CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI

GIAN LN

Phn Tnh ton v thit k

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU
CNG SUT V THI GIAN LN
5.1 Gii thiu chng
Cc h thng thng tin quang c ng dng c hiu qu nht trong lnh vc
truyn dn s. Do vy trong tnh ton, thit k ta xem xt h thng truyn dn s
IM-DD (Intensity Modulation-Direct Detection) th nhng iu kin bt buc v k
thut v tnh kinh t ng mt vai tr quan trong trong tt c cc tuyn thng tin si
quang. Ngi thit k phi chn cn thn tng cng on m bo sao cho c h
thng trong sut thi gian phc v u hot ng tt.
5.2 Cc khi nim
Nh bit, h thng thng tin quang ph bin hin nay l h thng IMDD im-im. thit k tuyn ta cn quan tm n: Thit b pht quang, thit b
thu quang, si dn quang v cc yu t nh hng n n chng hn nh mi hn
v cc b connector nh hnh v di y:

Mc ch ca vic thit k tuyn l phi t c cc yu cu sau:

C ly truyn dn theo yu cu.
Tc truyn dn.
T s li bit BER.
m bo cho vic thit k tuyn t c cc yu cu cn phi chn
cc thnh phn ca tuyn:
Si quang n mode hay a mode.
Kch thc li si.
Ch s chit sut mt ct li.

39

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Bng tn hoc tn sc.

Suy hao ca si.
Khu hay bn knh trng mode.
Ngun pht l LD hay LED
Bc sng pht.
rng ph.
Cng sut pht.
Vng pht x c hiu qu.
Thit b thu quang s dng PIN hay APD
H s chuyn i.
Bc sng lm vic.
Tc lm vic.
nhy thu.
la chn cc thnh phn sao cho m bao k thut ta phi xt n qu
cng sut ln v qu thi gian ln ca tn hiu trong h thng.
Qu cng sut c cng sut pht, nhy thu, cng sut d phng, t
ta thit lp t s BER. Cng sut d phng cho suy hao si, suy hao mi ni...Khi
la chn cc thnh phn ca tuyn m khng m bo khong cch ng truyn
th c th thay i cc thnh phn hay ghp trm lp vo tuyn tho mn yu
cu v cng sut. Khi qu cng sut cn bng ta kim tra qu thi gian ln ca
tn hiu.
Cc bc thit k:
1. Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn
2. La chn thnh phn thit b hot ng bc sng ny
3. Chn thit b tho mn yu cu t ra
5.3 Qu cng sut
Ta xt phng trnh cn bng ca qu cng sut. l iu kin v cng
sut tuyn hot ng bnh thng.

40

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Gi s bn pht v bn thu khng c s suy hao cng sut th:

Ps Pr 0

(5.1)

trong , Ps : Cng sut pht.

Pr : Cng sut thu.

Suy hao trn tuyn bao gm suy hao trn si dn quang, trn cc b ni v
cc mi hn. Suy hao tng phn c xc nh theo cng thc:
A = -10log

pout
pin

(5.2)

Ngoi cc suy hao ni trn cn phi c mt lng cng sut d phng cho
tui th ca cc thnh phn, cho s thay i ca nhit . Gi tr cng sut d
phng ny c gi tr khong 6dB n 8dB.

Phng trnh cn bng qu cng sut (im-im) l:

10 log Ps . hs MDP cap L n. c m. S d device

(5.3)

Trong : Ps l cng sut pht [mW]

hs: Hiu sut ghp quang [%]
MDP: nhy my thu
MDP=-27,5dBm [7]
, cap : H s suy hao cp v d phng cho cp [dB/km]

L: Khong cch gia pha pht v thu [km]

c , s : Suy hao connector v suy hao mi hn [dB]

n, m: S connector v s mi hn
d : Suy hao ghp si quang-b thu[dB]
device : Suy hao d phng cho thit b [dB]

Cng sut quang ti Pd [dB]:

Pd 10 log Ps . hs cap .L n. c m. s d device

(5.4)

Khi cng sut quang ti nm trong khong gia [MDP n (MDP+Over)]

vi Over l h s qu ti my thu. Lc ny t s li bit BER s nh hn mong mun
v khng b qu ti my thu.

41

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

5.4 Qu thi gian ln

Trong mt h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu c truyn t thit b pht
n thit b thu thng qua mi trng truyn dn l si quang. Trong qu trnh ,
rng xung ca tn hiu b gin ra. Do , ta c th xem tn hiu i qua h thng
nh l i qua mt b lc thng thp. Khi , thi gian ln ca h thng c nh
ngha l khong thi gian t sao cho bin tn hiu xung tng t 10% n 90% bin
cc i ca n.
Ta c th tnh thi gian ln ca tn hiu xung vung khi i qua mch lc
thng thp RC:

Hnh 5.1: p ng xung ca b lc thng thp.

Tn hiu vo l xung vung nn c dng:
Vin V0 .1 t Vin p

Hm truyn:

H p

1
1 p

(5.6)

V0
p 1 p

(5.7)

Vout t V0 . 1 exp t

ti t1 :

0,1V0 V0 1 exp t1

exp t1 0,9

42

(5.5)

vi RC

Vout p H p .Vin p

V0

(5.8)

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

0,9V0 V0 1 exp t 2

ti t 2 :

exp t 2 0,1

T (5.9) v (5.10) ta c:
T (5.6) ta c:
Do bng thng ca mch:

t 2 t1 ln 9 .

t ln 9 RC 2,2 RC

H f
B

1
1 2 jfRC

1
2RC

(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
(5.12)
(5.13)

T (5.11) v (5.13) ta c:
t

2,2 0,35

2B
B

(5.14)

Bng thng ti thiu ca b lc phi bng bng thng ca tn hiu th ta

mi c th thu c tn hiu, iu ny tng ng vi thi gian ln ti a:
0,35
Brx

t max

Vi tn hiu loi NRZ:

t rx max 0,7

Vi loi tn hiu RZ:

t max

0,35
R

tt

(5.15)
(5.16)
(5.17)

khi thi gian ln ca tuyn:

N

i 1

2
i

(5.18)

-Thi gian ln ca thit b thu.

Gi B l bng tn in 3dB tnh bng MHz th thi gian ln ca thit b thu c
tnh
t n 350

(5.19)

-Thi gian ln tn sc mode ca si quang

q

t mod e 440. L

43

B0 [ns]

(5.20)

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Trong q: tham s c gi tr t 0,5 n 1

B0 : Bng tn 1 Km cp si quang [MHz]

L: Chiu di ca cp
-Thi gian ln tn sc vt liu dng ng dn sng
tVL D.L.

(5.21)

Trong D: H s tn sc
: rng ngun pht

(5.17) c th c vit li:

t t t D.L.
2
tx

440 Lq 350

B0
Brx

(5.22)

5.5 Nhiu trong h thng thng tin quang

Nhu l khi nim m t cc thnh phn tn hiu in khng mong mun
C chiu hng gy ri qu trnh truyn dn v x l tn hiu trong h thng m
chng ta khng kim sot y . Trong h thng tch sng, nhy ca h thng
ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc loi nhiu v hai ngun nhiu chnh y l nhiu
lng t v nhiu nhit.
5.5.1 Nhiu lng t.
Nhiu lng t ca photodiode sinh ra do s lng cc ht ti in i qua
mt khe nng lng hay vt qua hng rao th nng c tnh ngu nhin theo thi
gian gy ra. Dng chy ca cc ht electron qua tip gip p-n l ring r v ngu
nhin. Cc ht n khng ng thi nn pht sinh ra nhiu ny.
Gi tr ca nhiu lng t ph thuc vo cc tham s:
2
i shot
2.e.i.B

(5.23)

Trong : B l rng bng ca b thu

I l dng trung bnh n b tch sng
Gi tr ca dng nhiu lng t l
dng nhiu lng t tng theo

44

ishot

2.e.i.B

, t biu thc ny ta thy

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

5.5.2 Nhiu nhit

Nhiu nhit xut pht t in tr ti b tch sng v cc linh kin in t
trong b khuych i, c xu hng chi phi trong qu trnh khuych i khi s dng
photodiode PIN vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu thp, c th t c h s khuych i
ti u bng thit k cn bng gia nhiu nhit v nhiu lng t khng ph thuc
vo h s khuych i.
Cng

thc

tnh

ton

nhiu

nhit:

i 2 4 KTB RL

(5.24)
Tong : K l hng s Bozman, K=1,38.1023
T l nhit n v kenvin, T = t( 0c) + 273
R l in tr ti
5.6 T l tn hiu trn nhiu
5.6.1 i vi photodiode PIN
Trong h thng tch sng trc tip, s dng diode tch sng PIN th gi tr dng
v cng sut ti quan h nh sau:
is

e
ps
hv

(5.25)

Vi: l hiu sut lng t

h l hng s plank, h =6,626.10-34 Js
Mt khc ta c cng sut trn ti:
S = i2.RL
S= (

e
hv

.ps )2 .RL

5.26

-Cng sut nhiu lng t vi dng bao gm c dng ti:

2
. N shot i shot .R L 2.eI .BRL 2e(

5.27
-Dng v th ca nhiu nhit:

45

e
Ps id ).B.RL
hv

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

2
inh

4 KTB
RL

2
4KTB.RL
: unh

Cng sut nhiu nhit:

N nh

4 KTB
RL 4 KTB
RL

5.28

T ta c t s tn hiu trn nhiu my thu s dng photodiode PIN:

e
(
ps ) 2 RL
S
hv

N 2e(e . p i ) B.R 4 K .B.T

s
d
L
hv

5.29
5.6.2 i vi photodiode APD
Nh bit APD bao gm lp chuyn i quang in v lp nhn in, do
vy nhiu xut hin lp chuyn i quang in i 2shot = 2.e.I.B cng nhn c ln
lp nhn vi h s nhn M.
e
i 2 hot ( . ps id ) M 2 x. B
hv

5.30
N shot i 2 shot .RL 2.eI .BRL 2e(

e
Ps id ).M 2 x .B.RL
hv

5.31
Trong biu thc trn tr s Mx gi l nhiu qu mc. y l gi tr c sinh ra
trong hiu ng thc.
Vi x l h s tp m qu mc. Gi tr ca x ph thuc vo vt liu ch to
photodiode APD. i vi photodiode si = 0.3
photodiode InGAs x = 0.7
photodiode Ge x = 1
Do t s tn hiu trn nhiu my thu s dng photodiode APD l:
S

(5.32)

46

(
2e(

e
M . p s ) 2 RL
hv

e
. p s i d ) M 2 x B.R L 4 K .B.T
hv

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

T l li bit:

BER

exp( q

(5.33)

q 2.

Vi q=SN/2
T s BER cng nh th cht lng ca h thng cng cao v iu ny cn ty
thuc vo tng h thng. Thng BER = 10 9 hay < 10 12 .
5.7 Cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn
Thit b pht quang: [7]
Tham s
Bc sng lm vic
Di sng lm vic
Cng sut ra

Gi tr
1300nm hay 1550nm
50nm

LED: -32 n 15dBm

Thi gian ln

LD: -12 n 7dBm

LED: 3ns(max)

rng ph

LD: <1ns
LED: 30 n 100nm
LD: 1 n 2nm

Cp si quang: [7]
Tham s
rng bng thng 1km cp si quang
Suy hao ca si(sh)

Gi tr
100 n 2500Mhz
MM<2dB/km
SM ti 1300nm:0.36dB/km
SM ti 1550nm:0.22dB/km
MM<6ps/nm.km

H s tn sc(D)

SM ti 1300nm <3,5 ps/nm.km

SM ti 1550nm <18 ps/nm.km
Thit b thu:
Tham s

Gi tr
PIN: -43 n 27,1 dBm

nhy(S)

APD: -41,5 n 29,6 dBm

60%-90%

Hiu sut
Dng i d , i L

1nA

47

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Suy hao do hn ni v b ni:

Tham s

Gi tr

Suy hao mi hn
Suy hao b ni

0,3 db(max)
0,5 db(max)

Khi to t hp cc thnh phn trong tuyn phi tun theo cc quy tc sau:
1. LED khng c s dng vi si quang n mode
2. LED khng c s dng vi it quang APD
3. LD khng c s dng vi si a mode
4. LD n mode dng vi APD
LDDM: Laser n mode
DAMO: Si quang a mode
DMTT: Si quang n mode thng thng
DMDC: Si quang n mode dch chuyn
Do cc t hp c th c l:
1. LED-DAMO-PIN
2. LD-DMTT-APD
3. LD-DMDC-PIN
4. LD-DMTT-PIN
5. LD-DMDC-APD
6. LDDM-DMTT-APD
7. LDDM-DMDC-APD
5.8 Bi ton tnh ton v thit k theo qu cng sut v thi gian ln
Trong bi ton, h thng s dng ln lt 2 thit bi thu quang l photodiode
PIN v photodiode APD, tnh ton cng sut pht ti u.
Vic tnh ton da trn nhng thng s c th ca cc thit b c trong
tuyn , cc thng s ny c cho bi nh sn xut.
Yu cu c th ca tuyn nh sau:
-

Tuyn A-B vi c ly truyn dn: L = 100 km

Tc bit : Bt =2,5 Gb/s

48

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

M s dng l m RZ

S conector(mi ni) : 2

S Slice(mi hn) : 20

BER cho php 10-10 v khng s dng b khuych i quang

5.8.1 Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn.

Chn bc sng lm vic ca tuyn c lin quan n rt nhiu tham s khc
ca tuyn. C ba vng ca s c th la chn khi tht k l 850nm, 1300nm,
1550nm.
Nghin cu v cp quang cho thy rng, cp quang c c tnh tt hn
vng bc sng di. Khi tn hao truyn dn v tn sc l cc nhn t quyt nh
xc nh c chiu di ca tuyn.
Bc sng ngn thng dng s dng nhng h thng thng tin hat
ng vi tc thp. Trong vng bc sng di, cc h thng hat ng bc
sng 1550nm cho mc suy hao thp nhng li c mc tn x ln hn 1300nm,
tuyn trn, do chiu di ca tuyn l 100km nn ta cho bc sng lm vic ca
tuyn l 1550nm c mc suy hao thp.
5.8.2 Chn loi si quang
Theo s trnh by phn l thuyt si quang c phn thnh 3 loi: n
mode, a mode ch s bc, a mode ch s lp. Loi si n mode c c tnh tn
hao v tn s rt tt cho nn loi ny c s dng ph bin cho ng di, dung
lng truyn dn cao i hi bng thng rng v tn hao thp.
Loi si quang ca tuyn c chn l: si quang n mode vi ch s suy
hao l 0,25dB/km v h s tn sc D=17ps/nm.km.
5.8.3 Thit b thu quang
Chn thit b thu quang tha mn cc yu cu sau:
-

nhy cao vi bc sng lm vic ca tuyn.

Hiu sut lng t ln

c tnh nhiu phi thp

Hot ng n nh vi s thay i ca mi trng

49

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Vic chn thit b thu ng vi mt t l li bit BER cho trc lmt cng on
quang trng, bi l nhy tnh c ta s c cng sut pht ti u v nh vy s
lm cho tuyn hot ng n nh.
Vi BER cho trc th ta s c t l tn hiu trn nhiu t bng di y:

S/N (dB)

2
3

BER = 1/2 erfc(Q)

Q=

6
5

2
0

4
3

1
5

1
0
5

1
10 10- 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-1010-1110-12
2

Hnh 5.2 T s bit BER

Vi BER=10-11 th t hnh v ta s c S/N = 22,6dB hay S/N = 182 ln

5.9 Tnh ton tn hao trn ng truyn
Loi tn hao

n v

S lng

Tng

Tn hao si

0,25dB/km

100km

25dB

0,1dB

20

2dB

hn
Tn hao mi ni

1dB

2dB

D phng

5dB

Tn

hao

mi

5dB

PA =34dB
5.10 nhy ca my thu trong trng hp s dng PIN
Ta s c cng thc S/N i vi thit b thu PIN nh sau:

50

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

e
ps ) 2 RL
hv

N 2e(e . p i ) B.R 4 K .B.T

s
d
L
hv
S

e
(
ps ) 2
hv

e
4 K .B.T
2e ( . p s i d ) B
hv
RL

Vi B t= B = 2,5Gb/s (do m s dng l RZ)

Ch thit b thu l photodiode PIN G6742-003 ca Hamamatsu Photonic (c
thng s km theo)
Cc thng s ca PIN:
R=

e
hv

=0,95A/W

RL = 50
Id = 0,3.10-9 A

Cc hng s :
K = 1,38.10-23 J/K, h = 6,626.10-34 Js, c= 3.108 m/s
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c phng trnh:
182 =

0,95 PS 2
3,2.10 19 (0,95 PS 0,3.10 9 ) 2,5.10 9

4 1,38.10 23 300 2,5.10 9

50

Ta c phng trnh theo PS :

0,9025.PS -138,3.10-9PS -15,1.10-11 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai ta c: PS = 13.10-6 W
PS = -12,8.10-6W (loi)
Vy nhy ca my thu l: PS = 13.10-6 W hay PS =-18.7dBm
T ta c cng sut pht ti u cho laser trong trng hp s dng
PIN: PT =PA +PS = 34 + (-18,7) = 15,34dbm
Nh vy chn thit b pht vi cng sut danh nh l: PT = 15,12mW
5.11 nhy my thu trong trng hp s dng APD

51

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

Ta c cng thc S/N i vi thit b thu APD nh sau:

S

(
2e(

e
M . p s ) 2 RL
hv

e
. p s i d ) M 2 x B.R L 4 K .B.T
hv

e
( M . ps ) 2
hv

N 2e(e . p i ) M 2 x B. 4 K .B.T
s
d
hv
RL

hay

Chn thit b thu l photodiode APD loi Suo020 ca sensor Ulimited Inc (c
thng s km theo)
Cc thng s ca APD:
R=

e
hv

=0,8A/W

RL = 50
X = 0,7
M = 10
Id = 30 nA

Cc hng s:
K = 1,38.10-23 J/K, h = 6,626.10-34 Js, c= 3.108 m/s
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c phng trnh:
182 =

8 PS 2
3,2.10 19 (0,8 PS 0,3.10 9 ) .10 2 0, 7.2,5.10 9

4 1,38.10 23 300 2,5.10 9

50

Ta c phng trnh theo PS:

64. PS2 - 29,189.10-6PS - 7,717.10-11 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai ta c: PS = 1,35.10-6 W
PS = - 8,93.10-6W (loi)
Vy nhy ca my thu l: PS = 1,35.10-6 W hay PS = - 28,7dBm
T ta c cng sut pht ti u cho laser trong trng hp s dng
PIN: PT =PA + PS = 34 + (-28,7) = 5,3dBm
Nh vy chn thit b pht vi cng sut danh nh l: PT = 5,34mW

52

CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K TUYN CP QUANG THEO QU CNG SUT V THI
GIAN LN

5.12 Tnh ton thi gian ln

-Thi gian ln ti a ca h thng
tt = 0,7/Bt = 0,7/2,5.109 = 2.8.10-10 s
-Thi gian ln ca thit b thu:
tn = 350/B = 350/2,5.109 = 14.10-10 s
-Thi gian ln tn sc mode ca si quang:
tt = 440.Lq/B0 = 440.1000,5/2,5.107 = 176.10-6 s
Trong : q l tham s c gi tr t 0,5 n 1
Bo : bng tn mt km cp si quang (MHz)
L : chiu di ca cp
- Thi gian ln tn sc vt liu ng dn sng:
tvl = D.L. = 17.0.04.100 = 68ps = 68.10-12
-

Khi thi gian ln ca tuyn :

tt =

440 Lq 350
t ( D.L. )

Bo
Brx
2
tx

tt = 2,65.10-10 s
Nh vy thi gian ln ca tuyn l: tt = 2,65.10-10 s
5.13 Kt lun chng
Kt qu vic tnh ton da vo cc thng s cho trc ca tuyn cho thy
rng, APD c h s nhn M nn t l tn hiu trn nhiu S/N c gi tr ln hn nn
nhy my thu c nng cao hn so vi PIN.
Do , vic la chn APD lm thit b thu quang s ko theo thun li l ch
cn s dng diode Laser vi cng sut pht nh hn rt nhiu so vi khi dng PIN
lm thit b thu quang.

53