CHNG 1:

GII THIU TNG QUAN V CHUYN MCH

NHN A GIAO THC MPLS
1.1. nh ngha MPLS
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching) l mt cng
ngh lai kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp 3 (layer 3 routing) v
chuyn mch lp 2 (layer 2 switching) cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong
mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt cc mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn
(label).

Hnh1.1: m hnh mng MPLS

1.2. c im mng MPLS
Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu.
Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc cng ngh khc lin quan
n Internet.

Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocol).

Tm ng i linh hot da vo nhn (label) cho trc.

H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM).

C th hot ng trong mt mng phn cp.

C tnh tng thch cao.

Khng c MPLS API, cng khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host.

MPLS ch nm trn cc router.

MPLS l mt giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng vi cc giao thc mng khc

IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame-Relay, PPP hoc trc tip vi tng Data Link.
nh tuyn trong MPLS c dng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t
nh knh o ca ATM hay Frame Relay.
MPLS n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn, ng thi tng cng tnh linh ng vi
cc tng trung gian.
1.3. Cc thnh phn ca MPLS:

Hinh 1.2: cc thnh phn ca mng MPLS

FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) : l mt nhm cc gi tin lp mng c
dn nhn ging nhau v gi i ng nht theo mt ng i xc nh.
LSR (Label Switching Router) : l b nh tuyn c h tr MPLS, bao gm cc
giao thc iu khin MPLS, cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng v cch thc x l nhn
MPLS.
LER(Label Edge Router) : l cc LSR bin mng MPLS trong MPLS domain,
gm c LER vo (Ingress LER) v LER ra (Egress LER).

LSP (Label Switching Path): l ng i xut pht t mt LSR v kt thc ti

mt LSR khc. Tt c cc gi tin c cng gi tr nhn s i trn cng mt LSP.
MPLS domain l: tp cc nt mng MPLS.
1.4. Bng tra FIB v LFIB

Hnh 1.3: FIB v LFIB

-

Bng tra FIB (Forwarding information based)-C s thng tin chuyn tip:
S nh x mt gi tin IP khng nhn thnh gi tin MPLS c nhn router bin v ngc
li.
Bng ny c hnh thnh t bng routing v cc giao thc phn phi nhn LDP v bng
LFIB.
- Bng tra LFIB (Label Forwarding Information Based)-C s thng tin chuyn tip
nhn:
- Bng cha ng thng tin cc nhn n cc mng ch, mt gi tin c nhn khi i
vo mt router n s s dng bng tra LFIB tm ra hop k tip, ng ra ca gi tin ny
c th l gi tin c nhn cng c th l gi tin khng nhn.
- Hai bng tra FIB v LFIB c gi tr nh bng routing table trong mng IP, nhng
trong mng IP th bng routing table c s entry rt ln khong vi ngn, cn vi FIB v
LFIB s nhn m n nm gia rt t khong vi chc l ti a.

1.5. Kin trc MPLS

Nhn :
-Mt nhn, trong dng n gin nht ca n, ch ra mt con ng m mt packet s i.
-Khi Router nhn gi, n s kim tra nhn quyt nh router tip theo forward nhn.
-S ch nh nhn cho mt FEC da vo cc yu t: ch n ca packet, cht lng dch
v, k thut lu lng, multicast, VPN.

- Nhn c s dng trong tin trnh gi gi tin sau khi thit lp ng i. MPLS
tp trung vo qu trnh hon i nhn (Label Swapping).
- Mt trong nhng th mnh ca kin trc MPLS l t nh nghi cc chng
nhn(label stack). Cng thc dn nhn gi tin l:
- Network Layer Packet
- MPLS Label Stack
- Label stack = 220 = 1048576 label
- Label Spaces : chia lm 2 loi
- Per-Platform Label Space: cc interface dng chung gi tr nhn.
- Per-Interface Label Space: mi interface mang gi tr nhn ring.
1.6. Hot ng ca LSR & LER
tng chnh ca MPLS l s dng nhn quyt nh chn k tip, nn router
lm vic t hn v hot ng gn ging nh switch. V cc nhn th hin cc tuyn ng
trong mng nn ta c th iu khin chnh xc qu trnh x l lu lng bng cch dng
cc chnh sch gn nhn.

- chng router u tin, router chuyn gi tin da vo a ch ch, xc nh nhn

thch hp ty vo FEC gn nhn cho gi & chuyn gi i tip.
- chng k tip, LSR dng gi tr nhn xc nh nt tip theo cn chuyn gi,
gn nhn mi ri chuyn gi i tip.
C hai phng php gn nhn l:
- Phng php c lp: cc LSR s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn thng thng nh
OSPF, BGP ly thng tin trong bng nh tuyn IP. Sau chng s tha thun vi
nhau v nhn cho cc FEC v t ghi nhn vo trong LIB.
- Phng php da theo yu cu: s dng cc giao thc iu khin lu lng theo
yu cu nh RSVP, cc LSR s yu cu cp nhn cho mt FEC t LSR sau n v ghi
nhn vo trong LIB.
Tng ng c hai loi ng chuyn mch nhn(label switch path) l:
- Hop by hop signaled LSP - xc nh ng i kh thi nht (best-effort path), mi
LSR chn la router tip theo mt cch c lp i vi mt FEC c cho.
- Explicit route signaled LSP(ER-LSP) - xc nh cc tuyn ng i bt ngun t
nt gc, LER ng vo s ch nh mt danh sch cc node m packet i qua.
ER-LSP c cc u im sau: kh nng nh tuyn linh hot, xc nh nhiu ng i
n ch, qun l lu lng linh hot, vic tm ng da trn quan h rng buc nh
mng ATM.

1.7. Cc bc vn hnh ca MPLS:

To v phn phi nhn
To bng LIB ti mi router
To cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP
Chn nhn, phn tch nhn, swapping nhn
Chuyn gi i

CHNG 2:
CU TRC D LIU TRONG CHUYN MCH
NHN A GIAO THC MPLS

Hnh 2.1: m hnh mng MPLS

Phn ny m t cc cu trc d liu thit lp v duy tr cc LSP gi l mc

chuyn tip chng tip theo NHLFE, FEC n NHLFE v nh x nhn a n ILM
Khi mt gi tin IP i qua min MPLS, n i theo mt tuyn c xc nh ph
thuc vo FEC m n c n nh khi i vo min. Tuyn ny gi l ng chuyn
mch nhn LSP.
Trong nh tuyn lp mng thng thng, khi mt gi ca giao thc lp mng khng
u ni i t router ny n router tip theo, th mi router s tin hnh quyt ddingj
chuyn tip c lp cho gi.
Ngha l mi router phn tch header ca mi gi v mi router s thc hin mt
gii thut nh tuyn lp mng. Mi router phn tch chng tip theo cho gi mt cc c
lp trn c s phn tch header ca gi v kt qu l thc thi gii thut nh tuyn cho gi.

2.1 Chuyn tip nhn NHLFE ( Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry):

hnh 2.2: hot ng NHLFE

-

c dng chuyn tip mt gi c ng gi trong mt khung MPLS tc l mt gi

c gn nhn. Trong NHLFE cha cc thng tin sau:

Xc nh chng tip theo ca gi

thao tc tin hnh trn gi

thay nhn nh bng mt nhn mi

gn mt gi tr cho LSP c gi l LSP ID

cch m ha stack nhn khi truyn gi

cc thng tin h tr kt thc thuc tnh gi.

y l mt v d v mt bng NHLFE:
Input
Input
des
Opr
Out
Ins
lable
port
lable
ID
0:54
3
138.43
push
0:81
1
Hnh 2.3: NHLFE

val
ue
10

Out
port
2

2.2.FTN ( FEC to NHLFE):

c s dng chuyn tip cc gi khng dn nhn.Phn tch header lp mng
xc nh FEC ri nh x vo mt NHLFE. Bng sau y cho thy cc mc trong 1 FTN
tiu biu.
Input port
Destination
Output port
Output lable
1
138.43
2
0:54

Hnh 2.4: FTN

2.3.ILM (Incoming Label Map):
c dng chuyn tip cc gi c gn nhn. LSR kim tra nhn ti nh ca
stack nhn v kim tra ILM nh x nhn ny ti NHLFE. Vi thng tin ny, n s xc
nh xem th nhn ny s c chuyn tip i u v tin hnh hot ng trn stack nhn.
destination
138.43

Input port
3

Input lable
0:54

Hnh 2.5: ILM

2.4.Thut ton chuyn tip nhn:

Hnh 2.6 : thut ton chuyn tip nhn

chuyn tip gi c nhn, LSR kim tra trn nh stack v dng nh x ILM (Incoming
Label Map) nh x ti mt entry chuyn tip nhn NHLFE ( Next Hop Label Forwarding
Entry). S dng thng tin trong NHLFE, LSR xc nh ra ni chuyn tip gi v thc hin
mt tc v trn stack nhn. ri n m ho stack nhn mi vo gi v chuyn gi i.

Chuyn tip gi cha c nhn cng tng t nhng xy ra ingress-LER. LER phi phn
tch header lp mng xc nh FEC ri s dng nh x FTN (FEC-to-NHLFE) nh x
FEC vo mt NHLFE. NHLFE s da vo thng tin ny xc nh c ni chuyn tip gi,
thc hin cc tc v, ri chuyn gi i.
Sau y l mt v d trnh by v hot ng ca NHLFE, ILM v FTN:

Hnh 2.7: v d v NHLFE, ILN, FTN

CHNG 3:
GIAO THC PHN PHI NHN
Giao thc phn phi nhn LDP c s dng trong qu trnh gn nhn cho cc gi
thng tin yu cu .Giao thc LDP l giao thc iu khin tch bit c cc LSR s
dng trao i v iu phi qu trnh gn nhn /FEC.
Mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia cc LSR ng cp m bo cc bn tin
LDP c truyn mt cch trung thc theo ng th t. Cc bn tin LDP c th xut
pht t trong bt c mt LSR (iu khin chuyn mch nhn LSP c lp ) hay t LSR
bin li ra ( iu khin LSP theo lnh ) v chuyn t LSR pha trc n LSR bn cnh
pha sau.
Vic trao i cc bn tin LDP c th c khi to bi s xut hin ca lung s
liu c bit, bn tin lp d tr RSVP hay cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Khi 1 cp LSR
trao i bn tin LDP cho mt FEc nht nh th mt ng chuyn mch LSP t u
vo n u ra c thit lp sau khi mi LSR ghp nhn u vo vi u ra tng ng
trong LIB ca n
3.1.Pht hin LDP.
C 2 dng pht hin LDP

Pht hin c bn : c s dng pht hin kt ni trc tip ti LSR ln cn.

Mt LSR nh k gi thng ip Hello ti cc cng UDP bit trong tt c

cc b nh tuyn trong mng con ca nhm multicast.

Tt c cc LSR tip nhn thng ip Hello ny trn cng UDP. Nh vy, ti

mt thi im no LSR s bit c tt c cc LSR khc m n c kt ni
trc tip.

Khi LSR nhn bit c a ch ca LSR khc bng c ch ny th n s thit

lp kt ni TCP n LSR .

Khi phin LDP c thit lp gia 2 LSR. Phin LDP l phin hai chiu c
ngha l mi LSR hai u kt ni u c th yu cu v gi lin kt nhn.

Pht hin m rng : c s dng pht hin LSR ln cn khng kt ni trc

tip.

LSR nh k gi bn tin Hello n cng UDP bit ti a ch IP xc nh

c khai bo khi lp cu hnh. u nhn bn tin ny c th tr li bng bn
tin Hello khc truyn 1 chiu ngc li n LSR gi v vic thit lp cc
phin LDP thc hin nh trn.

Thng thng trng hp ny hay c p dng khi gia 2 LSR c 1 ng

iu khin lu lng yu cu phi gi cc gi c nhn qua ng LSP .

Hnh 3.1.Cc th tc pht hin LDP

3.2.Thit lp phin LDP
Trc khi LDP trao i nhn, th 2 router phi thit lp LDP session cng b v
trao i nhn.

S trao i thng ip Hello Adjacency gia 2 LSR kch khi thit lp phin LDP.
Qu trnh ny gm 2 th tc :
-

Thit lp kt ni vn chuyn.

Khi ng phin.

3.2.1.Thit lp kt ni vn chuyn
Vic trao i Hello trong vic to ra mt Hello Adjacency LSR1 phc v lin
kt ca tuyn L v cc khng gian nhn LSR1: a v LSR2: b.
Trong vic trao i cc khng gian nhn LSR1: a v LSR2: b nu LSR1 khng sn
sng 1 phin LDP th n s c gng m ni kt TCP cho phin mi vi LSR2.
LSR1 xc nh cc a ch vn chuyn s dng ti u cui (A1) v u cui (A2)
ca LSR2.

Nu LSR1 dng trng a ch trong cc Hello th n gi n LSR2 cng

b a ch.

Nu LSR1 khng dng trng a ch th A1 l IP a ch ngun c s

dng trong cc Hello khi LSR1 gi n LSR2.
Tng t a ch A2 cng c xc nh nh trn

LSR1 so snh a ch A1 v A2 xc minh xem n ng vai tr tch cc hay

th ng. Nu A1>A2 th LSR1 ng vai tr tch cc, ngc li LSR1 ng
vai tr th ng.

Nu LSR1 tch cc, n th thit lp ni kt TCP LDP bng vic ni n cng

LDP well-know ti a ch A2.

Nu LSR1 th ng, n s ch LSR2 thit lp kt ni TCP LDP n cng

well-know ca n.

Hnh 3.2.Pht hin lng ging bng giao thc LDP

Theo m hnh, ba ng i ra ca bn router c gi ra mt cch nh k cc
thng ip Hello LDP ( bn router khng c kch hot MPLS).
Cc router m c cc a ch IP cao hn phi khi to phin kt ni TCP. a ch
IP cao nht ca tt c cc cng giao tip loopback trn mt router s c s dng. Nu
khng c cng giao tip loopback c cu hnh trn router, a ch IP cao nht ca mt
cng giao tip c cu hnh hot ng ti ln khi ng LDP c s dng.
Sau khi phin giao tip TCP c thit lp, cc router duy tr trng thi gi cc
thng ip Hello c kh nng pht hin i tng ngang hng mi hoc xc nh cc h
hng.
3.2.2.Khi ng phin
Sau khi LSR1 v LSR2 c thit lp kt ni vn chuyn th n tha thun cc
tham s phin bng vic chuyn cc thng ip LDP Initilisation. Cc tham s c
tha thun bao gm phin bn ca giao thc LDP, cc phng thc phn b nhn, cc
gi tr nh thi v cc phm vi VPI/VCI cho ATM.
S tha thun xong hon tt vic thit lp cho mt phin LDP gia LSR1 v LSR2
cng b cc khng gian nhn LSR1: a v LSR2: b
Nh ni trn, khi thit lp xong ni kt, LSR1 ng vai tr tch cc th n bt
u tha thun cc tham s phin bng cch gi thng ip Initilisation n LSR2.
Nu LSR1 l th ng th n ch LSR2 khi ng tha thun cc tham s.

Khi LSR ng vai tr th ng :

Nu LSR1 nhn thng ip Initilization th n xem th bn tin ny c thch

hp vi phn nh danh LDP hay khng.

Nu c s thch hp th LSR1 s gi tr li thng ip Initiasation ca n cho

LSR2, ng thi km theo bn tin Keep Alive chp nhn tn hiu ca cc
tham s ca LSR2. Nu cc tham s khng c chp nhn , LSR1 p li
bng thng ip Session Rejected Parameter Error Notification v ng kt
ni TCP

Nu LSR khng tm thy s tng thch t bn tin Hello Adjacency th n gi

thng ip Session Rejected No Hello Error Notification v ng kt ni
TCP.

Nu LSR1 nhn Keep Alive trong p ng thng ip Initialisation ca n th

phin tin hnh t LSR1.

Nu LSR1 nhn 1 thng ip Error Notification th LSR2 t chi phin

c ngh v LSR1 ng kt ni TCP.

Khi LSR 1 ng vai tr tch cc

Nu LSR1 nhn 1 thng ip Error Notification th LSR2 t chi phin

c ngh v LSR1 ng kt ni TCP.

Nu LSR1 nhn thng ip Initialization th n kim tra xem tham s phin c

c chp nhn hay khng. Nu c, n p li bng thng ip Keep Alive.
Nu cc tham s phin khng c chp thun th LSR1 gi thng ip
Session Rejected Parameter Error Notification v ng kt ni TCP.

Nu LSR1 nhn thng ip Keep Alive c ngha l LSR2 chp nhn tham
s phin.

Khi LSR1 nhn c 2 thng ip Initilization v Keep Alive th phin hot

ng t LSR1.
Hnh di y m t tin trnh tha thun phin giao tip LDP k cn gia cc lng
ging LDP.

Hnh 3.2.Tha thun cc phin giao tip LDP

S m phn phin giao tip LDP l mt tin trnh gm 3 bc, nh sau:
Bc 1: Thit lp phin giao tip TCP.
Bc 2: Trao i s khi to cc thng ip.
Bc 3: Trao i khi to cc thng ip Keepalive. Cc thng ip Keepalive c
gi i mi ln 60 giy.
Sau khi cc bc ny c thc hin, hai router s bt u trao i cc nhn cho cc
mng c trong bng nh tuyn chnh ca chng.
3.3.Duy tr cc Hello ln cn
Hai LSR ln cn s dng thng ip Hello UDP multicast, mt phin TCP c
thit lp cho LDP trao i nhn trn mt kt ni ng tin cy.Vic duy tr cc hot
ng LDP c thc hin 2 cp .
thy 2 LSR kt ni bng nhiu lin kt v chy nhn chuyn tip qua tt c cc
lin kt th ta phi duy tr cc Hello ln cn. Trong trng hp ny, LDP Hello s c
gi trn tt c cc lin kt vi cng LDP Identifier.
Cc thng ip Hello phc v 2 mc ch:
-

T ng pht hin cc LSR ngang hng m mun s dng chuyn mch nhn lin kt.

Nhn dng cc li tht bi v cc vn khc trn lin kt.

LDP duy tr s nh thi vi mi Hello ln cn m n khi ng li khi nhn 1
Hello ln cn thch hp. Nu s nh thi kt thc m khng nhn 1 Hello thch hp t

LDP ngang hng th LDP cho rng LDP ngang hng khng mun chuyn mch nhn
hay LDP ngang hng b s c.
LSR xa Hello Adjacency, nu l thng ip cui cng cho phin th LSR kt
thc phin LDP bng vic gi 1 thng ip thng bo v ng kt ni vn chuyn.
V d in hnh v m hnh ny l : Nhiu tuyn PPP nm gia 1 cp Router.
Trong tnh trng ny, cc Hello ca LSR gi trn tuyn mang cng nh danh
LDP. LDP cha cc c cu theo di s cn thit 1 phin LDP v cc Hello ln cn
ca n.
3.4.Duy tr cc phin LDP
LDP cha cc c ch theo di s ton vn ca 1 phin LDP. LDP s dng vic
nhn thng tin thng xuyn ca cc LDP PDU trn cc kt ni vn chuyn phin
theo di s ton vn.Mt LSR duy tr s nh thi Keep Alive cho mi phin cng mc
m n khi ng li,khi n nhn 1 LDP PDU t phin cng mc. Nu s nh thi Keep
Alive kt thc m khng nhn 1 LDP PDU t mt LSR ngang hng th kt lun rng ni
kt vn chuyn l xu hay phin ngang hng b hng. V n kt thc 1 phin LDP bng
vic ng kt ni vn chuyn.
Mt LSR c th kt thc phin ngang hng ca n bt c thi im no bng cch
gi mt thng ip Shut down.

3.5.Cc thng ip LDP

LDP c 4 chc nng chnh tng ng vi 4 lp thng ip sau y :
Discovery : trao i nh k bn tin Hello nhm thng bo v kim tra mt LSR kt
ni gin tip hay trc tip.
Session : thit lp duy tr cc thng s cho vic khi to,duy tr v chm dt phin
ngang hng LDP.
Adverstisement : Dng to,thay i v xa rng buc ca nhn vi cc FEC.
Notification : truyn i cc thng tin trng thi, li hoc cnh bo
3.5.1.Tiu bn tin LDP
Mi mt bn tin LDP c gi l n v d liu giao thc PDU, c bt u bng
tiu bn tin v sau l bn tin LDP nh trnh by trn.Phn Header LDP c
dng sau

Phin bn : S phin bn ca giap thc, hin ti l phin bn 1

di PDU: Tng di PDU tnh theo octet, khng tnh trng phin bn v trng
di

Nhn dng LDP : Nhn dng khng gian nhn ca LSR gi bn tin ny. Bn octect u
tin cha a ch IP c gn cho LSR nhn dng b nh tuyn, hai octect cui nhn
dng khng gian nhn bn trong LSR.
3.5.2.Khun dng bn tin LDP
Tt c cc bn tin LDP c khun dng sau

Bit U : Bit bn tin Unknown .Thng th bit ny bng 0.

Kiu bn tin : Gm 15 bit nhn dng 1 LDP l mt trong 10 dng c nh ngha sau
Thng ip Hello pht hin LDP
Thng ip Initialization thit lp phin LDP.
Thng ip Keep Alive duy tr s tip din ca mt phin LDP trong khi khng c
cc thng ip khc.

Thng ip Address cng b cc a ch giao tip

Thng ip Address Withdraw ch ly ra cc a ch cng b trc .
Thng ip Label Maping cng b cc lin kt nhn
Thng ip Label Request yu cu nhn lin kt vi mt FEC
Thng ip Label Withdraw b nh x nhn c thit lp trc
Thng ip Release gii phng nh x nhn FEC
Thng ip Notification a ra thng tin thng bo hay li v cc s kin khc
nhau

di thng ip: Gm 16 bit ,l tng di ca thng ip c tnh bng byte.

ID thng ip l s xc nh duy nht cho 1 thng ip c th.

Cc thng ip ty chn v bt buc s c m ha bng TLV (type-length-value) c

dng nh sau :

Hnh 3.5.Dng thng ip m ha TLV

Nu mt LSR khng nhn c 1 TLV th bt U bo vi LSR, LSR thng bo bn
gi b qua ton b thng ip v tin hnh cho cc thng ip cn li.
Nu mt LSR khng nhn c mt TLV m thng ip vn c chuyn tip th
bt F ( chuyn tip TLV khng c bit ) bo cho LSR chuyn tip 1 TLV
3.6.Cc kiu cng b nhn :
MPLS cho php 2 ch hot ng ca LSR cng b cc nh x nhn. l
Xui dng theo yu cu ( Downstream on Demand ) v Xui dng khng theo yu cu (
Downstream Unsolicited).
Phn phi nhn khng theo yu cu
Downstream-LSR phn phi cc gn kt nhn n Upstream-LSR m khng cn c yu
cu thc hin gn kt nhn. V d nh R2 l downstream ca upstream-R1, R2 s thc
hin vic gn kt nhn v thng bo vic gn kt cho R1 bit. Nu R2 l hop k ca
R1 th R1 c th dng kiu gn kt nhn ny chuyn tip cc gi FEC n R2
Phn phi nhn khng theo yu cu
Pha Upstream-LSR phi yu cu r rng 1 gn kt nhn cho 1 FEC c th th
Downstream LSR mi phn phi. Trong phng thc ny, downstream-LSR khng

nht thit l hop k ca nh tuyn IP cho FEC .iu ny rt quan trng vi cc LSP
nh tuyn tng minh.

Hnh 3.6.Cng b nhn xui dng theo yu cu

3.7.Ch iu khin LSP.
Khi mt FEC ng vi mt prefix a ch c phn phi bi nh tuyn IP, vic
thit lp mi quan h gia cc gn nhn ti mt LSR c th thc hin theo hai cch sau
y.
3.7.1.iu khin c lp (Independent Control).
Khi mt LSR nhn dng ra mt FEC no th n quyt nh gn kt mt nhn
cho FEC v cng b kt qu gn nhn cho cc i tc phn phi nhn. iu ny
tng t nh nh tuyn IP thng thng, mi router quyt nh c lp v ni
chuyn gi i.
iu khin c lp c li th l thit lp tuyn LSP nhanh v vic gn kt nhn
din ra song song gia nhiu cp LSR, dng lu lng c th bt u truyn m khng
cn i cho tt c vic gn kt nhn thit lp xong.

Hnh 3.7. iu khin phn b nhn c lp

3.7.2.iu khin tun t (Odered Control).
Vic thit lp LSP tun t bt u LSR li ra v din ra ni tip theo hng
ngc v LSR li vo. Mt downstream-LSR thc hin gn kt nhn v thng bo gn
kt nhn ch khi n l LSR li ra hoc n nhn c mt gn kt nhn cho FEC t
router hng downstresam ca n.

Cc LSP nh tuyn tng minh bt buc phi s dng kiu iu khin tun t v
qu trnh phn phi nhn theo chui c th t s to ra thi gian tr trc khi dng lu
lng i trn LSP c th bt u. Tuy nhin iu khin tun t cung cp phng tin
trnh loop v t c mc thu gom chc chn hn.

Hnh 3.8. iu khin phn b nhn tun t

3.8.Ch duy tr nhn.
Mt upstream-LRS c th nhn nhiu cc gn kt nhn cho cng mt FEC t
nhiu pha downstream-LSR khc nhau. Do cn ch duy tr nhn cho upstreamLSR. C hai ch duy tr nhn l ch duy tr nhn t do (liberal lable retention) v
duy tr nhn bo th (conservative label retention).
3.8.1.Duy tr nhn t do.
Pha upstream-LSR lu gi tt c cc gn kt nhn nhn c, bt chp vic
downstream-LSR c phi l hop k tip i vi ng nh tuyn hay khng.
u im ca ch ny l c th phn ng nhanh vi s thay i ca ng nh
tuyn v cc gn kt nhn lun c sn.
Nhc im l LSR lun phi duy tr nhiu nhn kt ni khng dng v c th gy
ra loop nh tuyn tm thi khi c thay i nh tuyn.

Hnh 3.9. Duy tr nhn t do

3.8.2.Duy tr nhn bo th.

Pha upstream-LSR hy tt c cc gn kt nhn khc, ch gi li gn kt nhn ca
downstream-LSR ang l hop k tip ca ng c nh tuyn.
Ch ny c u im l LSR ch cn duy tr s gn kt nhn FEC t hn, nhng
p ng chm khi thay i nh tuyn v gn kt nhn mi li phi c yu cu v
phn phi li. y l ch thch hp cho cc LSR ch h tr mt s lng nhn hn
ch (nh cc chuyn mch ATM)

Hnh 3.10.Duy tr nhn bo th

CHNG 4 :
NH TUYN V BO HIU MPLS
4.1. NH TUYN TRONG MPLS.
nh tuyn lin quan n phng thc c s dng chn LSP cho mt
FEC.Trong MPLS h tr c hai k thut nh tuyn l : nh tuyn tng chng (hop-byhop) v nh tuyn rng buc (constrain-based routing). nh tuyn tng chng cho
php mi nt nhn dng cc FEC v chn hop k tip cho mi FEC mt cch c lp,
ging nh trong mng IP truyn thng. Tuy nhin nu mun khai trin k thut lu
lng vi mng MPLS, bt buc phi s dng kiu nh tuyn rng buc.
4.1.1.nh tuyn tng chng (Hop - by - Hop).
Phng php ny l tng ng vi phng php c s dng hin nay trong
cc mng IP truyn thng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng chng hn nh OSPF,
BGP c s dng thm d a ch IP.
Trong phng php ny mi LSR la chn mt cch c lp tuyn k tip vi mt
FEC cho trc. Mi nt MPLS xc nh ni dung ca LIB bng vic tham chiu ti
bng nh tuyn IP ca n. Vi mi li vo trong bng nh tuyn, mi nt s thng bo
mt rng buc (cha mt a ch mng v mt nhn) ti cc nt ln cn.

Hnh 4.1.nh tuyn tng chn

4.1.2.nh tuyn rng buc (Constrain - based Routing).

nh tuyn rng buc l mt phng tin thc hin x l t ng ha k thut
lu lng, khc phc c hn ch ca nh tuyn theo ch (destination-based routing).
N xc nh cc tuyn khng ch da trn topo mng m cn s dng cc metric c th
khc nh bng thng, ch, hay cost...
Gii thut chn ng c kh nng ti u ha theo mt hay nhiu metric ny,
thng thng ngi ta chn metric da trn s lng hop v bng thng. ng
c chn c s lng ngn nht v m bo bng thng kh dng trn sut cc chng
lin kt, quyt nh nh sau: chn ng ngn nht trong tt c cc ng m bo
bng thng kh dng tha mn yu cu.
minh ha cho nh tuyn rng buc, ta xt cu trc mng con c kinh in
nh hnh v

Hnh 4.2. nh tuyn rng buc

Gi s nh tuyn rng buc s dng metric l s hop v bng thng kh dng.
Lu lng 600 Kbps c nh tuyn trc tin, sau l lu lng 500 Kbps v 200
Kbps. C ba lu lng ny u hng ti cng mt LER ra. Bng thng kh dng trn
cc chng u bng 1 Mbps.
V lu lng 600 Kbps c nh tuyn trc nn n i theo ng ngn nht l
R8-R2-R3-R4-R5. Lc ny tuyn ng ny b chim 60% bng thng. Sau bng
thng tuyn ng trn khng cho 500 Kbps nn lu lng 500 Kbps phi i theo
tuyn ng mi qua R6-R7 mc d nhiu hn mt hop.

Lu lng 200 Kbps c truyn i trn tuyn ng ngn nht do bng thng kh
dng ca tuyn ng ny 400 Kbps.
nh tuyn rng buc c hai kiu online v offline. Kiu online cho php cc
router tnh ng cho cc LSP bt c lc no. Trong kiu offline th mt server tnh
ng cho cc LSP theo nh k (thng l vi gi, hoc vi ngy). Cc ng LSP
c bo hiu thit lp theo cc con ng c chn.
4.1.3.nh tuyn tng minh (Explicit Routing).
nh tuyn tng minh (hay cn gi l nh tuyn hin) l mt tp con ca nh
tuyn rng buc. Trong s rng buc l i tng tng minh ER (Explicit Route).
Tuyn tng minh ER l mt danh sch cc nt tru tng m mt ng chuyn
mch nhn rng buc phi i qua.
Trong nh tuyn tng minh, mi LSR khng chn chng tip theo mt cch c
lp m bi mt LSR, LSP ng vo hay ng ra xc nhcc LSR trong LSP. Ngha l
mtLSR xc nh ton b LSR trong LSP th LSP l c nh tuyn tng minh cht
chstrick. Nu LSR ch xc nh c mt vi LSR trong LSP th gi l nh tuyn
tng minh lng lo lossely.
nh tuyn tng minh c th hu dng trong mt s mc ch nh kim sot
nh tuyn hay k thut lu lng. Trong MPLS, mt ng tng minh cn c xc
nh thi im m cc nhn c n nh m khng phi xc nh vi mi gi. iu
ny lm cho vic nh tuyn tng minh ca MPLS hiu qu hn nhiu so vi IP.

Hnh 4.3.nh tuyn tng minh

4.2.Thit lp v duy tr LSP

Mt LER ng vo c th quyt nh rng n khng mun thit mt LSP cho mi
ch c th c trong bng nh tuyn ca n v thayv chuyn tip mt vi gi s dng
nh tuyn lp mng mt cch thng thng. Cc ch c chn tht lp LSP s
c gn vi mt FEC. N c th chn gn tt c cc a ch ch c th t n n
cc FEC, mi a ch c m ho thnh mt nhn c kch thc c nh v ngn nh
trong bng:

Khi mt LER ng vo c gn vi tt c cc gi ti mt FEC th n cn nhn

mt nhn cho mi mc ca FEC trong bng ca n s dng phng thc phn b nhn.
Kiu phn b nhn xt n trong ti liu ny l Duytr nhn bo ton xui dng
theo yu cu, trong , LSR yu cu lin kt nhn tng minh cho FEC t chng tip
theo ca n.
Khi mt ng dn c xc nh s dng phng thc nh tuyn chun nh
OSPF th node ng vo to ra thng ip Label Request cho FEC no v chuyn n
n chng tip theo theo ng dn mong mun thit lp.
Thng ip yu cu nhn ny c dng nh Hnh 8-16, truyn theo mt s LSR n
khi n LSR ng ra cho FEC ny. LSR xc nh n l ng ra cho FEC ny nu tho mn
mt trong cc iu kin sau:
Nu chng tip theo ca n khng bit MPLS.
Nu mt hot ng ly nhn v kim tra header lp mng.
Nu cc a ch xc nh thch hp cng mng con nh a ch ni trc tip n mt
trong cc giao tip ca n.

Hnh 4.4. thng ip Label Request

Khi mt LSR nhn thng ip v xc dnh rng n khng phi l LER ng ra th
LSR chuyn n n chng tip theo. Khi LSR xc nh n chnh l LER ng ra cho FEC
th n gn mt nhn v gi thng ip Label Mapping.
Thng ip Label Mapping c s dng bi LSR phn b nh x nhn cho
FEC ti mt LDP ngang hng. Nu LSR phn b nh x cho FEC n nhiu LDP ngang
hng th c mt vn cc b l n nh x mt nhnn n mt FEC v n phn b
nh x ny n mi LDP ngang hng ca n hay s dng 1 nh x khc cho mi LDP
ngang hng ca n.
LSR nhn thng ip Label Mapping t LSR xui dng cho mt thnh phn FEC
a ch Prefix hay Host khng s dng nhn chuyn tip tr khi bng nh tuyn ca
n cha mt mc m thch hp chnh xc vi thnh phn FEC.

Hnh 4.5. thng ip Label Mapping

Khi LSR nhn thng ip Label Mapping t chng tip theo th cc nh x nhn
ctruyn theo ngc dng cho n khi n LSR ng vo cho FEC ny. Khi nhn
c nhn,LSP c thit lp gia LSR ng vo v ng ra nh Hnh 8-18

Hnh 4.6.Thit lp v duy tr LSP

Ti liu tham kho

1. Th.s Nguyn Duy Nht Vin (2006), K thutchuyn mch trong mng din
rng,74 83, Tp. Nng.
2. Th.s Nguyn Duy Nht Vin (2014), Bi ging K thut chuyn mch , chng
8, Tp. Nng.
3.
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/mpls/configuration/guide/12_2sy/mp_12
_2sy_book/mp_ldp_overview.pdf
4.
http://vnpro.org/forum/showthread.php/46990-tong-quan-mpls-phan-vi-labeldistribution-protocol.html
5.
http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~ruan/cs686/MPLS.ppt