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LI NI U
Cun sch Gio trnh h tnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn chng trnh o
to chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn th nht c bn c nhit tnh
n nhn. y l chng trnh hc c tnh thc t cao. Trong bi cnh cng ngh
pht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c cp nht bm st thc tin. chnh
l l do chng ti gii thiun bn cun gio trnh mi trong ln xut bn ny.
Gio trnh ny tng g vi k hc th hai trong chng trnh o to CCNA ca
Cisco. Sch gm c 11 chng, cc ch c trnh by c h thng v c ng.
Ni dung chnh ca tp hai l kho st thnh phn cu trc v hot ng ca router,
ng thi hng dn ngi c cu hnh c bn cho router. So vi phin bn c,
phin bn mi c cp thm hai phn mi l: Giao thc thng ip iu khin
Internet (ICMP) v danh sch kim tra truy nhp (Access Control List). Bn cnh
, cc phn v cu trc router, cu hnh router v x l s c cho router cng
c b sung thm nhiu chi tit mi so vi phin bn c.
Cun sch khng ch l mt gio trnh hu ch cho cc hc vin mng CCNA m
cn l ti liu b ch cho cc bn c mun tr thnh nhng nh networking
chuyn nghip.
Mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon thin hn song
chc rng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Nhm bin son mong nhn
c c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c.
MK.PUB
Mk.pub@minhkhai.com.vn
www.minhkhai.com.vn
LI NG
Knh tha qu bn c gn xa, Ban xut bn MK.PUB trc ht xin by t lng
bit n v nim vinh hnh trc nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i vi t sch
MK.PUB trong thi gian qua.
Khu hiu chng ti l:
* Lao ng khoa hc nghim tc.
* Cht lng v ngy cng cht lng hn.
* Tt c v Bn c.
Rt nhiu Bn c gi mail cho chng ti ng gp nhiu kin qu bu
cho t sch.
Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh mi qu Bn c tham gia cng nng cao
cht lng t sch ca chng ta.
Trong qu trnh c, xin cc Bn ghi ch li cc sai st (d nh, ln) ca cun
sch hoc cc nhn xt ca ring Bn. Sau xin gi v a ch:
E-mail: mk.book@minhkhai.com.vn mk.pub@minhkhai.com.vn
Hoc gi v: Nh sch Minh Khai
249 Nguyn Th Minh Khai, Q.I, Tp. H Ch Minh
Nu Bn ghi ch trc tip ln cun sch, ri gi cun sch cho chng ti th
chng ti s xin hon li cc ph bu in v gi li cho bn cun sch khc.
Chng ti xin gi tng mt cun sch ca sch MK.PUB ty chn la ca Bn
theo mt danh mc thch hp s c gi ti Bn.
Vi mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht lng ca t sch MK.PUB, chng
ti rt mong nhn c s hp tc ca qu Bn c gn xa.
MK.PUB v Bn c cng lm !
MK.PUB
MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................. 3
MC LC......................................................................................................... 3
CHNG 1: WAN V ROUTER................................................................... 5
GII THIU ................................................................................................... 13
1.1. WAN.................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1. Gii thiu v WAN ................................................................... 13
1.1.2. Gii thiu v router trong mng WAN ..................................... 15
1.1.3. Router LAN v WAN ............................................................... 17
1.1.4. Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN ......................................... 19
1.1.5. Cc bi thc hnh m phng ..................................................... 21
1.2. Router ................................................................................................. 21
1.2.1. Cc thnh phn bn trong router ............................................... 21
1.2.2. c im vt l ca router ......................................................... 24
1.2.3. Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router ........................................ 25
1.2.4. Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router ......................................... 25
1.2.5. Thit lp kt ni vo cng console ............................................ 26
1.2.6. Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN .............................................. 28
1.2.7. Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN ............................................. 29
TNG KT .................................................................................................... 31
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11
12
13
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15
CHNG 1
WAN V ROUTER
GII THIU
Mng din rng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt ln.
WAN c nhiu c im quan trng khc vi LAN. Trong chng ny, trc tin
cc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mng
WAN. ng thi trong chng ny cng s gii thch nhng c im ging nhau
v khc nhau gia LAN v WAN.
Bn cnh , kin thc v cc thnh phn vt l ca router cng rt quan trng.
Kin thc ny s l nn tng cho cc k nng v kin thc khc khi bn cu hnh
router v qun tr mng nh tuyn. Trong chng ny, cc bn s c kho st
thnh phn vt l bn trong v bn ngoi ca router v cc k thit kt ni vi
nhiu cng khc nhau trn router.
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau:
Xc nh t chc quc t chu trch nhim v cc chun ca WAN.
Gii thch s khc nhau gia LAN v WAN, gia cc loi a ch m mi
mng s dng.
M t vai tr ca router trong WAN.
Xc nh cc thnh phn vt l bn trong ca router v cc chc nng tng
ng.
M t cc c im vt l ca router.
Xc nh cc loi cng trn router.
Thc hin cc kt ni n cng Ethernet, cng ni tip WAN v cng
console trn router.
1.1. WAN
1.1.1
16
17
18
Hnh 1.1.2
Router l mt loi my tnh c bit. N cng c cc thnh phn c bn ging nh
my tnh: CPU, b nh, system bus v cc cng giao tip. Tuy nhin router c
kt l thc hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router c thit k l thc
hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router kt ni hai h thng mng vi nhau
v cho php hai h thng ny c th lin lc vi nhau, ngoi ra router cn thc hin
vic chn la ng i tt nht cho d liu.
Cng ging nh my tnh cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc trnh ng dng th
router cng cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin cu hnh
cha cc cu lnh v cc thng s iu khin lung d liu ra vo trn router.
c bit l router cn s dng giao thc nh tuyn truyn quyt nh chn
ng i tt nht cho cc gi d liu. Do , tp tin cu hnh cng cha cc thng
tin ci t v chy cc giao thc nh tuyn trn router.
Gio trnh ny s gii thch r cch xy dng tp tin cu hnh t cc cu lnh IOS
router c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bn. Lc ban u c th bn thy
tp tin cu hnh rt phc tp nhng n cui gio trnh ny bn s thy n d hiu
hn nhiu.
Cc thnh phn chnh bn trong router bao gm: b nh RAM, NVRAM, b nh
flash, ROM v cc cng giao tip.
RAM, hay cn gi l RAM ng (DRAM- Dynamic RAM) c cc c im v
chc nng nh sau
Lu bng nh tuyn.
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Lu bng ARP.
C vng b nh chuyn mch nhanh.
Cung cp vng nh m cho cc gi d liu
Duy tr hng i cho cc gi d liu.
Cung cp b nh tm thi cho tp tin cu hnh ca router khi router ang
hot ng.
Thng tin trn RAM s b xo mt khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in.
c im v chc nng ca NVRAM:
Lu gi tp tin cu hnh khi ng ca router.
Ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt
in.
c im v chc nng ca b nh flash:
Lu h iu hnh IOS.
C th cp nht phn mm lu trong Flash m khng cn thay i chip trn
b x l.
Ni dung ca Flash vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt
in.
Ta c th lu nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS trong Flash.
Flash l loi ROM xo v lp trnh c (EPROM).
c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao tip:
Kt ni router vo h thng mng nhn v chuyn gi d liu.
Cc cng c th gn trc tip trn mainboard hoc l di dng card ri.
1.1.3 Router LAN v WAN
20
21
Ngi qun tr mng c th duy tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyn
tnh, nhng thng thng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi ng nh cc giao thc
nh tuyn thc hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc router.
Hnh 1.1.3c
V d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc vi my tnh Y mt chu lc khc
v vi my tnh Z mt v tr khc na trn th gii, khi cn phi c nh tuyn
c th truyn d liu v ng thi cng cn phi c cc ng d phng, thay
th m bo tin cy. Rt nhiu thit k mng v cng ngh c a ra
cho cc my tnh nh X Y, Z c th lin lc vi nhau.
Mt h thng mng c cu hnh ng phi c y cc c im sau:
C h thng a ch nht qun t u cui n u cui
Cu trc a ch phi th hin c cu trc mng.
Chn c ng i tt nht.
nh tuyn ng v tnh.
Thc hin chuyn mch.
1.1.4 Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN
Mng WAN hot ng ch yu lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. iu ny khng
c ngha l nm lp cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN. iu
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23
24
Router
1.2.1
Cu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trong
phn ny ch gii thiu v cc thnh phn c bn ca router.
CPU n v x l trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca h iu hnh thc hin
cc nhim v sau: khi ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao tip
mng. CPU l mt b giao tip mng. CPU l mt b vi x l. Trong cc router ln
c th c nhiu CPU.
RAM: c s dng lu bng nh tuyn, cung cp b nh cho chuyn mch
nhanh, chy tp tin cu hnh v cung cp hng i cho cc gi d liu. Trong a s
router, h iu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn RAM. RAM thng c chia thnh hai
phn: phn b nh x l chnh v phn b nh chia s xut/nhp. Phn b nh chia
s xut/nhp c chia cho cc cng giao tip lm ni lu tr tm cc gi d
liu.Ton b ni dung trn RAM s b xo khi tt in. Thng thng, RAM trn
router l loi RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c th nng thm RAM
bng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module).
Flash: B nh Flash c s dng lu ton b phn mm h iu hnh Cisco
IOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c th nng cp h iu
hnh bng cch chp phin bn mi hn vo flash. Phn mm IOS c th di
dng nn hoc khng nn. i vi hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAM
trong qu trnh khi ng router. Cn c mt s router th IOS c th chy trc tip
25
26
Hnh 1.2.1a
Hnh 1.2.1b
1.2.2
c im vt l ca router
27
28
Hnh 1.2.3
1.2.4
Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip bt
ng b ny c thit k khng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router. Ta
thng s dng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi router
no cng c cng AUX.
Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng s mng no c cu hnh c.
Do router cha th giao tip vi bt k mng no. chun b khi ng v cu
hnh router, ta dng thit b u cui ASCII kt ni vo cng console trn router.
Sau ta c th dng lnh cu hnh, ci t cho router.
Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, router
c th kt ni mng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng.
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29
Tc band l 9600.
Data bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop bits: 1
30
2.
router.
3.
Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ45-DB9.
4.
31
32
Hnh 1.2.7a
i vi tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE
Customer Premises Equipment), thng thng l router, c gi l thit b d liu
u cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit b DTE ny c kt ni vo nh
cung cp dch v thng qua thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuitterminating Equipment), thng thng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit b DCE ny
c s dng chuyn i d liu t DTE sang dng ph hp vi dch v ca
nh cung cp dch v.
Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la cho
ng loi cp s rt d dng khi bn tr li c 4 cu hi sau:
33
Hnh 1.2.7b
34
Hnh 1.2.7c
Hnh 1.2.7d
TNG KT
c im vt l ca router.
35
36
CHNG 2
GII THIU V ROUTER
GII THIU
Cc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco
(ISO). Phn mm IOS iu khin qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch trn cc
thit b kt ni lin mng. Do ngi qun tr mng phi nm vng v IOS.
Trong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu c bn v kho st cc c im ca
IOS. Tt c cc cng vic cu hnh mng t n gin nht n phc tp nht u
da trn mt nn tng c bn l cu hnh router. Do trong chng ny cng gii
thiu v cc k thut v cng c c bn cu hnh router m chng ta s s dng
trong sut gio trnh ny.
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th:
Nm c mc ch ca IOS.
M t hot ng c bn ca IOS.
Nm c cc c im ca IOS.
Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng dng lnh vi router.
Chuyn i gia cc ch cu hnh router.
Thit lp kt ni bng HyperTerminal vo router.
Truy cp vo router.
S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao tip bng dng lnh.
X l li khi nhp cu lnh.
2.1
37
38
39
Hnh 2.1.3
2.1.4 Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOS
Cisco cung cp rt nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi sn phm mng khc nhau.
ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thit b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loi
phn mm Cisco IOS. Mi loi phn mm IOS ph hp vi tng loi thit b, vi
mc dung lng b nh v vi nhu cu ca khch hng.
Mc d c nhiu phn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit b vi nhiu c
tnh khc nhau nhng cu trc lnh cu hnh c bn th vn ging nhau. Do k
nng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c th ng dng cho nhiu loi sn phm
khc nhau.
Tn ca Cisco IOS c quy c chia ra thnh ba phn nh sau:
Phn th nht th hin loi thit b m phn mm IOS ny c th s dng
c.
Phn th hai th hin cc c tnh ca phn mm IOS.
Phn th ba th hin ni chy phn mm IOS trn router v cho bit phn
mm ny c cung cp di dng nn hay khng nn.
Bn c th la chn cc c tnh c bit ca IOS nh phn mm
Cisco Software Advisor. Cisco Software Advisor l mt cng c cung cp
cc thng tin hin ti v cho php bn chn la cc c tnh cho phu hp vi
yu cu ca h thng mng
The name has three parts, separated by dashes: e.g. xxx-yyy-ww:
xxxx = Platform
yyyy = Feature
ww = Format where It execute from if compressed
Name Codes
Platform (Hardware) (Partial list)
C1005 1005
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40
C1600 1600
C1700 1700, 1720, 1750
C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only)
C2600 2600
C2800 Catalyst 2800
C2900 2910, 2950
C3620 3620
C3640 3640
C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only)
C4500 4500, 4700
Feature (Partial list)
B
Appletalk
Boot
Boot image
C
Commserver file (CiscoPro)
Drag
IOS based diagnostic images
G
ISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk)
I
IP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, WAN, Remote Node, Terminal
Services)
N
IPX
Q
Async
T
Telco return (12.0)
Y
Reduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP)
(C1003/4)
Z
Managed moderns
40
40 bit encryption
56
56 bit encryption
Format (Where the image runs in the route)
F
Flash
M
Ram
R
Rom
L
Rebcatable
Compression Type
Z
Zip compressed (note lower case)
X
M zip compressed
W
STAC compress
Hnh 2.1.4a
Khi bn chn mua IOS mi th mt trong nhng iu quan trng bn cn phi ch
l s tng thch gia IOS vi b nh flash v RAM trong router. Thng thng
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41
42
Hnh 2.1.4b
2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOS
Thit b Cisco IOS c 3 ch hot ng sau:
ROM monitor
Boot ROM
Cisco IOS.
Thng thng trong qu trnh khi ng router, mt trong cc ch hot ng
trn c ti ln RAM chy. Ngi qun tr h thng c th ci t gi tr cho
thanh ghi iu khin ch khi ng mc nh router.
43
Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch
ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim trng hoc khi ngi
qun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROM
monitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi ra
chng ta khng th truy cp vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc.
Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hot
ng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch
ny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bn
dng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nh
flash trn router.
Hnh 2.1.5a
Router mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOS
trong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc tip t flash. Tuy
nhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy t
RAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khi
chp ln RAM.
Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong c
hin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mun xem h thng cn bao
nhiu dung lng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh show
flash.
44
Hnh 2.1.5b
2.2
Bt u vi router
45
46
47
Hnh 2.2.2
Cisco router s dng n LED bo hiu cc trng thi hot ng ca router. Cc
loi n LED ny s khc nhau tu theo cc loi router khc nhau.
Cc n LED ca cc cng trn router s cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cc
cng. Nu en LED ca mt cng no b tt trong khi cng ang hot ng
v c kt ni ng th chng t l c s c i vi cng . Nu mt cng
hot ng lin tuc th n LED ca cng sng lin tc. Cn n LED OK bn
phi cng AUX s bt sng sau khi router hot ng tt.
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48
49
Trong hnh 2.2.3b, cu VNRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase cho bit
router ny cha c cu hnh hoc l NVRAM b xo. Thng thng khi
router c cu hnh th tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM, sau ta
phi cu hnh thanh ghi router s dng tp tin cu hnh ny. Gi tr mc nh
ca thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102, khi router s khi ng vi Cisco IOS ti t
b nh flash v tp tin cu hnh ti t NVRAM.
50
51
Thng s mc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow
control. Cng console khng c h tr iu khin lung bng phn cng. Sau y
l bc thc hin kt ni mt thit b u cui vo cng console trn router:
Kt ni thit b u cui vo cng console trn router bng cp rollover v
b chuyn i RJ45-DB9 hoc RJ45-DB25.
Cu hnh thit b u cui hoc cu hnh phn mm m phng trn PC vi
cc thng s sau: 96000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control.
Truy cp vo router
cu hnh router bn phi truy cp vo giao din ngi dng ca router bng
thit b u cui hoc bng ng truy cp t xa. Sau khi truy cp c vo router
thi bn mi c th nhp cc cu lnh cho router.
V l do bo mt nn router c 2 mc truy cp:
Mc EXEC ngi dng: ch c mt s cu lnh dng xem trng thi ca
router. mc ny, bn khng th thay i c cu hnh ca router.
Mc EXEC c quyn: bao gm tt c cc cu lnh cu hnh router.
Ngay sau khi truy cp c vo router bn s gp du nhc ca ch EXEC
ngi dng. s dng c ton b tp lnh bn phi chuyn vo ch EXEC
c quyn. du nhc > bn g lnh enable. du nhc password: bn phi
nhp mt m ng vi mt m c cu hnh cho router trc bng lnh
enable secret hoc enable password. Nu mt m ca router c cu hnh bi
c 2 lnh trn th mt m ca cu lnh enable secret s c p dng. Sau khi
hon tt cc bc trn bn s gp du nhc # cho bit l bn ang ch
EXEC c quyn. T ch ny bn mi c th truy cp vo ch cu hnh ton
cc ri sau l cc ch cu hnh ring bit hn nh:
Ch cu hnh cng giao tip.
Ch cu hnh cng giao tip con.
Ch cu hnh ng truy cp.
Ch cu hnh router.
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52
Ch cu hnh route-map.
T ch EXEC c quyn, bn g disable hoc exit tr v ch EXEC
ngi dng. tr v ch EXEC c quyn t ch cu hnh ton cc, bn
dng lnh exit hoc Ctrl-Z. Lnh Ctrl-Z c th s dng tr v ngay ch
EXEC c quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no.
Hnh 2.2.5a
53
54
Description
Moves to the beginning of the command line
Esc-B
Ctrl-B (or right arrow)
Ctrl-E
Ctrl-F (or left arrow)
Esc-F
55
Khi son tho cu lnh, mn hnh s cun ngang khi cu lnh di qu mt hang.
Khi con tr n ht l phi th dng lnh s dch sang tri 10 khong trng. Khi
10 k t u tin ca cu lnh s khng nhn thy c trn mn hnh na. Bn c
th cun li xem bng cch nhn Ctrl-B hoc nhn phm mi tn () cho ti
khi mn hnh cun ti u cu lnh. Hoc bn c th nhn Ctrl-A chuyn ngay
v u dng lnh.
Trn hnh 2.2.7b l v d khi mt cu lnh di qu mt hnh. Du ($) cho bit l
cu lnh c dch sang tri.
Phm Ctrl-Z c s dng quay tr v ch EXEC c quyn t bt k ch
cu hnh ring bit no.
Hnh 2.2.7b
2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng
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57
X l li cu lnh
Li cu lnh thng l do bn g sai. Sau khi bn g mt cu lnh b sai th bn s
gp du bo li (^). Du bo li (^) t v tr m cu lnh bt u b sai. Da vo
v vn dng chc nng tr gip ca h thng bn s tm ra v chnh sa li li
c php ca cu lnh.
Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 93
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
Trong v d trn, du bo li cho bit cu lnh b sai s 93. Bn g li cu lnh t
u ti v tr b li ri thm du chm hi (?) nh sau:
Router # clock set 13:32:00 February ?
<1993-2035>Year
Sau bn nhp li cu lnh vi s nm ng nh c php trn:
Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 1993
Sau khi bn g xong cu lnh ri nhn phm Enter m cu lnh b sai th bn c
th dng phm mi tn () gi cu lnh va mi nhp. Sau bn dng cc
phm mi tn sang phi, sang tri di chuyn con tr ti v tr b sai sa li. Nu
cn xo cc k t th bn c th dng phm <backspace>.
Lnh show version
Lnh show version dng hin th cc thng tin v phin bn phn mm Cisco
IOS ang chy trn router, trong c c thng tin v gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh.
Trong hnh di cc bn s thy nhung thng tin c hin th do lnh show
version bao gm:
58
59
60
CHNG 3
CU HNH ROUTER
GII THIU
Cu hnh router cho router thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc tp l mt
cng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin bc bt u cu hnh router th khng kh
lm. Nu ngay t bc ny bn c gng thc hnh nhiu lm quen v nm vng
c cc bc di chuyn gia cc ch cu hnh ca router th cng vic cu
hnh phc tp v sau s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Trong chng ny s gii
thiu v cc ch cu hnh c bn ca router v mt s lnh cu hnh n gin.
K nng c v hiu mt cch r rng cc tp tin cu hnh l mt k nng rt quan
trng ca ngi qun tr mng. Cisco IOS c cung cp mt s cng c cho ngi
qun tr mng thm mt s thng tin cn thit vo tp tin cu hnh. Cng ging
nh nhng ngi lp trnh phi c ti liu ca tng bc lp trnh th ngi qun
tr mng cng cn c cung cp thng tin cng nhiu cng tt khi m h thng
mng do ngi khc qun tr.
Khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th:
t tn cho router.
Ci t mt m cho router.
Kho st cc lnh show.
Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router.
Thc hin mt s thay i trn router.
Lu cc thay i li.
Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip trn router.
Cu hnh thng ip hng ngy cho router.
Cu hnh bng host cho router.
Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu d phng cu hnh ca
router.
61
Hnh 3.1.1
62
63
64
Hnh 3.1.3
3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show
Chng ta c rt nhiu lnh show c dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trn
router v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXEC c quyn v EXEC ngi
dng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ng
nhin l s lnh show dng c trong ch EXEC c quyn s nhiu hn trong
ch EXEC ngi dng.
65
Hnh 3.1.4
Show interface - hin th trng thi ca tt c cc cng giao tip trn router.
xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t ca
cng sau lnh show interface. V d nh:
Router#show interface serial 0/1
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66
Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca
cc cng serial.
Show clock - hin th ng h c ci t trn router.
Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn v a ch tng ng.
Show users - hin th tt c cc user ang kt ni vo router.
Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va mi c s dng.
Show flash hin th thng tin b nh flash v tp tin IOS cha trong .
Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOS ang chy trn RAM.
Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router.
Show protocol - hin th trng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao
tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3.
Show startup-configuration - hin th tp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM.
3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial
Chng ta c th cuhnh cng serial bng ng console hoc vty. Sau y l cc
bc cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial:
Vo ch cu hnh ton cc.
Vo ch cu hnh cng serial.
Khai bo a ch v subnet mask.
t tc clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp l
DTE th chng ta c th b qua ny.
5. Khi ng serial.
1.
2.
3.
4.
67
68
Hnh 3.1.6.
3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet
Tng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ng
console hoc vty.
Mi cng Ethernet cng cn phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask c th thc
hin nh tuyn cc gi IP qua cng .
Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh Ethernet:
69
Hnh 3.1.7
3.2.
70
Hnh 3.2.2
3.2.3. Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tip
Trc tin bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ri t ch cu hnh ton cc
bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ti y bn g lnh description v
cu ch thch m bn mun.
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip:
1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal.
2. Vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip (v d l cng Ethernet 0): interface
Ethernet 0.
3. Nhp lnh description v theo sau l cu ch thch.
4. Thot khi ch cu hnh giao tip tr v ch EXEC c quyn bng
cch nhn phm Ctrl-Z.
5. Lu li cu hnh va ri vo NVRAM bng lnh copy running-config startupconfig.
Sau y l 2 v d v cch vit cu ch thch:
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71
Interface Ethernet 0
Description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2
Interface serial 0
Description ABC network 1, circuit 1
LAB_A# config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL_Z
LAB_A (config)# interface Ethernet 0
LAB_A (config-if)#description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2
Hnh 3.2.3
3.2.4. Thng ip ng nhp
Thng ip ng nhp c hin th khi bn ng nhp vo h thng. Loi thng
ip ny rt hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo trc khi n gi tt h thng mng.
Tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy thng ip ng nhp. Cho nn bn nn
dng cc thng ip mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht s ch . Cn nhng thng ip
cho n mi ngi ng nhp vo router l khng thch hp lm.
V d mt thng ip nh sau: This is a secure system, authorized access only!
(y l h thng c bo mt, ch dnh cho nhng ngi c thm quyn!) c
s dng cnh bo nhng v khch ving thm bt hp php.
72
Hnh 3.2.4
3.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD)
Hnh 3.2.5
Thng ip MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui kt ni vo
router.
cu hnh thng ip MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bn
dng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong trng, nhp k t phn cch v d nh
k t #, ri vit cu thng bo, kt thc bng cch nhp k t phn cch mt ln
na.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh thng ip MOTD:
1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal
2. Nhp lnh nh sau: banner motd # The message of the day goes here #.
3. Lu cu hnh va ri bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.
3.2.6. Phn gii tn my
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73
74
4. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.
Hnh 3.2.7
3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh
Tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b mng s quyt nh s hot ng ca h thng.
Cng vic qun l tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b bao gm cc cng vic sau:
Lp danh sch v so snh vi tp tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hot
ng.
Lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh lnh server mng.
Thc hin ci t v nng cp cc phn mm.
Chng ta cn lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh s dng trong trng hp c s
c. Tp tin cu hnh c th c lu trn server mng, v d nh TFTP server, hoc
l lu trn a v ct ni an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn lp h s i km
vi cc tp tin ny.
3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh
Chng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnh
ang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Bc 1: nhp lnh copy running-config tftp.
Bc 2: nhp a ch IP ca my m chng ta s lu tp tin cu hnh ln .
Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin.
75
Hnh 3.2.9a
Chng ta c th s dng tp tin cu hnh lu trn server mng cu hnh cho
router.
thc hin iu ny bn lm theo cc bc sau:
1. Nhp lnh copy tftp running-config.
2. du nhc tip theo bn chn loi tp tin cu hnh my hay tp tin cu hnh
mng. Tp tin cu hnh mng c cha cc lnh c th thc thi cho tt c cc
router v server trong mng. Cn loi tp tin cu hnh my th ch s cc lnh
thc thi cho mt router m thi. du nhc k tip, bn nhp a ch IP ca
my no m bn ang lu tp tin cu hnh trn . V d nh trn hnh
3.2.9b: router c cu hnh t TFTP server c a ch IP l 131.108.2.155.
3. Sau nhp tn ca tp tin hoc l chp nhn ly tn mc nh. Tn ca tp
tin theo quy tc ca UNIX. Tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh my l
hostname-config, cn tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh mng l
netword-config. Trong mi trng DOS th tn tp tin b gii hn vi 8 k t
v 3 k t m rng (v d nh: router.cfg). Cui cng bn xc nhn li tt c
cc thng tin va ri. Bn lu trn hnh th s thy l du nhc chuyn
76
Hnh 3.2.9b
TNG KT CHNG
Sau y l phn tng kt cc chnh m bn cn nm khi cu hnh router.
Router c cc ch sau:
Bn c th dng giao din dng lnh ca router thc hin mt s thay i cho
cu hnh ca router nh:
t tn cho router.
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77
t mt m cho router.
Cu hnh cc cng giao tip trn router.
Chnh sa tp tin cu hnh.
Hin th tp tin cu hnh.
78
CHNG 4
CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC
GII THIU
i khi ngi qun tr mng s phi x l nhng h thng mng m khng c h
s y v chnh xc. Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th giao thc CDP-Cisco
Discovery Protocol s l mt cng c rt hu ch gip bn xy dng c cu trc
c bn v h thng mng. CDP l mt giao thc hot ng khng ph thuc vo
mi trng truyn ca mng, giao thc ny l c quyn ca Cisco c s dng
pht hin cc thit b xung quanh. CDP s hin th thng tin v cc thit b kt
ni trc tip m bn ang x l. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mt cng c thc s
mng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, sau khi router c cu hnh v i vo hot ng th
nh qun tr mng s kh c th kt ni trc tip vo router cu hnh hay lm g
khc. Khi , Telnet, l mt ng dng ca TCP/IP, s gip ngi qun tr mng
thit lp kt ni t xa vo ch giao tip dng lnh (CLI) ca router xem, cu
hnh v x l s c. y l mt cng c ch yu ca cc chuyn gia mng.
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s nm c cc kin thc sau:
Bt v tt CDP.
Cch s dng lnh show cdp neighbors.
Cch xc nh cc thit b ln cn kt ni vo cng giao tip.
Ghi nhn thng tin v a ch mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch s
dng CDP.
Thit lp kt ni Telnet.
Kim tra kt ni Telnet.
Kt thc phin Telnet.
Tm ngng mt phin Telnet.
Thc hin cc kim tra kt ni khc.
X l s c vi cc kt ni t xa.
4.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn
4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP
TCP/IP
Novell IPX
79
AppleTalk Others
Frame Relay
ATM
Others
Hnh 4.1.1
CDP l giao thc lp 2 kt ni vi lp vt l di v lp mng trn nh hnh
v. CDP c s dng thu thp thng tin t cc thit b ln cn, v d nh thit
b l loi thit b no, trn thit b cng no l cng kt ni v kt ni vo
cng no trn thit b ca chng ta, phin bn phn cng ca thit b l
gCDP l giao thc hot ng c lp vi mi trng truyn mng v c th
chy trn tt c cc thit b ca Cisco trn nn giao thc truy cp mng con SNAP
(Subnet Access Protocol).
Phin bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2) l phin bn mi nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOS
t phin bn 12.0(3)T tr i c h tr CDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (t phin
bn 10.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP phin bn 1).
Khi thit b Cisco c bt ln, CDP t ng hot ng v cho php thit b d tm
cc thit b ln cn khc cng chy CDP. CDP hot ng lp lin kt d liu v
cho php 2 thit b thu thp thng tin ln nhau cho d 2 thit b ny c th chy
giao thc lp mng khc nhau.
Mi thit b c cu hnh CDP s gi mt thng ip qung co theo nh k cho
cc router khc. Mi thng ip nh vy phi c t nht mt a ch m thit b
c th nhn c thng ip ca giao thc qun l mng c bn SNMP (Simple
Network Management Protocol) thng qua a ch . Ngoi ra, mi thng ip
qung co cn c thi hn sng hoc l thi hn lu gi thng tin. y l
khong thi gian cho cc thit b lu gi thng tin nhn c trc khi xo b
thng tin i. Bn cnh vic pht thng ip, mi thit b cng lng nghe theo
80
81
Hnh 4.1.2
4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP
Ch cu hnh ca
router thc hin cu Chc nng ca cu lnh
lnh
Cdp run
Ch cu hnh ton cc Khi ng cdp trn
router.
Cdp enable
Ch cu hnh cng Khi ng CDP trn cng
giao tip.
giao tip tng ng
Clear cdp counters
Ch EXEC ngi dng Xo ng h m lu
lng tr v 0
Show
cdp
entry Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin v mt
(&/device-name
thit b lng ging m ta
[*][protocol/version])
cn. Thng tin hin th c
th c gii hn thoe
giao thc hay theo phin
bn.
Show cdp
Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th khong thi gian
gia cc ln pht thng
Lnh
82
ip qung co CDP, s
phin bn v thi gian cn
hiu lc ca cc thng
ip ny trn tng cng
ca router.
Hin th thng tin v
nhng cng c chy CDP
Hin th cc thng tin v
nhng thit b m CDP
pht hin c: loi thit
b, tn thit b, thit b
kt ni vo cng no trn
thit b ca chng ta. Nu
bn c s dng t kho
detail th ban s c thm
thng tin v VLAN ID,
ch hot ng song
cng, tn min VTP.
Hnh 4.1.3a
Hnh 4.1.3b
Hnh 4.1.3c
83
Hnh 4.1.3d
Hnh 4.1.3e
4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng
84
85
Hnh 4.1.5
4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP
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Lnh
Clear cdp table
Clear cdp counters
Show cdp traffic
Show debugging
Debug cdp adjacency
Debug cdp events
Debug cdp ip
Debug cdp packets
Cdp timer
Cdp holdtime
Show cdp
86
M t
Xo bng thng tin ca CDP v cc thit b lng ging
Xo b m lu lng tr v 0.
Hin th b m ca CDP, bao gm s lng gi CDP gi
v nhn, s lng li checksum
Hin th thng tin v cc loi debug ang chy trn router
Kim tra thng tin CDP v cc thit b lng ging
Kim tra cc hot ng ca CDP
Kim tra thng tin CDP IP
Kim tra thng tin v cc gi CDP
Ci t thi gian nh k gi gi CDP cp nht
Ci t thi gian lu gi thng tin cho cc gi CDP cp
nht c pht i
Hin th thng tin ton cc ca CDP, bao gm thi gian
inh cp nht v thi gian lu gi thng tin
87
Hnh 4.21.
4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra kt ni Telnet
Lnh Telnet cho php ngi dng thc hin Telnet t mt thit b Cisco ny sang
thit b khc. Chng ta khng cn phi nhp lnh connect hay telnet thit lp
kt ni Telnet m chng ta c th nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router m chng ta
mun Telnet vo. Khi kt thc phin Telnet, bn dng lnh exit hoc logout.
thit lp kt ni Telnet, bn dng mt trong cc lnh sau:
Denver>connect paris
Denver>paris
Denver>131.108.100.152
Denver>telnet paris
88
Hnh 4.2.2a
Router cn phi c bng host hoc l trong mng phi c dch v DNS phn gii
tn my m chng ta nhp vo. Nu khng th bt buc bn phi dng a ch IP.
Telnet c s dng kim tra xem bn c th kt ni t xa vo mt router hay
khng. V d nh hnh 4.2.2b: nu bn Telnet ch EXEC ngi dng v
EXEC c quyn u c.
Nu bn c th truy cp t xa vo router thi c ngha l c t nht mt ng dng
TCP/IP kt ni vo c router . Mt kt ni Telnet thnh cng chng t rng
cc ng dng lp trn hot ng tt.
89
Hnh 4.2.2b
Nu bn c th Telnet vo mt router ny m khng Telnet vo c router khc
th c th s c l do sai tn, a ch hoc do cp quyn truy cp. Sai st c th nm
router m bn ang x l hoc nm router m bn Telnet ti. Trong trng hp
ny, bc tip theo bn nn c gng ping th. Lnh ping cho php chng ta kim
tra kt ni lp Mng t u n cui.
Khi bn Telnet xong, bn c th ngt kt ni. Mc nh th sau 10 pht m
khng c bt k hot ng no kt ni Telnet s t ng ngt. Hoc l bn c th
ngt kt ni Telnet bng lnh exit.
4.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet
Telnet c mt c tnh quan trng l bn c th tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Tuy
nhin c mt rc ri l khi bn s dng phm enter sau khi tm ngng phin Telnet
th phn mm Cisco IOS s t ng quay tr li kt ni Telnet va mi tm ngng
trc . M phm enter l phm rt hay c s dng. Do khi bn tm ngng
mt phin Telnet th rt c th sau bn s kt ni li vo mt router khc. iu
ny rt nguy him khi bn thc hin thay i cu hnh router. Do bn cn ch
cn thn cu hnh ca router trc khi tm ngng phin Telnet trn router .
Mi mt phin Telnet ch c tm ngng trong mt khong thi gian gii hn.
quay tr li kt ni Telnet m bn tm ngng bn ch cn nhn phm Enter. Bn
dng lnh show session xem cc kt ni Telnet ang c m.
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90
Hnh 4.2.3
4.2.4. M rng thm v hot ng Telnet
Trn router c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc. Chng ta c th chuyn i qua
li gia cc phin Telnet ny. Bn c th n nh s lng phin Telnet c php
m ng thi trn router bng lnh session limit.
chuyn i qua li gia cc phin Telnet, bn tm ngng phin Telnet hin ti
v quay tr li phin mi m trc .
Nhn t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra ri nhn tip ch x: tm thot
khi kt ni hin ti, quay li du nhc EXEC.
91
Hnh 4.2.4
4.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc
h tr vic kim tra ni mng c bn, nhiu giao thc mng c h tr giao
thc phn hi (echo). Giao thc phn hi c s dng kim tra vic nh tuyn
cc gi d liu. Lnh ping thc hin gi i mt gi d liu ti my ch v ch
nhn gi tr li v t my ch. Kt qu ca giao thc phn hi gip bn xc nh
tin cy ca ng truyn ti my ch, thi gian tr trn ng truyn, my
ch c n c hay khng, c hot ng hay khng. Lnh ping l lnh c bn
kim tra kt ni. Bn c th dng lnh ny ch EXEC ngi dng hy EXEC
c quyn u c.
92
Hnh 4.2.5a
Hnh 4.2.5a l v d cho bit phn hi hnh cng cho 5 gi gi i ca lnh ping
172.16.1.5. Du chm than (!) cho bit l phn hi thnh cng. Nu bn nhn c
mt hay nhiu du chm thay v du chm than (!) th iu c ngha l router
ht thi gian ch gi phn hi t my ch. Lnh ping s dng giao thc ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol giao thc thng ip iu khin internet).
Lnh traceroute l mt cng c l tng bn tm ng i ca gi d liu trn
mng. Lnh traceroute cng tng t nh lnh ping, ch khc l lnh ping th ch
kim tra kt ni t u cui n u cui, cn lnh traceroute th kim tra tng
chng mt dc theo ng truyn. Bn c th thc hin lnh traceroute ch
EXEC ngi dng hay EXEC c quyn u c.
Trong v d hnh 4.2.5b, bn thc hin lnh traceroute t router York n router
Rome. ng truyn ny phi i qua router London v Paris. Nu c router no
khng n c th kt qu phn hi l du sao (*) thay v tn ca router . Trong
trng hp nh vy, lnh traceroute vn s tip tc c gng gi n trm k tip
cho n khi bn nhn t hp phm Ctrl-shift-6.
93
Hnh 4.2.5b
Vic kim tra c bn cng tp trung ch yu vo lp Mng. Bn dng lnh show
ip route kim tra bng nh tuyn ca router cho h thng mng. Lnh ny s
c cp chi tit hn trong chong sau.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin ping:
Nhp lnh ping, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch.
Nhn phm Enter.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin lnh traceroute:
Nhp lnh traceroute, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch.
Nhn phm Enter.
4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP
S c v a ch l s c xy ra ph bin nht trong mng IP. Sau y l 3 lnh
thng c s dng x l cc s c lin quan n a ch:
Ping: s dng giao thc ICMP kim tra kt ni vt l v a ch IP ca
lp Mng. y l lnh kim tra c bn.
94
95
CHNG 5
QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS
GII THIU
Cisco router khng th hot ng c nu khng c h iu hnh mng Cisco
(IOS). Mi router trong qu trnh khi ng u c bc tm v ti IOS. Chng
ny s m t chi tit cc bc khi ng ca router v cho bn thy tm quan trng
ca qu trnh ny.
Cc thit b mng Cisco hot ng vi nhiu loi tp tin khc nhau, trong c h
iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Ngi qun tr mng hay bt k ai mun qun tr cho
h thng mng hot ng tri chy v tin cy th phi bo tr cc tp tin ny cn
thn, bo m rng thit b ang chy ng phin bn phn mm v cc tp tin h
thng ca Cisco v cc cng c hu dng qun l cc tp tin ny.
Khi hon tt chng ny , cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau:
5.1.
5.1.1.
96
loi mng no. Do , qu trnh khi ng router phi thc hin cc cng vic nh
sau:
Kim tra phn cng ca router
Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS.
Tm v thc hin cc cu lnh cu hnh, trong bao gm cc cu hnh giao
thc v a ch cho cc cng giao tip.
ROM
Bootstrap
Load bootstrap
Flash
TFTP
Server
H iu hnh
mng Cisco
Tm v ti h iu
hnh
Tp tin cu
hnh
Tm v ti tp tin
cu hnh hoc vo
ch ci t
ROM
NVRAM
TFTP
Server
Console
97
flash IOS_filename
tftp IOS_filename
ROM
startup-config
5.1.3
98
99
Khi router khi ng, router s tm cu lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh.
Lnh boot system c th ci t cho router khi ng t IOS khc thay v t IOS
trong flash. xc nh xem router khi ng t IOS no, bn dng lnh show
version v tm dng ni v phn mm khi ng h thng.
S dng lnh show running-config v tm cu lnh boot system nm ngay
phn u ca tp tin cu hnh. Nu cu lnh boot system ch sai IOS th chng ta
xo lnh i bng lnh no ca cu lnh .
Router#show version
Cisco Interface Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-JK803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc
Complie Thu 19-Jun-03 16:35 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE
fc1)
Danang uptime is 1 hour, 2 minutes
System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is flash:c2600-jk8o3s-mz.122-17a.bin
This product contains cryptographic features and subject to United States and local
country laws goverining import, export, transfer and use. Delivery of Cisco
cryptographic product does not imply third-party authority to import, export,
distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and users are
responsible for compliance with US and local coutry laus. By using this product,
you compliance with US and local laws, return this product immediately.
A summary of US laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html
100
101
102
chp ln RAM. Khi tp tin ny c chy trn RAM v lun c cp nht khi
ang chy. Do tp tin ang chy trn RAM c gi l tp tin cu hnh hot
ng.
Hnh 5.2.1a
Bt u t phin bn 12 ca IOS, h thng tp tin Cisco IOS, gi tt l IFS (IOS
File System), cung cp mt giao tip chung cho tt c cc h thng tp tin m
router ang s dng. IFS cung cp mt phng php chung thc hin qun l
ton b h thng tp tin ang s dng cho router. Cng vic ny bao gm tp tin
trong b nh flash, h thng tp tin mng (TFTP, rcp v FTP), c/vit d liu
(NVRAM, tp tin cu hnh hot ng, ROM). IFS s dng cc tin t nh trong
hnh 5.2.1b xc nh h thng tp tin trn thit b.
Prefix
Bootflash:
Flash:
Flh:
ftp:
Nvram:
Rcp:
Slot0:
Descripton
Bootflash memory
Flash memory. This prefix is available on all platform. For
platform that do not have a device named flash, the prefix flash: is
allased to slot0:. Therefore, the prefix flash: can be used to refer to
the main flash memory storage area on all platform
Flash load helper log files
File Transfer protocol (FTP) network sever
NVRAM
Remote copy protocol (rcp) network server
First Personal Computer Memory Card International Assiciontion
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Slot1:
System:
Tftp:
103
104
phn bit gia cc phin bn khc nhau, Cisco c mt quy lut t tn cho IOS.
Mt tn ca IOS bao gm nhiu phn, mi phn th hin phin bn phn cng, cc
c tnh h tr v s pht hnh.
Phn u tin ca tp tin IOS cho bit IOS ny c thit k cho phin bn phn
cng no.
Phn th hai ca tn tp tin IOS cho bit tp tin ny c h tr cc c tnh no. C
rt nhiu c tnh khc nhau chn la. Cc c tnh ny c ng gi trong
Cisco IOS. Mi Cisco IOS ch c mt s c tnh ch khng c ton b tt c cc
c tnh. Bn cnh , cc c tnh ny cn c phn loi nh sau:
C bn: cc c tnh dnh cho tng phin bn phn cng, v d: IP, IP/FW.
M rng (Plus): l cc c tnh m rng hn mc c bn, v d IP Plus,
IP/FW Plus, Enterprise Plus.
M ho: vn l cc c tnh c bn hay m rng nh trn nhng c thm 56
bit m ho. V d: IP/ATM PLUS IPSEC 56, Plus 56, Enterprise Plus 56.
T Cisco IOS phin bn 12.2 tr i, c tnh m ho c thit k thnh 2
loi l k8/k9:
o K8: 64 bit m hoa tr xung.
o K9: hn 64 bit m ho.
Phn th 3 ca tn tp tin cho bit nh dng ca tp tin . Phn ny cho bit IOS
c lu trong flash di dng nn hay khng, ri IOS s c gii nn chy
u. Nu IOS lu trong flash di dng nn th n s c gii nn, chp ln RAM
trong qu trnh khi ng router. Dng tp tin nh vy gi l tp tin khng c nh.
Cn loi tp tin c nh th chy trc tip trn flash lun m khng cn chp ln
RAM.
Phn th 4 ca tp tin cho bit phin bn ca IOS. Phin bn cng mi th s trong
phn ny cng ln.
105
Hnh 5.2.2
5.2.3. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP
Trn Cisco router v switch, tp tin cu hnh hot ng c trn RAM v ni
cu hnh khi ng l NVRAM. Khi b mt tp tin cu hnh th ta phi c tp tin
cu hnh khi ng d phng. Mt trong nhng ni m chng ta c th lu d
phng tp tin cu hnh l TFTP server. Chng ta dng lnh copy running-config
tftp chp tp tin cu hnh ln TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Nhp lnh copy running-config tftp.
du nhc k tip, nhp a ch IP ca TFTP server m bn nh lu tp tin
cu hnh.
t tn cho tp tin hoc l ly tn mc nh.
Xc nhn li cc chn la va ri bng cch g yes.
Sau ny bn c th khi phc li cu hnh router bng cch chp tp tin cu hnh
lu d phng trn TFTP server v router. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
Nhp lnh copy running-config.
du nhc k tip, nhp a ch IP ca TFTP sever.
K tip, nhp tn ca tp tin cu hnh m mnh mun chp.
Xc nhn li cc chn la ri.
106
Hnh 5.2.3a
Hnh 5.2.3b
5.2.4. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng cch ct dn
Mt cch khc to tp tin cu hnh d phng l chp li kt qu hin th ca
lnh show running-config. T thit b u cui kt ni vo router, chng ta chp
li kt qu hin th ca lnh show running-config ri dn vo mt tp tin vn bn,
107
sau lu li. Tuy nhin tp tin vn bn ny phi chnh sa li mt cht trc khi
chng ta c th s dng n khi phc li cu hnh router.
Sau y l cc bc thc hin bn chp li tp tin cu hnh khi bn s dng
Hyper Terminal:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chn Transfer.
Chn Capture Text.
t tn cho tp tin vn bn m chng ta s chp tp tin cu hnh ra.
Chn Start bt u qu trnh chp.
Chn hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh bng lnh show running-config.
Nhn phm space bar mi khi c du nhc --More-- xut hin.
Sau khi tp tin cu hnh hin th y , bn kt thc qu trnh chp bng
cch:
8. Chn Transfer.
9. Chn Capture.
10. Chn Stop.
Sau khi qu trnh chp hon tt, bn cn xo bt mt s hang trong tp tin cu hnh
sau ny chng ta c th s dng tp tin vn bn ny dn li vo router. Ngoi
ra, bn c th them mt s hang ch thch vo tp tin cu hnh. Cc hng ch thch
ny c bt u bng du chm than (!) u hng.
Show running-config
Building configuration
Current configuration:
-MoreBt k hng no sau dng End
108
109
110
Sau khi chp xong, router s kim tra li IOS mi trong flash. Sau khi kim tra
hon tt th lc ny router sn sang cho bn khi ng li s dng IOS mi.
Hnh 5.2.5
111
bn dung lnh show startup-config xem c lnh boot system no cu hnh cho
router khi ng vo ch ROM monitor hay khng.
Nu router vn khng khi ng c hoc l bn khng thy c IOS no trong
flash th bn cn phi chp mt IOS mi. T ch ROMmon, bn c th chp tp
tin IOS bng Xmodem qua ng console hoc bng TFTP.
Chp IOS bng Xmodem t ch ROMmon.
Trc tin, bn cn phi c tp tin IOS trn my tnh nh HyperTerminal chng
hn. Bn c th chp IOS vi tc mc nh ca ng console l 9600, hoc l
bn c th nng tc ln 115200. Trong ch ROMmon, bn dng lnh
confreg, router s hin th cc gi tr m bn c th thay i c.
Sau bn s gp cu hi change console baud rate? y/n [n];, nhp ch y xc
nhn tc mi. Sau khi thay i tc ng console v khi ng li router vo
ch ROMmon, bn nn kt thc phin kt ni c (tc 9600) v thit lp li
phin kt ni HyperTerminal mi vi tc mi l 115200 bit/s.
Hnh 5.2.6a
By gi bn dng lnh xmodem chp phn mm IOS t PC. Cu trc cu lnh
ny nh sau: xmodem c image_file_name. V d: bn chp IOS c tn l
c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin th bn g lnh nh sau:
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
112
Xmodem c c2600--mz.122-10a.bin
Tham s -c l cho qu trnh Xmodem s dng CRC (Cyclic Raunancy Check)
kim tra li trong sut qu trnh chp.
Sau router s hin th mt dng thng bo cha bt u qu trnh chp v mt
thng ip cnh bo. Thng ip ny cnh bo l ni dung b nh flash s b mt
nu chng ta tip tc qu trnh ny v yu cu chng ta xc nhn c tip tc hay
khng. Nu chng ta xc nhn cho tip tc th router s bt u thc hin chp
IOS.
113
114
115
Bn cnh , bn c th dng lnh show flash kim tra tp tin h thng. Lnh
ny kim tra c trong flash hin ang c tp tin IOS no, tng dung lng flash
cn trng l bao nhiu. Chng ta thng dng lnh ny xem b nh flash c
dung lng cho IOS mi hay khng.
Nh cc phn trn cp, tp tin cu hnh c th c cc lnh boot system. Lnh
boot system xc nh cho router v tr ti IOS khi khi ng. Chng ta c th cu
hnh nhiu lnh boot system v router s thc thi theo th t cc cu lnh ny trong
tp tin cu hnh.
Router# show version
Router#show version
Cisco Interface Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-JK803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE
SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc
Complie Thu 19-Jun-03 16:35 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE
fc1)
SGCTT-HCM uptime 1 week, 1 day, 1 hour, 9 minutes
System restarted by power-on
System image file is flash:c2500-d-l.120-10
Cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 2048K/2048 K bytes of memory
Processor board ID 23101339, with hardware revise 00000000
Bridging software
X25 software, Version 3.0.0
Super LAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp)
TN3270 Emulation software
Basic Rae ISDN software, Version 1.1.
1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Low-speed serial (sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-voltatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
Hnh 5.2.8a
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
TNG KT
Sau y l cc chnh cc bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
116
117
CHNG 6
NH TUYN V CC GIAO THC NH TUYN
GII THIU
nh tuyn n gin ch l tm ng i t mng ny n mng khc. Thng tin v
nhng con ng ny c th l c cp nht t ng t cc router khc hoc l do
ngi qun tr mng ch nh cho router.
Chng ny s gii thiu cc khi nim v nh tuyn ng, cc loi giao thc
nh tuyn ng v phn tch mi loi mt giao thc tiu biu.
Ngi qun tr mng khi chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn ng cn cn nhc mt
s yu t nh: ln ca h thng mng, bng thng cc ng truyn, kh nng
ca router. loi router v phin bn router, cc giao thc ang chy trong h thng
mng. Chng ny m t chi tit v s khc nhau gia cc giao thc nh tuyn
gip cho nh qun tr mng trong vic chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn.
Khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau:
Gii thch c ngha ca nh tuyn tnh.
Cu hnh ng c nh v ng mc nh cho router.
Kim tra v x l s c lin quan n ng c nh v ng mc nh ca
router.
Phn bit cc loi giao thc nh tuyn.
Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.
M t c im c bn ca cc giao thc nh tuyn thng dng.
Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ni b.
Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi.
Cu hnh RIP (Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh
tuyn) cho router.
6.1 Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh
6.11 .Gii thiu v nh tuyn
118
Hnh 6.1.2a
119
Hnh 6.1.2.b
Hnh 6.1.2.c
Ch s tin cy l mt thng s o lng tin cy ca mt ng i .Ch s ny
cng thp th tin cy cng cao .Do ,nu n cng mt ch th con ng
no c ch s tin cy thp hn th ng c vo bng nh tuyn ca router
trc .Trong v d trn,ng c nh s dng a ch IP ca trm k tip s c ch
s tin cy mc nh l 1,cn ng c nh s dng cng ra th c ch s tin cy
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120
121
Hnh 6.1.3
khung pha trn ca hnh 6.1.3,c 2 cu lnh u ch ng c nh cho router
thng qua cng ra trn router .Trong cu lnh ny li khng ch nh gi tr cho ch
s tin cy nn trn bng nh tuyn 2 ng c nh nay c ch s tin cy mc nh
l 0.ng c ch s tin cy bng 0 l tng ng vi mng kt ni trc tip vo
router .
khung bn di ca hnh 6.1.3, 2 cu lnh ch ng c nh cho router thng
qua a ch ca router k tip .ng ti mng 172.168.1.0 c a ch ca router
k tip l 172.16.2.1,ng ti mng 172.16.5.0 c a ch ca router k tip l
172.16.4.2 .Trong 2 cu ny cng khng ch nh gi tr cho ch s tin cy nn 2
ng c nh tng ng s c ch s tin cy mc nh l 1.
6.1.4 Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gi i
ng mc nh l ng m router s s dng trong trng hp router khng tm
thy ng i no ph hp trong bng nh tuyn ti ch ca gi d liu
122
123
Hnh 6.1.4a
Hnh 6.1.4b
6.1.5.Kim tra cu hnh ng c nh
Sau khi cu hnh ng c nh ,chng ta phi kim tra xem bng nh tuyn
c ng ,c nh m chng ta cu hnh hay cha ,hot ng nh tuyn c
ng hay khng .Bn dng lnh show running config kim tra ni dung tp tin
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124
Hnh 6.1.6a
Hnh 6.1.6b
125
126
Hnh 6.1.6c
6.2 Tng quan v nh tuyn ng
6.2.1 Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn ng
Giao thc nh tuyn khc vi giao thc c nh tuyn c v chc nng v
nhim v .
Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng giao tip gia cc router vi nhau.
Giao thc nh tuyn cho php router ny chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n
bit cho cc router khc .T ,cc router c th xy dng v bo tr bng nh
tuyn ca n.
Sau y l mt s giao thc nh tuyn :
Routing information Protocol(RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP)
Enhanced Inteior Gateway Routing Protocol(EIGRP)
Open Shortest Path First(OSPF)
Cn giao thc c nh tuyn th c s dng nh hng cho d liu ca
ngi dng .Mt giao thc c nh tuyn s cung cp y thng tin v a
ch lp mng gi d liu c th truyn i t host ny n host khc da trn cu
trc a ch .
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127
128
129
Hnh 6.2.5.a
Router thu thp thng tin v khong cch n cc mng khc ,t n xy dng
v bo tr mt c s d liu v thng tin nh tuyn trong mng. Tuy nhin , hot
ng theo thut ton vect khong cch nh vy th router s khng bit c
chnh xc cu trc ca ton b h thng mng m ch bit c cc router lng
ging kt ni trc tip vi n m thi .
Khi s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,bc u tin l router phi xc
nh cc router lng ging vi n .Cc mng kt ni trc tip vo cng giao tip
ca router s c khong cch l 0.Cn ng i ti cc mng khng kt ni trc
tip vo router th router s chn ng tt nht da trn thng tin m n nhn
ct cc router lng ging .V d nh hnh v 6.2.5b :router A nhn c thng
tin v cc mng khc t router B .Cc thng tin ny c t trong bng nh
tuyn vi vect khong cch c tnh ton li cho bit t router A n mng
ch th i theo hng no ,khong cch bao nhiu.
Bng nh tuyn c cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i .Qu trnh cp
nht ny cng din ra tng bc mt t router ny n router khc.Khi cp nht
,mi router gi i ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging
130
Hnh 6.2.5b
Hnh 6.2.5c
131
132
Hnh 6.2.6a
Mi router c c s d liu ring v cu trc mng v thut ton SPF thc hin
tnh ton da trn c s d liu ny .
Hinh 6.2.6b
133
Hnh 6.3.1a
Hnh 6.3.1b
134
135
Hnh 6.3.1c
Hnh 6.3.1d
Hnh 6.3.1e
6.3.2 Cu hnh nh tuyn
cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn ,bn cn cu hnh trong ch cu hnh ton
cc v ci t cc c im nh tuyn .Bc u tin , ch cu hnh ton cc
,bn cn khi ng giao thc nh tuyn m bn mun ,v d nh RIP
,IRGP,EIGRP hay OSPF. Sau ,trong ch cu hnh nh tuyn ,cng vic
chnh l bn khi bo a ch IP .nh tuyn ng thng s dng broadcst v
multicast trao i thng tin gia cc router .Router s da vo thng s nh
tuyn chn ng tt nht ti tng mng ch.
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136
137
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)l giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt .Sau y l cc c im chinhs ca OSPF :
L giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
c nh ngha trong RFC 2328 ,
S dng thut ton SPF tnh ton chn ng i tt nht ,
Ch cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i ,
EIGRP L giao thc nh tuyn nng cao theo vect khong cch ,v l giao thc
c quyn ca Ciso.Sau y l cc c im chnh ca EIGRP:
L giao thc nh tuyn nng cao theo vect khong cch ,
C chia ti.
C cc u im ca nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt.
S dng thut ton DUAL (Diffused Update Algorithm) tnh ton chn
ng tt nht. Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 90 gy hoc cp nht khi
c thay i v cu trc mng.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn ngoi. Sau y l cc c
im chnh ca BGP. L giao thc nh tyn ngoi theo vect khong cch,
c s dng nh tuyn gia cc ISP hoc gia ISP v khch hng ,
c s dng nh tuyn lu lng Internet gia cc h t qun (AS).
6.3.4 H t qun, IGP v EGP
Giao thc nh tuyn ni c thit k s dng cho h thng mng ca mt
n v t chc m thi .iu quan trng nht i vi vic xy dng mt giao thc
nh tuyn ni l chn thng s no v s dng nhng thng s ra sao chn
ng i trong h thng mng .
Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi c thit k s dng gia 2 h thng mng c 2
c ch qun l khc nhau .Cc giao thc loi ny thng c s dng nh
tuyn gia cc ISP .Giao thc nh tuyn IP ngoi thng yu cu phi c 3 thng
tin trc khi hot ng , l :
Danh sch cc router lng ging trao i thng tin nh tuyn ,
Danh sch cc mng kt ni trc tip m giao thc cn qung b thng tin
nh tuyn .
Ch s ca h t qun trn router .
138
Hnh 6.3.4
6.3.5. Vect khong cch
Thut ton vect khong cch (hay cn gi l thut ton Bellman-Ford)yu cu
mi router gi mt phn hoc ton b bng nh tuyn cho cc router lng ging
kt ni trc tip vi n .Da vo thng tin cung cp bi cc router lng ging
,thut ton vect khong cch s la chn ng i tt nht .
S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng tn t ti nguyn
ca h thng nhng tc ng b gia cc router li chm v thng s c s
dng chn ng i c th khng ph hp vi nhng h thng mng ln .Ch
yu cc giao thc nh tyn theo vect khong cch ch xc nh ng i bng
khong cch (s lng hop) v hng i (vect) n mng ch.Theo thut ton
ny ,cc router s trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau theo nh k .Do vy ,loi
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139
Hnh 6.3.5a
140
Hnh 6.3.5b
6.3.6. Trng thi ng lin kt
Thut ton chn ng theo trng thi ng lin kt (hay cn gi l thut ton
chn ng ngn nht )thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn cho tt c cc
router khi bt u chy xy dng mt bn y v cu trc h thng mng
.Mi router s gi gi thng tin ti tt c cc router cn li .Cc gi ny mang
thng tin v cc mng kt ni vo router .Mi router thu thp cc thng tin ny t
tt c cc router khc xy dng mt bn cu trc y ca h thng mng
.T router t tnh ton v chn ng i tt nht n mng ch a ln
bng nh tuyn .Sau khi ton b cc router c hi t th giao thc nh
tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ch s dng gi thng tin nh cp nht ,v
s thay i cu trc mng ch khng gi i ton b bng nh tuyn .Cc gi
thng tin cp nht ny c truyn i cho tt c router khi c s thay i xy ra
,do tc hi t nhanh.
Do tc hi t nhanh hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
,nn giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt t b lp vng hn .Mc
d cc giao thc loi ny t b li v nh tuyn hn nhng li tiu tn nhiu ti
nguyn h thong hn .Do chng mc tin hn nhng b li chng co kh nng
m rng hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch .
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141
Hnh 6.3.6a
Hnh 6.3.6b
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142
Tng kt
Sau y l cc im quan trng m cc bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
Router s khng chuyn gi tin nu khng tm c ng ti ch
ng c nh l do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh cho router
ng mc nh l mt loi c bit ca ng c nh .ng mc nh
l con ng cui cng cho router s dng khi khng tm c ng no
ti ch
Ta c th s dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh ca ng c nh v
ng mc nh :show ip router ,ping ,traceroute.
Kim tra v x l s c lin quan n ng c nh v ng mc nh .
Cc giao thc nh tuyn
H t qun
Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h t qun
Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn
c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Quyt nh chn ng i
Cu hnh nh tuyn
Cc giao thc nh tuyn: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP
H t qun, IGP v EGP
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
143
CHNG 7
GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECT KHONG CCH
GII THIU
Giao thc nh tuyn ng gip cho cuc sng ca ngi qun tr mng tr nn
n gin hn nhiu. Nh c nh tuyn ng m ngi qun tr mng khng cn
tn thi gian cu hnh ng c nh v chnh sa li chng khi c s c. Vi
nh tuyn ng, router c th t ng cp nht v thay i vic nh tuyn theo s
thay i ca h thng mng. Tuy nhin nh tuyn ng cng c nhng vn ca
n .Trong chng ny s cp n cc vn ca giao thc nh tuyn theo
vect khong cch v cc phng php m nhng nh thit k s dng gii
quyt nhng vn ny.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong
cch c s dng rng ri trn th gii .Mc d RIP khng c nhng kh nng v
c im nh nhng giao thc nh tuyn khc nhng RIP da trn nhng chun
m v s dng n gin nn vn c cc nh qun tr mng a dng .Do RIP
l mt giao thc tt ngi hc v mng bc u lm quen .Trong chng ny
s gii thiu cu hnh RIP v x l s c i vi RIP .
Ging nh RIP, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)cng l mt giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nhng khc vi RIP, IGRP l giao thc c
quyn ca Cisco ch khng phi l mt giao thc da trn cc chun m. IGRP
phc tp hn so vi RIP, s dng nhiu thng s chn ng i tt nht n
ch nhng IGRP vn l mt giao thc s dng n gin .Trong chng ny cng
s gii thiu cu hnh IGRP v x l s c i vi IGRP.
Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ,cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau :
M t c tai sao nh tuyn lp vng li xy ra i vi nh tuyn theo
vect khong cch .
M t c cc phng php c s dng m bo cho cc giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh tuyn ng.
Cu hnh RIP
S dng lnh ip classless
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144
X l s c ca RIP
Cu hnh RIP chia ti
Cu hnh ng c nh cho RIP
Kim tra cu hnh RIP
Cu hnh IGRP
Kim tra hot ng ca IGRP
X l s c IGRP
7.1. nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
7.1.1. Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn
Bng nh tuyn c cp nht theo chu k hoc khi cu trc mng c s thay i
.im quan trng i vi mt giao thc nh tuyn l lm sao cp nht bng nh
tuyn mt cch hiu qu .Khi cu trc mng thay i ,thng tin cp nht phi c
x l trong ton b h thng .i vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch th mi
router gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi
n.Bng nh tuyn bao gm cc thng tin v ng i ti mng ch nh:tng chi
ph (v d nh khong cch chng hn )tnh t bn thn router n mng ch ,a
ch ca trm k tip trn ng i.
Hnh 7.1.1
7.1.1. Li nh tuyn lp
145
Hnh 7.1.2
nh tuyn lp c th xy ra khi bng nh tuyn trn cc router cha c cp
nht hi t do qu trnh hi t chm.
1. Trc khi mng 1 b li ,tt c cc router trong h thng mng u c thng
tin ng v cu trc mng v bng nh tuyn l chnh xc .Khi chng ta
ni cc router hi t .Gi s rng :router C chn ng n Mng 1 bng
con ng qua router Bv khong cch ca con ng ny t router C n
Mng 1 v 3 (hops)(Ngha l nu i t router C n Mng 1 theo con ng
ny th cn cch 3 router na).
2. Ngay khi mng 1 b li, router E lin gi thng tin cp nht cho router A.
Router A lp tc ngng vic nh tuyn v Mng 1. Nhng router B, C v D
vn tip tc vic ny v chng vn cha hay bit v vic Mng 1 b li. Sau
router A cp nht thng tin v Mng 1 cho router B v D. Router B,D lp
tc ngng nh tuyn cc gi d liu v Mng 1 nn n vn nh tuyn cc
gi d liu n Mng 1 qua router B.
3. n thi im cp nht nh k ca router C, trong thng tin cp nht ca
router C gi cho router D vn c thng tin v ng n Mng 1 qua router
B. Lc ny router D thy rng thng tin ny tt hn thng tin bo Mng 1 b
li m n va nhn c t router A lc ny. Do router D cp nht li
thng tin ny vo bng nh tuyn m khng bit rng nh vy l sai .Lc
ny, trn bng nh tuyn, router D c ng ti Mng 1 l i qua router C.
Sau router D ly bng nh tuyn va mi cp nht xong gi cho router
A. Tng t, router A cng cp nht li ng n Mng 1 lc ny l qua
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Bng cch ny ,giao thc nh tuyn cho php vng lp ko di n khi thng s
nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a. V d nh hnh v di, khi thng s nh tuyn
l 16 hop ln hn gi tr ti a l 15 th thng tin cp nht s b router hu b.
Trong bt k trng hp no, khi gi tr ca thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr
ti a th xem nh mng l khng n c.
147
Hnh 7.1.3
7.1.4. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng split horizone
Mt nguyn nhn khc gy ra lp vng l router gi li nhng thng tin nh tuyn
m n va nhn c cho chnh router gi nhng thng tin . Phn sau y s
phn tch cho cc bn thy s c xy ra nh th no:
1. Router A gi mt thng tin cp nht cho router B v D thng bo l Mng 1
b ngt. Tuy nhin router C vn gi cp nht cho router B l router C c
ng n Mng 1 thng tin qua router D, khong cch ca ng ny l 4.
2. Khi router B tng lm l router C vn c ng n Mng 1 mc d
con ng ny c thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con ng c ca
router B lc truc. Sau router B cng cp nht cho router A v ng
mi n Mng 1 m router B va mi nhn c.
3. Khi router A s cp nht li l n c th gi d liu n Mng 1 thng
qua router B. Router B th nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng qua router C.
Router C li nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng qua router D. Kt qu l bt k
gi d liu no n Mng 1 s ri vo vng lp ny.
4. C ch split-horizon s trch c tnh hung ny bng cch: Nu router B
hoc D nhn c thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 t router A th chng s
khng gi li thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 cho router A na. Nh , splithorizon lm gim c vic cp nht thng tin sai v gim bt vic x l
thng tin cp nht.
148
Hnh 7.1.4
7.1.5. Route poisoning
Route poisoning c s dng trnh xy ra cc vng lp ln v gip cho router
thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch t gi tr cho
thng s nh tuyn (s lng hop chng hn )ln hn gi tr ti a.
V d nh hnh 7.1.5 : khi Mng 5 b ngt th trn bng nh tuyn ca router E gi
tr hop cho ng n Mng 5 l 16,gi tr ny c ngha l Mng 5 khng truy cp
c na .Sau router E cp nht cho router C bng nh tuyn ny ,trong
ng n Mng 5 c thng s hop l 16 c gi l route poisoning .Sau khi
router C nhn c cp nht v route poisoning t router E ,router C s gi ngc
tr li thng tin ny cho router E .Lc ny ta gi thng tin cp nht v Mng 5 t
router C gi ngc li cho router E l route poison reverse.Router C lm nh vy
m bo l n gi thng tin route poisoning ra tt c cc ng m n c .
Khi route poisoning c s dng kt hp vi cp nht tc thi s gip rt ngn
thi gian hi t gia cc router v khi router khng cn phi ch ht 30 giy ca
chu k cp nht mi v route poisoning.
Tm li ,route poisoning c ngha l khi c mt con ng no b ngt th
router s thng bo v con ng vi thng s nh tuyn ln hn gi tr ti a
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149
Hnh 7.1.5
7.1.6 Trch nh tuyn lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi
Hot ng cp nht bng nh tuyn gia cc router lng ging c thc hin
theo chu k .V d :c sau 30 giy RIP thc hin cp nht mt ln .Ngoi ra cn
c c ch cp nht tc thi thng bo v mt thay i no trong bng nh
tuyn .Khi router pht hin ra c mt thay i no trong cu trc th n lp tc
gi thng ip cp nht cho cc router lng ring thng bo v s thay i .
Nht l khi c mt ng no b li khng truy cp c na th router phi
cp nht tc thi thay v i n ht chu k. C ch cp nht tc thi kt hp vi
route poisoning s m bo cho tt c cc router nhn c thng tin khi c mt
ng no b ngt trc khi thi gian holddown kt thc.
C ch cp nht tc thi cho ton b mng khi c s thay i trong cu trc mng
gip cho cc router c cp nht kp thi v khi ng thi gian holddown nhanh
hn.
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150
V d nh hnh 7.1.6: router C cp nht tc thi ngay khi mng 10.4.0.0 khng
truy cp c na. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, router B cng pht thng bo v
mng 10.4.0.0 ra cng S0/1. n lt router A cng s pht thng bo ra cng
Fa0/0.
NetWordk 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
Vi cp nht tc thi, router s gi thng ip ngay thng bo s thay i trong
bng nh tuyn ca mnh
Hnh 7.1.6
7.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown
Tnh trng lp vng n v hn nh cp phn 7.1.2 c th trnh c bng
cch s dng thi gian holddown nh sau:
Khi router nhn c t router lng ging mt thng tin cho bit l mt mng X
no by gi khng truy cp c na th router s nh du vo con ng ti
mng X l khng truy cp c na v khi ng thi gian holddown. Trong
khong thi gian holddown ny, nu router nhn c thng tin cp nht t chnh
router lng ring lc ny thng bo l mng X truy cp li c th router mi
cp nht thng tin v kt thc thi gian holddown.
Trong sut thi gian holddown nt router nhn c thng tin cp nht t mt
router lng ring khc (khng phi l router lng ging pht thng tin cp nht
v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny cho bit c ng n mng X vi thng
151
Hnh 7.1.7
7.2.RIP
7.2.1. Tin trnh ca RIP
IP RIP c m t chi tit trong 2 vn bn. Vn bn u tin l RFC1058 v vn
bn th 2 l Tiu chun Internet(STD)56.
RIP c pht trin trong nhiu nm bt u t phin bn 1 (RIPv1)
RIP ch l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch cho n phin bn 2(RIPv2)
152
153
Hnh 7.2.2
BHM(config)#router rip- chn RIP lm giao thc nh tuyn cho router.
BHM(config- router)#network10.0.0.0- khai bo mng kt ni trc tuyn
vo router.
BHM (config- router) #network 192.168.13.0-khai bo mng kt ni trc
tuyn vo router.
Cc cng trn router kt ni vo mng 10.0.0.0 v 192.168.13.0 s thc hin gi
v nhn thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn.
Sau khi khi ng RIP trn cc mng ri chng ta c th thc hin thm mt
s cu hnh khc. Nhng cu hnh ny khng bt buc phi lm, chng ta ch cu
hnh thm nu thy cn thit:
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154
155
156
157
158
Hnh 7.2.4
Mt l do khc lm nh hng n tc hi t l chu k cp nht. chu k cp
nht mc nh ca RIP l 30 giy . Bn c th iu chnh cho chu k cp nht di
hn tip kim bng thng ng truyn hoc rt ngn chu k cp nht li
tng tc hi t.
thay i chu k cp nht, bn dng lnh sau GAD(config- router)#update-timer
seconds.
Cn mt vn na m ta thng gp i vi giao thc nh tuyn l ta khng
mun cho cc giao thc ny gi cc thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng
no . Sau khi bn nhp lnh network khai bo a ch mng l lp tc RIP bt
u gi cc thng tin nh tuyn ra tt c cc cng c a ch mng nm trong
mng m bn va khai bo. Nh qun tr mng c th khng cho php gi thng
tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng no bng lnh passive interface.
GAD(config- router)#passive- interface Fa0/0.
RIP l giao thc broadcast. Do , khi mun chy RIP trong mng non-broadcast
nh Frame Relay th ta cn phi khai bo cc router RIP lng ging bng lnh sau:
GAD(config- router) # neighbor ip address
159
160
Hnh 7.2.5a.
Lnh show ip router c s dng kim tra xem nhng ng i m router hc
c t cc router RIP lng ging c c ci t vo bng nh tuyn khng trn.
Trn kt qu hin th bng nh tuyn, bn kim tra cc ng c nh du bng
ch R u dng l nhng ng m router hc c t cc router RIP lng
ging. Bn cng nn nh rng cc router lun c mt khong thi gian hi t
vi nhau, do cc thng tin mi c th cha c hin th ngay trn bng nh
tuyn c. Ngoi ra cn c mt s lnh khc m bn c th s dng kim tra
cu hnh RIP :
Show interface interface.
Show ip interface interface.
Show running config
161
Hnh 7.2.5b.
7.2.6. X l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP
Hu ht cc li cu hnh RIP u do khai bo cu lnh network sai, subnet khng
lin tc hoc l do split horizon. Lnh c tc dng nht trong vic tm li ca RIP
trong hat ng cp nht l lnh debug ip rip
Lnh debug ip rip s hin th tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn m RIP gi v nhn.
V d trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ip rip. Sau khi
nhn c thng tin cp nht , router s x l thng tin ri sau gi thng tin
mi va cp nht ra cc cng. Trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy router chy RIP phin
bn 1
v RTP gi cp nht theo kiu broadcast(a ch broadcast
255.255.255.255). S trong ngoc n l a ch ngun ca gi thng tin cp nhth
RIP.
162
Hnh 7.2.6a
C rt nhiu im quan trng m bn cn ch trong kt qu hin th ca lnh
debug ip rip. Mt s vn phi v d nh subnet khng lin tc hay trng subnet,
c th pht hin c nh lnh ny. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy bn s thy
l cng mt mng ch nhng router gi thng tin i th mng ch li c thng
s inh tuyn thp hn so vi khi router nhn vo trc .
163
164
Hnh 7.2.7
7.2.8. Chia ti vi RIP
Router c th chia ti ra nhiu ng khi c nhiu ng tt n cng mt ch.
Bn c th cu hnh bng tay cho router chia ta ra cc ng hoc l cc giao
thc nh tuyn ng c th t tnh ton chia ti.
RIP c kh nng chia ti ra ti a l su ng c chi ph bng nhau, cn mc nh
th RIP ch chia ra lm 4 ng. RIP thc hin chia ti bng cch s dng ln lt
v lun phin tng ng.
Trong hnh7.2.8a l v d cho ta thy RIP chia ti ra 4 ng c chi ph bng nhau.
u tin router bt u vi ng s 1 ri sau ln lt cc ng 2-3-4 ri1-23-4-1 v c tip tc lun phin nh vy. v thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng
hop ln cc ng ny c xem l nh nhau, RIP khng cn quan tm n tc
ca mi ng. Do ng 56kbps cng ging nh ng 155Mbps.
165
Hnh 7.2.8a
Trong hnh 7.2.8b l v d v kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route. Trong ,
bn thy c hai phn, mi phn m t v mt ng. Trong phn m t v ng
th hai c du(*) u dng. Du (*) ny cho bit con ng ny l con ng k
tip s c s dng.
Hnh 7.2.8b
7.2.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng
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166
Hnh 7.2.9a
167
Hnh 7.2.9b
ng c nh l ng do ngi qun tr cu hnh cho router chuyn gi ti
mng ch theo ng m mnh mun. Mt khc, lnh cu hnh ng c nh
cng c s dng khai bo cho ng mc nh. Trong trng hp router
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168
Hnh 7.2.10a
169
170
Hnh 7.2.10b
7.3.IGRP
7.3.1. c im ca IGRP
IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni v nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch chn la ng i bng cch so sch
vect khong cch. Router chy giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc
hin bng inh tuyn theo nh k cho cc router lng ging. Da vo thng tin cp
nht, router thc hin 2 nhim v sau :
Xc nh mng ch mi.
Cp nht s c v ng i trn mng
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171
IGRP l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch do Cisco pht trin nn.
IGRP thc hin cp nht theo chu k 90 giy / ln v ch gi thng tin cp nht
trong phm vi mt h t qun. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca IGRP:
Kh nng thch ng vi cc cu trc mng phc tp v khng xc nh.
Kh nng linh hot vi cc c tnh bng thng v tr khc nhau.
Kh nng m rng cho h thng mng ln.
Mc nh th IGRP s dng bng thng v tr lm thng s nh tuyn. Ngoi ra
IGRP cn c th cu hnh s dng nhiu thng s khc nh tuyn. Sau y
l cc thng s m IGRP c th s dng nh tuyn:
Bng thng.
tr.
ti.
tin cy
7.3.2 Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
Bn dng lnh show ip protocols xem cc thng s, cc thng tin v mng v
cc chnh sch chn lc ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router.
Trong bn s thy c cch tnh ton thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP nh trong
hnh 7.3.2. Mi mt thng s c h s t K1 K5. K1 l h s ca bng thng, K3
l h s ca tr. Mc nh th K1 v K3 c gi tr l 1, cn K2 , K4 v K5 c gi
tr l 0.
Vic tnh ton thng s nh tuyn t nhiu thng s ca ng i nh vy s cho
kt qu chnh xc hn so vi RIP ch da vo mt thng s l s lng hop.
Nguyn tc th ng no c thng s nh tuyn nh nht l ng tt nht.:
Sau y l cc thng s ca ng i m IGRP s dng tnh ton thng s nh
tuyn :
Bng thng :Gi tr bng thng thp nht ca ng truyn .
tr :Tng tr dc theo ng truyn .
tin cy : tin cy trn mt ng lin kt n ch c xc nh da
trn hot ng trao i cc thng ip keepalive.
172
173
Hnh 7.3.3
ung ngoi vi l nhng ng i ra ngoi h t qun (autonomous
system).Thng thng th y l gateway ca router i ra ngoi .Phn mm
Cisco IOS s chn mt ng trong s nhng ng ngoi vi ca IGRP lm
gateway .Router s s dng n ng gateway khi mng ch l mt mng khng
kt ni trc tip vo router v router khng tm c mt ng no khc n
mng ch .Nu trong mt h t qun c nhiu ng ngoi vi kt ni ra ngoi
th mi router c th chn cho mnh mt gateway khc nhau.
7.3.4. Tnh n nh ca IGRP
IGRP cng c s dng mt s k thut tng tnh n nh trong hot ng nh
tuyn ca n nh:
Thi gian holddown
Split horizon.
Poison reverse
Holddowns :
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174
Thi gian holddown c s dng trch cho router cp nht nhng thng tin
c pht ra do chu k cp nht nhng li l nhng thng tin c , cha c cp
nht mi.
Split horizons:
Split horizons l nguyn tc gip cho router trnh b lp vng bng cch ngn
khng cho router gi li nhng thng tin cp nht ra mt hng m n va nhn
c t chnh hng .
Poison resverse:
Split horizons ch trnh c lp vng gia 2 router kt ni trc tip vi nhau ,cn
poison resverse c th trnh c vng lp ln hn .Thng thng ,khi mt ng
no c thng s nh tuyn c tng dn ln l ng b lp vng .Khi
router phi pht ra thng tin poison resverse xa con ng v t con
ng vo trng thi holddown .i vi IGRP th khi mt con ng c thng
s nh tuyn tng ln theo h s 1.1 hoc ln hn na th n s pht i thng tin
cp nht poison resverse cho con ng .
Ngoi ra, IGRP cn c nhiu thng s v thi gian khc nh: chu k cp nht ,thi
gian invalid, thi gian holddown ,thi gian xa.
Thng s ca chu k cp nht cho bit thi gian bao lu th router thc hin gi
thng tin cp nht mt ln .i vi IGRP chu k mc nh l 90 gy.
Gi tr ca thi gian invalid cho bit trong khong thi gian bao lu th router vn
thc hin gi thng tin cp nht bnh thng v mt ng no trc khi xc
nhn chc chn l con ng khng cn s dng c na .trong IGRP , thi
gian invalid mc nh l bng 3 ln chu k cp nht .
Nu c mt mng ch bt u c t vo trng thi holddown th thi gian
holddown l khong thi gian m router s khng cp nht bt k thng tin cp
nht no v mng ch nu thng s nh tuyn xu hn con ng router c
trc . Trong IGRP ,thi gian holddown mc nh bng 3 chu k cp nht cng
thm 10giy. Cui cng ,thi gian xa l khong thi gian m router phi ch
trc khi tht s xa mt con ng trong bng nh tuyn .Trong IGRP ,thi gian
xa bng 7 ln chu k cp nht.
Thieu vbn
.
Hnh 7.3.5
7.3.6 S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP
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175
176
Hnh 7.3.6a
Hnh 7.3.6b
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Hnh 7.3.6c
3. Nhp lnh show ip protocols trn router A v B .
177
Hnh 7.3.6d
178
Hnh 7.3.6e
4. Nhp lnh show ip route trn router A v B.
179
180
Hnh 7.3.6f
Hnh 7.3.6g
7.3.7 Kim tra cu hnh IGRP
kim tra xem IGRP c cu hnh ng cha bn dng lnh show ip
route v kim tra cc ng ca IGRP c nh du bng ch I u dng
.
Ngoi ra cn cc lnh sau bn c th s dng kim tra cu hnh IGRP :
Show interface interface
Show running-config
181
Hnh 7.3.8a
Sau y l cc lnh c s dng tm s c ca IGRP :
Show ip protocols
Show ip route
Debug ip igrp events
Debug ip igrp transactions
Ping
Traceroute
182
Hnh 7.3.8b
Hnh 7.3.8c
Nu ch s AS sai th bn c th sa li ch s ny nh hnh trn .
Tng kt
Sau y l cc im quan trong bn cn nm c trong chng ny:
Giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bo tr thng tin
nh tuyn nh th no .
Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,vng lp c th
xut hin nh th no .
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183
C ch nh ngha gi tr ti a trnh m v hn .
Trnh vng lp bng split horizon .
Route poisoning.
Trnh lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi .
Trnh lp vng bng thi gian holddown .
Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng .
Chia ti ra nhiu ng .
Tin trnh RIP
Cu hnh RIP
S dng lnh ip classless.
Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP
Chia ti vi RIP
Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP
Kim tra cu hnh RIP
c im ca IGRP
Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP
Cc loi ng trong IGRP
Tnh n nh ca IGRP
Cu hnh ca IGRP
S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP
Kim tra cu hnh IGRP
X l s c ca IGRP
184
CHNG 8
THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP
GII THIU
IP l mt giao thc t n lc ti a (Best - effort) chuyn gi ti ch. N
khng h c c ch no xc nhn d liu c chyn ti ch .D liu
c th gp s c trn ng i ti ch v rt nhiu l do nh phn cng b h
hng, cu hnh sai hoc thng tin nh tuyn khng ng. gip xc nh cc
s c xy ra ,IP s dng giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol) thng bo cho my ngun bit l s c
xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu. Chng ny s m t cc loi thng ip
bo li khc nhau ca ICMP v trng hp no th chng c s dng.
M t ICMP.
M t cu trc ca thng ip ICMP.
Xc nh loi thng ip bo li ICMP.
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n tng loi thng ip bo li ICMP.
M t thng ip iu khin ICMP.
Xc nh c ccloi thng ip iu khin ICMP c s dng trong
mng ngy nay.
Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n thng ip iu khin ICMP.
8.1.Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP
185
Hnh 8.2.1
186
Hnh 8.1.3
8.1.4. Mng khng n c
thc hin c vic thng tin lin lc trn mng th cc iu kin c bn cn
phi c .Trc tin l thit b gi v nhn d liu phi c cu hnh ng
b giao thc TCP/IP.Vic ny bao gm ci t b giao thc TPC/IP v cu
hnh a ch IP.,subnet mask cho thit b .Ngoi ra bn cn phi khai bo
Defoult gateway nu thit b cn truyn d liu ra ngoi phm vi cc b .Th
hai l cc thit b trung gian phi thc hin vic nh tuyn ng chuyn gi
t ngun n ch .Router l thit b thc hin nhim v ny .Do router phi
187
Hnh 8.1.4
8.1.5 S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c khng
Giao thc ICMP c th c s dng kim xem c n c mt a ch no
hay khng .ICMP s gi thng ip echo request n my ch .Nu my
ch nhn c echo request th s tr li li thng ip echo reply cho my
ngun .Nu my ngun nhn c echo reply th iu khng nh l my
ch c th n c bng giao thc IP.
188
Hnh 8.1.5a
Hnh 8.1.5b
8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gii hn
Gi d liu khi truyn i trn mng c th b truyn lng vng v khng bao
gi n c ch .iu ny c th xy ra khi thng tin nh tuyn b sai ,v d
nh 2 router c gi mt gi d liu qua li cho nhau v router ny ngh rng
router kia mi l trm k tip n ch .
189
Trong hnh 8.1.7a l cu trc ca thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply
.Trong ch s Type v Code tng ng vi mi loi thng ip .Phn
Identifier v Sequence Number s khc nhau i vi tng gi echo request v
echo reply .Ch s trong 2 phn ny c s dng xc nh echo reply tng
ng vi echo request no.Cn phn Data cha cc thng tin b sung ca thng
ip echo request v echo reply.
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190
Hnh 8.1.7a
Hnh 8.1.7b
8.1.8.Thng ip Destination Unreachable
Khng phi lc no gi d liu cng chuyn c n ch .V d nh h hng
phn cng ,cu hnh giao thc khng ng ,cng giao tip b ngt ,thng tin
nh tuyn sai l nhng nguyn nhn c th gy ra lm cho gi d liu khng
th chuyn c ti ch .Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ICMP gi thng
ip Destination Unreachable cho my gi thng bo l gi d liu khng
chuyn c ti ch .
Trong hnh 8.1.8a l cu trc ca thng ip Destination Unreachable.
Gi tr 3 trong phn Type cho bit y l thng ip Destination Unreachable
.Gi tr trong phn Code s cho bit nguyn nhn ti sao khng chuyn c
gi d liu n ch .V d nh phn Code c gi tr 0 c ngha l mng ch
khng n c .
191
Hnh 8.1.8a
Hnh 8.1.8b
Khi gi d liu c chuyn t mng Token-ring ra mng Ethernet th thng
phi phn mnh ra thnh cc gi nh hn .Nu gi d liu khng cho php phn
mnh th gi d liu khng th chuyn ra c ,khi thng ip Destination
Unreachable s c gi i.Thng ip ICMP ny cng c gi i khi cc
dch v lin quan n IP nh FTP ,Web khng tim thy .iu quan trong khi x
l s c mng IP l bn cn phi hiu c cc nguyn nhn khc nhau to nn
thng ip ICMP Destination Unreachable.
8.1.9.Thng bo cc loi li khc
Khi thit b x l gi d liu khng chuyn gi d liu i c do mt s li
phn Header ca gi d liu .Loi d liu ny khng lin quan g n host ch
hay mng ch nhng n vn lm cho gi d liu khng th chuyn c n
ch .Trong trng hp ny ,thng ip ICMP Parameter Problem,Type 12 s
c gi v cho my ngun.
192
Hnh 8.1.9
8.2.Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP
8.2.1.Gii thiu v thng ip iu khin
ICMP l mt phn ca b giao thc TCP/IP .Thc t l tt c cc h thng IP
u phi bao gm ICMP .L do ca vic ny ht sc n gin .Trc ht l IP
khng c c ch no m bo l d liu c chuyn ti ch ,hon ton
khng thng bo g cho host bit khi s c xy ra .IP khng c c ch cung cp
thng ip thng bo hoc iu khin cho host .V ICMP thc hin vic ny
cho IP .
Hnh 8.2.1
Khng ging nh thng ip bo li ,thng ip iu khin khng phi c
to ra l do mt gi d liu hay do li ca qu trnh truyn d liu .M cc
thng ip iu khin c dng thng bo cho host bit v tnh trng nghn
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193
ICMP c rt nhiu loi thng ip iu khin khc nhau .Mt s loi thng
gp nht c th hin hnh 8.2.1.
8.2.2.Thng ip ICMP redirect/change request
Thng ip iu khin ICMP thng gp nht l redirect/change request.Loi
thng ip ny c to ra bi gateway m thng thng chnh l router .Tt
c cc host khi mun thng tin lin lc vi cc mng IP u phi c cu hnh
default gateway. Default gateway l a ch ca mt cng trn router kt ni vo
cng mt mng vi host .Nh trong hnh 8.2.2a ,mt host c ni vo router
v router ny c kt ni ra Internet.Host B c cu hnh default gateway l a
ch IP ca cng Fa0/0trn router.Host B s s dng a ch IP ny n cc
mng khc .Bnh thng host B ch kt ni n mt gateway.Tuy nhin cng
c trng hp mt host kt ni vo mng 2 hay nhiu router.Trong trng hp
, default gateway ca host s cn dng redirect/change request thng bo
cho host bit v mt gateway khc tt hn n mt mng ch no .
Hnh 8.2.2a
194
Hnh 8.2.2b
Default gateway ch gi thng ip ICMD redirect/change request khi gp cc
iu kin sau :
Cng m router nhn gi d liu vo cng chnh l cng m router s
chuyn gi d liu i.
a ch IP ca my ngun l cng mt mng /subnet vi a ch IP ca
trm k tip .
Gi d liu nhn c khng phi gi ngc li my ngun .
Con ng m router thc hin thng bo cho host khng phi l ng
mc nh ca router v cng khng phi l ca mt ICMP redirect no
khc.
Router phi c cu hnh thc hin redirect.(Mc nh l Cisco
router thc hin gi ICMP redirect.Bn c th dng lnh no ip redirect
tt chc nng ny trn mt cng no ca router ).
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195
Hnh 8.2.2c
Hnh 8.2.2d
8.2.3.ng b ng h v c tnh thi gian truyn d liu
B giao thc TCP/IP cho php h thng mng ny kt ni vi h thng mng
khc cch nhau rt xa thng qua nhiu h thng mng trung gian .Mi mt h
thng mng c mt c ch ng b ng h ring .Do khi mt host mng
khc s dng phn mm cn ng b thi gian thc hin lin lc th c th
s gp rc ri .Thng ip ICMP Timestamp c thit k gii quyt vn
ny .
196
Hnh 8.2.3
Tt c cc thng tin ICMP timestamp reply u c y 3 thng s :thi im
gi gi request ,thi im nhn c request v thi im gi gi reply .Da
vo 3 thng s ny host c th c lng c khong thi gian d liu truyn
trn mng t my ngun n my ch bng cch ly gi tr ca phn Originate
Timestamp tr cho gi tr ca phn Transmit timestamp.Kt qu ny cng ch
mang tnh cht c lng thi v thi gian truyn tht s cn ph thuc vo lu
lng truyn thc t trn mng lc .Ngoi ra ,host cn c th c tnh c
gi hin ti trn my ch .
197
Hnh 8.2.4
Phn Type c 2 gi tr :gi tr 15 tng ng vi thng ip Information reply
.Loi thng ip ny ca ICMP c xem l qu li thi .Hin nay ,cc giao
thc BOOTP v DHCP c s dng nhiu cung cp a ch mng cho host
.
198
Source address:172.16.5.1
Destination address:172.16.5.2
Protocol :ICMP =-1
Type :Address Mask Request =AM2
Code :0
Mask:255.255.255.0
Cu trc ca thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c th hin hnh
8.2.5.Thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c cu trc hon ton nh
nhau ,ch khc nhau gi tr phn Type .Phn Type c gi tr 17 l tng ng vi
request ,cn gi tr 18 l tng ng vi reply .Phn Identifier v Sequnc
Number gip phn bit reply no tng ng vi request no ,gi tr hai phn
ny thng l 0.Phn Checksum c dng kim tra li cho thng ip
ICMP c tnh bt u t phn Type tr i.
Hnh 8.2.5
199
Hnh 8.2.6
8.2.7 . Thng ip Router solicitation
Host gi thng ip Router solicitation trong trng hp b mt Default
gateway.Thng ip ny c gi multicast v y chnh l bc u tin ca
qu trnh tm router cp phn 8.2.6 .Router s tr li li bng thng
ip Router Advertisement,trong c cung cp Default gateway cho host
.Hnh 8.2.7 l cu trc ca thng ip Router solicitation:
Hnh 8.2.7
8.2.8.Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu
Nu c nhiu my tnh cng lc truy xut vo cng mt my ch th my
ch c th b qu ti .Nghn mch c th xy ra khi lu lng t mng LAN
tc cao c truyn ra kt ni WAN c tc thp hn .Nu mng b nghn
qu mc th cc gi d liu s b hy b .Thng ip ICMP source-quence gip
lm gim lng d liu b hy b .Thng ip ny s c gi cho my gi
yu cu my gi gim tc pht gi d liu .Sau khong thi gian ngn
,nghn mch c gii ta v my gi c th tng dn tc truyn ln sau khi
khng cn nhn c thng ip source-quence no na .Mc nh l a s cc
Cisco router khng thc hin gi thng ip source-quence v c th cc thng
ip ny cn lm cho tnh trng tc nghn b tng thm .
200
Hnh 8.2.8
TNG KT
Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm trong chng ny :
IP l c ch t n lc ti a truyn gi d liu .IP s dng thng ip
ICMP thng bo cho my ngun bit l d liu khng chuyn ti c
n ch .
Thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply cho php ngi qun tr mng
kim tra kt ni IP trong qu trnh x l s c mng .
Thng ip ICMP cng c vn chuyn bng giao thc IP nn qu trnh
truyn thng ip ICMP khng tin cy .
Gi ICMP c phn Header ring c bit bt u bng phn Type v Code.
Xc nh c nguyn nhn to ra cc thng ip bo li ca ICMP .
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201
202
Li ni u
Nhn m bo kin thc cn thit cho mt CCNA gio trnh h thng mng my
tnh
CCNA 1 gii thiu khi qut h thng mng s liu theo m hnh phn lp.
Trong gio trnh ny ton b kin thc c bn v h thng mng s liu c
gii thiu. K tip gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 2 gip bn tm hiu
hot dng ca router v hng dn cu hnh c bn cho router vi cc giao thc
nh tuyn n gin nh RIP, IGRP. Nh cc bn bit router l thit b quan
trng ca mng s liu vi nhim v then cht l nh tuyn . Nhim v nh tuyn
ca router khng dng li m c pht trin tt hn. T . gio trnh h
thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 tip tc phn tch su sc v cc c im hot
ng ca tng loi giao thc nh tuyn phc tp khc trong router. c bit hot
ng v cch thc cu hnh cho hai giao thc OSPF v EIGRP c trnh by rt
chi tit trong gio trnh ny.
Ngoi ra gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 cn gip cc bn hiu r hot
ng ca switch v hng dn cu hnh a switch vo hot ng. Gio trnh
ny cng phn tch v so snh chi tit hot ng ca cc loi thit b mng nh
reapeater, hub, switch v router. c bit mt s chng gip bn tip cn VLAN
v c ch hot ng ca switch trong VLAN v cch thc cu hnh switch, router
to cc VLAN
Ni tm li mc tiu ca gio trnh h thng my tnh CCNA 3 l gip cc bn
nm vng ton b cc kha cnh ni mng c bn cho mt LAN. Chc ccbn t
c mc tiu ny v thc s lm ch c mt LAN. Khi kin thc v k nng
quan trng cn li cho mt CCNA. L cccng ngh WAN dng kt ni gia
cc mng LAN. Ch ny s c trnh by trong gio tnh h thng mng my
tnh CCNA 4
Mc d rt c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng chc khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st rt mong c bn c ng h v ng gp kin. Xin chn thnh
cm n
203
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204
Mc lc
LI NI U .................................................................................................... 3
LI NG ............................................................................................................ 3
MC LC........................................................................................................... 5
CHNG 1: Gii thiu v nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch ......................... 13
GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 13
1.1. VLSM ..................................................................................................... 14
1.1.1. VLSM l g v ti sao phi s dng n........................................ 14
1.1.2. S ph phm khng gian a ch .................................................. 15
1.1.3. Khi no s dng VLSM ............................................................... 16
1,1.4. Tnh ton chi subnet vi SLSM ................................................... 18
1.1.5. Tng hp a ch vi VLSM........................................................ 23
1.1.6. Cu hnh VLSM...................................................................... 24
1.2. RIP phin bn2........................................................................................ 25
1.2.1 Lch s ca RIP............................................................................. 25
1.2.2. c im ca RIP phin bn 2..................................................... 26
1.2.3 So snh RIv1 v RIv2 ................................................................... 27
1.2.4 Cu hnh RIPv2 ............................................................................. 28
1.2.5. Kim tra RIPv2 ............................................................................ 30
1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2......................................................................... 31
1.2.7 ng mc nh....................................................................... 32
TNG KT......................................................................................................... 34
205
206
207
Chng 1:
GII THIU V NH TUYN KHNG THEO LP A CH
GII THIU
Ngi qun tr mng phi c d kin v qun l s pht trin v mt vt l ca h
thng mng, v d nh mua hoc thu thm mt tng lu trong to nh, trang b
thm cc thit b mi nh switch, router, b tp trung cp k cc thit b Khi
thit k h thng mng ngi thit k thng phi chn mt s phn phi a
cha cho php m rng mng v sau. Phn phi a ch IP khng c nh chiu di
subnet mask l mt k thut phn phi a ch IP hiu qu, c kh nng m rng
nhiu hn
Vi s pht trin phi thng ca Internet v TCP/IP mi cng ty tp on u phi
trin khai s a ch IP ca mnh. Rt nhiu t chc chn la TCP/IP l giao
thc c nh tuyn duy nht trong h thng mng ca mn. Nhng tht khng
may, TCP/IP khng th lng trc c rng giao thc ca h c ng dng
trong mng ton cu cho thng tin thng mi gii tr
Hai mi nm trc y,IP phin bn 4 a ra mt m hnh a ch v cng p
ng . Trong khi , IP phin bn 6 c xem l mt khng gian a ch trong
gii hn th c trin khai th nghim chm chm v c th s thay th IPv4 mt
giao thc thng tr Internet hin nay. Trong thi gian ch i s thay i hn
hai thp k qua cc k s mng thnh cng trong vic vn dng IPv4 mt cch
linh hot h thng mng ca mnh c th tn ti vi s pht trin rng ln ca
Internet. VLSM l mt trong nhng k thut tn dng khng gian a ch Ip hiu
qu
Cng vi s pht trin ca h thng mng p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng
giao thc nh tuyn cng phi m rng theo. RIP vn c xem l mt giao thc
ph hp cho h thng mng nh v mt s gii hn khin n khng c kh nng
m rng. khc phc nhng gii hn ny RIP phin bn 2 c pht trin
Sauk hi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau:
nh ngha VLSM v m t khi qut cc l do s dng n
208
Chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con c kch thc khc nhau bng cch
s dng VLSM
Cu hnh router s dng VLSM
Xc nh cc c tnh ch yu ca RIPv1 hoc RIPv2
Xc n nhng im khc nhau quan trng gia RIPv1 v RIPv2
Cu hnh RIPv2
Kim tra v x l s c hot ng RIPv2
Cu hnh ng mc nh bng lnh ip route v ip default- network
1.1 VLSM
1.1.1 VLSM l g v ti sao phi s dng n
Khi mng IP pht trin ln hn, ngi qun tr mng phi c cch s dng khng
gian a ch ca mnh mt cch hiu qu hn. Mt trong nhng k thut thng
c s dn l VLSM. Vi VLSM ngi qun tr mng c th chia a ch mng
c subnet mask di cho mng c t host v a ch mng c subnet mask ngn cho
mng nhiu host
Khi s dng VLSM th h thng mng phi chy giao thc nh tuyn c h tr
VLSM nh OSPF, Intergrated IS IS, EIGRP, RIPv2 v nh tuyn c nh
VLSM cho php mt t chc s dng chiu di subnet mask khc nhau trong mt
a ch mng ln. VLSM cn c gi l chia subnet trong mt subnet ln hn
gip tn dng ti a khng gian a ch
Giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch mng ln hn thnh nhiu a ch mng con
c kch thc khc nhau nh a ch mng c 30 bit subnet mask ,
255.255.255.532 dnh cho cc kt ni mng a ch mng c 24 bit subnet
mask, 255.255.255.0 dnh cho cc mng c di 254 user, cc a ch mng c
22 bit subnet mask, 255.255.22. dnh cho cc mng c ti 100 user.
209
210
Hnh 1.1.2
Ta xt v d nh hnh 1..1.2. ngi qun tr mng quyt nh mn 3 bit chia
subnet cho a ch lp C 192.168.187.0. Nu s dng lun subnet u tin bng
cch thm lnh no ip subnet zezo vo cu hnh router ngi qun tr mng s c
7 subnet s dng c mi subnet c 30 a ch host Bt u t Cissco IOS phin
bn 12.0, Cissco router mc nh l s dng subnet zezo. By gi mi subnet
c phn phi cho mt mng LAN trn routerSydney, Brisbane, Perth v
Melbourne nh hnh v 1.1.2.3 subnet cn li c phn phi cho 3 ng kt ni
serial gia cc router. Nh vy l khng cn subnet no d phng cho s m
rng mng v sau. Trong khi kt ni serial gia 2 router l kt ni im - n im nn ch c cn 2 a chi host l . Nh vy l ph mt 28 a c host trong
mi subnet c phn phi cho kt ni WAN ca router. Vi cch chia u , tt c
cc subnet c chiu di subnet bng nhau nh vy 1/3 khng gian a ch b ph
phm.
Cch phn phi a ch nh trn ch ph hp vi mng nh. Nhng d sao th s
a ch ny cng thc s ph phm a ch cho cc kt ni im - n - im
1.1.3 Khi no s dng VLSM
Thit k s a ch IP sao cho p ng c s m rng sau ny v khng ph
phm a ch l mt vic ht sc quan trng. Trong phn ny s trnh by cch s
dng VLSM khng lng ph a ch trn cc kt ni im - ni - im
Cng vi h thng mng v d phn trc. Ln ny ngi qun tr mng s dng
VLSM chia a ch mng lp C 192.168.187.0 thnh nhiu subnet c kch thc
khc nhau
211
Hnh 1.1.3
Trc tin ta xt mng c nhiu user nht trong h thng mng. Mi mng LAN
Sydney, Brisbane, Pert v Melbourpe c khong 30 host. Do p ng cho
cc mng LAN ny ngi qun tr mng mn 3 bit chia subnet cho a ch
mng 192.168.187.0. Tng t nh v d phn trc, ngi qun tr mng c 7
subnet /27 s dng c. Ly 4 subnet u tin/ 27 phn phi cho cc mng
LAN trn router. Sau ngi qun tr mng ly subnet th 6 mn tip 3 bit na
212
Hnh 1.1.4.a
Xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.a. Hai mng LAN Kuala Lumpur v Bankok yu cu ti
thiu 250 host trong mi thng. Nu hai router ny s dng cc giao thc tuyn
theo lp a ch khng h tr VLSM nh RIPv1 IGRP v EGP th phi chia subnet
u cho ton b h thng mng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta mn 8 bit chia
i ch lp B 172.160.0 thnh cc subnet /24 ri phn phi cho tt c cc mng
trong h thng. Nh vy mi mng trong h thng u c a ch mng vi 24 bit
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213
Hnh 1.1.4.b
Nu chng ta s dng k thut VLSM chng ta c th ly subnet 172.16.2.0/24
chia tip thnh cc subnet/30. Sau ly mt subnet 172.16.2/20 t cho kt ni
WAN th s lng a ch b mt cho kt ni ny gim i rt nhiu.
Hnh 1.1.4.c
By gi ta xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.c gi s ta c a ch mng lp C
12.168.10.0/24 phn phi cho h thng mng ny.
214
u tin chng ta xt mng LAN c nhiu user nht trong h thng. H thng trn
hnh 1.1.4.c c mng LAN ln nht l 60 host. Nu chng ta chia subnet nh cch
c chng t se ch mn c 2 bit chia subnet cn li 6 bit dnh cho host mi
p ng cho mng LAN 60 host. Nhng nh vy chng ta ch toa c 22= 4
subnet, trong s dng c ti a 3 subnet khng p ng cho ton b h
thng mng. R rang cch chia subnet u khng th p ng c
Chng ta phi s dng VLSM nh sau:
1. Bc u tin chng ta cng xt mng LAN ln nht trong h thng l mng
LAN 60 host Perth. p ng cho mng LAN ny chgn ta mn 2 bit
u tin chia subnet cho a ch 192.168.10/24. Chng ta s c 4
subnet /26 nh sau:
#
Di a ch host
ID
a ch qung b
192.168.10.0
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62
192.168.10.63
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
192.168.10.128
192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190
192.168.10.191
192.168.10.192
192.168.10.193 192.168.10.254
192.168.10.255
Chng ta ly subnet u tin 192.168.10.0/26 phn phi cho mng LAN 60 host
Perth.
2. Bc th 2 chng ta xt ti mng LAN ln th 2 l mng LAN 28 host
KL. p ng co mng LAN ny chng ta ly subnet tip theo l
192.168.10.64/26 mn tip 1 bit na tch thnh 2 subnet nh hn nh
sau:
215
Di a ch host
a ch qung b
ID
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.65 192.168.10.94
192.168.10.95
192.168.10.96
192.168.10.97 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
192.168.10.0
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62
192.168.10.63
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
Di a ch host
216
a ch qung b
ID
192.168.10.28
192.168.10.155
192.168.10.159
192.168.10.139
192.168.10.179
192.168.10.183
192.168.10.187
192.168.10.191
Chng ta ly 3 subnet /30 u tin trong bng trn phn phi cho cc ng
WAN gia cc router:
Kt qu s phn phi a ch theo VLSM c th hin hnh 1.1.4.d
217
Hnh 1.1.4.d
Qu trnh a ch IP theo VLSM trn c tm tt li theo s sau:
1.1.5 Tng hp a ch vi VLSM.
Khi s dng VLSM cc bn nn c gng phn b cc subnet lin nhau gn nhau
c th tng hp a ch. Trc 1997 khng c tng hp a ch h thng nh
tuyn xng sng ca Internet gn nh b sp my ln.
Hnh 1.1.5
218
219
Hnh 1.1.6
3.2 Rip phin bn 2
1.2.1 Lch s ca RIP
Internet l mt tp hp cc h t qun. Mi c mt c ch qun tr, mt cng
ngh nh tuyn ring, khc vi cc AS khc. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s
dng bn trong mt AS c gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni vi IGP. thc hin
nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau chng ta phi s dng mt giao thc ring gi la
giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi EGP. RIP c thit k nh l mt giao thc IGP
dng cho cc AS c kch thc nh khng s dng cho cc h thng mng ln v
phc tp.
RIPv1 l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nn qung b ton b
bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu k cp nht
ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti a l
15 hop.
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v
mt mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin
v subnet mask i km. Do router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho
a ch mng m n nhn c t cng ny. Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp
th n s ly subnet mask mc nh theo lp a ch p dng cho a ch mng
m n nhn c.
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220
a ch lp A c subnetmask mc nh l 255.0.0
a ch lp B c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.0.0
a ch lp c c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0
RIPv1 l giao th c nh tuyn c s dng ph bin v mi router IP u c h
tr giao thc ny. RIPv1 c ph bin v tnh n gin v tnh tng thch ton
cu ca n. RIPv1 c th chia ti ra ti a l 6 ng c chi ph bng nhau.
Sau y l nhng im gii hn ca RIPv1:
Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn
Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255
Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nh tuyn
Khng h tr VLSM v CIDR
RIPv1 c cu hnh n gin nh trong hnh 1.2.1
Hnh 1.2.1
1.2.2 c im ca RIP phin bn 2
RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n vn c cc c im nh RIPv1
L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop
lm thng s nh tuyn
S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng, thi gian ny mc nh l
180 giy
S dng c c split horizon chng lp vng
Gi tr hop ti a l 15
RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Nh RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
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222
RIPv1
223
RIPv2
Cu hnh n gin
Cu hnh n gin
nh tuyn theo lp a ch
Khng gi thng tin v subnet mask C gi thng tin v subnet mask trong
trong thng tin nh tuyn.
thng tin nh tuyn.
Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c cc H tr VLSM. Cc mng trong h thng
mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi c IPv2 c th c chiu di subnet mask
khc nhau.
cng subnet mask.
Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin C c ch xc minh thng tin nh
tuyn.
nh tuyn.
Gi qung b
255.255.255.255.
theo
224
Hnh 1.2.4.a
Trong v d hnh 1.2.4.a router
router rip - chn rip lm giao thc nh tuyn
cu
hnh
nh
sau
Version 2 Xc nh ripv2
Network 172.16.0.0 khai bo a ch mng kt ni trc tip vo router A
Network 10.0.0.0 Khai bo a ch mng kt ni trc tip vo router A
Khi tt c cc cng trn router A kt ni vo mng hoc subnet trong 172.16.0.0
v 10.0.0.0 s gi v nhn thng tin cp nht RIPv2
Hnh 1.2.4.b
1.2.5 Kim tra RIPv2
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225
Hnh 1.2.5.a
Router s gi thng tin v cc ng i trong cc mng c lit k sau dng
routing for networks. Router nhn c cc thng tin cp nht t cc router lng
ging c lit k sau dng routing information sources ch s tin cy mc nh
ca rip l 120
Lnh show ip interface brief c s dng tng hp thng tin trng thi ca cc
cng trn router
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Hnh 1.2..5.b
Lnh show ip route s hin th ni dng bng nh tuyn Ip . Trong bng nh
tuyn cho bit v ng i n cc mng ch m router hc c ng thi cho
bit cc thng tin ny c hc nh th no
Nu thng tin trong bng nh tuyn b thiu mt ng i no th bn nn dng
lnh show running config hoc show ip protocols kim tra li cu hnh nh
tuyn
1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2
S dng ln debug ip rip hin th cc thng tin nh tuyn RIP khi chng c
gi i v nhn vo. Bn dng lnh no debug all hoc undebug all tt mi debug
ang bt
Ta xt v d nh hnhf 1.2..6 router A nhn c thng tin v hai mng ch trn
cng serial 2 t router lng ging c a ch IP l 10.11.2 . Router A cng gi
thng tin cp nht ca n ra hai cng ethernel v serial 2 vi a ch l a ch
qung b cng a ch ngoc l a ch IP ngun
i khi bn cn gp mt s cu thng bo trong lnh debug ip rip nh sau
227
Hnh 1.2.7
gi s h thng mng ny s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng .Router HK1 c kt
ni ra internet,kt ni ny l ung mc nh ca ton b h thng mng bn
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231
M t cc bc to v qung b ng mc nh vo OSPF.
S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF.
Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF.
nh ngha cc thut ng quan trng ca OSPF.
M t cc loi mng OSPF.
M t giao thc OSPF Hello.
Xc nh cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF.
giao V d
c im
nh tuyn
theo
trng
thai ng
lin kt
System to Intermedia
Stem (IS-IS)
6.D b lp vng.
7.D cu hnh v d qun tr.
8.Tn nhiu bng thng.
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233
234
LSAs.
C s d liu v cu trc h thng mng.
Thut ton SPF
Cy SPF
Bng nh tuyn vi ng i v cng ra tng ng nh tuyn cho gi
d liu.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c thit k khc phc
cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theovect khong cch. V d nh:giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc
router kt ni trc tip vi mnh m thi, trong khi giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn trn mt vng
rng ln.
Khi c mt s c xy ra trong mng, v d nh c mt router lng ging b mt kt
ni , giao thc nh tuyn theo trng ng lin kt lp tc pht cc gi LSAs ra
trn ton vng bng 1 a ch multicast c bit. Tin trnh ny thc hin gi thng
tin ra tt c cc cng, tr cng nhn c thng tin. Mi router nhn c mt
LSA, cp nht thng tin mi ny vo c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. Sau
router chuyn tip gi LSA ny cho tt c cc thit b lng ging khc. LSAs
lm cho mi router trong vng thc hin tnh ton li ng i. Chnh v vy s
lng router trong mt vng nn c gii hn.
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Hnh 2.1.3
2.1.4 Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr mt c
s d liu phc tp v cu trc h thng mng bng cch trao i cc gi qung
co trng thi ng lin kt LSAs(Link State Advertisements) vi tt c cc
router khc trong mng.
Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c c im sau:
236
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt pht trin v duy tr y cc
thng tin v mi router trong mng v cu trc kt ni ca chng. iu ny c
thc hin nh qu trnh trao i LSAs vi cc router khc trong mng.
Mi router xy dng c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng ca mnh nh cc
thng tin t cc LSA m n nhn c. Sau router s dng thut ton SP
tnh ton chn ng ngn nht n tng mng ch. Kt qu chn ng c
a ln bng nh tuyn ca router. Trong sut tin trnh hot ng, mi s thay
i trong cu trc h thng mng nh mt thnh phn mng b t hay mng pht
trin thm thnh phn mi u c phat hin v p ng theo.
Vic trao i LSA c thc hin khi c mt s kin xy ra trong mng ch khng
c thc hin theo nh ky. Nh vy tc hi t nhanh hn v khng cn ch
ht thi gian nh k cc router mi c hi t.
237
Hnh 2.1.4
V d hnh 2.1.4: Ty theo tng giao thc v thng s nh tuyn tng ng, giao
thc nh tuyn c th phn bit c hai ng n cng mt ch v s dng
ng tt nht. Trong hnh 2.1.4, trn bng nh tuyn c hai ng i t Router A
n Router D. Hai ng ny c chi ph bng nhau nn giao thc nh tuyn ghi
nhn c hai. C mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c cch
nh gi kh nng hot ng ca hai ng v chon ng tt nht. V d, nu
ng i qua Router C gp tr ngi nh b nghn mch hoc b h hng th giao
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c th nhn bit c cc thay i
ny v chuyn gi di theo ng qua Router B.
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Sau y l cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt:
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240
OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c trin khai
da trn cc chun m. OSPF c m t trong nhiu chun ca IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force). Chun m y c ngha l OSPF hon ton m i vi
cng cng, khng c tnh c quyn
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OSPF thc hin thu thp thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt t cc router
lng ging. Mi router OSPF qung co trng thi cc ng lin kt ca n v
chuyn tip cc thng tin m n nhn c cho tt c cc lng ging khc.
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Hnh 2.2.2.f. Adjacency database danh sch cc router lng ging c mi quan
h hai chiu. Mi router s c mt danh sch khc nhau.
gim bt s lng trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhiu roter lng ging
trong cng mt mng, cc router OSPF bu ra mt router i din gi l
Designated router (DR) v mt router i din d phng gi l Backup Designated
(BDR) lm im tp trung cc thng tin nh tuyn.
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Hnh 2.2.2.g. Design Router (DR) v Backup Designated Router (BDR) l router
c tt c cc router khc trong cng mt mng LAN bu ra lm i din. Mi
mt mng s c mt DR va BDR ring.
2.2.3. So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Trong phn ny chng ta s so snh OSPF vi mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect
khong cch la RIP. Router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c mt s
y v cu trc h thng mng. Chng ch thc hin trao i thng tin v trng
thi cc ng lin kt lc khi ng v khi h thng mng c s thay i. Chng
khng pht qung b bng nh tuyn theo nh k nh cc router nh tuyn theo
vect khong cch. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s
dng t bng thng hn cho hot ng duy tr bng nh tuyn.
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Nu mt kt ni khng n nh, chp chn, vic pht lin tc cc thng tin v trang
thi ca ng lin kt ny s dn n tnh trng cc thng tin qung co khng
ng b lm cho kt qu chn ng ca cc router b o ln.
Tc hi t.
H tr VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask).
Kch c mng
Chn ng
Nhm cc thnh vin.
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249
250
Hnh 2.2.4.a
Hnh 2.2.4.b
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252
253
Hnh 2.2.5.c
2.2.6. Giao thc OSPF Hello
Khi router bt u khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn mt cng no th
n s gi mt gi hello ra cng v tip tc gi hello theo nh k. Giao thc
Hello a ra cc nguyn tc qun l vic trao i cc gi OSPF Hello.
Lp 3 ca m hnh OSI, gi hello mang a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. a ch ny
ch n tt c cc OSPF router. OSPF router s dng gi hello thit lp mt
quan h lng ging thn mt mi xc nh l router lng ging c cn hot ng
hay khng. Mc nh, hello c gi i 10 giy 1 ln trong mng qung b a truy
cp v mng im-ni-im. Trn cng ni vo mng NBMA, v d nh Frame
Relay, chu k mc nh ca hello l 30 giy.
Trong mng a truy cp, giao thc hello tin hnh bu DR v BDR.
Mc d gi hello rt nh nhng n cng bao gm c phn header ca gi OSPF.
Cu trc ca phn header trong gi OSPF c th hin trn hnh 2.2.6.a. Nu l
gi hello th trng Type s c gi tr l 1.
254
Hnh 2.2.6.b. Phn header ca gi OSPF Hello. Cc thng tin trong phn Hello
Interval, ea Interval v Router ID phi ng nht th cc router mi c th
thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt.
255
Hnh 2.2.7.a. Bc 1: pht hin cc router lng ging. Trong tng mng IP kt
ni vo router, router c gng thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi t nht mt
lng ging.
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Hnh 2.2.7.g. Sau khi nhn c LSU vi thng tin mi, router OSPF s cp
nht vo c s d liu ca n ri p dng thut ton SPF vi thng tin mi ny
tnh ton li bng nh tuyn.
Trc tin, bn cn khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn router, khai bo a
ch mng v ch s vng. a ch mng c khai bo km theo wilcard mask ch
khng phi l subnet mask. Ch s danh nh (ID) ca vng c vit di dng
s hoc di dng s thp phn c du chm tng t nh IP.
khi ng nh tuyn OSPF bn dng lnh sau trong ch cu hnh ton cc:
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Khi tin trnh OSPF bt u hot ng, Cisco IOS s dng a ch IP ln nht ang
hot ng trn router lm router ID. Nu khng c cng no ang hot ng th
tin trnh OSPF khng th bt u c. Khi router chn a ch IP ca mt
cng lm router ID v sau cng ny b s c th tin trnh s b mt router ID.
Khi tin trnh OSPF s bi ngng hot ng cho n khi cng hot ng tr
li.
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Hnh 2.3.2.b. Trong gi hello pht ra cng Fast Ethernet 0/0, trng Router
Priority s c gi tr l 50.
Hnh 2.3.2.d
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Hnh 2.3.2.f
Ta xt v d hnh 2.3.2.f. Hai mng 10.2.0.0/30 va 10.2.0.4/30 gia hai kt ni
serial ca router HQ router B, router B router Remote l hai mng im-niim nn khng bu DR v BDR trong mng Ethernet 10.4.0.0/16 kt ni gia
chng. Tng t cho mng 10.5.0.0/16 gia router A v router Remote. Gi s gi
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268
tr u tin trn cng fa0 ca router HQ v trn cng fa1 ca router A u bng gi
tr mc nh l 1. Router HQ c router ID l 10.4.0.2, router A c router ID l
10.5.0.1, router Remote c router ID l 10.5.0.2. Vy router A s l DR trong mng
ny v router A c router ID ln hn router ID ca router HQ. Tng t, router
Remote s l DR trong mng 10.5.0.0/16 v router A lm BDR trong mng ny.
Hnh 2.3.2.g
269
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
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271
Router(config-router)#areaarea-number authentication
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Cc router OSPF bt buc phi c khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt
ng vi nhau mi c th thc hin trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mc nh, khong
thi gian bt ng bng bn ln khong thi gian hello. iu ny c ngha l mt
router c n 4 c hi gi gi hello trc khi n xc nh l cht.
274
Trong mng OSPF qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 10 giy, khong
thi gian bt ng mc nh l 40 giy. Trong mng khng qung b, khong thi
gian hello mc nh l 30 giy v khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 120 giy.
Cc gi tr mc nh ny c nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca OSPF v i
khi bn cn phi thay i chng.
Ngi qun tr mng c php la chn gi tr cho hai khong thi gian ny.
tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng bn cn u tin thay i gi tr ca hai khong
thi gian ny. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny phi c cu hnh ging nhau cho mi
router lng ging kt ni vi nhau.
cu hnh khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn mt cng
ca router, bn s dng cu lnh sau:
Hnh 2.3.5
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OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging hoc thn mt vi OSPF router
khc trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Mi quan h ny khng thit lp c c th
do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
Trong cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin sau
cng v cng quan trng:
277
kim tra cu hnh OSPF bn c th dng cc lnh show c lit k trong bng
2.3.8.a. Bng 2.3.8.b lit k cc lnh show hu dng cho bn khi tm s c ca
OSPF.
Lnh
Gii thch
Show
protocol
Show
route
278
thay i.
Show ip ospf Lit k chi tit cc lng ging, gi tr u tin ca chng v
trng thi ca chng.
neighbor
detail
Show ip ospf Hin th ni dung ca c s d liu v cu trc h thng
database
mng trn router, ng thi cho bit router ID, ID ca tin
trnh OSPF.
Bng 2.3.8.b. Cc lnh clear v debug dng kim tra hot ng OSPF.
Lnh
Gii thch
Clear ip route *
Bo co mi s kin ca OSPF.
TNG KT
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Chng 3: EIGRP
GII THIU
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) l mt giao thc nh tuyn
c quyn ca Cisco c pht trin t Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
Khng ging nh IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, EIGRP c h
tr nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a ch (CIDR Classless Interdomain
Routing) v cho php ngi thit k mng ti u khng gian s dng a ch bng
VLSM. So vi IGRP, EIGRP c thi gian hi t nhanh hn, kh nng m rng tt
hn v kh nng chng lp vng cao hn.
Hn na, EIGRP cn thay th c cho giao thc Novell Routing Information
Protocol (Novell RIP) v Apple Talk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
(RTMP) phc v hiu qu cho c hai mng IPX v Apple Talk.
EIGRP thng c xem l giao thc lai v n kt hp cc u im ca c giao
thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi
ng lin kt.
EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn nng cao hn da trn cc c im c giao
thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Nhng u im tt nht ca OSPF
nh thng tin cp nht mt phn, pht hin router lng gingc a vo
EIGRP. Tuy nhin, cu hnh EIGRP d hn cu hnh OSPF.
EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy dng
da trn cc Cisco router.
Chng ny s cp n cc nhim v cu hnh EIGRP, c bit tp trung vo
cch EIGRP thit lp mi quan h vi cc router thn mt, cch tnh ton ng
chnh v ng d phng khi cn thit, ccg p ng vi s c ca mt ng i
no .
Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b, nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi
mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s
c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng
khng hat ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
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283
thng thc s
Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = (10 000 000 / bng
thng thc s) * 256
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = tr thc s/10
tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = ( tr thc s/10) * 256
IGRP c s lng hop ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hop ti a l 224. Con s
ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit k hp l ln nht.
cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia
s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu hnh nng cao hn. Trong khi
IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s
thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi
cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li.
EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn
ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t
EIGRP router. IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi.
V d nh hnh 3.1.1, trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route, ng EIGRP
c nh du bng ch D, ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA
phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP (172.16.0.0) v mng c phn phi t
IGRP (192.168.1.0). Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC, giao thc IGRP khng c s
phn bit ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d 2
mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l c phn phi t EIGRP.
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Hnh v 3.1.2.b.
Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn
loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn
trong h t qun ( Autonomous system) ca EIGRP. EIGRP c dn nhn
(Administrator tag) vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit ng thuc loi no.
ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi vi
l nhng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v
IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi.
287
3.1.3. Cc c im ca EIGRP
EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP. V bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng ging
v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi ng lin kt. Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng:
Tc hi t nhanh.
S dng bng thng hiu qu.
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291
Hnh 3.1.4
Qu trnh EIGRP router thit lp mi quan h thn mt c m t trong hnh
3.1.4. EIGRP router
S dng cc gi hello rt nh thc hin vic thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi
cc router lng ging. Mc nh, hello c gi i theo chu k l 5 giy. Nu router
vn nhn c hello t lng ging th n s xem nh lng ging ny v cc ng
i ca n vn hot ng. Bng cch thit lp mi quan h ny, EIGRP router c th
thc hin c nhng vic sau:
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p ng.
EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng
ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
li ti lp li thng tin lin lc.
Chu k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong thi gian hello
mc nh ph thuc vo bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP,
EIGRP router gi hello theo a multicast 224.0.0.10.
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
ging ny c lu s th t (Seq No) v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui cng
nhn c t mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn ca khong
thi gian lu gi, router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi
c trng thi Passive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh.
Nu router khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
ton li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh, khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k
hello. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph
hp hn vi h thng ca mnh.
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong
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Hnh 3.1.6.a
Ct Topology trong hnh cho bit ng no l ng chnh hay cn gi l
successor, ng no l ng d phng hay cn gi l feasible successor (FS).
Tuy nhin, bn cn lu l khng nht thit lc no cng phi tm c feasible
successor.
Mng EIGRP s hot ng theo cc bc m t bn di tin hnh hi t gia
cc router. Hin ti cc router c cc thng tin v ng n mng A nh sau:
Router C c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B.
Router C c mt ng feasible successor l ng qua Router D.
Router D c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B.
Router D khng c ng feasible successor.
Router E c mt ng successor l ng qua Router D.
Router E khng c ng feasible successor.
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Hnh 3.1.6b
Trong Router D (hnh 3.1.6b):
ng i qua Router B b xo khi bng cu trc mng.
ng ny l ng successor. Router khng xc nh c feasible
successor trc .
Router D phi tnh ton li ng mi.
Trong Router C:
ng n Mng A qua Router D b t.
ng ny b xo khi bng.
ng ny l successor ca Router C.
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Hnh 3.1.6.c
Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.c):
Router D khng c feasible successor. Do , n khng th chuyn qua
ng d phng c.
Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t
vo trng thi Active.
Router D gi gi yu cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l Router
C v Router E yu cu gi thng tin v mng.
Trc , Router C c ng qua Router D.
Trc , Router D khng c ng qua Router E.
Trong Router E:
ng n Mng A thng qua Router D b t.
ng ny l ng successor ca Router E.
Router E khng c feasible successor.
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Hnh 3.1.6.d
Trong Router C (hnh 3.1.6.d):
Router E gi gi yu cu cho Router C.
Router C xo ng qua Router E khi bng.
Router C tr li cho Router D vi thng tin v ng mi n Mng A.
Trong Router D:
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A vn l Active v cng vic tnh ton cha
hon tt.
Router C tr li cho Router D xc nhn l ng n Mng A ang hot
ng vi chi ph l 5.
Router D vn ang ch p ng t Router E.
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301
Trong Router E:
Router E khng c feasible successor n mng A.
Do , Router E nh du trng thi con ng n Mng A l Active.
Router E phi tnh ton li cu trc mng.
Router E xo ng i qua Router D ra khi bng.
Router E gi gi yu cu cho Router C yu cu thng tin v mng.
Trc , Router E c thng tin v ng i qua Router C. ng ny c
chi ph l 3, bng vi chi ph ca ng successor.
Hnh 3.1.6.e
Trong Router E (hnh 3.1.6.e):
Router C tr li li thng tin v ng n Mng A c RD l 3.
By gi Router E c th chn ng thng qua Router C lm successor mi
vi FD l 4 v RD l 3.
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A c i t Active sang Passive. Lu :
trng thi Passive l trng thi mc nh khi router vn nhn c gi hello
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302
Hnh 3.1.6.f
Trong Router E (hnh 3.1.6.f):
Router E gi p ng cho Router D cung cp thng tin v mng ca
Router E.
Trong Router D:
Router D nhn c gi hi p t Router E vi nhng thng tin v mng
ca Router E.
Router D ghi nhn con ng n Mng A thng qua Router E.
Con ng ny tr thnh mt ng successor na v n c chi ph bng vi
ng thng qua Router C v n c RD nh hn FD ca ng thng qua
Router C.
Qu trnh hi t xy ra gia mi router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL.
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Hnh 3.2.1
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305
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Gii thch
Show ip eigrp
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Show ip eigrp
Lnh
Debug eigrp fsm
Gii thch
Hin th hot ng ca cc EIGRP feasible successor gip
chng ta xc nh khi no tin trnh nh tuyn ci t v xo
thng tin cp nht v ng i.
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Hnh 3.2.4.b. Qu trnh trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia hai router
lng ging vi nhau
3.2.5. Pht hin ng i
Cc router chy EIGRP gi cc thng tin v ng i trn RAM, do c th p
ng nhanh chng. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP lu cc thng tin ny thnh tng bng
hay tng c s d liu.
DUAL l thut ton vect khong cch ca EIGRP, n s dng thng tin trong
bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton ng c chi ph thp nht n
mng ch. ng chnh c chn ra c gi l ng successor. Sau khi tnh
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Tp lnh show l cng c quan trng nht gip bn hiu c trng thi hot ng
ca router, xc nh cc router lng ging, theo di hot ng tng qut v khoanh
vng s c mng.
Tp lnh debug cung cp cc thng tin sng v giao thng trn mt cng, cc
thng ip bo li bn trong, phn tch cc gi d liu ca mt giao thc no v
nhiu thng tin khc c ch. Chng ta ch dng lnh debug xc nh s c ch
khng dng n xem cc hot ngbnh thng ca mng. Ch s dng debug
tm mt giao thng c bit no hay mt s c no . Bn nn thu hp cc
nguyn nhn gy ra s c trc khi s dng lnh debug. Bn dng lnh show
debugging xem nhng debug no ang c bt ln trong router.
S dng tp lnh show ca Cisco IOS cho cc cng vic sau:
Xem cc p ng ca router trong qu trnh ci t.
Xem hot ng bnh thng ca mng.
Xc nh s c trn cng giao tip, trn my tinh hay trn mt ng dng
no.
Xc nh khi no mng nghn mch.
Xc nh trng thi ca server, client hoc cc lng ging.
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Gii thch
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Hnh 3.3.3.a
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Hnh 3.3.3.b
3.3.5.X l s c cu hnh OSPF
OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.Mt lin kt tng
ng vi mt cng giao tip trn mt router.Trng thi ca mt ng lin kt bao
gm thng tin v cng giao tip v mi quan h vi cc router lng ging kt ni
vo cng .V d : thng tin v mt cng giao tip bao gm a ch IP ,subnet
mask v loi mng kt ni vo cng cng nh cc router kt ni vo cng
ny.Tp hp cc thng tin nh vy to thnh c s d liu v trng thi cc ng
lin kt.
-S c thng xy ra vi OSPF c lin quan ti quan h vi cc lng ging thn
mt v vic ng b c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt.Lnh show ip
ospf neighbors s cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch cho vic x l s c lin quan
n vic quan h vi cc router lng ging thn mt.
-Bn s dng lnh debug ip ospf events hin th thng tin v cc s kin lin
quan n OSPF nh:
+Mi quan h lng ging thn mt.
+Gi thng tin nh tuyn
+Bu router i din(DR)
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TNG KT
Sau khi c xong chng ny ,bn phi tr li c cc cu hi sau:
1. EIGRP l mt giao thc lai,kt hp cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin
kt.Vy EIGRP ging giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nhng
im no? V ging giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
nhng im no?
2. Bng cu trc mng ca EIGRP v c s d liu v cu trc mng ca OSPF
khc nhau nh th no?
Sau y l nhng im quan trng trong chng ny:
+im khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP
+Cc khi nim chnh,k thut chnh v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP
+Hot ng hi t ca EIGRP v hot ng c bn ca DUAL
+Cu hnh IEGRP c bn
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GII THIU
Vic thit k LAN uc pht trin v thay i nhiu theo thi gian.Cho n gn
y cc nh thit k mng vn cn s dng hub,bridge xy dng h thng
mng.Cn hin nay ,switch v router l hai thit b quan trng nht trong
LAN,kh nng v hot ng ca hai loi thit b ny khng ngng c nng
cao.
Chng ny s quay li mt s ngun gc ca cc phin bn Ethernet
LAN,tho lun v s pht trin ca Ethernet/802.3 v cu trc pht trin nht
ca LAN.Mt ci nhn v hon cnh lch s ca s pht trin LAN v cc thit
b mng khc nhau lm vic lp 1, lp 2, lp 3 ca m hnh OSI s gip
chng ta hiu r hn ti sao cc thit b mng c pht trin nh vy.
Cho n gn y hu ht cc mng Ethernet vn cn c s dng Repeater.
Khi hiu qu hot ng ca cc mng ny tr nn xu i v c qu nhiu thit b
cng chia s mt mi trng truyn th cc k s mng mi lp thm Bridge
chia mng thnh nhiu min ng mng nh hn. Khi h thng mng cng
pht trin ln hn v phc tp hn, Bridge c pht trin thnh Switch nh
by gi, cho php phn on cc nh h thng mng. Cc mng ngy nay c
xy dng da trn Switch v router, thm ch c thit b bao gm c hai chc
nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch.
Switch hin i c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v phc tp khc nhau
trong mng. Chng ny s gii thiu v cch phn on mng v m t hot
ng c bn ca Switch.
Switch l thit b Lp 2 uc s dng tng bng thng v gim nghn mch.
Mt Switch c th phn mng LAN thnh cc on siu nh, l nhng on
mng ch c Host. Nh vy mt min ln c chia thnh nhiu min nh ko
c ng .L mt thit b lp 2 nn LAN Switch c th to uc nhiu min
ng nhng tt c cc Host kt ni vo Switch vn nm trong cng mt
min qung b.
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Hnh 4.1.1.a.Kt ni user dng Hub.Cc user trn cng mt Hub truy sut cng
mt bng thng ng truyn cng ging nh nhiu xe hi cng r vo mt ln
ng vy.Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch
c mt xe r m thi.
- ng l mt hu qu tt yu ca mng Ethernet. Nu c hai hay nhiu thit
b cng truyn cng mt lc th ng s xy ra. iu ny cng ging nh 2
xe cng tranh ginh mt ln ng v xy ra ng . Khi ng xy ra mi
giao thng trn ng truyn s b ngng li cho n khi s ng c
vn hi. Khi s lng ng qu ln, thi gian p ng ca h thng mng s
rt chm. Tnh trng ny cho thy mng b nghn mch hoc c qu nhiu user
truy cp cng lc vo mng.
- Thit b lp 2 thng minh hn thit b lp 1. Thit b lp 2 c quyt nh
chuyn gi da trn a ch MAC (Media access Control) c ghi trong phn
u ca gi.
- Bridge l 1 thit b lp 2 c s dng phn on mng. Bridge thu thp v
chon la d liu chuyn mch gia hai on mng bng cch hc a ch
MAC ca tt c cc thit b nm trong tng on mng kt ni vo n. Da vo
cc a ch MAC, Bridge xy dng thnh bng chuyn mch v theo
chuyn hoc chn gi li. Nh vy Bridge tch 1 mng thnh nhiu min ng
nh hn,lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng. Tuy nhin Bridge ko chn
cc lu lng qung b nhng d sao th Bridge cng iu khin lu lng
mng tt hn Hub.
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Hinh 4.1.1.c
4.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng
- Mng LAN ngy nay ngy cng tr nn qu ti v tnh trng nghn mch gia
tng. Thm vo s lng ngi dng mng tng ln nhanh chng cng vi
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331
Hnh v 4.1.2
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Hnh 4.1.3.a
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Hnh 4.1.3.b
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nghn cho cc host khc.Khi nhn c tn hiu bo nghn ,mi host s ngng
vic truyn d liu li v ch mt thi gian ngu nhin trc khi bt u thc
hin truyn li.Khong thi gian ch ngu nhin ny do thut ton back-off(vn
hi ng )tnh ton.Cng c nhiu host kt ni vo mng v bt u truyn
d liu th ng cng nhiu hn.
-Ethernet LAN ngy cng tr nn bo ho v ngwoif dng s dng nhiu phn
mm chuyn su,cc ng dng client/server l nhng loi phn mm yu cu
host phi thc hin truyn thng xuyn hn vi thi gian lu hn.
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Phn on mng bng bridge gip gim s lng ngi dng trn mt
segment.
bridge nhn frame, gi frame ri chuyn frame i da theo a ch Lp 2.
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Trong mng Ethernet LAN thun chuyn mch, cc node thc hin chc
nng truyn v nhn ging nh l trong mng ch c duy nht mnh n vy. Khi hai
node thit lp k ni, mt mch o c thit lp gia chng v cuing cp ton b
bng thng mng. Mch o ny ch tn ti trong switch khi cc node cn trao i.
Cc kt ni bng switch cung cp nhiu thng lng h so vi Ethernet LAN kt
ni bng bridge hay hub.
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Hnh 4.2.5.d. thi im ny, trn bng chuyn mch ca switch cha c
thng tin g v a ch ch l a ch MAC ca my B. Do , switch chuyn
frame ra tt c cc port t port s 3 l port nhn frame vo.
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4.2.9. B m.
Ethernet switch s dng b m gi v chuyn frame. B m cn c
s dng khi port ch ang bn. C hai loi b m c th s dng chuyn frame
l b m theo port v b m chia s.
Trong b m theo port, frame c lu thnh tng hng i tng ng vi
tng port nhn vo. Sau frame ch c chuyn sang hng i ca port ch khi
tt c cc frame trc n trong hng i c chuyn ht. Nh vy mt frame c
th lm cho tt c cc frame cn li trong hng i phi hon li v port ch ca
frame ny ang bn. Ngay c khi port ch ang trng th cng vn phi ch mt
khong thi gian chuyn ht frame .
B m c chia s tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc
port ca switch chia s cng mt b m. Dung lng b m c t ng phn
b theo nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame c t ng phn b theo
nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame trong b m c t ng a ra
port pht. Nh c ch chia s ny, mt frame nhn c t port ny khng cn phi
chuyn hng i pht ra port khc.
Switch gi mt s cho bit frame no tng ng vi port no v s ny
s c xo i sau khi truyn frame thnh cng. B m c s dng theo dng
chia s. Do lng frame lu trong b m b gii hn bi tng dung lng ca
b ca b m ch khng ph thuc vo vng m ca tng port nh dng b m
theo port. Do frame ln c th chuyn i c v t b rt gi hn. iu ny rt
quan trng i vi chuyn mch bt ng b v frame c chuyn mch gia hai
port c tc khc nhau.
- B m theo port lu cc frame theo hng i tng ng vi tng port nhn
vo.
- B m chia s lu tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc port
trn switch chia s cng mt vng nh ny.
4.2.10. Hai phng php chuyn mch.
Sau y l hai phng php chuyn mch dnh cho frame:
- Store-and-forwad: Nhn vo ton b frame xong ri mi bt u chuyn i.
Switch c a ch ngun, ch v lc frame nu cn trc khi quyt nh chuyn
frame ra. V switch phi nhn xong ton b frame ri mi bt u tin trnh chuyn
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mch frame nn thi gian tr s cng ln i vi frame cng ln. Tuy nhin nh
vy switch mi c th kim tra li cho ton b frame gip kh nng pht hin li
cao hn.
- Cut-through: Frame c chuyn i trc khi nhn xong ton b frame. Ch
cn a ch ch c th c c ri l c th chuyn frame ra. Phng php ny
lm gim thi gian tr nhng ng thi cng lm gim kh nng pht hin li
frame.
Sau y l hai ch chuyn mch c th theo phng php cut-through:
- Fast-forward: Chuyn mch nhanh c thi gian tr thp nht. Chuyn mch
nhanh s chuyn frame ra ngay sau khi c c a ch ch ca frame m khng
cn phi ch nhn ht frame. Do c ch ny khng kim tra c frame nhn
vo c b li hay khng mc d iu ny khng xy ra thng xuyn v my ch
s hu gi nu gi b li. Trong ch chuyn mch nhanh, thi gian tr c tnh
t lc switch nhn vo bit u tin cho n khi switch pht ra bit u tin.
- Fragment-free: C ch chuyn mch ny s lc b cch mnh gydo ng
gy ra trc khi bt u chuyn gi. Hu ht nhng frame b li trong mng l
nhng mnh gy ca frame do b ng . Trong mn hot ng bnh thng, mt
mnh frame gy do ng gy ra nht phi nh hn 64 byte. Bt k frame no
ln hn 64 byte u c xem l hp l v thng khng c li. Do c ch chuyn
mch khing mnh gy s ch nhn 64 byte u tin ca frame m bo
frame nhn c khng phi l mt mnh gy do b ng ri mi bt u
chuyn frame i. Trong ch chuyn mch ny, thi gian tr cng c tnh t
lc switch nhn c bit u tin cho n khi switch pht i bit u tin .
Thi gian tr ca mi ch chuyn mch ph thuc vo cch m switch
chuyn frame nh th no. chuyn frame c nhanh hn, switch bt thi
gian kim tra li frame i nhng lm nh vy li lm tng lng d liu cn truyn
li.
4.3. Hot ng ca switch.
4.3.1. Chc nng ca Ethernet switch.
Switch l mt thit b mng chn la ng dn gi frame n ch, C
switch v bridge u hot ng Lp 2 ca m hnh OSI.
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mng, s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn lung giao thng trn mng. Cn
bridge s dng k thut lc ci tin da trn thng tin lp mng c gi l
brouter. Brouter khc vi router ch l khng s dng giao thc nh tuyn.
4.3.5. Phn on mng LAN bng bridge
Mng Ethernet LAN c phn on bng bridge lm gim s lng user
trn mi segment, do s tng c lng bng thng dnh cho mi user.
Bridge chia mng ra bng cch xy dng bng i ch trong cho bit a
ch ca tng thit b mng nm trong segment no. Khi , da vo a ch MAC
ca frame bridge s c th quyt nh chuyn frame hay khng. Ngoi ra, bridge
cn c xem l trong sut i vi cc thit b khc trong mng.
Bridge lm tng thi gian tr trong mng ln khong 10% n 30%, thi gian
tr ny l thi gian bridge quyt nh v thc hin chuyn mch d liu. Bridge
chuyn mch theo dng nhn ri chuyn nn n phi nhn ht ton b frame,
kim tra a ch ngun v ch, tnh ton CRC kim tra li frame ri mi chuyn
frame i. Nu port ch ang bn th bridge s tm thi lu frame li cho n khi
port ch c gii phng. Chnh nhng khong thi gian ny lm tng thi gian tr
v lm chm qu trnh truyn trn mng.
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* c lp vi giao thc lp 3
* Lm tng thi gian tr trong mng.
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mt khong thi gian ngu nhin theo quy lut ca CSMA/CD. Nu ng nhiu
qu mc s lm cho mng khng hot ng c.
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Tng kt
Sau khi kt thc chng ny, bn cn nm c cc quan trng sau:
* Lch s v chc nng ca Ethernet chia s, bn song cng.
* ng trong mng Ethernet
* Microsegment.
* CSMA/CD
* Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng mng
* Chc nng ca repeater
* Thi gian truyn
* Chc nng c bn ca Fast Ethernet
* Phn on mng bng router, switch, v bridge
* Hot ng c bn ca switch
* Thi gian tr ca Ethernet switch
* S khc nhau gia chuyn mch lp 2 v lp 3
* Chuyn mch i xng v bt i xng
* B m
* Chuyn mch kiu store and forward v kiu cut through.
* S khc nhau gia hub, bridge v switch
* Chc nng chnh ca switch
* Cc ch chuyn mch chnh ca switch
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CHNG 5: Switch
Gii thiu
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Server cung cp dch v chia s tp tin, my in, thng tin lin lc v nhiu
dch v ng dng khc, server khng thc hin chc nng nh mt my trm thng
thng. Server chy cc h iu hnh c bit nh NetWare, Windows NT, UNIX,
v Linux. Mi server thng ginh cho mt chc nng ring nh Emai hoc chia s
tp tin.
Server c th c phn thnh hai loi: Server ton h thng v server nhm.
Server ton h thng cung cp dch v ca n dng cho mi ngi dng trong h
thng mng. V d nh Email hay DNS l nhng dch v m mi ngi trong t
chc u cn s dng v tnh cht tp trung ca nhng dch v ny. Cn server
nhm th ch cung cp dch v phc v cho mt nhm ngi dng c th. V d
nh nhng dch v x l v chia s tp tin c th ch phc v cho mt nhm ngi
dng no thi.
Server ton h thng nn t trm phn phi chnh (MDF Main
distribution facility). Giao thng hng n server ton h thng ch i qua MDF
thi ch khng i qua cc mng khc. Ni t l tng cho cc server nhm l
trm phn phi trung gian gn nhm ngi dng m n phc v nht. Nh vy giao
thng n cc server ny ch i trong mng ring ca IDF m khng nh hng
n cc mng khc. LAN switch lp 2 t trong MDF v cc IDF nn c ng
100 Mb/s hoc hn dnh cho cc server.
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* K nng ca h mc no?
* Quan im ca h v my tnh v cc ng dng my tnh l g?
* Cc vn bn chnh sch v t chc c pht trin nh th no?
* C d liu no cn cng b trong phm vi gii hn khng?
* C hot ng no cn gii hn khng?
* Nhng giao thc no c php chy trn mng?
* Cn h trc cc my tnh bn khng?
* Ai l ngi chu trch nhim v a ch LAN? t tn, thit k cu trc v
cu hnh?
* Ti nguyn v nhn lc, phn cng v phn mm ca t chc l nhng g?
Nhng ngun ti nguyn ny hin ang c lin kt v chia s nh th no?
Ngun ti chnh m t chc c th dnh cho mng l bao nhiu?
Ghi nhn li ton b cc yu cu trn cho php chng ta c lng c chi
ph v khong thi gian trin khai d n thit k LAN. Mt im rt quan trng
m bn cn nm c l nhng vn hot ng ang tn ti trong h thng mng
c.
Tnh kh dng o lng mc hu ch ca h thng mng, c nhiu yu t
nh hng n tnh kh dng, bao gm nhng yu t sau:
* Thng lng
* Thi gian p ng
* Kh nng truy cp vo ti nguyn mng
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384
thnh phn trong mng LAN. Cn thit k lun l l cch phn dng d liu trong
mng. N cng bao gm c s tn v a ch c s dng trong thit k LAN.
S thit k LAN
H s thit k LAN bao gm nhng thnh phn quan trng sau:
S cu trc theo lp OSI
S LAN lun l
S LAN vt l
Bng nh x v tr, a ch v tnh trng s dng ca tng thit b trong
LAN (cut - sheet)
S VLAN lun l
S lun l lp 3
S a ch
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Phn nhm user theo phng ban, i nhm v cc ng dng thng dng.
Router cung cp thng tin lin lc gia cc VLAN vi nhau.
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Tng phn phi nm gia tng truy cp v tng trc chnh gip xc nh v
phn bit vi h thng trc chnh. Mc tiu ca tng phn phi l cung cp gii hn
cho php cc gi d liu c di chuyn trong . tng ny, h thng mng c
chia thnh nhiu min qung b, ng thi p dng cc chnh sch v truy cp, lc
gi d liu ti y. Tng phn phi gip c lp s c trong phm vi mt nhm v
ngn khng cho s c tc ng vo tng trc chnh. Switch trong tng ny hot
ng lp 2 v 3 ca m hnh OSI. Tm li, tng phn phi thc hin cc chc
nng sau:
Xc nh min qung b hay min multicast
nh tuyn VLAN
406
407
Catalyst 6500
Catalyst 8500
IGX 8400
Lighstream 1010
408
409
Tng kt
Sau khi kt thc chng trnh ny, bn cn nm c cc im quan
trng sau:
Bn mc tiu chnh trong thit k LAN
Cc vn cn quan tm chnh yu trong thit k LAN.
Cc bc trong thit k LAN
Nhng vn trong thit k Lp 1, 2 v 3.
M hnh thit k 3 tng
Chc nng ca mi tng trong m hnh 3 tng ny
Cisco switch trong tng truy cp v cc c im ca chng.
Cisco switch trong tng phn phi v cc c im ca chng
Cisco switch trong tng trc chnh v cc c im ca chng
- Kim tra cc hin th ca qu trnh khi ng switch bng HyperTerminal.
- S dng tnh nng tr gip ca giao tip dng lnh.
- Lit k cc ch dng lnh c bn ca switch.
- Kim tra cu hnh mc nh ca Catalyst switch.
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
410
6.1. Bt u vi switch
6.1.1. Bt u vi phn vt l ca switch
411
LED ch
port
STAT
Mu ca cc
LED trng thi
trn tng port
Tt
M t
Khng c kt ni
(Trng
Mu xanh
thi hot
ng)
Kt ni ang hot ng
412
Kt ni ang b li
Lc mu xanh lc
mu cam
Mu cam
Tt
Mu xanh
FDUP
Tt
(Fullduplex)
Mu xanh
100
Tt
(Tc )
Mu xanh
UTL
(mc
hot ng
ca
switch )
413
Hnh 6.1.4.b
414
415
416
417
Sau khi switch hon tt qu trnh POST v khi ng xong, du nhc ca phn
i thoi cu hnh h thng s xut hin. Bn c th cu hnh switch bng tay
hoc vi s tr gip ca phn i thoi cu hnh. Phn i thoi cu hnh trn
switch n gin hn trn router.
418
419
Lnh
Gii thch
Show version
Show running-config
Show interfaces
Show controllers
controller
420
Show port
421
422
423
Bn c th kim tra phin bn IOS v gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnh bng lnh
show version.
424
Hnh 6.2.1.e
425
426
427
Cc thit b mng thng minh c th giao tip c bng Web cu hnh v qun
l chng. Sau khi switch c cu hnh a ch IP v gateway, chng ta c th
truy cp vo switch bng web. Trnh duyt web truy cp v dch v ny trn switch
bng a ch IP ca switch v port 80 l port mc nh ca HTTP. Bn c th m
hoc tt dch v HTTP trn switch v c th chn port khc cho dch v ny.
Hnh 6.2.2.d. M dch v HTTP v chn port cho dch v ny trn switch.
428
429
Hnh 6.2.3.a
430
kim tra cc a ch m switch hc c, bn dng lnh show mac-addresstable trong ch EXEC c quyn.
Switch c th t ng hc vo bo tr hng ngn a ch MAC. tit kim b nh
gip ti u ha hot ng ca switch, cc a ch MAC hc c nn xa i khi
thit b tng ng b ngt kt ni khi port, hoc b tt in hoc c
chuyn sang port khc trn cng switch hoc trn switch khc. Cho d v l do
g i na, nu c mt a ch MAC no trong bng m switch khng nhn c
gi d liu no c a ch MAC na th switch s t ng xa a ch sau
300 giy.
Thay v ch bng a ch t ng b xa v ht thi hn th ngi qun tr mng c
th xa bng a ch MAC bng lnh clear mac-address-table trong ch EXEC
c quyn. Ngay c nhng a ch MAC do chnh ngi qun tr mng cu hnh
trc cng b xa bng lnh ny.
Hnh 6.2.3.b
6.2.4. Cu hnh a ch MAC c nh
Bn c th quyt inh gn mt a ch MAC c nh cho mt port no ca
switch. L do gn c nh mt a ch MAC cho mt port c th l mt trong
nhng l do sau:
431
432
Hnh 6.2.5
Cc bc c bn cu hnh port bo v:
Vo ch cu hnh ca port m bn cn.
m ch truy cp cho port .
m ch port bo v.
Gii hn s lng a ch MAC bo v trn port (thng gii hn 1 a
ch MAC )
5. Ch nh loi a ch MAC bo v l a ch c nh (static), hc t ng
(dynamic) hay sticky.
Static: l a ch MAC do ngi qun tr mng khai bo c nh bng
tay. Sau khi khai bo xong, a ch ny c lu c nh trong bng
a ch v khng c gii hn v thi hn lu gi. Ngay c khi switch
b mt in, khi ng li cng khng xa mt a ch c nh.
Dynamic: l a ch MAC do switch t ng hc c. Loi a ch
ng ny c lu c thi hn trn switch . Nu trong mt khong
thi gian nht nh m switch khng nhn c gi d liu no c a
ch MAC na th n s xa a ch ny ra khi bng.
1.
2.
3.
4.
433
434
435
436
437
AlSwitch#
10. Bn tt in cho switch ri bt li kim tra xem mt m mi c p
dng ng cha. Nu cha ng th bn thc hin qu trnh trn li t u.
6.2.9. Nng cp firmware 1900/2950
IOS v firmware thng xuyn c pht hnh phin bn mi vi cc khc
phc l hng c, thm cc c tnh mi v tng kh nng hot ng. Nu bn
mun h thng mng c bo v tt hn, hot ng hiu qu hn vi phin
bn mi hn ca IOS th bn nn nng cp IOS.
Bn c th ti phin bn IOS v server ni b ca mnh t Trung tm phn mm
kt ni trc tuyn Cisco (CCO- Cisco Connection Online).
TNG KT
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn cn nm c cc chnh sau:
Thnh phn c bn ca Catalyst switch .
Theo di trng thi v hot ng cu switch thng qua n bo hiu LED
Kim tra thng tin xut ra ca qu trnh khi ng switch bng
HyperTerminal.
S dng tnh nng tr gip ca giao tip dng lnh.
Cc ch mc nh ca switch
t a ch IP v default gateway cho switch c th kt ni v qun l
switch qua mng.
Xem cu hnh switch vi trnh duyt Web.
Ci t tc v ch song cng cho port ca switch .
Kim tra v qun l bng a ch MAC ca switch .
Cu hnh port bo v.
Qun l tp tin cu hnh IOS.
Thc hin khi phc mt m cho switch
Nng cp IOS cho switch
438
439
Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn c th thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
Xc nh cc thnh phn chnh ca Catalyst switch.
Theo di hot ng v trng thi ca switch thng qua cc bo co hiu
LED.
Xc nh li ch v nhng nguy c ca cu trc d phng.
M t vai tro ca Spanning - Tree trong mng chuyn mch c d phng.
Xc nh cc thnh phn quan trng trong hot ng ca Spanning Tree.
M t qu trnh bu bridge gc.
Lit k cc trng thi Spanning Tree.
So snh giao thc Spanning Tree.
7.1. Cu trc d phng.
7.1.1. S d phng.
Rt nhiu cng ty v t chc pht trin hot ng ca h da trn mng
my tnh. Vic truy cp vo file server, c s d liu, Internet, Intranet v Extranet
ng vai tr quan trng cho s thnh cng trong kinh doanh v nu mng b t,
nng sut gim v khch hng khng hi lng.
Do cc cng ty lun mong mun h thng mng may tnh ca h lun
hot ng sut 24 gi, 7 ngy mt tun. Vic thc hin 100% thi gian hot ng
th c th khng kh thi nhng mc tiu t ra l phi bo m c 99,999% thi
gian hot ng. T l ny c ngha l ch cho php mng ngng hot ng trung
bnh mt ngy trong 30 nm, hay 1 gi trong 4000 ngy, hay 5,25 pht trong mt
nm.
Nu c th thc hin c mc tiu trn th h thng mng s thc s hot
ng rt tin cy. tin cy ca h thng mng c m bo t vic trang b cc
thit b c tin cy cao n vic thit k h thng mng c d phng, c kh nng
chu c li, hi t nhanh vt qua s c.
440
Hnh 7.1.1
7.1.2. Cu trc d phng.
441
442
443
Hnh 7.1.3
Switch hc a ch MAC ca thit b kt ni vo port ca n, nh n c
th chuyn d liu n ng ch. Nu switch khng bit g v a ch ca my
ch th n s chuyn gi ra tt c cc port cho n khi no n hc c a ch
MAC ca thit b ny. Gi qung b v multicast cng c chuyn ra tt c cc
port ca switch.
Chnh v vy, cu trc chuyn mch d phng nh hnh 7.1.3 c th s gy ra
trn bo qung b, chuyn nhiu lt frame v bng a ch MAC khng n nh.
7.1.4. Trn bo qung b.
Gi multicast cng c switch s l ging nh gi qung b l chuyn ra
tt c cc port tr port nhn gi vo.
Hnh 7.1.4.a
444
445
Hnh 7.1.5
Ta xt v d trn hnh 7.1.5: gi s rng c hai switch va mi xo a ch
MAC ca Router Y trn bng a ch v ht thi hn v gi s rng Host X vn cn
gi a ch MAC ca router Y trong bng ARP ca mnh ln n gi mt frame trc
tip ti Router Y. Router Y nhn c gi gi liu ny v n nm trong cng
segment vi Host X.
446
Hnh 7.1.6
Ta xt v d nh trn hnh 7.1.6: gi s a ch MAC ca Router Y khng c
trong bng a ch ca c hai switch.
Gi s host X gi mt gi d liu trc tip n Router Y. Switch A v B u
nhn c gi gi liu ny v hc c a ch MAC ca Host X l nm trn port
0. Sau khi d liu ny c hai switch chuyn ra tt c cc port v trn hai
switch u cha c a ch MAC ca Router Y. Kt qu l switch A nhn li gi d
liu ny t switch B vo port 1 v ngc li, Switch B cng nhn li d liu t
Switch A vo port 1. Khi Switch A v B hc li l a ch MAC ca Host X nm
trn port 1, k tip, khi Router Y gi mt gi d liu cho Host X, Switch Av B
cng u nhn c gi d liu t Router Y n Host X s b ri vo vng lp.
7.2. Giao thc Spanning
Tree.
447
448
449
Hnh 7.2.2.a. Giao thc Spanning - Tree xy dng mng hnh lun l hnh cy. Kt
ni no d tha, to thnh vng lp s b kho li.
Giao thc Spanning - Tree i hi thit b mng phi trao i thng tin vi
nhau c th pht hin ra vng lp trong mng. Thng ip trao i ny c gi
l Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU). Kt ni no to thnh vng lp s b t vo
trng thi kho. Trn kt ni ny khng nhn gi d liu nhng vn nhn cc gi
BPDU xc nh kt ni cn hot ng hay khng. Nu c mt kt ni b t
hay mt thit b h hng th mt cu trc hnh cy mi s c tnh ton li.
BPDU cha y cc thng tin gip cho switch thc hin c cc vic
sau:
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
450
451
Hnh 7.2.2.d. Mt v d kt qu tnh ton ca giao thc Spanning - Tree. Sau khi
tnh ton xong, v mt lun l, cu trc mng s c dng r nhnh cy, khng cn
vng lp na.
Ta xt v d nh hnh 7.2.2.c. Ba switch Cat - A, Cat - B v Cat - C c ni
thnh vng trn vi nhau. Nh vy l tn ti mt vng lp v mt vt l. u tin,
qu trnh bu chn bridge gc chn Cat - A lm gc. T bridge gc, hai nhnh
t port 1/1, 1/2 c m ln kt ni xung hai switch Cat - B v Cat - C. Trn
Cat - B, port 1/1 c chi ph ni v gc thp nht nn port ny c chn lm port
gc. Tng t trn Cat - C, port 1/1 c chn lm port gc ni v gc. Sau khi
xc nh xong port gc thit lp kt ni v bridge gc, Cat - B v Cat - C s
xem xt cc port cn li. Chng nhn thy port 1/2 ca chng cng ni vo mt
segment LAN. to cu trc hnh cy, trong mi segment LAN ch c mt
switch c m mt ng kt ni t gc vo segment LAN . Do , Cat - B
v Cat - C s ch nh ra mt switch c truy xut vo segment LAN ny. Kt qu,
Cat - B c chn v port 1/2 ca n c ch nh m kt ni vo segment LAN.
Cat - C khng c ch inh nn port 1/2 ca n b kho li.
7.2.3. Hot ng ca spanning - tree.
Khi mng n nh v hi t ch c mt cy duy nht trong mt mng.
t c kt qu ny, cc switch trong mng tun theo cc nguyn tc
sau:
452
453
454
455
456
457
Hnh 7.2.6.a
V d mt cu trc mng chuyn mch hi t nh trn. Theo chu k mc
nh, c 20 giy cc switch li thc hin trao i gi BPDU mt ln. Gi s kt ni
trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t. Khi Cat - B khng cn nhn c gi BPDU
theo nh k trn port 1/1 na. Trong khi Cat - B vn nhn c gi BPDU u
n trn port 1/2. Cat - B i ht thi gian ch ti a (max - age) l 20 giy mi xc
nh kt ni trn port 1/1 cht v bt u chuyn sang trng thi cho port 1/2.
Port 1/2 khng th chuyn ngay t trng thi kho sang trng thi chuyn d liu
c m phi tri qua 2 trng thi trung gian l trng thi nghe v trng thi hc,
mi trng thi trung gian ny ko di 15 giy. Nh vy tng cng l 50 giy k t
lc kt ni trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t, mng mi chuyn xong sang cu trc
mi p ng theo s c ny.
458
459
Hnh 7.2.7.a. Port 1 trn Switch Y l port thay th cho port 1 trn Switch X.
460
461
462
CHNG 8 : VLAN
GII THIU
Mt c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch Ethernet l mng LAN
o(VLAN).VLAN l mt nhm lgic cc thit b mng hoc cc usur. Cc thit b
mng hoc user c nhm li theo chc nng, phng ban hoc theo ng dng ch
khng theo v tr vt l na. Cc thit b trong mt VLAN c gii hn ch thng
tin lin lc vi cc thit b trong cng VLAN. Ch c router mi cung cp kt ni
gia cc VLAN khc nhau. Cisco ang c gng hng ti s tng thch vi cc
nh sn xut khc nhau nhng mi nh sn xut pht trin sn phm VLAN
ring c quyn ca h cho nn chng c th khng hon ton tng thch vi
nhau.
VLAN vi cch phn ngun ti nguyn v user theo lgic lm tng hiu
qu hot ng ca ton b h thng mng. Cc cng ty, t chc thng s dng
VLAN phn nhm user theo lgic m khng cn quan tm n v tr vt l ca
h. Nh , user trong phng Maketing s c nhm vo Maketing VLAN, user
trong phng K thut c t vo VLAN k thut.
Vi VLAN,mng c kh nng pht trin, bo mt v qun l tt hn v
router trong cu trc VLAN c th ngn gi qung b, bo mt v qun l dng lu
lng mng.
VLAN l mt cng c mnh trong thit k v cu hnh mng. Vi VLAN
cc cng vic thm bt, chuyn i trong cu trc mng khi cn thit tr nn n
gin hn rt nhiu. VLAN cn gip gia tng bo mt v kim sot qung b Lp 3.
Tuy nhin nuVLAN c cu hnh khng ng s lm cho mng hot ng km
hoc c khi khng hot ng c. Do , khi thit k mng, vic nm c cch
trin khai VLAN trn nhiu switch khc nhau l rt quan trng.
Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic
sau:
+nh ngha VLAN
+Lit k cc ch li ca VLAN
+Gii thch VLAN c s dng to min qung b nh th no.
463
464
Hnh 8.1.1 Phn on mng LAN theo kiu truyn thng v theo VLAN.
8.2.1 Min qung b vi VLAN v router
Mt VLAN l mt min qung b c to nn bi mt hay nhiu switch.
Hnh 8.1.2.a cho thy to 3 min qung b ring bit trn ba switch nh th no.
nh tuyn Lp 3 cho php router chuyn gi gia cc min qung b vi nhau.
465
Switch trong hnh 8.1.2.b s truyn frame ln cng giao tip ca router khi:
+Gi d liu l gi qung b.
+Gi d liu c a ch MAC ch l mt trong cc a ch MAC ca router.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi d liu cho my trm 2 trong
VLAN Bn hng, hai my ny nm trong hai min qung b khc nhau, thuc hai
mng khc nhau, do a ch MAC ch trong gi d liu s l a ch MAC ca
default gateway ca my trm 1. V vy a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu ny s l
a ch MAC ca tng Fa0/0 trn router. Gi d liu c chuyn n router, bng
nh tuyn IP, router s chuyn gi n ng VLAN Bn hng.
Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi gi d liu cho my trm 2
trong cng VLAN th a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu s chnh l a ch MAC
ca my trm 2.
Tm li, switch s x l chuyn mch gi d liu khi c chia VLAN nh sau:
+i vi mi VLAN switch c mt bng chuyn mch ring tng ng
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
Hnh 8.2.1.a
Mi VLAN c mt a ch mng Lp 3 ring: Nh router c th chuyn
gi gia cc VLAN vi nhau.
Chng ta c th xy dng VLAN cho mng t u cui - n - u cui hoc theo
gii hn a l.
475
l thnh vin ca mi VLAN. Switch phi dn nhn frame khi chuyn frame gia
cc switch tng truy cp vi switch phn phi.
ISL l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco dn nhn cho frame khi truyn frame gia
cc switch vi nhau v vi router. CnIEEE802.1Q l mt chun dn nhn
frame. Catalyst 2950 khng h tr ISL trunking.
Cc server hot ng theo ch client/server. Do cc server theo nhm nn t
trong cng VLAN vi nhm user m server phc v, nh vy s gi cho dng
lu lng tp trung trong VLAN, gip ti u ho hot ng chuyn mch lp 2.
Router tng trc chnh c s dng nh tuyn gia cc subnet. Ton b h
thng ny c t l lu lng l 80% lu lng trong ni b mi VLAN, 20% giao
thng i qua router n cc server ton b h thng v i ra internet, WAN.
8.2.2. Vlan theo a l.
VLAN t u cui - n - u cui cho php phn nhm ngun ti nguyn
s dng, v d nh phn nhm user theo server s dng, nhm d n v theo phng
ban... Mc tiu ca VLAN t u n cui - n - u cui l gi 80% giao thng
trong ni b ca VLAN.
Khi cc h thng mng tp on thc hin tp trung ti nguyn mng th
VLAN t u cui - n - u cui rt kh thc hin mc tiu ca mnh. Khi
user cn phi s dng nhiu ngun ti nguyn khc nhau khng nm trong cng
VLAN vi user. Chnh v xu hng s dng v phn b ti nguyn mng khc i
nn hin nay VLAN thng c to ra theo gii hn ca a l.
Phm vi a l c th ln bng c mt to nh hoc cng c th ch nh vi
mt switch. Trong cu trc VLAN ny. T l lu lng s l 20/80, 20% giao
thng trong ni b VLAN v 80% giao thng i ra ngoi VLAN.
im ny c ngha l lu lng phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi n c 80%
ngun ti nguyn. Kiu thit k ny cho php vic truy cp ngun ti nguyn c
thng nht.
476
Hnh 8.2.2
8.2.3 Cu hinh VLAN c nh.
VLAN c nh l VLAN c cu hnh theo port trn switch bng cc phn
mm qun l hoc cu hnh trc tip trn switch. Cc port c gn vo VLAN
no th n s gi nguyn cu hnh VLAN cho n khi c thay i bng lnh.
y l cu trc VLAN theo a l, cc user phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi truy cp
80% ti nguyn mng. Loi VLAN c nh hot ng tt trong nhng mng c c
im nh sau:
S di chuyn trong mng c qun l v kim sot.
C phn mm qun l VLAN mnh cu hnh port trn switch.
Khng dnh nhiu ti cho hot ng duy tri a ch MAC ca thit b u
cui v iu chnh bng a ch.
VLAN ng th khng ph thuc vo port trn switch.
Sau y l cc hng dn khi bn cu hnh VLAN trn Cisco 29xx switch:
S lng VLAN ti a ph thuc vo switch.
VLAN 1 l VLAN mc nh ca nh sn xut.
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
477
478
Hnh 8.2.4.a
Hnh 8.2.4.b
8.2.5. Lu cu hnh VLAN.
Bn nn lu cu hnh VLAN thnh mt tp tin vn bn c th bin tp li
hoc d phng.
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
479
Hnh 8.2.5
8.2.6. Xo VLAN.
Xo mt VLAN trn switch cng ging nh mt dng lnh xo trong cu
hnh router vy. n gin l bn to VLAN bng lnh no th bn dng dng
ca cu lnh xo VLAN.
Khi mt VLAN b xo i th tt c cc port ca VLAN s trng thi
khng hot ng nhng vn thuc v VLAN b xo cho n khi no cc port ny
c cu hnh sang VLAN khc.
480
8.3. X l s c VLAN.
8.3.1. Gii thiu chung.
Hin nay VLAN c s dng ph bin. Vi VLAN, ngi k s mng c
th linh hot hn trong thit k v trin khai h thng mng. VLAN gip gii hn
min qung b, gia tng kh nng bo mt v phn nhm theo logic. Tuy nhin, vi
c bn chuyn mch LAN, s c c th xay ra khi chng ta trin khai VLAN.
Trong bi ny s cho thy mt vi s c c th xy ra vi VLAN v cung cp cho
cc bn mt s cng c v k thut s l s c.
Sau khi hon tt bi ny cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau:
Phn tch h thng tip xc vi s c ca VLAN.
Gii thch cc bc x l s c ni chung trong mng chuyn mch.
M t s c Spanning Tree dn n trn bo qung b nh th no.
S dng lnh show v debug x l s c VLAN.
8.3.2. Tin trnh x l s c VLAN.
iu quan trng l bn phi pht trin cc bc x l s c trn switch mt
cch c h thng. Sau y l cc bc c th gip cho bn xc nh s c trong
mng chuyn mch:
1. Kim tra cc biu hin vt l, nh trng thi LED.
2. Bt u t mt cu hnh trn mt switch v kim tra dn ra.
3. Kim tra kt ni lp 1.
4. Kim tra kt ni lp 2.
5. X l s c VLAN xy ra trn nhiu switch.
Khi xay ra s c, bn nn kim tra xem y l mt s c lp i lp li hay l
s c bit lp. Mt s s c lp i lp li c th l do s gia tng ca cc dch v
phc v cho my trm, lm vt qua kh nng cu hnh, kh nng ng trunking
v kh nng truy cp ti nguyn trn server.
481
Hnh 8.3.1
Hin nay rt nhiu mng LAN phi i mt vi m hnh giao thng cha
c tnh trc, l kt qu ca s gia tng giao thng trong intranet, t phn nhm
server hn v tng s dng multicast. Nguyn tc 80/20 vi ch c 20% giao thng
i ln cc ng trc chnh tr ln lc hu. Ngy nay, cc trnh duyt web ni
b c th cho php user xc nh v truy cp thng tin bt k u trong mng ni
b ca tp on.
Nu mng thng xuyn b nghn mch, qu ti, rt gi v truyn li nhiu
ln th ngha l c qu nhiu port cho mt ng trunk hoc c qu nhiu yu cu
truy sut vo cc ngun ti nguyn ca ton h thng v cc server intranet.
Nghn mch cng c th do phn ln giao thng u c truyn ln ng
trc chnh, hoc l do user m ra nhiu ti nguyn v nhiu ng dng a phng
tin. Trong trng hp ny th h thng mng nn nng cp p ng nhu cu
pht trin.
8.3.3. Ngn trn cn bo qung b.
482
483
TP 4
CHNG I:PHN CHIA A CH IP
GII THIU
S pht trin khng ngng ca Internet lm cho nhng nh nghin cu bt ng.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho Internet pht trin nhanh chng nh vy l
do s linh hot, uyn chuyn ca thit k ban u. Nu chng ta khng c cc bin
php phn phi a ch IP th s pht trin ca Internet s lm cn kit ngun a
ch IP. gii quyt vn thiu ht a ch IP, nhiu bin php c trin
khai. Trong , mt bin php c trin khai rng ri l chuyn i a ch
mng (Network Address Translation NAT).
NAT l mt c ch tit kim a ch IP ng k trong mt mng ln v gip n
gin ha vic qun l a ch IP. Khi mt gi d liu c nh tuyn trong mt
thit b mng, thng l firewall hoc cc router bin, a ch IP ngun s c
chuyn i t a ch mng ring thnh a ch IP cng cng nh tuyn c. iu
ny cho php gi d liu c truyn i trong trong mng cng cng, v d nh
Internet. Sau , a ch cng cng trong gi tr li li c chuyn i thnh a
ch ring pht vo trong mng ni b. Mt dng ca NAT, c gi l PAT
(Port Address Translation), cho php nhiu a ch ring c dch sang mt a
ch cng cng duy nht.
Router, server v cc thit b quan trng khc trong mng thng i hi phi c
cu hnh bng tay a ch IP c nh. Trong khi , cc my tnh client khng cn
thit phi t c nh mt a ch m ch cn xc nh mt di a ch cho n. Di
a ch ny thng l mt subnet IP. Mt my tnh nm trong subnet c th c
phn phi bt k a ch no nm trong subnet .
484
485
486
487
488
489
Hnh 1.1.3.a.
.
Hnh 1.1.3.b.
490
491
492
493
1.1.4.1. Chuyn i c nh
cu hnh chuyn i c nh a ch ngun bn trong, chng ta cu hnh cc
bc nh sau:
Bc
Thc hin
Ghi ch
bn ngoi
Router (config) # ip nat inside
xa s chuyn i a ch c
nh.
nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo
mng ni b bn trong.
Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
494
nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra
mng cng cng bn ngoi.
Router (config-if) # ip nat outside
Hnh v - 2 hnh
495
Thc hin
Ghi ch
Xc nh di a ch i din bn ngoi
Trong ch cu hnh
access-list-
number xa ACL .
Xc nh cng kt ni vo mng ni b
496
interface, du nhc ca
dng lnh s chuyn i
t config sang (config-if)#
Xc nh cng kt ni ra bn ngoi.
Router (config) # interface type number
nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra bn
ngoi.
Router (config) # ip nat outside
Danh sch iu khin truy cp (ACL Access Control List) cho php khai bo
nhng a ch no c chuyn i. Bn nn nh l kt thc mt ACL lun c cu
lnh n cm tuyt i trnh nhng kt qu khng d tnh c khi mt ACL c
qu nhiu iu kin cho php. Cisco khuyn co l khng nn dng iu kin cho
php tt c permit any trong ACL s dng cho NAT v cu lnh ny lm hao tn
qu nhiu ti nguyn ca Router v do c th gy ra s c mng.
497
Hnh 1.1.4.c
Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.c: Di a ch cng cng i din ben ngoi c tn l natpool1, bao gm cc a ch t 179.9.8.80 n 179.9.95. a ch ni b bn trong
c php chuyn i c nh ngha trong access-list 1 l 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255.
Nh vy, gi d liu no trong mng ni b i ra ngoi Internet c a ch ngun
nm trong di a ch 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255 s c chuyn i a ch ngun sang
mt trong bt k a ch no cn trng trong di a ch cng cng 179.9.8.80
179.9.8.95. Host 10.1.1.2 s khng c chuyn i a ch v a ch ca n
khng c cho php trong acces-list 1, do n khng truy cp c Internet.
Overloading hay PAT
Overloading c cu hnh theo hai cch ty theo a ch IP cng cng c cp
pht nh th no. Mt ISP c th cho mt h thng mng ca khch hng s dng
chung mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht, ia jch IP cng cng ny chnh l a
ch ca cng giao tip trn Router ni v ISP. Sau y l v d cu hnh cho tnh
hung ny:
498
Ghi ch
acl-number
2A
access-list
access-list-
number xa access-list
tng ng.
bn ngoi.
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list aclnumber interface interface overload
Hoc
2B
overload.
499
trn.
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list aclnumber pool name overload
Xc nh cng kt ni vi mng ni b.
Router (config) # interface type number
Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
Xc nh cng kt ni vi bn ngoi.
Router (config) # interface type number
Router (config-if) # ip nat outside.
500
Hnh 1.1.4.d.
Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.d: a ch ni b bn trong c php chuyn i c xc
nh trong access-list 1 l 192.168.2.0/24 v 192.168.3.0/24. a ch i din bn
ngoi l a ch ca cng serial 0, cng kt ni ra Internet. Nh vy phi ton b
a ch bn trong c chuyn i PAT vi mt a ch IP i din duy nht l a
ch ca cng kt ni ra Internet, cng serial 0.
501
Gii Thch
Xa mi cp chuyn i a ch ng
trong bng NAT.
502
Hnh 1.1.5.a
Hnh 1.1.5.b
Chng ta c th dng lnh show run kim tra li cc gi tr cn khai bo trong
cc cu lnh cu hnh NAT, access-list, interface.
1.1.6. X l s c cu hnh NAT v PAT
Thng rt kh xc nh nguyn nhn ca s c khi kt ni IP b s c trong mi
trng NAT. Nhiu khi chng ta nhm ln l do NAT gy ra nhng thc s
nguyn nhn li nm ch khc.
Khi c gng xc nh nguyn nhn s c ca mt kt ni IP, chung ta nn c gng
xc nh loi tr kh nng t NAT trc. Sau ay l cc bc kim tra hot
ng ca NAT:
1. Da vo tp tin cu hnh, xc nh r rng NAT thc hin nhng g.
2. Kim tra bng NAT xem cc chuyn i a ch c ng khng.
3. Kim tra hot ng NAT xy ra nh th no bng cc lnh show v
debug.
4. Xem chi tit nhng g xy ra cho mt gi d liu v kim tra xem router
c nh tuyn ng cho gi d liu hay khng.
503
S dng lnh debug ip nat kim tra hot ng ca NAT, hin th cc thng tin
v mi gi c chuyn i NAT bi router. Lnh debug ip nat detal cn cung
cp thm mt s thng tin lin quan n s chuyn ca mi gi gip chng ta xc
nh li, v d nh li khng xc nh c a ch i din bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.6
Xt v d hnh 1.1.6. Hai dng u tin cho thy cc gi yu cu v tr li DNS
c pht i. Nhng dng cn li cho bit v mt kt ni Telnet t mt host bn
trong ti mt host bn ngoi mng.
gii m nhng thng tin hin th ca lnh debug, chng ta da vo nhng im
mu cht sau:
Du * k bn t NAT cho bit s chuyn i ang c thc hin trn
ng chuyn mch nhanh. Gi d liu u tin ca mt phin i thoi
lun c x l chuyn mch nn chuyn mch chm. Cc gi d liu tip
theo c truyn chuyn mch nhanh vi b m, khng cn x l nhiu
nh gi u tin.
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
504
S= a.b.c.d l a ch ngun.
a ch ngun a.b.c.d c dch sang w.x.y.z.
D=e.f.g.h l a ch ch.
Gi tr trong giu ngoc vung l ch s danh inh IP. Thng tin ny c th
s hu dng v da vo chng ta s tm c nhng gi d liu tng
ng c phn tch t nhng phn mn phn tch giao thc khc.
1.1.7. Nhng vn ca NAT
NAT c nhng u im sau:
Tit kim a ch ng k hp php bng cch cho php s dng a ch
ring.
Tng tnh linh hot ca cc kt ni ra mng cng cng. Chng ta c th trin
khai nhiu di a ch chia ti m bo tin cy ca kt ni mng cng
cng.
Nht qun h s a ch mng ni b. Nu mng khng s dng a ch IP
ring v NAT m s dng a ch cng cng th khi thay i a ch cng
cng, ton b h thng mng phi t li a ch. Chi ph cho vic t li a
ch ton b cc thit bi mng ni b c gi nguyn khi thay i a ch
cng cng.
NAT cng khng phi l khng c nhc im. Khi chuyn i a ch nh vy s
lm mt i mt s chc nng c bit ca giao thc v ng dng c cn n cc
thng tin a ch IP trong gi IP. Do cn phi c thm cc h tr khc cho thit
b NAT.
NAT lm tng thi gian tr. Thi gian tr chuyn mch s ln hon do phi
chuyn i tng a ch IP trong mi d liu. Gi d liu u tin lun phi s l
chuyn mch nn thi gian chuyn mch nhanh hnnu c b m.
505
506
507
508
Hnh 1.2.1.c. H iu hnh trn DHCP client s dng nhng thng tin nhn c
trong gi tr li server cu hnh IP cho client .
Server chy DHCP thc hin tin trnh xc nh a ch IP cp cho client. Client s
dng a ch c cp t server trong mt khong thi gian nht nh do ngi
qun tr mng quy nh. Khi thi ny ht hn th client phi yu cu cp li a ch
mi mc d thng thng client s vn c cp li a ch c.
Cc nh qun tr mng thng s dng dch v DHCP v gii php ny gip qun
l h thng mng d v c kh nng m rng. Cisco router c th s dng Cisco
IOS c h tr Easy IP lm DHCP server. Mc nh , Easy IP cp cu hnh IP
cho client s dng trong 24 ting. C ch ny rt tin li cho cc vn phng nh
hoc nhng vn phng ti nh, ngi s dgn ti nh c th tn dng dihc v
DHCP v NAT ca router m khng cn phi c thm mt server NT hoc UNIX.
Ngi qun tr mng ci t di a ch cho DHCP server cn c th cung cp
nhiu thng tin khc nh a ch DNS server, a ch WINS server v tn min.
Hu ht cc DHCP server u cho php ngi qun tr mng khai bo nhng a
ch MAC no cn phc v v t ng cp cho nhng a ch MAC ny a ch IP
khng thay i mi ln chng yu cu.
DHCP s dng giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) lm giao thc vn
chuyn ca n. Client gi thng ip cho server trn port 67. Server gi thng ip
cho client trn port 68.
509
BOOTP
510
DHCP
511
Hnh 1.2.3
1.2.4. Hat ng ca DHCP
Qu trnh DHCP client ly cu hnh DHCP din ra theo cc bc sau:
1. Client phi c cu hnh DHCP khi bt u tin trnh tm cc thnh vin trong
mng. Client gi mt yu cu cho server yu cu cu hnh IP. i khi
client c th ngh trc a ch IP m n mun, v d nh khi n ht thi
gian s dng a ch IP hin ti v mun gia hn thm thi gian. Client s
xc nh c DHCP server bng cch gi gi qung b gi l
DHCPDISCOVER.
2. Khi server nhn c gi qung b, n s tm trong c s d liu ca n v
quyt nh l c tr li c yu cu ny khng. Nu server khng tr li
yu cu th n s gi gi tr li trc tip bng DHCPOFFER v cho client,
trong mi client s dng cu hnh IP ca server. Trong DHCPOFER c
512
513
514
515
Gii thch
Khai bo a ch mng v subnet mask tng ung cho di
a ch DHCP. Chiu di bit thuc phn network c th
c khai bo bng subnet mask hoc bng con s th
[mask /
/prefix-length]
trc.
Default-router
Addresss
[address2
Address8]
Dns-server
Address
[address2
Address8]
Netbios-nameServer address
[address2
516
Address8]
Domain-name
Name
Lease [days
[hours}
[minutes] /
infinite]
1.2.6. Kim tra hot ng DHCP
kim tra hat ng DHCP, bn dng lnh show ip dhcp binding. Lnh ny s
hin th danh sch cc a ch IP c dch v DHCP cp pht cho cc host no
tng ng.
xem cc thng ip DHCP m router gi i v nhn vo, chng ta dng lnh
show ip dhcp server statistics. Lnh ny s hin th cc thng tin v s lng cc
thng ip DHCP m Router gi i v nhn vo.
Hnh 1.2.6
1.2.7. X l s c DHCP
517
Hnh 1.2.7.
518
a ch ca Cisco IOS. Vic chy cc dich v nh DHCP hay DNS trn nhiu
my tnh s to s qu ti v kh qun tr nn gii php u khng hiu qu. Nu
c th th ngi qun tr mng nn s dng gii php th hai l dng lnh ip
helper-address chuyn tip yu cu qung b cho nhng dch v UDP quan
trng ny.
Khi s dng c tnh gip a ch, router s c th c cu hnh tip nhn
yu cu qung b ca mt dch v UDP v sau chuyn tip yu cu mt cch
trc tip n mt a ch IP c th. Mc nh, lnh ip helper-address c th cho
php chuyn tip yu cu ca 8 dch v UDP sau:
Time
TACES
DNS
BOOTP/DHCP server
BOOTP/DHCP client
TFTP
Dch v NetBIOS name
Dch v NetBIOS datagram
Chng ta xt c th dch v DHCP, client pht qung b gi DHCPDISCOVER ra
mng ni b ca n. Gi qung b ny s n c Gateway chnh l router. Nu
trn router c cu hnh lnh ip helper-address th gi DHCP ny s dc chuyn
tip cho mt a ch IP xc nh. Trc khi chuyn tip gi yu cu ny, Router s
in a ch ca cng Router kt ni vi client vo phn GIADDR ca gi
DHCPDISCOVER. a ch ny s l a ch Gateway cho DHCP client sau khi
client ly c a ch IP.
519
520
521
TNG KT
Sau y l nhng im quan trng cn nm trong chng ny:
a ch ring c s dng cho cc mng ring, ni b v khng bao gi
c nh tuyn trn cc Router Internet cng cng.
NAT thay i phn IP header ca gi d liu chuyn i a ch ngun
hoc ch hoc c hai.
PAT s dng mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht cng vi s port nh x
cho nhiu a ch ni b bn trong.
Chuyn i NAT c th c thc hin c nh hoc t ng ty theo mc
ch s dng.
NAT v PAT c th c cu hnh chuyn i c nh, chuyn i ng
v chuyn i overloading.
Lnh clear v show c s dng kim tra hat ng ca NAT v PAT.
Lnh debug ip nat c s dng tm s c ca cu hnh NAT v PAT.
Nhng u im v nhc im ca NAT
DHCP lm vic theo ch client-server, cho php client ly cu hnh IP t
mt DHCP server.
BOOTP l mt phin bn trc ca DHCP v cng c nhiu c im hat
ng ging DHCP nhng BOOTP ch cp pht a ch c nh.
DHCP server qun l di a ch IP v cc thng s tng ng km theo.
Mi mt di a ch tng ng vi mt subnet IP.
DHCP client thc hin 4 bc ly cu hnh IP t server.
DHCP server thng c cu hnh phn phi nhiu a ch IP.
Lnh show ip dhcp binding dng kim tra hat ng ca DHCP.
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522
523
524
525
Mt ng dng thng thng ca ISDN l cung cp thm dung lng truyn cho
ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c s dng chnh, trong
nhng thi im nhu cu dung lng tng cao th ISDN c kch hot h tr
thm. Ngoi ra, ISDN cn c s dng lm ng truyn d phng trong trng
hp ng truyn thu ring gp s c. Chi ph cc ca ISDN c tnh trn tng
knh B v cng tng t nh kt ni thoi quay s.
Vi PRI ISDN, ta c th kt ni hai im vi nhau bng nhiu knh B. Do , ta
c th thc hin c hi ngh truyn hnh (video conference), kt ni d liu tc
cao, khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch, nhng chi ph s cao khi khong
cch gia cc im kh ln
Hnh 2.2.2.b. Cu trc chung ca mng WAN vi ISDN, Router cn phi c cng
giao tip ISDN hoc phi kt ni thng qua b chuyn i giao tip.
2.2.3.ng truyn thu ring (leased line)
Khi cn phi c mt kt ni dnh ring c nh th s dng ng truyn thu
ring vi dung lng c th ln ti 2,5 Gb/giy.
Loi
Chun
526
Dung lng
56
DS0
56 Kbps
64
DS0
64 Kbps
T1
DS1
1.544 Mbps
E1
ZM
2.048 Mbps
E3
M3
34.064 Mbps
J1
Y1
2.048 Mbps
T3
DS3
44.736 Mbps
OC-1
SONET
51.84 Mbps
OC-3
SONET
155.54 Mbps
OC-9
SONET
466.56 Mbps
OC-12
SONET
622.08 Mbps
OC-18
SONET
933.12 Mbps
OC-24
SONET
1244.16 Mbps
OC-36
SONET
1866.24 Mbps
OC-48
SONET
2488.32 Mbps
527
truyn
528
cng Serial cho mt kt ni, do chi ph cho thit b s tng thm. Mi ln mun
thay i dung lng ng truyn ta cn phi lin h vi nh cung cp dch v.
ng truyn thu ring cung cp kt ni trc tip im-n-im gia cc LAN
v kt ni nhiu chi nhnh ring l vo mng chuyn mch gi.
2.2.4.X.25
Do ng truyn thu ring c chi ph cao nn cc nh cung cp dch v gii
thiu mng chuyn mch gi s dng ng truyn chia s gim bt chi ph.
Mng chuyn mch gi u tin l mng X.25. X.25 cung cp tc bit thp, dung
lng chia s qua dch v chuyn mch hoc c nh.
X.25 l mt giao thc lp Mng v cc thu bao c cung cp mt a ch mng.
Khi c yu cu t mt tp hp cc a ch, mch o SVC s c thit lp, mi
SVC c phn bit bng mt a ch s knh. Cc gi d liu c dn nhn theo
ch s knh ny, da vo cc gi d liu c truyn n ng a ch mng
ch. Trn mt kt ni vt l c th thit lp nhiu knh truyn.
Thu bao c th kt ni vo mng X.25 bng kt ni thu ring hoc bng kt ni
quay s. Mng X.25 cng c th cung cp knh truyn c nh PVC cho cc thu
bao.
529
530
khc. i vi nhng ng dng ny, bng thng thp v thi gian tr cao khng
phi l vn ln, trong khi chi ph thp li l mt u im ca X.25.
2.2.5. Frame Relay.
Do nhu cu bng thng ngy cng cao v yu cu thi gian chuyn mch gi nhanh
hn, nh cung cp dch v gii thiu Frame Relay, Frame Relay cng hot ng
nh X.25 nhng c tc cao hn, ln n 4 Mb/giy hoc hn na.
Frame Relay c mt s c im khc vi X.25. Trong , im khc bit quan
trng nht l: Frame Relay l giao thc n gin hn, hot ng lp lin kt d
liu thay v lp Mng.
Frame Relay khng thc hin iu khin lung v kim tra li. Do , thi gian tr
do chuyn mch frame gim i.
531
532
533
Hnh 2.2.7.a.
534
535
Cable modem thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu tc cao, s dng cp ng trc
trong h thng mng cp truyn hnh. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cam kt tc
truyn d liu cao gp 6,5 ln ng thu ring T1. Tc ny cho php truyn
c nhanh chng mt lng ln thng tin s bao gm video clip, audio Lng
thng tin cn phi mt 2 pht nu ti bng ng truyn ISDN BRI th by gi ch
mt 2 giy thng qua kt ni cable modem.
Cable modem cng cung cp kt ni thng trc v lp t kt ni ny n gin.
Mt kt ni thng trc cng c ngha l my tnh lun lun ng trc mi nguy
him v mt bo mt, do cn phi c bo v bng bc tng la (firewalls).
m bo v mt an ton, dch v cable modem cng cho php s dng mng
ring o VPN kt ni vo VPN server t ti mng trung tm ca mt cng ty.
Mt kt ni cable modem c dung lng c th ln n 30 40 Mb/giy trn knh
truyn 6 MHz. ng truyn ny nhanh gn gp 500 ln so vi ng truyn
modem thng (56 Kb/giy).
536
Vi cable modem, thu bao vn c th nhn song song ng thi dch v truyn
hnh cp v d liu cho my tnh thng qua mt b phn gii 1-2 n gin.
Thu bao cable modem phi s dng ISP lin kt vi nh cung cp dch v truyn
hnh cp. Tt c cc thu bao ni b u chia s cng mt bng thng cp. Do
cng nhiu ngi tham gia vo dch v th lng bng thng cho mi ngi s
gim xung.
537
538
539
540
541
Chng ta thng phi thay i mng WAN mi khi cn m rng server WAN,
cng vic kinh doanh thc t c s thay i
Cc cng ty lp t mng WAN thc hin trao i d liu gia cc chi nhnh.
Mng WAN ny phc v cho ton b h thng mng ca cng ty. Chi ph bao gm
nhiu phn, v d trong c chi ph cho thit b v cho vic qun l ng truyn.
Trong thit k WAN, chng ta cn bit trong mng WAN truyn nhng loi lu
lng no, t u n u. WAN c th truyn ti nhiu loi d liu khc nhau vi
yu cu bng thng, tr v ngh mch khc nhau.
Kt ni v mc dng lu lng.
D liu Client/Server.
Hng kt ni hay khng hng kt ni.
Kh nng ko di thi gian tr.
Kh nng hot ng ca mng.
Tm kim & download ebook: bookilook.com
542
T l li.
Mc u tin.
Loi giao thc.
Chiu di trung bnh ca gi d liu.
Vic xc nh v tr cc im cui ca kt ni s gip chng ta xy dng s cu
trc WAN. Cu trc ny phi tho mn cc iu kin v a l cng nh cc iu
kin hot ng. Nu iu kin hot ng i hi cao th cn phi c thm cc kt
ni d phng v chia s ti.
Cui cung, chng ta phi quyt nh chi ph lp t v hot ng cho WAN, so
snh chi ph vi nhng li ch m WAN mang li.
Trong thc t cc bc c a ra di y rt t khi l mt qu trnh xuyn sut
lin tc. S c th c nhiu thay i cn thit trc khi kt thc thit k. Sau khi
lp t WAN xong chng ta cng lun ph theo di v nh gi li mng WAN
m bo hiu qu hot ng ca n.
543
C rt nhiu mng WAN s dng cu trc hnh sao. Khi t chc pht trin hn,
thm mt chi nhnh cn kt ni vo trung tm th khi trin khai thm mt nhnh
cho cu trc hnh sao. i khi cc im cui ca hnh sao c kt ni cho vi
nhau to thnh mng li, to thm nhiu kh nng kt ni. Khi thit k, nh
gi li hoc thay i mng WAN chng ta cn chn ra mt cu trc ph hp vi
yu cu.
544
545
Yu t tnh cc
ph
Tc bit ti a
c im khc
ng thu ring
Khong
cch, Khng gii hn
dung lng
Dung
nh.
ng in thoi
Quay s, kt ni
chm.
ISDN
Khong
cch, 64
hoc
dung lng
Kb/giy
lng
128 Quay s, kt ni
nhanh.
Dung lng.
<48 Kb/giy
Dung
nh
lng
ATM
Dung lng.
>155 Mb/giy
546
Mng ATM, Frame Relay v X.25 truyn lu lng ca nhiu khch hng khc
nhau trong cng mt kt ni. Khch hng khng kim sot c s lng ng
kt ni, s lng trm trung gian m d liu phi i qua trong mng chia s, cng
nh khng th iu khin c thi gian ch ti mi trm. Chnh v nhc im v
thi gian tr v nghn mch m cc cng ngh ny khng ph hp vi mt s loi
lu lng mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ny vn thng c chp nhn v cc
mng chia s ny li c u im ln l chi ph r. Khi c nhiu khch hng cng
chia s mt ng kt ni th ng nhin chi ph s thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph
cho mt ng thu knh ring c cng dung lng.
Mc d ATM cng l mt mng chia s nhng n c thit k gim thiu ti
a thi gian tr v nghn mch bng cch s dng cc kt ni tc cao vi mt
n v d liu thng nht, d qun l, gi l t bo. Mi mt t bo ATM ( chnh l
mi gi d liu trong mng ATM) c chiu di c nh l 53 byte, trong 48 byte
d liu v 5 byte cho phn Header. Cc t bo c chiu di nh v nh nhau,
khng c gi no khc ln hn trong mng ATM nn khng c thi gian tr ln
hn gia cc gi. Do , ATM c s dng rng ri cho cc loi lu lng nhy
cm vi thi gian tr. Frame Relay cng c th c s dng cho nhng loi lu
lng nhy cm vi thi gian tr nhng thng phi s dng thm c ch QoS
cu hnh u tin cho nhng loi d liu ny.
Vic chn la cc cng ngh cho WAN thng da trn loi lu lng v dung
lng ca chng. ISDN, DSL, Frame Relay hoc ng thu ring thng c s
dng kt ni cc chi nhnh vo mt trung tm. Frame Relay, ATM hoc ng
thu ring thng c s dng kt ni cc vng m rng vo ng trc
chnh. ATM hoc ng thu knh ring c s dng lm ng trc chnh cho
WAN.
2.3.4. M hnh thit k 3 lp
Vic kt hp mt cch c h thng l rt cn thit khi chng ta cn lin kt nhiu
v tr li vi nhau. Gii php phn cp vi m hnh 3 lp cho chng ta rt nhiu u
im c nu trong bng sau.
547
548
Thay vo chng ta s thit kt theo m hnh phn cp. Cc mng LAN trong
cng mt vng a l s c lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt vng. Cc vng s
c kt ni vi nhau to thnh mt khu vc. Cc khu vc kt ni vi nhau v
ng vai tr l trc chnh ca mng WAN.
549
550
551
552
TNG KT
553
554
555
X c nh nh ng u i m khi s d ng PPP
Gi i th ch ch c n ng c a hai th nh ph n trong PPP :LCP ( Link C
ontrol Protocol ) v NCP (Net work C ontrol Protocol)
M t c u tr c frame PPP
X c nh 3 qu tr nh c a m t phi n giao ti p PPP
Gi i th ch s kh c nhau gi a PAP v CHAP
Li t k c c b c c a qu tr nh x c minh PPP
C u h nh PPP v i nhi u ch n l a kh c nhau
C u h nh ki u ng g i PPP
C u h nh qu tr nh x c minh Chap va PAP
S d ng l nh Sh ow int erface ki m tra ki u ng g i tr n c ng S
erial
X l c c s c lin quan n cu hnh PPP bng lnh debug PPP
3.1. Lin kt ni tip im-n-i
3.1.1.Gii thiu v truyn ni tip
556
RS-232-E
V.35
High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
3.1.2 Phn knh theo thi gian (TDM- Time Division Multiplexing)
Phn knh theo thi gian TDM l truyn nhiu ngun thong tin trn cng mt tn
hiu, sau li tch ra thnh cc ngun ring bit nh ban u ti im cui
557
558
3.1.4 DTE/DCE
Mt kt ni tip c mt u l thit b DTE v u kia l thit b DCE. Kt ni
gia hai DCE chnh l mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch v CPE thng thng l
router ca khch hang ng vai tr l DTE
My tnh, my in, my fax cng l nhng v d cho thit b DTE, DCE, thng
thng l moderm hoc CSU/DSU l thit b chuyn i tn hiu t DTE sang
dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn trong mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch
v. Tn hiu ny c thit b DCE u bn kia nhn c v li c chuyn
i thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi DTE v c truyn cho DTE
559
560
Cisso cng gii thiu loi cp Smart Serial vi nhy cao hn v kiu dng
nh gn hn . u cp Smart Serial cm vo cng Serial trn router ch c 26 chn
tn hiu nh gn hn so vi u DB-60
3.1.5 ng gi HDLC
Truyn ni tip t c s trn giao thc hng bit. Giao thc hng bit tuy
c hiu qu hn nhng thng mang tnh c quyn. Nm 1979, ISO
chp thun HDLC l giao thc chun hng bit ca lp Lin kt d liu)
cho ISDN
Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod emsthc hin ng gi d liu cho ng truyn
ni tip ng b. S chun ho ny gip cho cc t chc khc p dng v m
rng giao thc ny. T nm 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt lot cc phin bn ca
HDLC. Sau l mt v d, nhng giao thc ny c gi l giao thc truy cp
ng lin kt:
Link Aceess Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) cho X.25\
Link Aceess Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) cho ISDN(
Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod ems (LAPM) and PPP cho mod ems
Link Acc ess Proced ure f or Frame Relay (L APF) cho Frame Relay
HDLC cung c p c ch truyn ng b khng c li gia hai im. HDLC nh
ngha cu trc frame Lp 2 cho php iu khin lung theo c ch ca s trt,
kim tra li v bo nhn. Frame d liu hay frame iu khin u c cng mt nh
dng frame
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561
Chun HDLC khng h tr nhiu giao thc trn mt ng kt ni, ng thi cng
khng c thng tin cho bit giao thc lp trn no ang c truyn trn ng
truyn. Cisso c gii thiu mt phin bn HDLC c quyn ring. Frame Cisso
HDLC c phn type cho bit giao thc lp trn ca ca frame. Nh c phn ny
m nhiu giao thc lp Mng c th chia s cng mt ng truyn ni tip .
HDLC l giao thc Lp 2 mc nh trn cng Serial ca Cisso router
HDLC nh ngha 3 loi frame mi loi c nh dng phn iu khin khc nhau
Frame thng tin (I-Frames Information frames): l frame mng d liu ca
my truyn. Trong frame thng tin c chn thm phn iu khin lung v
li.
Frame gim st (S-Frames Supervisory frames): cung cp c ch hi p
khi c ch chn thng tin trong I-Frame khng c s dng.
Frame khng nh s (U-Frames Unnumbered frames):thc hin chc
nng b sung iu khin kt ni nh thit lp kt ni. Phn code trong
frame s xc nh loi frame l U-frame
Mt hoc hai bit u tin ca phn Cotrol cho bit loi frame. Trong frame thng
tin phn nay c ch s ca gi gi k tip v gi nhn k tip. Trong frame pht i
ca my gi v my nhn u c hai ch s ny
562
563
protocol
down
DTE)
564
565
566
4. Nu c v nh s c xy ra u
bn kia kt ni th chng ta thc
hin li bc 1 modem, CSU hoc
DSU u bn kia
5. Kim tra xem cp c kt ni ng
khng.
6. Nu vn cn trng thi line
protocol is down, s c c th l
phn cng hoc do cp
Chng ta s dng thit b kim tra
cp
7. Thay th phn b h khi cn thit
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
Sau khi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, router trung tm gi mt thng
ip th thch cho router u xa. Router u xa s dng thng ip ny vi
password ca n thng qua thut ton MD5 (Message Digest ) to ra mt thng
ip tr li. Router u xa gi thng ip tr li ny cho router trung tm. Router
trung tm s dng thng ip tr li tnh toan ra mt gi tr. Nu gi tr ny
ng vi thng ip th thch ban u th thng tin xc minh c xc nhn nu
khong th kt ni s b xo ngay
Chap chng c kiu tn cng Playback v gi tr ca thng ip th thch l
ngu nhin hon ton khc nhau gia mi ln gi v khng th on c. Do
gi tr ca thng ip tr li cng ngu nhin v ring bit. Vic xc minh c
thc hin lp i lp li gii hn thi gian tm ra mt m ca cc t tn cng
n l
574
575
Giao
thc
Lnh cu hnh
576
Ppp
Authentication
Pap
Ppp
Authentication
Chap
Nn d liu
Pht hin li
Multilink
Ppp multilink
577
ng nh mt knh logic,
gip tng thng lng v
gim thi gian tr gia hai
router
3.3.2 Cu hnh PPP
Sau y l v d cho cu hnh ng gi PPP trn cng Serial (pp)
Router # configure terminal
Router (config) # interface serial 0/0
Router (config if)#encapsulation ppp
Chng ta cng c th cu hnh phn mm nn d liu trn cng Serial ang s
dng ng gi PPP. Nn d liu c thc hin bng phn mm. Chng ta khng
nn s dng nn d liu ln na khi bn than phn ln d liu c truyn i trn
cng ny c nn ri.
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp
Router (config if)# compress (predictor stac)
Chng ta nhp lnh sau c th theo di mc rt gi d liu trn ng truyn
v trnh b vng lp:
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp
Router (config if )#ppp quality p ercentage
Ch ng ta s d ng c c l nh sau cho ph p th c hi n chia t i tr n nhi u
ng k t n i:
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router (config if )#encapsulation pp
Rot er (c onfig if) # ppp multilink
3.3.3 Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP
Bc
M t
Bc 1
578
Bc 2
Bc 3
Bc 4
Bc 5
Bc 6
579
PAP l phng thc xc minh n gin s dng hai bc bt tay v c thc hin
khi thit lp kt ni. Qu trnh xc minh PAP thc hin v ng truyn c thit
lp
CHAP thc hin kim tra router kt ni u xa s dng ba bc bt tay v c
lp li theo nh k. Qu trnh ny c thc hin xong ln u tin. ng truyn
c thit lp v lun c lp li trong sut qu trnh kt ni
580
581
582
Gii thch
Se0/0
PPP:
Phase
AUTHENTICATION by both
Nhn c thng ip tr li ca yu
cu xc minh.
Gi thng ip xc nhn
583
584
585
ng in thoi truyn thng PSTN truyn tn hiu tng t trn mch vng ni
b kt ni gia thu bao v mng ca cng ty in thoi. Mch tn hiu tng t c
gii hn bng thng khng c ln hn 3000Hz. Cng ngh ISDN cho php
truyn tn hiu s trn mch vng ni b ny tc truy cp cao hn. Cc cngty
in thoi ch cn nng cp cc b chuyn mch c th x l c tn hiu s.
ISDN thng c cc vn phng nh xa s dng kt ni vo mng LAN
trung tm
Cc cng ty in thoi cng pht trin cc chun cho ISDN. Cc chun ISDN
nh ngha v thit b phn cng v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Nhng chun ny
gip cho mng ISDN giao tip d dng vi cc mng khc trn ton cu. Trong
mng ISDN vic s ho tn hiu c thc hin ngay bn pha thu bao thay v
c thc hin bn pha nh cung cp dch v nh trc y
Sau y l mt s u im ca ISDN:
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586
Truyn nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau bao gm d liu thoi v v video
Tc thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn modem
Knh B cung cp tc truyn d liu nhanh hn modem
Knh B ph hp vi kt ni PPP
ISDN l mt dch v linh hot c th truyn d liu thoi v video cho php
truyn nhiu loi lu lng trn nhiu knh khc nhau trn cng mt kt ni
ISDN s dng mt knh ring c gi l knh D truyn tn hiu iu khin.
Khi cn thit lp cuc gi thu bao nhn s cn gi . Khi tt c cc ch s c
nhn y th cuc gi c thc hin. ISDN truyn cc s ny trn knh D do
thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn
Mi knh B c th kt ni n mt im khc nhau trong mng ISDN. PPP c th
hot ng c trn kt ni ng b v bt ng b do ng truyn ISDN c th
s dng kt hp vi ng gi PPP
4.1.2 Cc chun ISDN v phng php truy cp
Cng vic chun ho ISDN c bt u t cui thp nin 60. Cc b chun
ngh ca ISDN c xut bn nm 1994 v sau lin tc c cp nht bi ITUT. Cc chun ISDN l mt tp hp cc giao thc v in thoi k thut s v
truyn s liu. Cc giao thc ISDN c phn theo cc ch chnh sau:
B giao thc E- cc chun v mng in thoi cho ISDN. V d: E:164 l
giao thc m t a ch quc t cho ISDN
B giao thc I- Lin quan n cc khi nim thut ng v d I.100 bao gm
cc khi nim chung ca ISDN v cu trc cc giao thc I khc I:200 cp
n mt dch v ca ISDN
B giao thc Q - cp n hot ng tn hiu v chuyn mch. Hot ng
tn hiu y c ngha l qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ISDN
Chun ISDN nh ngha hai loi knh chnh, mi loi c tc truyn khc nhau
Knh B, 64Kb/giy, c s dng truyn mi d liu s vi ch truyn song
cng. Loi knh th hai c gi l knh D
Khi thit lp mt kt ni TCP 2 bn trao i cc thng tin iu khin thit lp
kt ni. Cc thng tin iu khin ny truyn trn knh truyn m sau cng c
s dng truyn d liu. Thng tin iu khin v d liu chia s cng mt knh
truyn. Dng truyn nh vy c gi l in-band signaling. ISDN th khng thc
587
588
589
Hnh 4.1.3.b
Mi frame ISDN BRI cha hai frame con trong mi frame con c:
8 bit ca knh B1
8 bit ca knh B2
2 bit ca knh D
6 bit chn thm
Do mi frame ISDN BRI c 48 bit , 4000 frame c truyn i mi giy. Mi
knh B c dung lng l 8*4000*2=64kb/giy trong khi knh D c dung lng
l 2*4000*2=16kb/giy. Dung lng tng cng (B1+b2+D) l 144kb/giy, trn
mt cng vt l ISDN c dung lng l 192kb/giy. Phn dung lng chnh lch
cn li l ca cc bit chn thm:6*4000*2=48kb/giy
Cc bit chn thm trong mi frame con ISDN c chc nng nh sau
Framing bit - thc hin chc nng ng b
Load balancing bit iu chnh gi tr bit trung bnh
Echo of previous D channel bit- gip phn bit tn hiu ca tng thit b khi
c nhiu thit b u cui kt ni vo mt ng truyn
Activation bit- kch hot thit b
Spare bit- bit dnh, cha c chc nng no c gn cho bit ny
Chng ta cn lu rng: tc vt l ca , cng BRI l 48*4000=192kb/giy, tc
truyn d liu l 144kb/giy=64kb/giy+64kb/giy+16kb/giy(2B+D)
590
591
cuc gi. Nhng chc nng ny nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931 lp 3 ca m
hnh OSI.Q.931 nh ngha kt ni mng gia thit b u cui v ISDN switch
nhung khng nh ngha kt ni u cui -n-u cui. C nhiu ISDN switch
c pht trin trc khi Q.931 c chun ho, do c nhiu nh cungcp dch
v ISDN v nhiu loi ISDN switch trin khai Q.931 khc nhau. Cng chnh v
khng c chun chungcho loi ISDN switch nn trong cu hnh router phi c cu
lnh khai bo ISDN switch m router kt ni n.
Hnh 4.1.4.a
Sau y l th t cc bc din ra trong qu trnh thit lp mt cuc gi BRI hoc
PRI
1. Knh D gi s cn gi n cho ISDN switch ni b
2. Switch ni b s dng giao thc tn hiu SS7 thit lp ng truyn v
chuyn s cn gi cho ISDN switch u xa
3. ISDN switch u xa chuyn tn hu n cho my ch trn knh D
4. Thit b ch ISDN NT 1 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho ISDN switch
u xa
5. ISDN switch u xa s dng SS7 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho
switch ni b
6. ISDN switch ni b thc hin kt ni mt knh B, knh B cn li dnh cho
kt ni mi. C hai knh B cng c th c s dng ng thi.
592
Hnh 4.1.4b
4.1.5 Cc im lin kt trong ISDN
Chun ISDN nh ngha cc nhm chc nng l cc nhm thit b phn cng cho
php user truy cp dch PRI. Cc hang sn xut c th to ra mt thi b phn cng
thc hin mt hoc nhiu chc nng. Chun ISDN cng nh ngha bn im lin
kt gia cc thit b ISDN. Mi thit b trong mng ISDN thc hin mt nhim v
to nn mt kt ni u cui - n - u cui
kt ni cc thit b khc nhau vi cc chc nng khc nhau cc im giao tip
gia hai thit b phi c chun ho. Cc im giao tip bn pha khch hang
trong kt ni ISDN bao gm nhng im sau:
R l im lin kt gia thit b u cui loi 2 (TE2 Terminal Equipment
(ty
Pe 2) khng tng thch vi ISDN v thit b chuyn i TA (Terminal Adapter)
S l im kt ni vo thit b chuyn mch ca khch hang NT2 (Network
Termination 2) v cho php thc hin cuc gi gia nhiu loi thit b khc
nhau ca khch hang
T - Tng t nh giao tip S v mt tn hiu in. y l im kt ni t
NT2 vo mng ISDN hay cho NT1 (Network Termination type 1)
U l im kt ni gia NT1 v mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v
im giao tip S v T tng t nhau v mt tn hiu in nn c nhiu cng giao
tip dn nh l S/T. Mc d hai giao tip ny thc hin chc nng khc nhau
593
Loi thit b
TE1
TE2
TA
Terminal Adapter
Thitb chuyn i
NT2
NT1
- Chuyn i tn hiu
EIA/TIA 232, V.35
v cc loi tn hiu khc
sang tn hiu BRI
Chuyn i tn hiu
BRI dy sang tn hiu 2
dy
4.1.6.
594
595
Hnh 4.1.6
Nu router c cng BRI th c ngha l n sn sng s dng ISDN Router
nh vy chnh l TE1 v c th kt ni trc tip vo NT1. Nu trn router c
cng U c ngha l tch hp lun NT1 bn trong
Nu router khng c cng BRI v thuc loi cu trc c nh, khng th gn thm
card bn ngoi vo th chng ta bt buc phi s dng cng Serial. Khi chng ta
cn phi c thm thit b i TA bn ngoi c th thc hin kt ni BRI trn
cng Serial. Nu router c kh nng gn thm card bn ngoi th chng ta c th
gn thm card BRI WIC cho router
4.1.7 Cc loi ISDN switch
Router cn phi c c khai bo loi switch m n giao tip. C rt nhiu loi
ISDN switch khc nhau tu theo tng ni. Do s trin khai Q.931 khc nhau nn
giao thc tn hiu knh D trn mi loi switch ca mi hang cng khc nhau
Dch v c cungcp bi cc nh cung cp dch v ISDN rt khc nhau theo tng
quc gia v tng vng trn th gii. Ging nh modem mi loi switch hot ng
khc nhau v c yu cu thit lp cuc gi khc nhau. Trc khi router c th kt
ni vo dch v ISDN n cn phi c khai bo loi switch ang c s dng
tng i ca nh cung cp dch v. Thng tin ny phi c khai bo khi cu hnh
router sau router c th giao tip vi switch thit lp cuc gi v gi d liu
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596
Hnh 4.1.7
Ngoi vic xc nh loi switch ca nh cungcp dch v, chng ta cn phi bit s
SPID l ch s c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v ISDN, c dng xc
nh cu hnh dch v BRI cho mi kt ni.SPID cho php thc hin nhiu thit b
ISDN cng chia s mt kt ni. Switch DMS 100 v National ISD- 1 thng yu
cu phi c s SPID
SPID ch c s dng Bc M v Nht. Nh cung cp dch v ISDN cung cp
s SPID xc nh cu hnh dch v ISDN trn mi kt n. Do trong nhiu
trng hp chng ta cn phi nhp s SPID khi cu hnh router
Mi s SPID tng ng vi mt cu hnh cho mt kt ni. S SPID bao gm nhiu
k t thng hay ging nh s in thoi. Mi s SPID xc nh mt knh B cho
switch tng i trung tm. Mt khi c xc nh, switch s cung cp dch v
cho kt ni. Cc bn nn nh ISDN l loi kt ni quay s. S SPID c x l khi
router thit lp kt ni vi ISDN switch. nu loi switch ny yu cu phi c s
SPID m s SPID li khng c khai bo ng th qu trnh thit lp kt ni s
khng thc hin c, dch v ISDN cng khng s dng c
4.2 Cu hnh ISDN
4.2.1 Cu hnh ISDN BRI
Lnh ISDN switch type l cu lnh khai bo loi ISDN switch m router cn kt
ni n. Cu lnh ny c th s dng ch cu hnh ton cc hay ch cu
hnh cng BRI. Nu khai bo cu lnh ny ch cu hnh ton cc th mi cng
ISDN trn router u s c p dng loi ISDN switch c khai bo. Chng ta
cng c th khai bo loi ISDN switch ring tng ng cho tng cng BRI. Sau
597
Hnh 4.2.1
4.2.2 Cu nh ISDN PRI
ISDN PRI chy trn ng T1 hay E1. Sau y l ba nhim v chnh khi cu hinh
PRI
598
Hnh 4.2.2.a
Sau y l 4 bc cu hnh T1 hay E1 controller
1. T ch cu hnh ton cc xc nh controller v slot/port ca card PRI
2. Cu hnh framing, line codin, cloking theo hng dn ca nh cung cp dch
v. Nu bn dng T1 th khai bo mt trong cc tham s sau
Lnh linecode xc nh phng php m ho tn hiu lp Vt l ca nh cung
cp dch v
Router (config controller) # linecode (ami/b8zs/ hb3)
Bc M phng php m ho tn hiu b8zs c s dng cho T1. Chu u th
s dng HDB3
1. Nhm cc timeslot vo mt cng PRI
599
Hnh 4.2.2.b
Hnh 4.2.c
4.2.3 Kim tra cu hnh ISDN
Chng ta c th s dng nhiu lnh show khc nhau kim tra cu hnh ISDN
600
xc nh trng thi hot ng ca BRI chng ta dng lnh show ISDN status.
Chng ta s dng lnh ny sau khi cu hnh xong ISDN BRI kim tra xem
router giao tip c vi ISDN switch hay cha. Trong v d hnh 4.2.3.a cho
thy router giao tip thnh cng v ISDN Lp 3 cng sn sang thc hin
hay nhn cuc gi. Trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status chng ta nn
lu n trng thi ca lp 1 v lp 2 Layer 1 Status: Active, layer 2 status
Multiple _ Frame _ Established
Hnh 4.2.3.a
Lnh show isdn active cho bit cc thng tin v nhng cuc gi ang thc hin bao
gm
S gi n
Thi gian gi
Cc ph
n v tnh cc ph trong sut cuc gi
Thng tin v thit b kt ni u bn kia
Lnh show interface bri0/0 cho bit trng thi ca cng BRI trn router. Bn mun
xem thng tin ca tng lnh th khai bo thm s knh cui cu lnh ny. V d
lnh show interface br0/0:1 cho bit:
Knh B s dng ng gi PPP
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601
Hnh 4.2.3.b
4.2.4 X l s c ISDN
Sau y l cc lnh c dng theo di v pht hin s c trong cu hnh
ISDN:
Lnh debug isdn q921 hin th cc thng tin v lp lin kt d liu cc thng
ip trn knh D gia router v ISDN switch. Chng ta nn s dng lnh
ny khi trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy l :
Layer 1 :Active Layer 2 Multiple_Frame-Established
Lnh debug isdn q931 cho bit thng tin v cc thng ip Lp 3 trong qu
trnh thit lp v kt thc cuc gi.
Lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc thng ip trao i ca giao thc
xc minh PAP hoc Chap
Lnh debub ppp negotiation hin th cc thng tin v lu lng PPP khi cc
thnh phn trong PPP ang thc hin vic tho thun cu hnh. Trong c
qu trnh tho thun ca LCP qu trnh xc minh v qu trnh tho thun ca
NCP
lnh debug ppp error hin th cc li ca giao thc v li trng thi ca kt
ni PPP. Chng ta nn s dng cc lnh debug ppp tm s c lp 2 khi
kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy c s c ca ISDN
4.3. Cu hnh DDR
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602
603
Hnh 4.3.1
4.3.2 Cu hnh DDR
Cu hnh DDR c bn ch c mt tp hp cc thng tin quay s c p dng cho
mt cng. nu cn c nhiu cu hnh quay s khc nhau p dng cho mt cng th
khi chng ta nn s dng dialer profile
cu hnh DDR chng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh
Xc nh lu lng c bit
Cu hnh cc thng tin quay s
4.3.3 Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
chuyn tip d liu router cn phi bit con ng no tng ng vi mi
lung lu lng nhn c . Nu chng ta s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng v
lu lng ca giao thc nh tuyn ny c nh ngha l lu lng c bit th
cng DDR s thc hin quay s mi khi n chu k cp nht thng tin nh tuyn.
Do trnh vn ny chng ta cn cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho IP chng ta dng lnh sau:
604
Hnh 4.3.3
Xt v d hnh 4.3.3 router Central c nh tuyn c nh n mng 10.40.0.0 ca
router Home. Router Home c hai nh tuyn c nh n hai mng LAN trn
router Central. Nu mng kt ni trn router Home l stub network th mi lu
lng i ra ngoi u gi cho router Central
Do trn router Home trong trng hp n ch cn mt nh tuyn mc nh l
605
606
607
Hnh 4.3.5a
Hnh 4.3.5b
Hnh 4.3.5c
Sau chng ta cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR bng lnh dialer map
Lnh dialer map nh x a ch ca trm k tip vi mt s in thoi
Nu bn ch cn gi n mt s duy nht th bn c th dng lnh dialer string. Vi
lnh dialer string router s lun lun gi n s in thoi khai bo trong lnh ny
bt k a ch ch ca d liu
608
Lnh dialer idle timeu seconds cho php cu hnh khong thi gian ch tnh theo
giy trc khi ngt kt ni, second l s giy ch tnh lc gi d liu c bit cui
cng c gi i. Thi gian ch mc nh l 120
c
Hnh .4.3.5.d
4.3.6 Dialer profiles
DDR c mt hn ch l ch c mt cu hnh quay s p dng trc tip cho mt
cng vt l. a ch IP c gn trc tip cho cng vt l do ch c hai cng c
hai a ch nm trong cng mt subnet mi c th thc hin kt ni DDR vi nhau.
iu ny c ngha l mt cng DDR u ny cha c th kt ni c vi mt
DR u bn kia
Hnh 4.3.6a
609
610
Hnh 4.3.6.b
Hnh 4.3.6.c
DDR hay dialer profile u kch hot ng truyn khi cn truyn lu lng c
bit ra cng DDR. Trc tin lu lng c bit c nh tuyn n trm DDR
k tip. Sau router tm cng quay s c a ch IP nm trong cng subnet vi a
ch IP ca trm DDR k tip. Nu c router tip tc tm trong dialer pool mt cng
vt DDR cn trng. Sau cu hnh ca dialer profile c p dng cho cng
611
Hnh 4.3.7.a
612
Hnh 4.3.7.b
Mt cng c th gn vo nhiu dialer pool khc nhau bng cch dng nhiu ln
lnh dialer pool member. Nu c nhiu cng vt l trong mt dialer pool
thchng ta c th s dng thng s u tin priority trong lnh dialer poolemember nh mc u tin cho cc cng trong dialer pool
Mt hoc nhiu cng sau y c th s dng c vi dialer pool
Cng serial ng b
Cng serial bt ng b
BRI
PRI
4.3.8 Kim tra cu hnh DDR
Lnh show dialer interface (BRI) hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi vo v ra ca
DDR
Thng lnh Dialer state is data link layer up. Interface bound to profile Dialer1
cho bit cuc gi thc hin tt v cng BRI o/0:1 c gn vi dialer profile 1i
613
Hnh 4.3.8a
Lnh show ISDN active hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi ISDN ang thc hin.
Trong v d hnh 4.3.8.b chng ta thy ang c cuc gi ra n router Seatle
Hnh 4.3.8.b
Lnh show ISDN status hin th cc thng tin 3 lp ca cng BRI. Trong v d
hnh 4.3.8. c chng ta thy ISDN Lp 1 hot ng ISDN Lp 2 c thit lp
vi s SP1D1 v SP1D2 v ang c mt kt ni Lp 3
614
Hnh 4.3.8.c
4.3.9 Xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
C hai loi s c chng trong DDR. Mt l router khng thc hin quay s khi cn
thit hai l router lin tc gi i khi khng cn thit. Cc lnh debug s rt hu
dng khi chng ta xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
615
Hnh 4.3.9.a
Trong v d hnh 4.3.9.a hai ch s Hex ng v tr th 7 v th 8 cho bit loi
thng ip:\
0*05:Thng ip thit lp cuc ph
0*02:Thng ip trin khai cuc gi
0*07 Thng ip kt ni
0*0F: Thng ip xc nhn kt ni
Lnh debug ISDN q931 cho chng ta xem cc thng tin trao i Lp 2 ca ISDN
khi cuc gi ra hoc vo c thit lp. Cc ch s i= l ch s Hex ca cc
thng ip Q931
616
Hnh 4.3.9b
Hnh 4.3.9c
Lnh debug dialer (event packer) c s dng xc nh s c kt ni DDR.
Lnh debug dialer events hin th cc thng ip cho bit kt ni DDR c
thc hin cha lu lng no kch hot kt ni. Nu router b cu hnh DDR
khng ng th lnh ny s ch ra c ngun gc ca s c. Nu khng c thng
ip no c hin th th ra c ngha l router cha nhn c lu lng c bit
no. Nh vy nguyn nhn c th l do cu hnh dialer list hoc ACL khng
ng
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617
Hnh 4.3.9d
Khng phi li cu hnh DDR no cng dn n vic quay s khng ng. Giao
thc nh tuyn ng cng c th lm cho router quay s lin tc mc d khng c
d liu ca ngi dng cn truyn i. Lnh debug dialer packets s hin th thng
ip mi khi c mt gi d liu c truyn ra cng DDR. Do chng ta c th
dng lnh ny xc nh chnh xc loi lu lng no kch hot lin tc cng
DDR
Nu router khng thc hin kt ni c khi cn thit th c th l do li ca ISDN
hoc DDR. C th router u bn kia c cu hnh khng ng hoc l mng
ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v c s c. Chng ta dng lnh ISDN call interface
p router quay s n router u bn kia. Nu hai router khng th giao tip
c vi nhau th s c thuc v ISDN ch khng phi s c DDR. Nhng nu hai
router c th giao tip c vi nhau th c ngha l cu hnh ISDN c hai u
u khng c vn . Trong trng hp nay th kh nng ln l li ca cu hnh
DDR trn hai router
Trong mt s trng hp vic khi ng li kt ni gia router v ISDN switch
cng rt hiu qu. Lnh clear interface bri s xo ht kt ni hin ti.trn cng BRI
v khi ng li kt ni hin ti trn cng BRI v khi ng li ket ni mi vi
ISDN switch. V i khi chng ta cng nn kim tra li ch s SP1D1 v SP1D2
618
Hnh 4.3.9.e
TNG KT
ISDN c xem l mt tp hp cc giao thc c thc hin cc cng ty in
thoi cho php mng in thoi c th tch hp dch v truyn thoi, video v
d liu. ISDN cho php thng tin lin lc tc cao cht lng tt
DDR c s dng tit kim chi ph khi mt cng ty hay t chc khng c nhu
cu cn mt ng kt ni WAN c nh. ng truyn ny cng c s dng
lm ng d phng cho kt ni chnh.
Sau y l cc im quan trng m bn cn nm trong chng ny:
ISDN truyn d liu thoi v video
ISDN c s dng cc chun v a ch tn hiu
ISDN hot ng lp Vt l v lp lin kt d liu
Cc im lin kt trong ISDN
Cu hnh ISDN trn router
Cu hnh nhng lu lng no c php kch hot DDR
Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR
Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho DDR
Cu hnh ACL cho DDR
Cu hnh cng quay s
Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi
mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s
c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng
khng hot ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
619
620
621
Hnh 3.1.1
3.1.2 Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP
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622
623
Hnh 3.1.2.a
624
625
Hnh 3.1.2.b
Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn
loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn
trong h t qun EIGRP, EIGRP c dn nhn vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit
ng thuc loi no
ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi AS ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi
vi l nng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v
IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi
Hnh 3.1.2.c
Hnh 3.1.2.d
626
627
Hnh 3.1.2.e
Hnh 3.1.2.f
3.1.3 Cc c im ca EIGRP
EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP, v bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng
ging v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn
theo trng thi ng lin kt . Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng
628
Tc hi t nhanh
S dng bng thng hiu qu
C h tr VLSM v CIDR. Khng ging nh IGRP EIGRP c trao i
thng tin v subnet mask nn n h tr c cho h thng IP khng theo lp
H tr cho nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau
Khng ph thuc vo giao thc c nh tuyn. Nh cu trc tng phn
ring bit tng ng vi tng giao th m EIGRP khng cn phi chnh sa
lu. V d nh khi pht trin h tr mt giao thc mi nh IP chng hn.
EIGRP cn phi c thm phn mi tng ng cho IP nhng hon ton
khng cn phi vit li EIGRP
EIGRP router hi t nhanh v chng s dng DUAL, DUAL bo m hot ng
khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i cho php mi router trong h thng mng
thc hin ng b cng lc khi c s thay i xy ra
EIGRP s dng bng thng hiu qu v n ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn v
gii hn ch khng gi ton b bng nh tuyn. Nh vy n ch tn mt lng
bng thng ti thiu khi h thng mng n nh. iu ny tng t nh hot
ng cp nht OSPF nhng khng ging nh router OSPF router EIGRP ch gi
thng tin cp nht mt router khc trong vng nh OSPF Chnh v vy m hot
ng cp nht ca EIGRP gi l cp nht gii hn. Thay v hot ng cp nht theo
chu k cc router EIGRP gi lin lc vi nhau bng cc gi hello rt nh. Vic trao
i cc gi hello theo nh k khng chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn
EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao
thc, EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng
ton din. Trn thc t EIGRP c th iu khin hai giao thc ny Router EIGRP
nhn thng tin nh tuyn dch v, ch cp nht cho cc router khc nhau khi thng
tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP thay i
EIGRP cn c th iu khin giao thc Alpha talk routing table maintenance
Protocol (RTMP) RTMP s dng s lng chn ng nn kh nng chn
ng khngc tt lm. Do , EIGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp
cu hnh c chn ng tt nht cho mng Apple talk. L mt giao thc nh
tuyn theo vect khong cch RTMP thc hin trao i ton b thng tin nh
tuyn theo chu k. gim bt s qu ti ny EIGRP thch in phn phi thng
tin nh tuyn Apple talk khi c s kin thay i m thi. Tuy nhin apple talk
client cng mun nhn thng tin RTMP t cc router ni b do EIGRP dng
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629
cho Apple talk ch nn chy trong mng khng c client v d nhcc lin kt
WAN chng hn
3.1.4 Cc k thutca EIGRP
EIGRP c rt nhiu k thut mi ci tin hiu qu hot ng tc hi t v
cc chc nng so vi IGRP v cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. Cc k thut ny
c tp trung thnh 4 loi nh sau:
S pht hin v ti pht hin cc router lng ging
Giao thc truyn ti tin cy
thut ton DUAL finite sate machine
Cu trc tng phn theo giao thc
Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan
h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP route ch n gin l pht qung b hay
multicast cc thng tin cp nht ca n ra mi cng c cu hnh. Ngc li,
EIGRP router ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca chng tng
t nh cch lm ca OSPF router
Hnh 3.1.4
Qu trnh EIGRP router thit lp mi quan h than mt c m t trong hnh
3.1.4. EIGRP route s dng cc gi hello rt nh thc hin vic thit lp mi
630
631
632
lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny
li ti lp li thng tin lin lc
Chu k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong thi gian hello
mc nh ph thuc vo bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP,
EIGRP router gi hello theo a ch multicast 224.0.0.10
EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng
ging ny c lu s th t v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui nhn c t
mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn cak hong thi gian lu
gi. Router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi c trng
thi Pasive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh
Nu roter khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi
gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh
on li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k hello.
Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph hp
hn vi h thng ca mnh
Hnh 3.1.5
OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello
v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c.
EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router
lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong thit
lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging nhau
gia chng.
Gi hello thng c gi theo ch khng bo m tin cy. iu ny c ngha
l khng c bo nhn cho cc gi hello
633
634
Hnh 3.1.6.a
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635
Hnh 3.1.6.b
Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.B)
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636
Hnh 3.1.6.c
Trong router D
Router D khng c feasible successor. Do n khng th chuyn qua
ng d phng c
Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t
vo trng thi Active
Router D gi gi yu cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l router C
v router R yu cu gi thng tin v mng
Trc router C c ng qua router D
Trc router D khng c ng qua router E
Trong router E:
ng n Mng A thng qua router D b t
ng ny l ng successor ca router E
Router E khng c feasible successor
637
Hnh 3.1..6.d
Trong router C
Router E gi gi yu cud cho Router C
Router C xo ng qua Router khi bng
Router C tr li cho Router vi thng tin v ng mi n Mng A
Trong Router D
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A vn l Active v cng vic tnh ton li
cha hon tt
Router C tr li cho Router D xc nhn l ng n mng A ang hot
ng vi chi ph l 5
Router D vn angch p ng t router E
Trong router E
638
Hnh 3.1.6.e
Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6.e)
Router C tr li li thng tin v ng n Mng A c RD l 3
By gi router E c th chn ng qua router C lm successor mi vi FD
l 4 v RD l 3
Trng thi ca ng n Mng A c i t Active sang Pasive. Lu
trng thi Passive l trng thi mc nh khi router vn nhn c gi hello
t ng . Do trong v d ny ch cn nh du trng thi Active thi
Hnh 3.1.6.f
Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6f)
Router E gi p ng cho Router D cung cp thng tin v mng ca
router E
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639
Trong router D
Router D nhn c gi hi p t router E vi nhng thng tin v mng
ca router E
Router D ghi nhn con ng n Mng A thng qua router E
Con ng ny tr thnh mt ng successor na v n c chi ph bng vi
ng thng qua router C v n c RD nh hn FD ca ng thng qua
router
Qu trnh hi t xy ra gia mi router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL
3.2 Cu hnh EIGRP
3.2.1 Cu hnh EIGRP
Tr thut ton DUAL l phc tp cn cu hnh EIGRP th kh n gin tu theo
giao thc c nh tuyn l IP, IPX hay Apple Talk m cu lnh cu hnh EIGRP
s khc nhau. Phn sau y ch cp ncu hnh EIGRP cho giao thc IP
Hnh 3.2.1
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh EIGRP cho ip
1. S dng lnh sau khi ng EIGRP v xc nh con s ca h t qun
Thng s autonomous system number xc nh cc router trong mt h t qun.
Nhng router no trong cng mt h thng mng th phi c con s ny ging nhau
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640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
Ch s VC
Loi VC
1..15
992..1007
CLLM
1008..1022
1019..1020
Multicasting (Cisco)
1023
LMI (Cisco)
652
653
654
655
656
Relay:
Mi ch s ca DLCI ni b phi c nh x c nh n mt a ch lp
mng ca router u xa khi router u xa khng c h tr Invrse ARP. Tng t,
khi lu lng qung b v multicast trn PVC b kin sat th chng ta cng phi
cu hnh s nh x c nh cho Frame Relay bng lnh: Frame Relay map
protocol address dlci {broadcast}.
657
658
659
660
Chng ta xt v d nh hnh 5.2.5. Router A c hai subinterface poin-topoint: cng s0/0.120 kt ni n router C. Mi subinterface nm trong mt subnet
ring. Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh subinterface trn mt cng vt l:
Cu hnh ng gi Frame Relay cho cng vt l bng lnh
encapsulation frame-relay.
nh ngha PVC bng cch to subinterface.
to subinterface chng ta s dng lnh sau:
Router (config-if) #interface
Serialnumber.subinterface-number [multipoint | piont-to-point]
661
662
Lnh show frame-relay pvc [interface interface] [dlci] hin th trng thi
ca mi PVC tng ng c cu hnh v thng tin v cc lu lng trn PVC
. Mt PVC c th trng thi hot ng (active), khng hot ng (inactive) hay
b xa (deleted). Bng lnh ny chng ta cn c th xem c s lng cc gi
BECN v FECN c nhn vo bi router.
Lnh show frame-relay pvc c s dng xem trng thi ca tt c cc
PVC c cu hnh trn router. Nu chgn ta khai bo thm ch s ca mt
663
664
665
666
GiI THIU:
PC c thit k l mt my tnh bn c lp. Phn h iu hnh lc
ch cho phpti mt thi im mt use truy cp s dng ti nguyn h thng. Khi
mng my tnh tr nn ph bin th cc cng ty phn mm bt u pht trin h
iu hnh mng, gi tt l NOS (Network Operating System). NOS c thit k
cung cp kh nngbo mt tp tin, phn quyn use v chia s ti nguyn h thng
cho nhiu use. S pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet i hi cc nh thit k
phi pht trin NOS ngy nay theo cc cng ngh ca Internet, v d nh World
Wide Web (WWW).
Kt ni mng tr thnh nhu cu thit yu vi my tnh bn. Ranh gii
gia h iu hnh Desktop v NOS tr nn rt m nht. Ngy nay, hu ht cc
h iu hnh thng dng nh Microsoft Windows 2000 v Linux u c th tm
thy trn server trn mng cu hnh mnh v trn c desktop ca user.
Hiu bit v cc h iu hnh khc nhau s gip chng ta chon la ng h
iu hnh cung cp y cc dch v cn thit. Trong chng ny s gii thiu
v UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X v cc h iu hnh Windows.
Vic qun tr mng LAN v WAN hiu qu l mt iu kin then cht trong
vic duy tr mt mi trng hot ng tt trong th gii mng. Cng nhiu dch v
p ng cho cng nhiu ngi dng, hiu sut mng cng cao. Ngi qun tr mng
thng qua vic theo di thng trc, phi pht hin v s l ngay cc s c trc
khi nhng s c c tc ng n ngi s dng.
C rt nhiu cng c v giao thc khc nhau thc hin vic theo di hot
ng mng. Thnh tho v cc cng c ny l rt quan trng c th qun tr
mng mt cch hiu qu.
Sau khi hon tt chng chnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau:
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
server xa. windows2000 Advance Server h tr thm nhiu phn cng v phn
mm khc cho cc mng ln v cc ln.
Microsoft cng pht trin windows.NET Server cung cp kh nng bo mt cng
nh tin cy cao chy cc Wed v cc FPT sites cc ln, cnh tranh vi linux,
UNIX v novelss One NET. Windows.NET Server cung cp dch v XML Wed
cho cc cng ty, t chc c mc lu lng web va v cao.
6.1.6. UNIX, Sun, HP v LINUX:
6.1.6.1. Ngun gc ca UNIX:
UNIX l tn ca mt nhm cc h iu hnh c ngun gc t nm 1969
Bell Labs. Ngay t ban u UNIX c thit k h tr a ngi dng v a
tc dng. UNIX l h iu hnh u tin c h tr cc giao thc mng Internet. lch
s pht trin c hn 35 nm ca UNIX l mt qu trnh phc tp, trong c rt
nhiu cng ty v t chc ng gp vo s pht trin ca n.
u tin, UNIX c vit bng hp ng (assembly language) v UNIX ch
chy c trn mt loi my tnh c bit. Vo nm 1971, Dennis Ritchie cho ra
i ngn ng lp trnh C. Nm 1973, Ritchie cng vi mt thnh vin ca Bell Lasb
l nh lp trnh Fen Thompson vit li chng trnh UNIX vi ngn ng C. C l
mt ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, do UNIX co th chuyn sang chy trn cc
loi my tnh khc. Quyt nh pht trin h iu hnh mi ny l cha kha thnh
cng ca UNIX. Trong sut thp nin 70, UNIX c pht trin bi cc nh lp
trnh Bell Labs v mt s trng i hc nh University of California Berkeley.
Khi UNIX ln u tin tr thnh mt thng hiu trn th trng trong thp
nin 80, UNIX ch c s dng trn cc server mng loi mnh ch khng s
dng trn my tnh bn. Ngy nay, UNIX c nhiu phin bn khc nhau nh:
Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX).
Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD UNIX), c cc sn phm nh
FreeBSD.
Snt Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX.
Sun Solaris.
IBM UNIX (AIX).
676
677
678
Mas OSX(10)
H iu hnh Macintosh, Mac OSX, i khi cn c gi l Apple system
10.
679
680
681
FTP l mt giao thc hot ng theo phin truy cp. Client phi m phin giao tip
lp ng dng vi Server, thc hin xc minh v sau ti huc chp tp tin nn
Server. Nu phin kt ni khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
th Server s ngt kt ni . Thi gian ch cho mi phin kt ni ty thuc tng
phn mm khc nhau.
Dch v Web
Wornd wide web l dch v mng ph bin nht hin nay. tong vng khng
y mt thp nin Wornd wide web ch thnh mng ton cu cho thng tin,
bun bn, gio dc v gii tr. Hng t cc cng ty t chc v c nhn t trang
Web ca mnh trn Internet Web site l mt tp hp cc trang Web vi nhau.
Wornd wide web da trn cc m hnh client/ server. Client thit lp phin
bn kt ni TCB vi Web server. Khi kt ni c thit lp song, client c th
yu cu nhn d liu t server HTTP. Thc hin cc giao thc truyn dc liu gia
client v server. Phn mm Web/client l cc trnh duyt Web v d Netscape,
Internet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l ernet explorer.
Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm
Web server thng dng nht l Microsoft Internet information Services (IIS) v
Apache Web Server. Microsoft (IIS) chy trn Windows Apache Web Server chy
trn UNIX v Linnux.
DNS
Giao thc DNS dich trn phn mm Internet, v d nh www.cisco.com,
thnh i ch IP. Giao thc DNS cho php client gi yu cu n DNS server
thc hin dch tn min sang i ch IP. Sau chng trnh ng dng c th s
dng a ch IP ny gi d liu. Nu khng c dch v ny c l Internet
khng th pht trin nh ngy nay.
HTU
UTH
DHCP
Mc ch ca DHCP l cho php mi my tnh trong mng IP c cu hnh
TCP/IP t mt hay nhiu DHCP server. DHCP cung cp i ch IP cho mt my
tnh trong mt khon thi gian nht nh, sau ly li i ch IP v c th cp
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Kim sot phc tp: S pht trin bng n s lng thit b mng,
user, giao thc v cc nh cung cp dch v, thit b l nhng iu
gy kh khn cho cng vic qun tr mng
Pht trin dch v: Ngi s dng lun mong ch nhng dch v mi
hn, tt hn khi h thng mng pht trin hn.
Cn bng cc nhu cu khc nhau: Ngi s dng lun i hi cc
phn mm ng dng khc nhau vi nhng mc h tr khc nhau v
yu cu khc nhau v mc hot ng, kh nng bo mt
Gim ti a thi gian ngng hot ng do s c: S dng cc bin
php d phng m bo kh nng cung cp dch v v ti nguyn
mng.
Kim sot chi ph: Theo di v kim sot mc s dng ti nguyn
ph hp vi mc chi ph chp nhn c.
6.2.2. OSI v m hnh qun tr mng:
ISO (International Standards Organization) a ra m hnh qun tr mng vi
4 phn:
T chc.
Thng tin.
Lin lc.
Chc nng.
Phn t chc m t cc thn phn qun tr mng, bao gm cc thnh phn
qun l, cc chi nhnh v mi quan h gia chng. Vic b tr cc thnh phn ny
s dn n cc loi cu trc m chng ta s bn n trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn thng tin lin quan n cu trc v lu tr thng tin qun tr mng. Nhng
thng tin ny c lu tr trong mt c s d liu gi l MIB (Management
Information Base). ISO nh ngha cu trc ca thng tin qun tr SMI (Structure of
Management Information) nh ngha c php v thng tin qun tr lu trong
MIB. MIB v SIM s c cp trong phn su hn trong phn sau ca chng.
Phn lin lc lin quan n thng tin qun tr c lin lc nh th no gia
trm qun l v cc chi nhnh. Phn ny lin quan n cc giao thc vn chuyn,
gioa thc ng dng, yu cu v p ng gia 2 bn giao dch.
Phn chc nng phn chia vic qun tr mng theo 5 lnh vc chc nng nh
sau:
Khc phc li.
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Cu hnh.
Tnh ton chi ph.
Hiu sut hot ng.
Bo mt.
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686
M hnh thng tin lin lc nh trn c xem l m hnh hai tng, xem hnh
6.2.4.a. Mi thnh phn trong mng u c qun l bi SNMP. Trong mt vi
trng hp, mt s thit b c quyn u tin qun tr cao hn, chng ta cn c m
hnh ba tng. Trm qun l mng thu thp thng tin v kim sot nhng thit b c
quyn u tin ny thng qua mt chi nhnh proxy. Chi nhnh proxy dch cc yu
cu SNMP t trm qun l sang dng ph hp vi h thng bn di n v s dng
mt giao thc qun tr mng ring, ph hp vi h thng bn di. Proxy nhn
c tr li t h thng bn di, sau dch cc tr li ny sang thng ip SNMP
v gi li cho trm qun l.
Phn mm qun tr mng thng chuyn mt s chc nng qun tr mng
cho my d RMON(remote monitor) . my d RMON thu nhp thng tin qun tr
mng ni b , sau gi thng tin tng hp theo nh k cho trm qun l.
687
688
689
690
UTH
691
m 64 bit cho MIB. Vic thu nhp thng tin bng GetBulkRequest v
GetnextRequest khng c hiu qu v ch ly c mt gi tr cho mt cho mi
ln gi. Vi GetnextRequest trm qun l c th nhn c nhiu thng tin. B
m 64 khc phc c nhc im b trn qu nhanh ca b m trc y,nhat
l vi ng truyn tc cao hin nay nh Gigabit Ethernet.
Trm qun l x l thng tin thu nhp c t cc trm chi nhnh vi nhiu
cch khc nhau. Cc thng tin ny c th c truy cp, hin th v so snh vi cc
gi tr c cu hnh trc kim tra iu kin hot ng c c tho mn
hay khng. Nh qun tr mng vn c kh nng cu hnh, thay i cc gi tr trong
trm qun l.
Vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh lm tng thm lu
lng mng. y l im cn lu mi khi t trm qun l vo mng. vic theo
di h thng qu chi tit i khi li c tc dng ngc i vi hiu sut hot ng
ca mng v cc thit b c theo di phi x l thm cc thng tin trao i theo
nh k cng t cng tt. Chng ta cn xc nh nhng thit b v nhng ng kt
ni no l quan trng v chng ta cn nhng thng tin no nht.
SNMP s dng UDP lm giao thc khng theo hng kt ni v khng tin cy, do
SNMP c th b mt thng ip. Bn thn SNMP cng khng c c ch bo m
vic truyn d liu do cc ng dng s dng SNMP phi c trch nhim kim
sot vic mt mt cc thng ip.
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693
694
Chun RMON u tin c thit k theo IETF RFC 1271 hin nay l RFC 1757.
RMON c thit k cung cp kh nng theo di v phn tch linh ng. Cc
thit b oc theo di chnh l cc chi nhnh nm trong cc mng con c th bo
ng cho ngi s dng v thu thp thng tin v cc trng thi hot ng bng cch
phn tch mi frame trong mng .
Chun RMON chia cc chc nng theo di thnh 9 nhm h tr cho m hnh
Ethernet v nhm th 10 trong RFC 1513 h tr thm cho cc c tnh ring ca
Token ring. Sau ay l cc nhm RMON c nh ngha
Statistics group: bo tr cc thng tin v hot ng v cc li xy ra trong
mt mng ang c theo di . v d cc thng tin v lng bng thng ang s
dng lng broadcast, multicast li CRC mnh frame gy
History group: theo nh k ly cc thng tin t Statistics group ra lm mu
v lu li sau c th tm li c: v d s lng li, s lng gi d liu
Alarm group: cho php nh qun tr mng ci t chu k ly mu v mc
ngng cho cc gi tr c lu bi cc chi nhnh , v d gi tr tuyt i v gi tr
tng i mc ngng trn v mc ngng di .
Host group: nh ngha n v o cho cc lai lu lng n v i t cc
host trong mng v d: s gi gi v nhn s byte gi v nhn, s byte li s gi
broadcast v multicast.
Host topN group: cung cp bo co v trng thi ca nhm Top N host
trong Statistic group.
Traffic matrix group: lu cc trng thi hot ng v li gia cc cp hai
node giao tip vi nahu trong mng v d s lng li, s lng gi byte gia hai
node.
Filter group: lc cc gi dc liu t frame tho mn vi mu ca user d
nh trc.
Packet capture group: nh ngha cc packet no ph hp vi tiu chun no nh
trc lu li.
Event group: cho php hin th cc s kin xy ra cng thi gian xy ra s
kin .
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6.2.9. syslog
Tnh nng syslog ca cisco da trn tnh nng syslog ca UNIX cc s kin
ca h thng c hin th ra mn hnh console ca h thng tr khi tnh nng ny
b tt i. Tnh nng syslog l c ch cho php cc ng dng, cc tin trnh v hot
ng h thng ca thit b Cisco thng bo cc hot ng v li.
Cc thng ip syslog c 8 mc khc nhau, t 0 n 7, trong mc 0 l
mc nguy cp nht:
0 Emergencies
1 Alerts
2 Critical
3 Erros
4 Warnings
5 Notifications
6 Informational
7 Debugging
NMS c th nhn v nghi li cc thng ip h thng t cc thit b th
trn cc thit b phi c cu hnh syslog. Sau y l cc lnh cu hnh cho cc
thit b ny.
m ch logging:
Router (config) #logging on
gi thng ip log cho mt syslog server:
Router (config) #logging hostname | ip address
Ci t mc cho cc thng ip, v d mc 6 (mc 6 la mc mc
nh ca Cisco IOS):
Router (config) #logging trap informational
thng ip syslog c km theo thi gian ca s kin:
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