Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

CHNG 3
3.1

H THNG MIMO - OFDM

Gii thiu chung

MIMO-OFDM l h thng kt hp c cc u im ca h thng MIMO v h

thng OFDM, trong vic ci thin dung lng, tc h thng cng nh vn

gim nhiu, gim kch thc v s phc tp ca my thu-pht l nhng u im ni
bt.
Vi nhng u im ni bt ca h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM, vic kt
hp h thng MIMO v k thut OFDM l mt gii php ha hn cho cc h thng
thng tin khng dy bng rng nh Wimax, LTE.
3.2

M hnh h thng MIMO-OFDM

Cu trc my thu v pht ca h thng MIMO-OFDM bao gm h MIMO NT anten

pht v NR anten thu, k thut OFDM c s dng N sng mang ph c biu din
hnh sau:

Tx1

Rx 1

Tx 2

Rx 2

Tx N T

Rx NT

Hnh a. S khi h thng MIMO-OFDM

nt ra ss

rRF (t )

r (t )

rn

~
x nT

~
xn

~
Xn

X n

d n

Hnh b. S khi bn pht ca OFDM

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Chng 3:

rRF (t )

H thng MIMO-OFDM

r (t )

rn

~
Xn

~
xn

~
x nT

X n

d n

Hnh c. S khi bn thu ca OFDM

Hnh 3.1 M hnh tng qut h thng MIMO-OFDM
Symbol thu c t anten th i, tai sng mang ph th k ca symbol OFDM c th
biu din nh sau:
Y1 ( k ) 11 ( k ) X 1 ( k ) 12 ( k ) X 2 ( k ) 1 N T ( k ) X N T ( k ) V1 ( k )
Y 2 ( k ) 21 ( k ) X 1 ( k ) 22 ( k ) X 2 ( k ) 2 N T ( k ) X N T ( k ) V 2 ( k )

Y N R ( k ) N R 1 ( k ) X 1 ( k ) N R 2 ( k ) X 2 ( k ) N R NT ( k ) X N T ( k ) V N R ( k )
k 1, 2,3, , N

Trong :

X j (k ) l symbol pht trn sng mang th k trong symbol OFDM.

V i (k ) l nhiu Guass ti anten thu th I trong min tn s, tc l N-FFT

ca nhiu trong min thi gian v i (t ). ij (k ) l li knh truyn t anten pht th j

ti anten thu th i ti sng mang ph th n. ij (k ) chnh l N-FFT ca p ng xung
ca knh truyn cij (t ) t anten pht th j ti anten thu th i. Nu my thu c th c
lng chnh xc trng thi knh truyn th ij (k ) s c bit chnh xc ng vi mi
symbol OFDM.
Knh truyn h thng MIMO-OFDM c th m t qua ma trn H nh sau.
11 ( k )

21 ( k )
H ( k )

N R 1 ( k )

12 ( k )

22 ( k )

N 2 (k )
R

1 N ( k )
T

2 NT ( k )

N R N T ( k )

thu duoc ma tran he thong

H thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti vi mc ch t li phn tp ti a nhm ti

u cht lng h thng, sau ny ngi ta nghin cu v th nghim thnh cng cc
h thng t c truyn t li hn, cht lng cao hn nh h thng MIMO-OFDM
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Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

Trellis code, h thng MIMO-OFDM V-BLAST cho t li ln nht nhm tng ti

a dung lng h thng thng tin khng dy trong mi trng fading khng dy chn
lc tn s. Tuy nhin trong phm vi n ta s ch nghin cu phng php n gin
nht l h thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti.
3.2.1 H thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti
Hnh l s h thng MIMO-OFDM Alamouti vi cc khi c bn nht. M hnh
Alamouti c p dng nhm t c li phn tp ln nht trong mi trng
fading chn lc tn s vi cu trc phn cng kh n gin.
X 1 (1)
X 1 (2)
X 1 (N )

Tx1
(.)*

F 1 X 2* CP

F 1 X1 CP
chen bit CP nay
Tx2

X 2 (1)
X 2 (2)

(.)*

F 1 X 1* CP

F 1 X 2 CP

X 2 (N)
2 an ten phat nay

Hnh 3.3 My pht MIMO-OFDM Alamouti

Hnh 3.4 My thu MIMO-OFDM Alamouti

Ti pha pht, d liu sau khi qua b iu ch tn hiu OFDM (Mapper), s tin
c a qua b bin i ni tip sang song song v a vo 2 vect N symbol X 1 v
X2 .

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Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

Ta k hiu F l ma trn bin i FFT v F-1 l ma trn bin i IFFT th:

F 1

1 *
F
N

(3.2)

Trong chu k symbol th k, X1 s c cho qua b bin i IFFT to ra khi N

symbol :

s1 F 1 X 1

(3.3)

Sau khi s1 c chn khong bo v CP, vector d liu s c a ra b

chuyn i s-tng t v iu ch cao tn pht trn anten th nht. Cng trong chu
k symbol th k, X2 s c cho qua b IFFT to ra khi N symbol

s 2 F 1 X 2

(3.4)

Sau khi s2 c chn khong bo v CP, vector d liu s c a ra b

chuyn i s-tng t v iu ch cao tn pht trn anten th 2.
Trong chu k symbol th k+1, X1 s c ly lin hp phc khi cho qua IFFT
to ra khi N symbol :
s 2' F 1 X 2*

(3.5)

Sau khi s2 c chn khong bo v CP vect d liu s c a ra anten

th hai. Cng trong chu k symbol th k+1, X2 s c cho qua b o v ly lin
hp phc trc khi cho qua IFFT to ra khi N symbol :
s1' F 1 X 1*

cong thuc sai ngang doan ni

(3.6)

Sau khi s1 c chn khong bo v CP, vect d liu s c a ra anten th

nht. Qu trnh pht s lp li cc qu trnh trnh by nh trong chu k k v k+1.
Ti pha thu, vector thu sau khi loi b khong bo v s c dng sau :

y1 H1s1 H 2 s 2 n1 H1 F 1 X 1 H 2 F 1 X 2 n1
y2 H1s1' H 2 s2' n2 H1F 1 X 2* H 2 F 1 X 1* n2

(3.7)

Vi H 1 l ma trn vng ca knh truyn t anten pht th nht ti anten thu v

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Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

H 2 l ma trn vng ca knh truyn t anten pht th 2 ti anten thu.

Sau khi qua b FFT vector thu s c biu thc sau :

Y1 H ' X 1 H 2' X 2 N 1
1

(3.8)

Y2 H1' X 2* H 2' X 1* N 2

vi Y1 = Fy1, Y2 = Fy2, X1 = Fx1, X2 = Fx2, l cc FFT tng ng ca y1, y2, x1,

x2, H1 v H2 l cc ma trn c tnh theo cng thc :

H1' FH 1 F 1

(3.9)

H 2' FH 2 F 1

Do tnh cht FFT cc ma trn vng H1, H2 nn ma trn H1, H2 l cc ma trn

ng cho :

H1' diag (h1 )

(3.10)

H 2' diag (h2 )

Vi h1(k), h2(k) k=1,2,,N-1 chnh l N-FFT ca p ng knh truyn t anten pht

th nht v th 2 n cc anten thu. Sau Y1, Y2 s c a qua b c lng H1
v H2 . Knh truyn s c c lng thng qua chui hun luyn ( chui training )
bit trc,sau a qua b kt hp khi phc li X1, X2.
3.2.2 nh hng ca PAPR trong h thng MIMO-OFDM
- T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh l mt trong nhng hn ch c
bn ca k thut OFDM trong cc h thng MIMO-OFDM. Khi t s ny cao, vic s
dng b khuych i cng sut (HA) s khng t hiu sut cao v phi dnh d tr
cng sut trnh nhiu phi tuyn. Nh vy, gim PAPR l yu cu quan trng ca h
thng MIMO-OFDM.
- PAPR c nh ngha l t s cng sut nh tc thi trn cng sut trung
bnh. c biu din bi cng thc ton hc sau :

PAPR

Max0t Ts | s(t ) |2
Mean0t Ts | s (t ) |2

(3.11)

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Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

vi s(t) l k t a sng mang trong khong thi gian 0 < t < Ts. iu c
ngha l PAPR c nh gi trn mi k t OFDM.

Hnh 3.5 S xut hin nh cao trong h thng a sng mang

- PAPR biu din di bin ca cc mu to ra bn my pht tn hiu OFDM.
Ni cch khc, PAPR biu din khong cch n gc ca k t trong khng gian tn
hiu.
- H thng iu ch pha M mc (M-PSK) : Do cc k t trong khng gian tn
hiu ch khc nhau v pha trong khi ln bng nhau nn PAPR=1.
- C hai phng php gim PAPR chnh :
a thm mt s thng tin h tr (data, m) vo k t OFDM.
S dng cc x l khng gian tn hiu (QAM, DPSK) sao cho tn hiu
min thi gian sau b IFFT c PAPR thp.
3.3

ng dng k thut MIMO-OFDM trong thng tin di ng

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Chng 3:

H thng MIMO-OFDM

Hnh 3.6 Cc chun thng tin khng dy

Hnh 3.6 m t cc chun thng tin khng dy ca IEEE tng ng tc bit

v vng bao ph, trong cc chun mu m s c ng dng MIMO OFDM
trong tng lai, iu ny cho thy tm ng dng ca h thng MIMO OFDM.
Trong yu cu ngy cng cao v cht lng dch v v bng thng th nhng k
thut ny cho thy nhng u im v c p dng ngy cng nhiu trong cc th
h di ng tip theo. Wifi c xem l phin u tin s dng OFDM trong thng
mi. Tip theo OFDM c ng dng trong truyn hnh s mt t. Trong th h di
ng 4G vi nhng u im ni bt l nn tng tc v ti ln ti xung cao Video
Streaming, LiveTV, HD Video Call, Video Conference, VOD TvoD. Tng lai s
chng kin s cnh tranh i theo 4G theo hai con ng Wimax hoc LTE, mi ci
u c nhng u im ring. LTE s dng OFDMA dowlink v SC-FDMA uplink
khc phc c nhc im ca OFDM. Cc h thng anten MIMO cng c
xut s dng l h thng anten 2 2 v cao nht l 4 4

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Chng 3

3.4

Kt lun chng
Vic ng dng OFDM vo MIMO l xu hng ca cng ngh ci thin

BER,SNR v p ng cc nhu cu mi ca ngi dng nh kt hp mi u im ca

tng loi h thng.
Chng cui cng sau y s phn no cho chng ta thy ti sao vic kt hp
MIMO-OFDM l l bc tin cng ngh trong h thng thng tin di ng khng dy
tng lai.

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