PAPG 2012-0007 PAPG/SPE ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2012 December 4-5, 2012 Islamabad SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK FOR TIDAL AND FLUVIAL CHANNELS OF LOWER RANIKOT AND PAB SANDSTONE IN LOTI FIELD Abdul RaufMirza',Nasir Hamim', Agha Hassan Akram’, Muhammad Nawaz Bugti’, AmmarAhmad’ and Muhammad ZeeshanBaig” ‘Oil and Gas Development Company Limited Schlumberger ABSTRACT The Pab Sandstone in Loti Field has been interpreted fo represent near shelf fluvial systems which may transit 10 slope channels further west of Loti Field. The logged interval of Pab Sandstone shows a lower hheterolithic succession ie, Pab Sandstone 2 and ‘more homogenous channelized sands in the upper interval of Pab Sandstone 1. The two classified levels of the Pab Sandstone show single stacked (isolated) channels in Pab Sandstone? while Pab Sandstone I shows multi stacked / amalgamated channelized sands. There is thick shale separating the two intervals. The amalgamated channelized sands in Pab Sandstone 1 show an aggradational profile on the basis of GR and have been interpreted to represent mast likely a Highstand Systems Tract (HST), with a possible Sequence Boundary (SB) on top whereas the isolated poorly connected channel sands in Pab Sandstone 2 represent most likely transgressive sands in a Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) This also shows high intensity of floodplain events may act as localized barriers to fiuid flow / heterogeneity. The Loti 3 and Loti 7 are the only wells which show the maximum thickness and amalgamation of channelized sands, this localized event pinches sharply in the neighboring wells has been interpreted to represent a localized incised valley: The Lower Ranikot represents tidal channel setting Jfor the Loti Field, with one amalgamated channel unit ie. Tidal Multi Stacked (TMS) which represents Highstand Systems Tract (HST) is the main producer from the Lower Ranikot in Loti Field. 1 is important fo mention here that the Lower Ranikot shows a paleo reversal for the sediment flow direction after the Late Cretaceous sediments of Pab Sandstone, The 114 influence of Tidal / Tide dominated shelf let to the formation of tidal inlets with a possible tide direction ‘of SW to NE. Realistic 4D geological modeling of complex Pab Sandstone and Lower Ranikot channels was achieved by adopting high intensity layering scheme which captured the heterogeneity at a 2m scate in the fine model. The complex fluvial / tidal channels of Pab Sandstone ‘and Lower Ranikot were modeled in an innovative way using Sequential Indicator Simulation where the ‘major and minor directions of variograms. were selected in a way which captured the true geomorphology of the fluvial / tidal channels, in terms of channel thickness, width and meander belt widths. INTRODUCTION ‘The Loti Field is located in the Sulaiman Fold Belt - SEB (Figure-1).Dighteen (18) wells in all have been drilled in the Loti Field. Currently, ewelve(12) wells are producing gas. ‘The primary target horizons in Loti Field are the Sui Main Limestone (SML) and Lower Ranikot (LRKT). However, the Dunghun Limestone and Pab Sandstone are also producing in some wells, The depositional sequences constitute of 2 clastic and 2 carbonate reservoirs. Highlights for the study included use of several innovative techniques which have been summarized in this paper. ‘A realistic 3D static model was constructed for the challenging multiple reservoirs in the Loti Field which included both clastics and carbonates, The four (4) main reservoir horizons were modeled in thestudy which include, Sui Main Limestone, Dunghun Limestone, Lower Ranikot (Tidal Multistacked) and Pab Sandstone. Two of the biggest challenges for the construction of the model were firstly the integration of fourteen (14) zones for the entire stratigraphic succession since the field comprises of several stacked reservoirs. Some of these zones were only few meters thick at certain wells. ‘The second challenge was capturing the 2 meter sand bodies to hhonor reservoir heterogeneity in the clastic interval for which a high intensity layering scheme was established, CONCEPTUAL DEPOSITIONAL MODEL FOR PAB SANDSTONE AND LOWER RANIKOT ‘The Lower Ranikot Formation shows tidal channels to tidal flat settings in che area with exposures of tidal channels in the RakhiNala (northern gorge) Similarly, the log based motif heterogeneous succession which canbe, representative of tide dominated channels. The Pab Sandstone on the basis of regional data which has been integrated with the core, log and seismic data shows a fluvial dominated facies for the Loti and Sui Fields. The channel settings are on the shelf to slope morphology. Two different conceptual models were ‘constructed to depict the depositional setting for Pab Sandstone. One of the depositional models integrates the presence of a possible incised valley which was majorly localized around Loti3 and Loti7 wells (Figure-3). The incised valley was only interpreted ‘on the basis of stratigraphic correlation as a localized highly amalgamated channel fills (Figure- 4). The channel thickness in this localized amalgamated channel fill reaches up to 8m which is twice the thickness of other Pab Sandstone channels in Loti Field. The other depositional model depicts the depositional seting of Pab Sandstone without the presence of an incised valley (Figure-2). The possible incised valley represents amalgamated channel fills for the PabSandstone.tn this case, both the Loti 3 and Loti 7 are possibly located in the incised valley. fepresents a The Pab Sandstone and Lower Renikot has been divided into four (4) sequences by mapping key Stratal surfaces on logs and identification of stacking patterns of fluvial and tidal channels. The lower most Sequence starts with a Transgressive Systems Tract (IST) in which few back stepping fluvial facieshave been observed,mostly containing single stacked fluvial channels with higher ratio of background 115 floodplain shales. The second sequence starts with Highstand Systems ‘Tract (HST) which led to the deposition of amalgamated multi stacked fluvial systems.This is then followed by a third sequence of short lived Transgressive Systems ‘Tract (IST), which then gives way to the Highstand Systems Tract amalgamated tidal channels of the Lower Ranikot Formation, Sequence I One cyclic sequence has been interpreted for Pab Sandstone which starts with a ‘Transgressive Systems ‘Tract (TST) and shows a very high cyclicity of fluvial channels with alternating floodplain events (Figue-5&6). ‘The TST comprises of thin wansgressive sands of thickness less than 2m and are capped above and below by very prominent flooding events. The TST then records prominent flooding peaks in the form of, marine shales which has been interpreted to represent Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS) which marks the maximum relative sea level rise and stability The TST following the Vail et al (1992) model shall, give way t0 a Highstand Systems ‘Tract (HST) (Figure-S&6). The HST at Pab level has been incerpreted to represent multi stacked fluvial channel ‘of Pab Sandstone, The stacked fluvial channels represent thicknesses 2 and > 2m in this section. The HST section represents. significantly less eyclicity compared to the TST. ‘The HST section is capped above and below by very prominent blocky flooding events. However, it is important t point here that individual stacked channels are being capped by flooding events which are less pronounced than observed in the TST section. A regional unconformity is present between Lower Ranikot and Top Pab sandstone. This has been incerpreted as a Sequence Boundary between SequencesI and overlying Sequence II (Figure-5&6), the sequence boundary lies above the HST of this section. It is important to mention that the possible position of the sequence boundary is also marked by a significant facieschange.Henceit further supports the point of placing the sequence boundary as this point ‘Sequence I The Sequence Il is characterized with a localized Lowstand Systems Tract (LST) of Sequence II,whichhhas been interpreted by identifying a possible localized incised valley (Figure-S&6). The Incised Valley Fills (IVE's) deposits are characterized by ‘multi stacked fluvial channels of the Pab Sandstone, ‘with their thickness ranging up to 7 ~ 8 m, This possible incised valley succession has been observed in the wells Loti 3 and Loti 7 but unfortunately in the nearby well Loti 17 the Pab Sandstone hs not been logged completely. Therefore, itis difficult to cortelate this event in the Loti welll7. Nevertheless, the interval logged shows very similar log motif characteristic to Loti well 3 and Loti well 7 incised valleys ‘The LST is overlain by Highstand Systems Tract, (HST) of sequence II which marks the base of Lower Ranikot. ‘The section shows stacked channels but With a very heterolithie succession and has been interpreted as tidal channel sand intervals. ‘The maximum thickness of these tidal channelized sands reaches up to 3m. The HST of sequence I is overlain by Transgressive Systems Tract of sequence UL It is characterized by a very heterolithic suecession Of tidal channels with alternating flooding surfaces, However, it is important to mention that the tidal channels are capped above and below by blocky significant flooding surfaces. ‘The tidal channel thickness in this section ranges from 1 — 2 m, The TST of sequence Il gives way to a very prominent flooding surface peak before thick shale suecession of Upper Ranikot ‘This prominent flooding surface peak represents ‘Maximum Flooding Surface of sequence Il. The MFS Ul is followed by relatively thin sand before the occurrence of thick Upper Ranikotshales. This point mark a drastic Sea Level fall before the onset of major Transgressive Systems Tract and deposition of thick Upper RanikotShales. Sequence ITT The Sequence Ill (Figure-S&6) starts with the onset of a major transgression and rapid drowning of the shelf which leads to the deposition of thick Upper RanikotShales (during 2 Transgressive Systems ‘Tract). ‘The thick shale interval is followed a possible shor lived regression event and exposure of the shelf leading to the deposition of a thin sand bed between thick shale interval and represent a very short lived Highstand Systems Tract HST of sequence I 116 Sequence IV ‘The Sequence IV (Figure-5&6) starts with a rapid drowning of the platform and marking the Transgressive Systems Tract TST which is then followed by several cycles of carbonate buildups (most likely reef buildups). The different reefal / carbonate buildups are being bounded by several flooding events which represent points of sea level rise and seizure of the carbonate factory. The carbonates were modeled but are not the part of this paper, since itis focusing on the clastic succession. Therefore, the Sequence IV marks exclusively ‘carbonate systems and the carbonate build ups have been interpreted to represent an initial catch up phase, followed by keep up phase which on further sea level rise / or clastic input gives way to give up phase or the seizure of carbonate factory. TheSequence LV is ‘overlain by thick shalier succession of GhazijShales ‘which mark the point of sea ward shift of facies with deepening of the basi. STATIC MODELING FOR COMPLEX TIDAL / FLUVIAL CHANNELS OF LOWER RANIKOT AND PAB SANDSTONE, ‘The modeling of these complex Tidal /) Fuvial ‘channels was a challenge for the Pab Sandstone where the suatigraphically divided two sections of Pab Sandstone i. Pab Sandstone | and Pab Sandstone 2 showed amalgamated to single stacked channels respectively Figure-7(a). The channels were modeled using variogram directions depicting Muvial systems geostaistcallyFigure-7(b). ‘The object based modeling ‘was not used due to limited data set and non- availability of good 3D seismic data, Had such data ‘been available which could have been used for ‘generating strata slices which could have been used to model fluvial channels and their trends Instead, we adopted an alternative approach to model fluvial and tidal channels geostaistically instead of object based modeling ‘The different steps involved in achieving this, are described as follows: Establish the layering scheme according to the channel thickness which has to be retained in the 3D geological model, In this case it was decided to capture the 2m channels sands (some of which were gas bearing) in Loti Field. Therefore, different iterations of upscalinglayering was undertaken to ensure until the 2m channel sand was captured in vertical heterogeneity in the 3D geological model.‘The next step was to develop variogram directions i. both Major and Minor in a way which captures the morphology of fluvial / tidal channels. In this case, a major direction of 6000 and minor direction of 600 ‘was used to give more discontinuity in the fluvial to tidal channels, where thesingle stacked highly unconnected channels were expected in the succession. The more amalgamated channel successions were givenless difference between major and minor directions to induce more connectivity between the channels. Figure-1: Location map of Loti Field ~ Located in the Sulaiman Fold Belt (SFB) Figure-2: Conceptual depositional model for Pab Sandstone without the presence of an Incised Valley. ‘The model shows more amalgamated channels for Pab ‘Sandstone 1 as compared to Pab Sandstone 2. ™ rss tee els « al Figure-3: Conceptual depositional model for Pab ‘Sandstone with the presence of an Incised Valley. ‘The model shows more amalgamated channels for Pab ‘Sandstone 1 as compared to Pab Sandstone 2. Figure-4: Schematic showing the possible evolution of ‘the “Incised Valley” for Pab Sandstone and filling of the incised valley as the “amalgamated channel fills".err ern trim odin Stace IS Toners sysoms Tae TST re Late ally Extensive Carbonate Mudstone / Sale Give up Phase = ‘a xtonaeFocur Pe Figure-S: Schematic showing the sumamry of the IV possible interpreted sequences. Please note that this sequence ‘framework is with respect tothe depositional model without the presence of an “Incised Valley". Figure 7(A) & (8): Schematic showing the facies distribution across Loti 3 to Loti 7 wells; note high amalgamation of ‘channels around wells Loti 3 and Loti 7 which possibly represence the IVF's for amalgamated channels, Also note the distribution of amalgamated fluvial channels in the Upper part of Pab Sandstone i. Pab Sandstone 1 and isolated single stacked channels in the lower part ise Pab Sandstone 2. 118CONCLUSIONS Following conclusion and recommendations can be drawn on the basis of this study: ‘© Pab Sandstone represents Fluvial channels, ‘whereas the Lower Ranikot represents Tidal channels in LotiField © At least a minimum of four (4) different sequences have been interpreted on the basis ‘of channel stacking patterns, identification ‘of Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MIS) = Aninnovative technique to model the fluvial J tidal channels geostatistically was used instead of object based modeling which could not be done due to non-availability of data ‘+ Two (2) different depositional models have been postulated for Pab Sandstone in LotiField ic, one shows the existence of an incised valley, whereas the other shows no incised valley for Pab Sandstone © On the basis of this analysis, it is recommended that a high resolution 3D seismic should be acquired if the Pab Sandstone and Lower Ranikot plays, have to be developed further in theLotiield on terms of a sequence stratigraphic approach, ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank the management of Oil & Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) for allowing the publication of this paper. We arealso thankful fo Mr.Arshad Hussain Palekar, Madeline Slatford and Dr. Nadeem for their positive critics and feedback. We would also like to thank Mr. Tahir Magsood for his outstanding cooperation for the finalization of this paper. REFERENCES Shankar Mitra and Debapriya Paul, Structural geometry and evolution of releasing and restraining bends: Insights from laser-scanned experimental models, AAPG Bulletin, v. 95, no. 7 uly 2011), pp. 1147-1180 9ABOUT THE AUTHORS ‘Agha Hassan Akram Agha Hassan Akram is an Advisor Petroleum Engineer, workswith Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services, Islamabad. He obtained his BE (EE) from UET.Lahore and MSc in Petroleum Engineering from Imperial College London, the UK. He has worked in the Far East, Russia, and Caspian countries. He is a member of PEC and SPE. Muhammad Nawaz Bugti Muhammad Nawaz Bugti completed his Bachelors and Masters degrees in. Geology > from Jamshoro University, “ ‘Sindh. He has over 15 years of by experience in exploration ss production and decopmen in gith WF) the Oil and Gas Industry. [A ‘Nawac Bupti started his career with PPLthen worked for Mari Gas and Saif Energy respectively. Te is currently working for Schlumberger SIS and is based in Houston. His areas of interest are structural geology, prospect, identification and evaluation and global exploration. Nawaz Bugti has a number of publications in national and international journals and conferences. Ammar Ahmad Ammar Ahmad completed his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Geology from Baiiria University, Islamabad, and achieved Gold Medals. He completed his MS degree in Petroleum Geosciences with Honors from Imperial College London, the UK. Immediately after he started working as a research project assistant with PETRONAS Carigal, in Kuala Lumpue-Thenhe joined Eni Pakistan Limited, as an Exploration Geologist. Currenty, he is working asa Reservoir 120 Geologist in Schlumberger Consulting services. His areas of interest are seismic interpretation, static ‘modeling. seismic geomorphology, sequence Stratigraphy and maturity modeling. Abdul Rauf Mirza Abdul — RauMirza joined OGDCL in 1988,as Assistant Reservoir Geologist. Presently hhe is designated as Manager Development Geology in Reservoir ‘Management Deparment. He obtained his MSc. degree specializing in Petroleum and Structural Geology from the Punjab University, Lahore. He is a member of Society of Petroleum Engineering (SPE) and is currently serving as Chairman ATC Finance Committee. Nasir Hamim Nasir Hamim joined OGDCL in 2004 as Assistant Reservoir Geologist, “and is presently designated as Reservoir at Geologist in Reservoir eS Management Department. He is vs specialized in Petroleum and Structural Geology. He obtained hhis MSc. degree, from University of Peshawar, Peshawar: He is an active member of Pakistan Association of Petroleum Geoscientist (PAPG) and is ‘currently serving as Member ATC. Finance Commitee, Muhammad ZeeshanBaig Muhammad — ZeeshanBaighas ‘overall of 12 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry.Currently, he is working as Senior Consulting Petrophysicistwith Schlumberger consulting hub, Abu Dhabi, He joined ‘Schlumberger in 2009 as Senior Petrophysicist.beforethat he has worked with major services companies around the worldPAPG 201 PAPG/SPE ANNUAL TECHNICAL CONFERENE 2012 2012 Islamabad December 4 IMPROVED DIGITAL VERSIONS OF MAPS OF PAKISTAN -NEW VERSIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SULAIMAN FOLD BELT AND PLAY OPTIONS ‘Tahir Sher Mohammad Mari Gas Company Limited, Islamabad ABSTRACT The University of Texas Map Library called the Perry Castaneda has posted digital 1:250,000 scale topographic maps of Pakistan on its website that ean ‘be downloaded freely for geological mapping. The strength of the digital geological map is that it can have seismic and well data (with a sub-surface control) on the proper navigation deemed geodetically for botk geological and structural modeling followed by validation correct In this. study a new version of the Map of the Suleiman Fold Belt is prepared, based on the digital ‘maps of the University of Texas, validated with geological and structural cross checks, The previous Colombo Plan Maps do not cover Marri-Bugtiareas ‘and separate maps werecompiled on Zindapir. None of the previous 1:250,000 scale maps are on a Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, The strength of a surface geological map topographicdetail: besides geological and structural that allow multiple analytical versions of cross sections to assist modeling in boundaries can ‘multiple hydrocarbons plays not just conventional fault-closed structures and fault propagation folds. Irmay be valuable to understand possibilities of other play options in Suleiman Fold Belt than the ones where gas discoveries are confirmed. In Pakistan there is gas shortage crisis, while it is generally Anown that the Central Pakistan is primarily as gas la. The frst option isto review structures closer to ‘gas pipeline infra-structure. There are three inverted “haif-synclines” which have been topographically 121 elevated by compression of the back-thrust movement of the Zindapir Structure. Eventhough these are surface synclines, itis possible they may have fault- bend fold structures (pop-ups) below them where new seismic coverage (presently none may confirm these plays). In Potwar the Pariwali Gas Field has a surface syncline on the top. The Shahdani-1 well may not have been drilled on the optimum location on the structure. The Zindagator Structure may be an option to review. INTRODUCTION The Perry Castaneda Library has two versions of 1:250,000 scale maps on Pakistan. The one coming ‘under Joint Operations folder is a version with Universal Transverse Mercator projection (UTM) in a {pg file off the website, which becomes easier for uploading seismic and well data (because of UTM) to allow making of base geological maps for geological modeling of interpretation and extension of modeling which confirms deformation related to structural traps, previous burial, hydrocarbon generation and migration, related to validation structural Interestingly, the five digital topographic maps selectively used in this paper are 1973 to 1998 dated made by the US Defense Mapping Agency but released by the University of Texas on its Perry Castaneda Library website in 2011. These are cross checked with Google Earth using provisions from USGS on seismicity. Current seismicity confirms fault activation with depth detail on hypocenters. The active faults can be seen on Google Imaging and the topographic maps (updated as interpreted geological maps),