mi cht ho hc trong c th, n khng mang li hng v cng khng c hiu qu
dinh dng no.
Vng c th c ch to thnh si ch v c dng trong thu tha.
Bi vng l mt cht phn x tt vi bc x in t nn n c dng lm lp ph bo v cho
nhiu v tinh nhn to, trong cc tm bo v nhit hng ngoi v m ca cc nh du hnh v
tr. N cng c dng nh lp phn x trn mt s a CD cng ngh cao. McLaren s dng
vng l trong khoang ng c model F1 ca mnh.
Trong ngnh kim hon Vit Nam, khi lng ca vng c tnh theo n v l cy (lng
hay lng) hoc ch. Mt cy vng nng 37,50 g.
Trn th trng th gii, vng thng c o lng theo h thng khi lng troy, trong 1

troy ounce (ozt) tng ng 31,103 476 8 g.

Tui (hay hm lng) vng c tnh theo thang K (Karat). Mt Karat tng ng 1/24
vng nguyn cht. Vng 99,99% tng ng vi 24K. Khi ta ni tui vng l 18K th n
tng ng vi hm lng vng trong mu xp x 75%. Hin nay Vit Nam ngi ta
thng kinh doanh vng di dng cc bnh, thi, nhn, dy chuyn, vng, lc vi hm lng
vng ch yu l 99,999% hay 99,99%, 99,9%, 99% hay 98%.
2. Bch kim (Platinum)

Chic xc tay lm bng bch kim ca nh kim hon Ginza Tanaka c gi 1.422.122 Euro.
Bch kim l mt trong cc kim loi qu him nht trn hnh tinh, c mu trng xm, kh b
n mn, nhit nng chy ln ti 3215 F. Platin c dng trong ngnh trang sc, thit b
th nghim, cc in cc, thit b y t v nha khoa, cc thit b xc tc ha hc, iu khin
mc pht thi kh trong xe hi.
Bch kim khng gy d ng, do ngi c ln da nhy cm s hon ton khng b nh
hng khi s dng nhng mn bch kim.
Cc c tnh ca bch kim lm cho nhiu lnh vc cng nghip ph thuc vo kim loi ny.
Mt s sn phm c th u cn s dng bch kim nh: lc ha du, mn hnh LCD, knh
mt, thuc chng ung th, sn, a cng, cp si quang v cht n.
Ngi Nht Bn rt a chung bch kim v hng nm h tiu th khon 48% lng trang sc
bch kim c sn xut trn th gii.
Hn 1/3 lng bch kim sn xut hng nm cho cc th trng quc t c s dng trong
cc b kim sot kh thi c hi ca xe hi.
Gi ca kim loi vo khong gn 40.000USD/kg (vo nm 2009).

1. Rodi (Rhodium)

Chic bt my c ngi lm t Rodi ca cng ty Edison Pen Co th hin ng cp

ca ngi s hu.
Rodi, c William Hyde Wollaston pht hin sau khi ng tm ra palladium trong nm 1803,
l mt kim loi trng bc, cng nhng d ko si. N c h s phn x cao v c tnh dn
in/dn nhit cao nht trong tt c cc kim loi thuc nhm platin (PGM). Rodi khng b g
trong hu nh tt c cc dung dch ngm nc, bao gm c axt v c ngay c nhit cao.
Cng dng chnh ca Rodi l c s dng nh mt cht pha ch to hp kim vi bch
kim v dng hp kim th n c mt vi ng dng trong cng nghip in v cng nghip
ch to thy tinh.
Ngoi vic ng vai tr quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip t, Rodi cn c s dng
sn xut knh, gng v trang sc, tip im in v ng c tuc bin my bay.
Do ngun cung cp rt khan him nn gi ca n rt cao, c thi im trong nm 2008 gi t
trn 10.000USD/oz. Sn lng Rodi hng nm trn th gii rt nh, v ch yu n t Nam
Phi.
so snh, khong 2.500 tn vng c sn xut mi nm, trong khi sn lng Rodii
hng nm ch bng khong 1% sn lng vng, v gi th cao hn gp ri gi vng.