Phin eh upg mie CHUONG 7 PHAN TiCH CHAT LUQNG NUOC. 1 UNG DUNG THUYET PHAN TU UV-VIS TRONG PHAN TICH CAC YEUTO CHAT LUQNG NUGG 1.1 So luge lich str nghién ctfu v8 quang ph Quang ph6 hoc la m6t mon hgc chinh yu trong thién vn hoc, né da duige ¢ing dung thianh cBng 4 nghién ctu vé khi quy€n trong hanh tinh ching ta. (Cich day 200 nim, Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) ln du tién sn xudt loai may ‘do quang ph6 mi tinh ning khong c6 gi sn kip lic by git. Ong Sy da kham pha ra 18tnhiu céc Guiting t6i trong quang ph6 cia anh sing mat tr. Ong Sy c6 th xée din chinh xc d6 dai bude s6ng cla nhiu "Fraunhofer lines" (vac) va thudt ng nay ngay nay vn dug ding, Tuy nhién, trong thd gian nay Ong y khdng hi@u Guige nhiing cot 56 vat ly va ¥ nghifa vé hing van d& ma dng y khém pha ra, Hiinh 7-1,Thi6t bi Spektralapparat thi6t k6 boi Gustav R. Kirchhoff va Robert W. Bunsen (1823) ‘Thinh wu quan trong ké tip vé "Fraunhofer lines" yea sy hp thu va phat x@ vao n&m 1859 v6i sy cng tic ca nhiéu nba vat ly ni ting nhur Gustav R. Kirchhoff (1824-1887), Robert W. Bunsen (1811-1899) tai Heidelberg, Thi&t bj ma ho str dung la "Spektralapparat’, ho ghi nbn Auge qua wink phat xa rt dc bit cla nhiu nguyén t6 kh nhau. V6i phUsong php nay ho di tip ‘Ue km pha ra 2 nguyén t6 méi la Casium va Rubidium, ho chiét duuge mot lugng rt «qué winh tim ra nguyen Iy vat(un chung vient dng Oy in nh (7g) «tr 44,000 lt nue Khosing gén ndi Bad Nauheim, Germany. Su’ Kham pha nay Ii nn tang cho sir khém pha tip theo vé sy hip thu va phat xa cia hp thu phn wh Nam 1879 Marie Alfred Comu thdy rng, nhting tia 6 buéc séng ngan cla bute xa imc tri a b& mt cr Ge bj hp thy bot Khi quyén, Moc nzim sau 6, Walther Noel Harley mé td r&tti mi vé surhdp thy UV cia O , v6i d6 di Bude séng 200 va 300 nm ‘vin tr nn r rang hn khi ho phét hin raring O, chia dy trong bu ki quy€o. 1m 1880, J. Chappuis Khim ph ra sup thu trong ving kind kin (400-840nmn), N&im 1925 Dobson phit rin m6t may quang ph méi rt 6n dinh str ding lng kinh bing thach anh, 1.2 Bai curong vé quang phé ‘Trong quang ph6 hoc, dnb sng nbn thdy (énh sing kid kin), tia h6ng ngod, tia tt goal, ta Rooghen, sng radio... €éu urge got chung mOt hut ng 1a fe xa. ‘Theo thuy&t sng, cic dang bite xa nay la dao Ang séng cla cutng d6 dién wutng va cuting dé tir tut, nén bite xa cin duge goi la bite xa dién Sau thuy€t séing, thuy6t hat cho thy bc xa gém céc "hat nding lugng” go! 1a photon chuy€n d6ng v6i t6c G6 nh sing (c= 3.10 mis). Céc dang bife x@ kha nha thi Khe nau vé nding lutgng hy ctla cée photon. O day, nding lurgng cla bite x9 da dutge lurgng irhéa, nghifa 18 ning lrgng cla bute xa Khong phai lién tye ma céc long te nding Iuong 1116 v6t tn s6v cla dao dOng dién tt theo hé thtte Planck, e=tv h=6625.10 “J's: hing 6 Planck. Louis de Broglie da dua ra thayétth6ng nit c8 Khai niém s6ng va kha niém hat ctla séing nh sing, Anh séng vita 06 tinh chat sng vita c6 tinh chat hat. T6ng qust hon la bic xa c6 bain chat song hat. NOi dung nh sau: Hat co kh long m chuyén dong véi van t6c v 06 bute séng di doi vind 1A A iat bi hé these: hoh mw Trong 46: p=mv li dog lugng ca hat 4 1a butc séng (de Broglie) = 6625.10 3443s la hing s6 Planck.Phin ce uog mie 1.2.1 Céie dai lutgng do bite xa din itr Bute sing 2: La quang Guiding ma bUtc x9 di duge sau mbi dao dng déy du, Donvi: mcm, mynm, 4 .(Icem=10 * 4 =107 nm=10* m) Tan sO v : La s6 dao dOng trong mt don vi th gian (sidy) ‘Trong 1 gidy bite xa di dug c em va bifeséng 2 em, vay: v= Lut ¥: Buic x9 truy€n trong chan khong v6i vn tc c= 2,9979.10 m/s (thubng lay ‘on 3.10 mis) ‘Don vi: CPS ( VONG DAY), Hz, KHz, MHz, (ICPS=1Hz; IMHz=10 KHz=10 Hz) Nang lutong bife xa: Cc dao dng tir (phan thr ching han) chi c6 thé pht ra hoc hp thy nding ltzong ttmg don vi glén doan,cimg long nhé nguyén ven got la Luong te ning lugng: e=w Kite ‘Bon vi: Jun (J), Calo (Cal), electron von (eV). 1.2.2. Céie dang bife xa Bite xa din tir bao g6m 1 day céc sing din tire butéc séng bién 46; trong khoang rt rOng: tir c8 mét & séng radio dén cB a (10 m) 6 tia Ronghen hoge nhd hon nia, Toin b6 dy sing dé duge chia thinh céc ving ph kh nha. po (5) Vieses (Microware) ee ACU oo) ti) Se Ce Ye ye a cr | reer Gu) ‘inh 7-2. Cie ph6 ctia sng(un chung vient dng Oy in Mat ngubi chi cdm nhdin durge m6t ving ph6 dign tr rt nhé gi la ving nbin thay (ha kin) bao gm céc bite x9 €é bus6e séing tt 396-760 nm. Hai ving tip giép v6 Ving nhin thd 1a ving héng ngoai va ving ti ngoal. 1.2.3. Su'tutong tc gitta vt chit va bite xa din tit 6 diéu kign binh tung, dién te cia phan tr ndim 6 trang thai ln két, nén phn wr eb rntic ning lugng hp, got la trang théi co ban Kh chi€u m6t bife xa din te vao mt moi trum vat chat, sé xay ra hin tuong cdc phan ti vat chdt hp thy bode phét xa nng lyong, hay @uge got la trang thal kich thich . N&ng lugng ma phan tpt ra hay hp thu vo li: AE=E,-E,= hv ‘Trong 46, E , va E, 1a mife nfng lugng cla phan wr 6 trang thai du va trang thal cud (hay con got la trang thi kich thich) la tn 6 cla bite xa dién tirbl hdp thy hay phat x9 ra N&u AE >01hi xdy ra surhdp thy bite xa din we, N€u AE <0 thi x8y ra sy phat xa nang lugng, ‘Theo thuy€t lutong t, céc phan t va céc btte xa Gién ty trao G61 nang luvong v6 nha. dng phai bat ky va lign tc ma c6 tin chit gin doa. Phan tt chi hp thu hoc pit ¥80,1,2,3,...n lm lutgng tit hv ma thd. Ki phén tf hp thy hodic phat x9 s6 lim thay d6i cuding 46 eda bie xa nung khdng lam thay Gi ning lugng ca né, bdi vi cudng 46 bite xa dién tir xc djnh bang mat 46 céc hat photon c6 trong chim ta, cdn ning lugng blfc xa dién tilai phy thud tan s6 v ctia bute xa. Vi thé ki chiéu m6 chim bic xa din tir v6i mbt tn s6 duy nh di qua moi wudag ‘at cht thi sau khi di qua nding lughg cla biic xa khng hé thay 46i ma chi c6 cutting 6 bite xa thay 46. Cac phan tr khi hp thy ning lugng cla bie xa sé dn dén thay d6i cic qué tinh trong phan tr (quay, dao Ong, ich thich electron...) hoc trong nguyén ti (cOng bung spin electron, c6ng hung ty hac nhan) ‘Mi mt qué trinh nhur vay d6i héi mot nding lugng dc trung cho né, nghia la dai hoi bic xa dig ti c6 tn s6 hay chiéu dai séng nhdt dinh d& kich thich, Do surhp thy chon Igc niy ma kh chiu chim bife xa dién tit v6i mOt dai tn sO kh nhau di qua mdi truding vat chat thi sau ki di qua chim bite x9 nay s& bi mat di mot s6 bie xa 05 tn s6 xée din, ngha la cic tia nay da bj phan tir hp thy.Phin cog mie 1.24 S\hdp thy bite xa va mau sd ctia ede che ‘Anh sing nhin thy bao g6m tt c& dai bute xa e6 butBc séng ti 396-760 nm c6 miu rng (nh sng tng hgp). Khi cho anh sng trng (Anh séng mat wt) chiéu qua mot 1g kinh,n6 s@ bl ph tch thanh mot s6 tia mau (46, da cam, ving, IUc, lam, chim, tim). Mi tia mau d6 ting vi mt khoding bute sng hep hon (xem Bang 7-1). Cm sc cic mau sc la mx chub céc qué tinh sinh I. va tam ly phic tap ki bite xa trong ving kha kin chi€u vio véng mac clla mat. Mt tia miu v6i mt khong bugle s6ng xc inh, Chang han bie x@ véi bute séng 400-430 nm gay cho ta cBm gide ‘mau tim, ia sng v6i bu6c séng 560 nm cho ta c&m gle mau lye vang. ‘Anh sing chiu vo mt chat nio dé né di qua hodn toan thi Ai v6i mat ta cht 46 Bag mau, ‘Thi dy, thiy tinh thu’ing hd thy ede befe-x@ v6 bur6e s6ng nhé hon 360 nm nn n6 trong su6t v6i cdc bite xa kha kin. Tally tinh thach anh hap chy btic xa véi but séng ‘nhd hon 160 nm, né trong suét 46 voi bite x9 khd kién va c& buic xa tH ngoai gén. ‘Mt cht hp thy hodn toin tt cd cc tia dn sing thi ta thy cht 46 c6 mau Gen, NEw suthdp thy chi xay ra mOt khodng nao 46 cia ving kha kin thi cic bUte xa & kho&ng con lai ki dn mat ta s8 gay cho ta cdm gidc v6 mt mau ndo dé. Chang han mot chat hp thy ta mau 46 ( 2 = 610-730 rm) thi nh sng con lal gy cho ta c&m gléc mau Ie (ta thy cht 6 6 mau lye). NgUgC Tai, nBu cht G6 hp thy tia mau IY thi Gi voi mdtta né s& c6 miu dd, gui ta goi miu 46 vi miu lye 1a hai mau phy nhav. Tra hal mau phy nhau Tat ta s& c6 mau tréng. NOI céch Khéc, hal ta phy nhau Kh ern va0 ‘han s@ to ra énh sing tréng, Quan hé giffa mau cla tia bj hép thy va mau cla chdt ip thy (céc mau phy nhau) Guige ghi 6 bang saw: ‘Bang 7-1. Quan hé gia miu ctl ia bj hp thy va mau cht hp thy retina acta cnt 7 (am) Maw (niu ett tia con 00-430, Tim Vang Iue 430 - 490 Xanh ‘Vang da cam 490-510 Lyexanh BS 310-530 Luc D6 tia 530-560 Lye ving Tim 560 -590 Vang Xanh 590-610 Dacam Xanh lye 610-750 26 Lue Tf ie ns oa ag ah GORE ‘Vide phan chia anh sing trdng thanh 7, 8 hay 9 tia mau... cdn tay thadc vio lang kinh vast tinh t& ctla mat ngudi quan sat. 1