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IN T TNG T
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2008
IN T TNG T
Bin son :
Ks. L SC
LI NI U
in t tng t l mn hc c s, nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn
nht phn tch, thit k cc mch in trong h thng mch in t. Tp bi ging ny c
chia thnh 7 chng. Trong mi chng c bn phn. Phn gii thiu chung nu cc vn ch
yu ca chng. Phn ni dung phn tch chi tit cc vn ch yu . Phn tm tt tng hp li
cc yu cu quan trng ca chng m ngi hc cn nm c. Phn cui nu cc cu hi v bi
tp. nghin cu ti liu c thun li, ngi hc cn c trc kin thc ca cc mn hc L
thuyt mch v Cu kin in t.
Chng 1: Mch khuch i tranzito. cp cc cch mc mch khuch i c bn, vn
hi tip trong mch khuch i, cch ghp gia cc tng trong mt b khuch i, cc mch
khuch i cng sut v mt s mch khuch i khc: nh khuch i Cascade, khuch i
Darlingtn, mch khuch i di rng, mch khuch i cng hng.
Chng 2: B khuch i thut ton (BKTT) nu cc c im v tnh cht ca b khuch
i thut ton, cc bin php chng tri v b im khng ca khuch i thut ton, cng nh
cc ng dng ca n: mch khuch i, mch cng, mch tr, mch vi phn, mch tch phn,
mch to hm lga, hm m, mch nhn tng t, mch lc tch cc.
Chng 3: Mch to dao ng sin: nh ngha, iu kin ca mch to dao ng sin. Phn tch
mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p, dao ng sin ghp RC, mch dao ng sin ba im. Mch to
dao ng sin n nh tn s dng phn t p in thch anh. Mch to sin kiu xp x tuyn tnh.
Chng 4: Mch xung, nu cc tham s ca tn hiu xung, tranzito v BKTT lm vic ch
xung, cc mch to xung: gm mch a hi t dao ng, a hi i, trigger, dao ng nght,
mch hn ch, mch to in p rng ca, mch to dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO).
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s. iu bin, cc mch iu bin, iu ch n bin.
iu tn v iu pha, mch iu tn iu pha. Tch sng: cc mch tch sng iu bin, iu tn,
iu pha. Trn tn, mch trn tn. Nhn chia tn s dng vng gi pha (PLL).
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A. Gii thch qu trnh bin i A/D v cc mch thc hin.
Gii thch qu trnh bin i D/A v cc mch thc hin. Nu tm tt qu trnh chuyn i A/D,
D/A phi tuyn.
Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun. Phn tch mch cung cp ngun mt chiu: bin p, chnh
lu, lc v n p. Phng php bo v qu dng, qu p ca b ngun. Cui chng trnh by
ngun chuyn mch: s khi, chc nng cc khi v nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ny.
Cui cng l phn hng dn tr li cc cu hi v gii cc bi tp gip ngi hc c th
t kim tra kin thc ca mnh.
Mc d c nhiu c gng, nhng do thi gian ngn, trnh cn c hn nn tp bi ging
chc cn thiu st, rt mong bn c gp kin sa cha, b sung thm, xin cm n!
Tc gi
NI DUNG
1.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V CC THAM S C BN CA MCH
KHUCH I
1.1.1. nh ngha mch khuch i
Mt trong s nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzito l s dng n trong cc mch
lm tng cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu m thng gi l mch khuch i.Thc
cht khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng mt chiu
ca ngun cung cp, khng cha thng tin, c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu theo tn
hiu iu khin u vo, cha ng thng tin, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln v khng mo.
Phn t iu khin l tranzito. S tng qut ca mch khuch i nh hnh 1-1, trong
En l ngun tn hiu vo, Rn l in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu, Rt ti ni nhn tn hiu ra.
Iv
Uv
Rn
t
En ~
Uv
Ir
Mch
khuych i
Ur
Rt
Ur
Ngun cung cp
(EC)
Hnh 1-1: S tng qut ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 1-2 a ra cu trc nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i. Phn t c bn l
phn t iu khin tranzito c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t
ti cc iu khin (cc gc) ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i dng in ca mch ra
bao gm tranzito v in tr RC. Ti li ra gia cc gp v cc pht, ngi ta nhn c mt in
p bin thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin,
gi thit in p t vo cc gc c dng hnh sin.
T s hnh 1-2 ta thy rng dng in v in p xoay chiu mch ra (t l vi dng
in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu dng in v in p
trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu I0 v U0. Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh phn xoay chiu
khng vt qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l I 0 I v U 0 U . Nu iu kin khng c
4
+E
Uv
i
t
Ur
RC
I0
C
B
Uv
PK
ura
R Ur
U0
0
a.
Hnh 1-2:
b.
a. Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i.
K=
i lng u ra
i lng tng ng u vo
(1-1)
K = K exp(j.k)
Phn m un |K| th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra v u
vo, phn gc k th hin dch pha gia chng. Nhn chung ln ca |K| v k ph thuc vo
tn s ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu din |K| = f1() ta nhn c ng cong gi l c tuyn bin
- tn s ca tng khuch i. ng biu din k=f2() gi l c tuyn pha - tn s ca n.
Thng ngi ta tnh |K| theo n v logarit, gi l n v xi ben (dB)
5
K (dB) = 20 lg K
(1-2)
Khi ghp lin tip n tng khuch i vi cc h s khuch i tng ng l K1, K2,...Kn th
h s khuch i chung ca b khuch i xc nh theo:
K = K1.K2...Kn.
hay
K(dB) = K1(dB) + K2(dB) +... + Kn(dB)
(1-3)
|K|
(V)
K0
K0
Uvo
102
(a)
104 2.104
(Hz)
(b)
(mV)
ZV =
UV
;
IV
Zr =
Ur
Ir
(1-4)
Mt =
K0
;
Kt
MC =
K0
KC
(1-5)
6
Pr
P0
(1-7)
7
UE < UB < UC
IC
IB
UCE >0
UB
IC
IB
U
UB
U
UBE>0
UBE <0
(a)
Hnh 1-4:
UCE <0
(b)
+EC
RB
CP1
+EC
RC
IP+IB0
IB0
UB
R1
RC
IB0
CP2
CP2
CP1
IP
UBE0
(a)
R2
(b)
Hnh 1-5: Mch cp in cho tranzito
I B0
EC
RB
(1-8)
(1-9)
Trong IP l dng phn p chy qua in tr R1, R2. Thng chn IP>>IB0, do biu thc
trn gn ng:
U BE EC I p .R1
(1-10)
(1-11)
RB
IB
Cp1
+EC
+EC
RC
R1
RC
Cp1
Cp2
UCE0
Cp2
UBE
UBE0
UR2
R2 UE
RE
CE
u vo
u ra
K = K.exp(jK)
= .exp(j)
Ngha l phi ch n kh nng dch pha min tn s thp v tn s cao do tn ti cc
phn t in khng trong mch khuch i cng nh mch hi tip. Nu b khuch i lm vic
tn s trung bnh, cn trong mch hi tip - khng c thnh phn in khng th h s K v l
10
En
uv
Iv
Ir
uy
ur
Iv
Rn
It
Rt
En
uv
uht
uy
Ir
It
ur
Rt
uht
b.
It
a.
Hnh 1-9: Mt s mch hi tip thng dng:
Rn
a. Hi tip ni tip in p
b. Hi tip dng in
c.
Iht
En ~
Iv u v
Ir
ur
Rt
K ht =
Ur
UV
U Y = U V + U ht
(1-12)
11
U Y U V U ht
=
+
Ur Ur Ur
hay
1
1
=
+
K K ht
y =
u ht
l h s truyn t ca mch hi tip.
ur
(1-13)
T (1-13) ta tm c:
K ht =
(1-14)
1 .K
K
1 K .
K ht =
(1-15)
Kht >K
K.<0 th
K ht =
K
<K
1 + K .
(1-16)
K ht =
C
K
1 + K .
dK ht =
dK .(1 + K ) dK .K
(1 + K ) 2 .
=
12
dK
(1 + K . ) 2
(1-17)
dK ht dK / K
=
K ht 1 + K .
(1-18)
K ht
(1-19)
K ht =
= 100
2
Hnh 1-10: nh hng ca hi
tip m n c tuyn bin tn s
K uht
Kuht
f
fht
13
RV =
UV
IV
U V = U Y + U ht .
Mt khc ta c
U ht = K . .U Y . V vy:
RVht =
(1 + K . ).U Y
= RV .(1 + K . )
IV
(1-20)
Rrht =
Rr
(1 + K . )
(1-21)
RC
R1
CP1
En
R1
Rn
Ur
R2
a)
RC1
CP1
CP2
Rn
Uv
+E
RE
Uv
En
R3
C
CP2
R
T1
R2
RE1
RC2
+E
CP3
Ur
R4
RE2
b)
Hnh 1-11: S cc mch hi tip m.
a) Hi tip dng in trn RE; b) Hi tip in p nh khu RC
RC
I B0
IV
CP1
T
UBE
IP
Rn
CP2
IC
U
CE0
It
Rt
Ur
IE0
En
R2 UE0
UV
RE
CE
IC0
.RE
(1-22)
V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit
UCE0 = EC - IC0 (RC+RE)
(1-23)
16
IC
PCCP
D
IB
B
I
C
IB=IB0
IB2
IC0
I
B
IB
uC
IB1
IB=0
C
IC0(E)
u C
a)
uBE
uC
b)
uB
u v
UC0
uB0
I C0 > I C + I C0 (E)
(1-25)
IC =
Ur
Ur
=
R C // R t
Rt ~
(1-26)
I C0 I C0 (E)
(1-27)
t da vo c tuyn vo ca trazito tm c in p U BE 0 ng vi I B 0 tm c.
Dng cc pht tnh c quan h vi dng I B 0 v IC0 theo biu thc.
I E 0 = (1 + ).I B 0 + I C 0 ( E ) =
I C 0 I C0 (E)
.(1 + ) + I C 0 ( E ) = I C 0
(1-28)
(1-29)
y
UE0 = IE0.RE
Khi xc nh tr s UE0 phi xut pht t quan im tng in p UE0 s lm tng n nh
nhit cho ch tnh ca tng (v khi RE ln s lm tng su hi tip m mt chiu ca tng),
tuy nhin lc cn phi tng in p ngun cung cp EC. V vy m UE0 thng chn bng
(0,10,3) EC
Ch n biu thc (1-29) ta c:
EC =
U C 0 + I C 0 .RC
0,7 0,9
(1-30)
in tr RE c th tnh t
18
RE =
U E0
IC0
(1-31)
RB = R1 // R2 = (2 5)rV .
(1-32)
I P = (2 5) I B 0 .
(1-33)
R2 =
U B 0 U BE + U E 0
=
Ip
Ip
(1-34)
R1 =
EC U B 0
I p + I B0
(1-35)
CO
C .C . P
sut tiu hao trn cc gp PC =UC0.IC0 phi nh hn cng sut cc i cho php ca tranzito PC.C.P.
ng cong cng sut gii hn cho php l ng hypecbon. i vi mi im ca n ta c
UC0.CP.IC.CP=PC.CP.
Tm li vic tnh ch ca tng khuch i l gii quyt nhim v chn hp l cc phn
t ca s nhn c nhng tham s cn thit ca tn hiu ra trn ti.
Cc h s khuch i dng in Ki, in p Ku v cng sut Kp cng nh in tr vo RV,
in tr ra Rr l nhng ch tiu quan trng ca tng khuch i. Nhng ch tiu c th xc nh
c khi tnh ton tng khuch i theo dng xoay chiu. Phng php gii tch da trn c s
thay th tranzito v tng khuch i bng s tng ng dng xoay chiu ch tn hiu
nh. S thay th tng EC v trn hnh 1-14, y tranzito c thay bng s thay th tham
s vt l. Tnh ton theo dng xoay chiu c th thc hin c khi s dng s thay th
tranzito vi cc tham s r , trong rB l in tr khi vng cc gc, rE l in tr vi phn ca
tip gip pht, rC in tr vi phn ca tip gip gp.
n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l
hnh sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Cc t Cp1, Cp2, CE
19
IV
IB
rB
<<
UV
IE
rE
C
It
CC
R1 R2
En ~
IC
rC
IB
Rn
(1-36)
RC
Rt
Ut
E
Hnh 1-14: S thay th tng khuch i EC bng tham s vt l.
V in tr trong ca ngun dng IB hnh 1.14 rt ln, cn rC(E) + RC//Rt >> rE nn:
(1-37)
I B = IV
RV
rV
(1-38)
I t = .I B .
r C ( E ) // R C // R t
Rt
(1-39)
I t = I V . .
R V rC ( E ) // R C // R t
.
rV
Rt
(1-40)
Ki = .
R V rC ( E ) // R C // R t
.
rV
Rt
(1-41)
20
Ki = .
R C // R t
Rt
(1-42)
Ku =
Ku =
Ur
En
I t .R t
Rt
= Ki .
I V .( R n + R V )
Rn + RV
(1-43)
Ku = .
R C // R t
Rn + RV
(1-44)
Pr
= K u .K i trong s EC khong (0,2 5).103 ln.
PV
in tr ra ca tng.
Rr = RC // rC ( E )
(1-45)
V rC(E) >> RC nn Rr = RC
1.4.2. Tng khuch i gp chung (CC)
Hnh 1-15a l s tng khuch i CC, cn gi l tng lp E v in p ra ca n ly
cc E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p vo ( U r = U V U BE U V ) v trng pha vi in
p vo.
in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh RC trong EC, ngha l to nn mt in p bin i
u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti Rt. in tr R1, R2 l b phn p cp in
mt chiu cho cc gc, xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi ta khng
21
D
a.
b.
Hnh 1-15: a. S tng khuch i CC; b. S thay th
in tr vo ca tng:
Ta c
RV=R1//R2//rV.
U V = I B [ rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // Rt ) ].
Chia UV cho IB ta c:
rV = rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // Rt ).
(1-46)
R V R 1 // R 2 //(1 + ).(R E // R t ).
(1-47)
R V = R 1 // R 2 // [ (1 + ).(R E // R t ) ]//rC(E)
(1-48)
I t = (1 + ).I B .
R E // R t
Rt
(1-49)
R V R E // R t
.
rV
Rt
(1-50)
V xt n (1-39) ta c:
I t = I V .(1 + ).
22
K i = (1 + ).
R V R E // R t
.
rV
Rt
(1-51)
K i = (1 + ).
R E // R t
Rt
(1-52)
K u = (1 + ).
R E // R t
Rn + RV
(1-53)
R r = R E //(rE +
rB + R n // R 1 // R 2
) = R E // rE
1+
(1-54)
RV = R E //[ rE + (1 ).rB ]
(1-55)
23
IC
v
IE
K i = .
R C // R t
Rt
+EC
IC
IV
En
RC
CP2
R
uV
RE
CB
(1-56)
R1
IV
Rn
IB Rt
IE
<<
rE
rC IC
RE IB
rB
Rt Ur
RC
Ur
R2
I1
B
a.
b.
b. S thay th
H s khuch i in p:
K u = .
R C // R t
Rn + RV
(1-57)
Rr = RC // rC ( E ) RC
(1-58)
R V = R 1 // R 2 //[ rB + (1 + ).(rE + R E // R t 2 ) ]
(1-59)
R V (1 + ).(rE + R E // R t 2 )
(1-60)
24
UV
b)
+EC
R1
RC
CP1
Rn
CP2
Ur2
CP3 Rt
UV
En
R2
RE
Rt
c)
Ur1
U r 2
UC0
Ur2
t
0
a)
d)
Ur
U r1
UC0
Hnh 1-17: a) S tng o pha
K u1 .
(R C // R t1 )
Rn + RV
K u 2 (1 + ).
(1-61)
(R E // R t 2 )
Rn + RV
(1-62)
Nu chn RC=RE v c R t1 = R t 2 th
+EC
gi tr h s khuch i K u1 gn ng bng
R1
K u 2 v s ny cn gi l mch o pha
chia ti.
Tng o pha cng c th dng bin
p, s nguyn l nh hnh 1-18.
CP
Ur1
Ura2
Rn
L1
L2
En
UV
R2
RE
CE
_
25
U DS0 > U r + U DS
(1-63)
I D0 > I D
(1-64)
ID
+E
ID
CP
R1
ID0
T
RD
CP
En
UGS0
UV
UG
RG US0
IS0
ID
UGS
UDS
Rn
PDMax
IDMax
D
Rt
ID0
Ur
UPMax
UDS0
US0+UR
UDS
RS CS
U0S
A UDS
U r
Ur
a)
Hnh 1-19:
b)
a) S tng khuych i SC.
b) th xc nh ch tnh.
im lm vic tnh P dch chuyn theo ng ti mt chiu s qua im A v B (hnh 119b). i vi im A: IDS = 0, UDS = +ED, i vi im B: UDS= 0, ID = ED/(RD+RS). in tr ti
26
xoay chiu xc nh theo Rt= RD//Rt. Trong b khuch i nhiu tng th ti ca tng trc chnh
l mch vo ca tng sau c in tr vo RV ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ti xoay
chiu ca tng xc nh ch yu bng in tr RD c chn ti thiu cng nh hn RV mt bc
na. Chnh v vy i vi tng tin khuch i th dc ca ng ti xoay chiu (ng C-D)
khng khc lm so vi ng ti mt chiu v trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta coi chng nh l
mt ng.
Trong ch tnh:
U DS0 = E D I D 0 (R D + R S )
trong :
(1-65)
RS =
U GS 0
I D0
(1-66)
U GS 0 = U S 0 U G 0 = I D 0 .R S E D .
R1 =
E D .R G
RG
U S 0 U GS 0
RG
R G + R1
(1-67)
(1-68)
E D = U DS 0 + U S 0 + I D 0 .RD
(1-69)
ED =
U D 0 + I D 0 .R D
0,7 0,9
(1-70)
(1-67), (1-68) c th dng chng tnh mch thin p R1, RG ca tng ngun chung.
Chn loi FET phi ch n cc tham s tng t nh trong tng EC, phi tnh n dng
mng cc i IDmax, in p mng cc i U DS max, v cng sut tiu tn cc i trong tranzito
PDmax.
Ging nh s EC dng tranzito lng cc, tng ngun chung cng lm o pha tn hiu
vo. V d t vo u vo na chu k in p dng, s lm tng dng mng v gim in p
mng; u ra s nhn c na chu k in p cc tnh m.
Di y ta s phn tch tng khuch i v mt xoay chiu.
S tng ng thay th tng SC v trn hnh 1-20a c tnh n in dung gia cc in
cc ca tranzito.
CG
UV
a)
CGS
R1 // RG
SU
ri
CDS
RD
Rt Ur
RD
Rt Ur
CG
CGS ri
UV
b)
R1// RG
CDS
UV
28
Ku =
Hay l:
Ku= -
Ut
S.U V .(ri // R t ~ )
=
= S.(ri // R t ~ )
UV
UV
(1-71)
S.ri .R t ~
ri + R t ~
(1-72)
Ku =
.R t ~
(1-73)
ri + Rt ~
R t~
K U = S.R D
(1-74)
in tr vo ca tng SC l:
R V = R 1 // R G
(1-75)
in tr ra ca tng:
R r = R D // ri R D
(1-76)
I Cv = I CGS + I CGD + I CL
(1-77)
Dng ICGS, ICL xc nh bng in p vo UV, cn dng ICGD xc nh bng dng cc mng ca. V in p cc mng ngc pha vi in p vo, nn in p gia cc ca v cc mng s
bng:
29
u v + u r = (1 + K u )u v
Dng in vo in dung ca tng:
I CV = j..CGS.uv + j.CGD.(1+Ku).UV+j..CL.UV
I CV j..UV[CGS+(1+Ku).CGD+CL]=j..CV.UV
hay
y CV l in dung vo ca tng:
CV=CGS+(1+Ku).CGD+CL
(1-78)
C r = C DS +
1+ Ku
.C GD + C S
Ku
(1-79)
CP1
Rn
En
R1
CP2
UGS
UV
RG
UG
US0 RS
Ur
CGS
UV
Ri // RG
Rt
_
a)
ri
1+
Ur
1+
(3
RS
Rt
Ur
b)
Hnh 1-21: Tng khuch i cc mng chung
a) S nguyn l; b) S tng ng.
Vic chn v tnh ton m bo ch tnh c tin hnh tng t nh tng SC. Ti
mt chiu ca tng l RS, cn ti xoay chiu l: Rt=RS//Rt.
i vi tng DC in p ra ti trng pha vi in p vo
U t = U V U GS
(1-80)
U t = S.U GS (ri // R t ~ )
hay
U GS =
Ut
S.(ri // R t ~ )
(1-81)
30
Ku =
Ut
S.(ri // R t ~ )
=
U V 1 + S.(ri // R t ~ )
(1-82)
V ri >>Rt~ nn:
Ku =
S.R t ~
1 + S.R t ~
(1-83)
ri // R t ~ =
ri .Rt ~
Rt ~ + ri
Ku =
.R t ~
ri + (1 + ).R t ~
(1-84)
Ut =
1+
.U V .
Rt ~
ri /(1 + ) + R t ~
(1-85)
+1
.U V
R r =RS //
1
1
1+ S
(1-86)
31
U GS = U V U t = (1 K u ).U V
Dng vo tng l:
I CV = j..U V [ C GD + C GS .(1 Ku ) + C L ]
CV = C GD + C GS .(1 Ku ) + C L
t :
(1-87)
Rn
En
UV
1
Ur
UV(N-
Ur
Ur1=UV2
N-1
Rt
H
Ku =
U t U ra 1 U r 2 U rN
=
.
...
= K u1 .K u2 ...K uN
En
E n U V 2 U VN
32
(1-88)
+EC
R2
R1
CP1
C2
R3
T1
CP2
R5
R7
T2
R9
CP3
Rn
En ~
UV R2
R4
CE1
R6 R8
R11
T3
Ur
R10
CE2
R12
CE3
Mt =
K0
Kt
M t = M t1 .M t 2 ....M t N
(1-89)
KU
Di tn trung bnh
K UO
M1
0
K UO
Mt
KUO
ft
Di thng
a)
fC
KU0
f
f''t f't ft
b)
Hnh 1-24:
Mt = 1 + (
1 2
)
t . t
(1-90)
2.
34
t = acrtg
1
.
t . t
(1-91)
M C = 1 + ( C . C )
a)
KUO
0
t
b)
/2
/4
f
ft
C
Hnh 1-25: nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn
1
KU
KU
C = arctg C . C
a)
(1-93)
b)
-/4
-/2
Tc l:
C = C1 + C 2 + ... + Cn
K1U0
M C = M C1 .M C 2 ....M Cn
K 1UO
MC
caTranzito n c tuyn
(1-95)
+EC
R1
RC
CP2
CP
Rn
R3
W2
W1
T2
En
R2
RE
Ur
R4
CE
+EC
R3
R5
R1
T2
T1
uV
R2
R4
R6
ur
36
I C = I C1 + I C 2
I E1 = I B 2
cn
IC
IC1
T1
IB1
IC2
T2
= 1 .I B1 + 2 .I B1 + 1 . 2 .I B1 1 . 2 .I B1
V 1 , 2 >> 1 trong 1 , 2 th t l h s
IE1=IB2
IE2
= 1 . 2
(1-96)
Ta tnh c in p vo ca mch:
R1
R2
RC
rV =
CB
U BE 2
= rV1 + (1 + 1 ).rV 2
I B1
(1-97)
CP1
R3
T2
Ura
T1
Ura1
UV
CP2
2 .R C
rV 2
nn h s khuch i chung:
K = K u1 .K u 2 =
2 .R C
rV 2
(1-98)
37
1
ln nn ti ca tng l R4 v R3. Nh vy nh cc phn t
t .C 2
R1
T
L
C2
R4
CP1
CP2
uV
U
K/K0
+EC
R3
ura
R2
RE
ft
ftb
U
a)
fC
b)
1
L 1C 2
1
L 2C3
= f 0V .
38
+E
C3
L2
L3
ur
CP
L1
uv
C2
C4
Kp =
Pr
PV
Pr
P0
Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc gp ca tranzito cng nh.
Cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i. Tng khuch i c th lm vic cc ch A,
AB, B v C tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca tranzito.
39
IC
IC
a)
UBE
UBE
t
0
IC
PCm
t
Khu vc
bo ho
A
AB
B
IB=
0
EC
Khu vc tt
UCE
b)
IC
IC
IC
(A)
(AB)
IC
IC
(C)
(B)
IC
0
t 0
t 0
t 0
c)
40
EC
RC
+EC
I
C
IC0
IB0
RC
IB=0
RB
0
CB
UC0
EC
U
UCE
ur=uCE
uV
U
C
t
Hnh 1-34: Tng khuch i cng sut ch A Zmc pht chung
a) S
UCE
T
I CCP > I C max = I C 0 + IC
U C.CP > E C = U C 0 + U C
(1-100)
PC.CP > PC = E C .I C 0
(1-101)
(1-99)
T hnh 1-34 ta thy cng sut ra ca tng Pr = IC .U C / 2 chnh l din tch tam gic OPQ.
Theo gi tr IC0 tm c IB0, sau xc nh UB0 v RB.
Cng sut ra ca tng:
I .U
Pr = C C
2
(1-102)
P0 = I C 0 .E C
(1-103)
E
T hnh v ta thy khi U C = U C 0 = C
2
v IC = I C 0 th c max =25%.
1
PC = P0 Pr = I C 0 .E C .U C .IC .
2
(1-104)
T 1-104 ta thy cng sut PC ph thuc vo tn hiu ra. Khi khng c tn hiu PC=P0 nn
ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut P0.
1.9.3. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p
S tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ra v trn hnh (1-35) gm hai tranzito
T1, T2. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch cc gp ca mi tranzito mc
vi na cun s cp bin p. T s bin p l n2=W21/Wt=W22/Wt.
42
IC1
R
T1
R2
W11
UV
- +
EC
WV
W12
W21
Wt
Rt
W22
IC2
T2
to
nn
in
U 21 = I C1 .R t ~ = I C1 .n 2 .R t Trn ti c
na sng in p dng U t =
U 21
.
n2 2
I
C
iC
0
UCE
IC0
UCE
u C
Hnh 1-36: th tnh tng cng sut
43
EC
UCE
(1-105)
Pt = Pr . b / a 2
(1-106)
2.I C
1
I 0 = I C sin .d =
0
(1-107)
(1-108)
C =
Pr .U
C
=
P0 4.E C
(1-109)
UC
= b / a2 . .
4 EC
=E .
Nu b / a = 1 th = 78,5% khi U
C
C
< E do vng cong ca c tuyn v b/a = 0,8 nn =0,6 0,7.
Thc t U
C
C
Cng sut tiu th trn mt ghp gp:
2.E C . IC 1
.U C IC
PC = P0 Pr =
2
2.U C EC 1 U C2
PC =
hay
2 Rt ~
.R t ~
PC ph thuc vo U C .
(1-110)
(1-111)
PC max khi U C = 0,64.E C
2
E
PC max = 2 2 . C
.n 2 R t
2
(1-112)
44
IB
T1
IB
T1
UB
ib1
IB0
ib1
IB0
0
ib2
UBE
ib2
UB
T2
T2
+EC
R1
R3
T2
CP2
UV2
R1
iC2
Rt
UV1
T1
R4
R3
T2
CP2
_
UV2
CP1
R2
+EC
iC1
C
CP1
T1
iC1
UV1
_
R2
a)
iC2
R4
b)
Rt
-EC
_
R1
R1
T2
Rt
CP
UV
T1
T2
EC1
CP
C
Rt
T1
UV
EC2
UV
R2
R2
+
U D1 = U D 2 = U BE 0T1 = U EB0T2 .
Mch in nh hnh 1- 41a; hnh 1-41b dng cho tranzito arlingtn .
+EC
+EC
R3
R3
T1
R1
R1
D1
D2
2 U BE 0
CP1
UV
T2
Ur
R2
D1
T1'
D2
T2'
D3
Rt
CP1
UV
a)
T1
-EC
Ur
T2
D
R2
T3
b)
+
+
-E
C
Rt
TM TT
Vn chnh ca chng l khuch i tn hiu. Mch khuch i c nhim v khuch i
tn hiu ln ln vi mo cho php.
Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc hiu v nm c:
nh ngha mch khuch i, cc tham s c trng cho b khuch i: h s khuch i
in p, h s khuch i dng in, h s khuch i cng sut, tr khng vo, tr khng ra, mo
tn s, mo phi tuyn, hiu sut.
Vn phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i. Vi tranzito lng cc thun PNP cn
cung cp in p mt chiu sao cho UBE <0, UCE < 0 tip gip pht phn cc thun, tip gip
gp phn cc ngc. Loi tranzito NPN cn cung cp in p mt chiu UBE > 0, UCE > 0. Cn
nm c bn kiu mch cung cp in p mt chiu phn cc cho tranzito, tc dng cc linh
kin trong mch, so snh c u nhc im ca cc phng php .
Hi tip: hi tip l ly mt phn tn hiu u ra a tr v u vo. C hi tip dng v
hi tip m.
Hi tip dng l in p hi tip v cng pha vi tn hiu vo, loi hi tip ny dng trong
cc mch to dao ng.
Hi tip m l in p hi tip v ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Hi tip loi ny lm gim h
s khuch i ca mch nhng ci thin c nhiu ch tiu cht lng ca mch khuch i: lm
gim tp m, gim mo tn s, gim mo phi tuyn, tng n nh khuch i.
Xt u ra ca mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip in p, hi tip dng
in. Khi in p hi tip t l vi dng in ra gi l hi tip dng in, t l vi in p ra gi
l hi tip in p.
Xt u vo mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip mc ni tip, hi tip mc
song song. Hi tip mc ni tip l in p hi tip mc ni tip vi tn hiu vo, hi tip song
song l in p hi tip mc song song vi tn hiu vo. minh ho phn hi tip phn tch
mch in hnh 1-11. hnh 1-11a c hi tip m dng in trn in tr RE: Uht = IE.RE. hnh
1-11b c hi tip m dng in trn RE1, RE2 v hi tip m in p t tng sau a v trn RE1:
Uht = Ur.RE1 /(R + RE1).
Cc s khuch i c bn dng tranzito lng cc:
Tng khuch i cc pht chung: mch ny c cc pht ni t v xoay chiu chung cho
u vo v u ra. Cn hiu c tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Ti mt chiu ca tng RE
ni tip vi RC, ti xoay chiu ca tng RC // Rt. Cch chuyn v s tng ng xc nh
tr khng vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in ca tng. S
hnh 1-14 c c khi cc t Cp1, Cp2, CE ti tn s lm vic rt nh, xem nh bng khng.
Tranzito c thay bng in tr rE, rB, rC v ngun dng IB. Ngun cung cp EC c ni tr rt
nh xem nh bng khng nn v xoay chiu im dng ngun v t l nh nhau. Tng ny c
h s khuch i in p m c ngha l tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo.
47
CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Nu nh ngha v cc tham s ca mch khuch i?
1.2. Nu cc phng php cp ngun phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i? u nhc im
ca cc phng php ?
1.3. Th no l hi tip trong mch khuch i? hi tip m, hi tip dng?
1.4. Th no l hi tip dng in, hi tip in p?
1.5. Th no l hi tip mc song song, hi tip mc ni tip?
1.6. Nu cc u im ca hi tip mtong mch khuch i?
1.7. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc pht chung?
1.8. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gp chung?
1.9. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gc chung?
1.10. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc ngun chung?
1.11. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc mng chung?
1.12. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng t, u nhc im?
1.13. Ti sao trong b khuch i ghp t, t ni tng gy mo tn s thp?
1.14. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng bin p, u nhc im?
1.15. Trnh by phng php ghp tng trc tip, u nhc im?
1.16. Nguyn nhn gy mo tn s cao trong b khuch i?
1.17. Nu phng php nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i?
1.18. c im ca tng khuch i gii rng?
1.19. c im ca tng khuch i cng hng?
1.20. Trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c hi tip khng? nu c
thuc loi hi tip g?
1.21. Th no l ch A, B, AB, C ca tng khuch i?
1.22. Ti sao tng khuych i cng sut n cho lm vic ch A, tng y ko lm vic
ch AB?
1.23. Th no l tng khuch i o pha ? Nu cc loi mch o pha hc?
1.24. Ti sao khi phn tch cc tng khuch i c bn ta dng phng php mch tng ng?
49
R1
Uv
T
C2
C1
Hnh P1-29.
R2
Rt
R1
R3
C2
C1
T
Hnh P1-30.
Rt
R2
R4
C3
50
D1
Uv C1
C2
Hnh P1-31.
D2
T2
Rt
R2
b. Rt- = Rt + RC.
c. Rt- = RC + RE.
d. Rt- = RC.
b. Rt- = RE //Rt
c. Rt- = RE.
d. Rt- = Rt.
b. Rt~ = RC //Rt.
c. Rt~ = Rt + RC.
d. Rt~ = Rt.
b. Rt~ = RE //Rt.
c. Rt~ = Rt + RE.
d. Rt~ = Rt.
b. Rt- = RS.
c. Rt- = RD.
d. Rt- = RD//Rt.
b. Rt- = RS.
c. Rt- = Rt + RS.
d. Rt- = Rt.
b. Rt~ = RD + Rt.
c. Rt~ = RS + Rt.
d. Rt~ = Rt.
b. = 1 +2.
c. = 2 - 1.
d. = 1 - 2.
1.46. Tc dng ca it D1, D2 trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi l:
a. phn cc cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch AB v n nh im lm
vic cho tng.
b. cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch A.
c. n nh im lm vic cho cc tranzito cng sut.
d. cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch B.
1.47. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi:
a. C hi tip m dng in.
b. Khng c hi tip.
c. C hi tip m in p.
d. C hi tip m dng in v hi tip m in p.
53
NI DUNG
Danh t khuch i thut ton thuc v b khuch i dng mt chiu c h s khuch
i ln, c hai u vo vi sai v mt u ra chung. Tn gi ny c quan h ti vic ng dng u
tin ca chng ch yu thc hin cc php tnh cng, tr, tch phn v..v... Hin nay b khuch
i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuch i, to tn hiu
hnh sin v xung, trong b n p v b lc tch cc v.v...
ZV =
+ Tr khng ra
Zra = 0
(2-2)
+ H s khuch i K0 =
Thc t b khuch i thut ton c K0=104106 vng tn s thp. Ln vng tn s cao h
s khuch i gim xung. Nguyn nhn do s ph thuc tham s ca Tranzito v in dung k
sinh trong s . c tuyn truyn t, c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha nh hnh 2-2 v 2-3.
IC khuch i thut ton c kh nng nn tn hiu ng pha.
55
EC
Ura
u
vo
K0
K0
UV
f
a) c tuyn bin
vo
f
0
45o
90o
180o
360o
b) c tuyn pha
Hnh 2-3: c tuyn bin v c
tuyn pha ca b khuch i thut ton
G=
K0
K CM
(2-3)
56
IC2
UC1=Ur
UV1
RC2
T1
Ur
IC
UV1
R1
T3
R2
T2
T1
IE1
EC2
+
T4
_
EC2
b)
a)
T2
T1
UV2
IE2
IE
R3
UC2=Ur
Ur
UV2
IE2
RC2
IC2
UC1=Ur
T2
IE1
IC1
RC1
UC2=Ur
+
EC1
<<
IC1
RC1
+
EC1
T2
T1
UV1
c)
IE
<<
<<
UV2
IE
d)
Hnh 2-4: Tng khuch i vi sai
a) Mch nguyn l; b) S n gin ho
IE
. Dng cc gc c xc
2
nh:
I B01 = I B02 =
IE
= I V0 .
2.(1 + )
Dng cc gp I C1 = I C 2 = .
IE IE
.
2
2
v in p cc gp l:
U C1 = U C 2 = E C1
I E .R C
2
(2-4)
R C = R C1 = R C 2 .
+
EC1
-
IC1 IC2
RC2
RC1
UC1
Rn
+
En
-
IV
UV
UC2
IC1
RC1
IE1 IE2
IE
EC1
UC1
a)
UC
Ur
IC2 RC2
UC1
Ur
UC2
EC2
b)
Hnh 2-5:
U ra = U C 2 U C1 = U C 2 + U C1 = 2.U C 2. I C .R C .
Ta xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng vi sai. Khi hai Tranzito c tham s ging
nhau th dng vo ca tng l:
IV =
En
En
=
R n + rv1 + rv 2 R n + 2.[rB + rE (1 + )]
(2-5)
U r1, 2 = U C = I C .R C = I V ..R C
(2-6)
U r1,2
K1,2 =
En
.RC
Rn + 2.[ rB + (1 + ).rE ]
(2-7)
Nu R n = 0 th
K 1, 2 =
.R C
2.[rB + (1 + ).rE ]
(2-8)
KVS =
2.U ra
2. .RC
=
En
Rn + 2.[ rB + (1 + ).rE ]
(2-9)
Nu tnh n Rt th:
K VS =
2..(R C // Rt )
R n + 2.rV
Khi Rt , R n 0 th:
(2-10)
K VS =
59
.R C
.R C
=
rV
rB + (1 + ).rE
(2-11)
UBC
Khi En = 0 s ch
bng
tnh,
dng
T5
IE
. Dng I C 6
2
chy qua T2 nn Ura= 0 v iti = 0.
I C1 = I C 2 = I C 6 =
I C1 =
IE
+ .I V .
2
I C2 =
IE
.I V .
2
Bi v dng
It
IC
Rn
+
En
IV
IC2
T2
T1
U
IE1
IE
EC
2
IE
+ .I V .
2
U ra = 2..I V .R t .
Nu ti tn hiu vo i du th lm i chiu I V , Iti v cc tnh in p ra.
H s khuch i in p ca tng.
K=
Rt +
Ut
+
IE2
IC6 = IC1 nn
I C6 =
T6
>>
Gi thit tn hiu vo c
cc tnh nh hnh 2-6. Di
tc dng ca En dng IB1 tng, v
nh vy lm gim dng IB2. S
thay i dng cc gc lm thay
i dng cc gp.
+
EC
U ra
2. .Rt
2. .Rt
=
=
En Rn + 2.rV Rn + 2.[ rB + (1 + ).rE ]
60
(2-12)
K=
.R t
rB + (1 + ).rE
(2-13)
S hnh 2-6 c u im c bn l
kh nng chu ti cao v ti c u im ni
t v h s khuch i ln khong vi trm
ln. Tr khng vo c th t hng chc
hoc hng trm K . Khi cn c tr khng
vo ln hn hng chc dng T1 v T2
l tranzito trng. S nh hnh 2-7.
Nguyn l lm vic tng t nh s
hnh 2-4.
RC1
Ur
Ur1
UV1
EC1
-
RC2
Ur2
T1
T2
UV2
<<
IS
EC2
+
Hnh 2-7: S tng vi sai dng Tranzito trng.
Rht
Iht
IV
v cng ln tc ZV th dng vo IC v
R1 N
Io
_
U0
uV
IV Iht
T c:
U V U 0 U 0 U ra
=
R1
R ht
(2-14)
Khi K in p u vo U 0 =
U ra
0 v vy 2-14 c dng:
K
UV
U
= ra
R1
R ht
61
ura
K =
Rht
R1
(2-15)
U ra
hay U ra = I V .R ht tc l in p
R ht
Rht
+
UV
V in p t vo gia hai ca rt b,
xem U0 = 0 nn quan h gia UV v Ura xc
R1
nh bi: U V = U ra .
R 1 + R ht
R1
Ura
H s khuch i in p ca mch
khuch i thun.
K =
U ra R1 + Rht
R
=
= 1 + ht (2-16)
UV
R1
R1
V R V = nn I V = 0 . c
UV
Ura=UV
62
RC =
UV
R 1 .R ht
R 1 + R ht
Ur
RC
U r0 = (1 +
R ht
).U 0
R1
(2-17)
U r 0 = U 0 .(1 +
trong :
R ht
) I 0 .R ht
R1
(2-18)
Bin i (2-18) ta c:
U r 0 =
R ht
R
.(1 + 1 ).[U 0 I 0 .(R 1 // R ht )]
R1
R ht
63
(2-19)
Rht
Vo
R1
Ra
Vo
+
Ra
R3
R4
_
+
R3
R4
R2
Rht
R1
R2
R ht = R 1 = R 2 = ... = R n < R V .
U1
I1
R1
Rht
R2
.....
U2
Un
In
Iht
Rn
Ura
+
I ht = I1 + I 2 + ... + I n . hay
n
(2 20)
i =1
U ra = (
R
R
R ht
.U 1 + ht .U 2 + ... + ht .U n )
R1
R2
Rn
= R ht .(
vi i =
n
U1 U 2
U
+
+ ... + n ) = i .U i
R1 R 2
Rn
i =1
(2-21)
R ht
Ri
Rht
U1
U V+ = U V
I1
R
.....
R
U2
Un
R1
.U ra .
=
R 1 + R ht
In
U0
Ura
+
UV_
R1
UV+
U 1 + U 2 + ... + U n = n.U V
Hay:
U 1 + U 2 + ... + U n = n.
R1
.U ra
R 1 + R ht
U ra =
R 1 + R ht
R + R ht n
.( U 1 + ... + U n ) = 1
. U i
n.R 1
n.R 1 i =1
(2-22)
Chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp c tha s u tin ca v phi cng thc (2-22)
R + R ht
= 1 v khi :
bng 1 1
n.R 1
65
U ra = U 1 + U 2 + ... + U n = U i
i =1
2.6. MCH TR
Khi cn tr hai in p ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 2-15. Khi in p u
ra c tnh theo
U ra = K 1 .U 1 + K 2 U 2
(2-23)
U ra = a .U 1 . vy K 1 = a .
Khi U1 = 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :
Ub =
H s phn p:
U2
.R .
Rb b
Rb +
b
U1
Ra /a
Ra
Ua
b
1+ b
Khi U ra = (1 + a ).
Ub
b
.U 2
1+ b
U2
_
Ura
+
Rb /b
Rb
H s khuch i
K 2 = (1 + a ).
b
1+ b
U ra = (1 + a ).
b
.U 2 a .U 1
1+ b
K 2 = , K 1 =
Vy : U ra = .( U 2 U1 )
(2-24)
66
U ra
IV = C
dU V
dt
IV
M U ra = I V .R nn
dU
U ra = R.C. V
dt
UV
I0
U0
UR
(2-26)
U ra = k U V dt
0
trong k l h s.
Mch tch phn dng IC khuch
i thut ton c mch hnh 2-19.
IC
IV
Ti nt A ta c IV = IC hay:
C.
dU ra U V
=
dt
R
UV
nn
t
1
. U V .dt + U ra 0 (2-27)
U ra =
R.C 0
UR
1
U ra = . U V dt
0
(2-28)
U
U ra
= V
R.C
t
ngha l u ra b tch phn c in p tng hay gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
i vi tn hiu hnh sin mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.
I D = I S .(exp
U ak
1)
nU t
I D = I S .exp
T U ak = m.U T . ln
U ak
mU t
ID
IS
(2-29)
ID =
UV
,
R
U ra = U ak
U ra = m.U T . ln(
rt ra:
ID
UV
)
I S .R
UV
U
UV
URa
IC
_
U0
URa
U ra = U BE = U T . ln(
UV
)
I ES .R
(2-30)
ID
IC
UV
U0
_
UV
URa
U0
+
(b)
(a)
Hnh 2-22: Mch khuych i i loga
a) Mch dng it
b) Mch dng Tranzitor ni kiu it
69
URa
I D = I S .exp
Uv
.
mU t
U ra = R.I S .exp
Nn
Uv
.
mU t
(2-31)
U ra = R.I S .exp
Uv
.
Ut
(2-32)
Z
k
UX
UZ
UX
UY
UY
(a)
Zra
ZVX
ZY
Ura
k.UX.UY
(b)
X
ln
Tng
Y
exp
ln
Hnh 2-25: S khi mch nhn dng mch khuch i lga v i lga
Gi X = kX.UX
Y = kY.UY v Z = kZ.UZ.
trong kX, kY, kZ ln lt l h s t l ca cc in p vo UX, UY v in p ra UZ.
T mch trn ta c:
U Z = exp(lnU x + ln U y )
tc l:
Z
X
Y
XY
= exp(ln + ln ) = expln
kz
kx
ky
kx ky
Suy ra:
Z=
kz
.X.Y.
k x .k y
(2-33)
|Kd| (dB)
10
0
-10
-20
4 3
-30
-40
-50
-60
0,01
0,03
0,1
0,3
10
30
f
fg
K d( p) =
trong : P =
K d0
1 + C1 .p + C 2 .p + C 3 .p 3 + ... + C n .p n
(2-34)
j.
= j
C
Ci l cc h s thc, dng.
K d(p) =
K d0
(1 + a i .p + b i .p 2 )
(2-35)
72
ai(p)
bi(p2)
fCi/fC
Qi
1,0000
0,0000
1,0000
1,4142
1,0000
1,0000
0,71
1,0000
0,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,000
1,2720
1,00
1,8478
1,0000
0,7910
0,54
0,7654
1,0000
1,3900
1,31
Ai(p)
bi(p2)
fCi/fC
Qi
1,0000
0,0000
1,0000
1,3617
0,6180
1,0000
0,58
0,7560
1,3230
0,9996
0,4772
1,4140
0,69
1,3397
0,4889
0,9780
0,52
0,7743
0,3890
1,7970
0,81
Kd =
(2-36)
R
UV
K do
1 + a1 . p
UV
Ura
R
-
Ura
b)
a)
K=
y
Ur
1
1
=
=
U V 1 + j..R.C 1 + p.C .R.C
(v
j.
= p)
K do = 1
a 1 = C .R.C
Bit a, C ; chn R ta c C =
a1
C .R
Mch b ta c:
Kd =
1
1 + p.C .R.C
y K do = 1 v a 1 = R.C.C .
Khi bit a1 , C v chn R ta cng c:
C=
a1
C .R
C
UV
-_
+
UV
Ura
a)
Ura
b)
Hnh 2-28: Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc 1
K=
1+
y:
1
p
1
p.C .R.C
K do = 1
74
1
1
1
1+ .
p C .R.C
a1 =
1
C .R.C
1
a.C.C
K=
Mch b:
R=
1+
1
p.C .R.C
K do = 1
y:
1
.
a.C.C
C1
R
3 R
R2
C2
R
1 R
2
U1
C2
R1
_
+
C1
R3
2
U1
C2
U1
_
Ur
+
b)
a)
R1
C2
R2
1
U1
+
_
C1
U2
(K-1)R3
c)
R3
75
Ur
1
=
U V 1 + 2.p. C .R.C1 + p 2 .C2 .R 2 .C1 .C 2
Kd =
(2-37)
So snh vi (2-35) ta c:
K do = 1 ;
R=
a1
;
2.C .C1
C2 =
4.b1 .C1
a1
+ Vi mch 2-29b ta c:
Kd =
R 2 / R1
R .R
2
1 + p.C .C1 (R 2 + R 3 + 2 3 ) + p 2 . C .C1 .C 2 .R 2 .R 3
R1
T y xc nh:
K do =
R2
R1
a 1 = C .C1 .(R 2 + R 3 +
R 2 .R 3
)
R1
b1 = C .C1 .C 2 .R 2 .R 3 .
Cho trc C , Kdo, chn C1 v C2 tnh c:
2
R2 =
R1 =
v R 3 =
b1
2
C .C1 .C 2 .R 2
R2 c gi tr thc:
C 2 4.b1 .(1 + K do )
2
C1
a1
+ Vi mch 2-29c c hm truyn t:
Kd =
(2-38)
K =
1
1 + p. C .C1 .(R 1 + R 2 ) + p 2 .C .C1 .C 2 .R 1 .R 2
R 1, 2 =
a 1 .C 2 a 1 .C 2 4.b1 .C1 .C 2
2.C .C1 .C 2
C1 4.b1
2 .
C2
a1
2.10.2.2. Mch lc thng cao bc hai
Mch lc thng cao bc hai c th dng cc dng thng thp
hnh 2-29. Trong phi i ch C v R cho nhau. V d mch lc thng cao bc hai hi tip
1
dng mt vng c hnh 2-30. Thay p = , C bi R v R bi C vo cng thc (2-38) ta c:
p
K =
K
1
1 R (C + C 2 ) + R 1 .C 2 .(1 K ) 1
1+ . 2 1
+ 2. 2
p
C .R 1 .R 2 .C1 .C 2
p C .C1 .R 1 .R 2 .C 2
Cho K=1 v C1 = C2 = C ta c:
K =
1
.
1
2
1
1
1+ .
+ .
p C .R 1 .C p 2 C 2 .C 2 .R 1 .R 2
y K o = 1
a1 =
nn
2
R1 =
C .a 1 .C
b1 =
nn
R2
2
C .R 1 .C
U
C1
C2
R1
+
-
Ua
(K-1)R3
1
2
R3
C .C .R 1 .R 2
R2 =
a1
2.C .C.b1
77
R
C1
R
UV
K = K1.K2
C2
R3
Ura
TM TT
Kt thc chng hai yu cu ngi hc hiu v nm c:
- Cc tnh cht chung ca BKTT: Tr khng vo rt ln, l tng Zv = . Tr khng ra rt
nh, l tng Zr = 0. H s khuch i in p rt ln k hiu K0, l tng K0 = . c tuyn
truyn t BKTT nu quan h in p ra Ur l hm s ca in p vo Uv. Khi Uv cn b Ur tng
tuyn tnh theo Uv. Khi Uv tng m Ur khng tng na l BKTT bo ho. Ur = +Ur max gi l bo
ho dng. Khi Ur = -Ur max gi l bo ho m. C th xem gn ng Ur max = E -2V khi ngun
nui i xng E.
- c tuyn tn s m t quan h h s khuch i K0 theo tn s ca tn hiu vo. Do cc
tng khuch i trong BKTT ghp trc tip nn n c th khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu.
BKTT c kh nng nn tn hiu ng pha.
- Tng khuch i vi sai: cu to tng khuch i vi sai, xc nh h s khuch i in p
ca n. Tng khuch i vi sai c ti ng kiu gng dng c h s khuch i rt ln. vi tng
khuch i vi sai dng tranzito trng cn c u im tr khng vo ln.
- Mch khuch di dng BKTT c mch khuch i thun, khuch i o. c im
chung ca cc mch khuch i h s khuch i ca mch ph thuc vo tr s cc linh kin
ngoi c u ni c hi tip m in p. Mch khuch i o c h s khuch i m, tc l
tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo. Mch khuch i thun cho tn hiu ra cng pha.
- Cc phng php chng tri v b im khng l tm bin php gi cho u ra BKTT
c in p ra bng khng ch tnh. C th dng in tr cn bng RC thc hin nh hnh
2-11. Cng c th dng mch hiu chnh nh in p ngun nui nh hnh 2-12.
- Mch cng. Mch cng o l mch cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca o. in p u ra
bng tr tng t l cc in p u vo. Mch cng thun l mch cc tn hiu cn cng a vo
ca thun. u ra nhn c in p t l vi tng cc in p vo.
78
CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Nu cc tnh cht ca BKTT l tng?
2.2. Ti sao khi dng BKTT lm mch khuch i phi u ni thm linh kin ngoi to hi tip
m?
2.3. Trnh by mch khuch i o?
2.4. Trnh by mch khuch i thun? Mch khuch i lp?
2.5. Nu tc dng ca in tr cn bng Rc hnh 2-11? Biu thc tnh gi tr Rc?
2.6. Trnh by mch cng thun?
2.7. Trnh by mch cng o?
2.8.Trnh by mch tr?
2.9. Cc mch cng, mch tr lm vic ch tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn? Ti sao?
2.10. Trnh by mch vi phn? ng dng ca n?
2.11. Trnh by mch tch phn? ng dng ca n?
2.12. Trnh by mch to hm loga?
2.13. Trnh by mch to hm m?
2.14. Th no l mch nhn tng t?
2.15. Th no l mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc?
79
R1
Ur
Hnh 2-17.
a. Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch?
b. Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo UV = 0v, -1v, 2v, -3v.
2.18 Cho mch in hnh P2-17 vi R1 = 1,2K; Rht = 18K, ngun E = 15v.
a. Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch?
b. Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p vo nh Uv mch hot ng tuyn tnh?
d. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo Uv = 0v; 0,4v;
0,8v; -1,2v;1,6v.
2.19. Cho mch in hnh P2-19 vi R1 = 10K, Rht = 50K. Bit E = 15v;
Uv
Ur
Rht
R1
Hnh P2-19.
a. Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch?
b. Xc nh tr khng vo l tng ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p vo nh mch hot ng tuyn tnh?
d. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo :
Uv = 0v ; -1v ;2v ;-3v ; 4v .
2.20. Cho mch hnh 2-19 vi R1 = 12k; Rht = 180k; E = 15v
a. Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch?
80
R1
U2
R2
U3
R3
Rht
Ur
Hnh P2-21.
2.22. Cho mch hnh P2-21. Vi Rht = 100k; R1 = 20k; R2 = 10k; R3 = 5k. ngun E=
15v.
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo ba in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur khi U1 = -2v; U2 = 1,5v v U3 = - 0,8v.
2.23. Cho mch hnh P2-23. Vi R1 = 10k; R2 = 20k. Ngun E = 15v.
R2
U1
R1
U2
R1
Ur
R2
Hnh P2-23.
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo hai in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur vi U1 = 3v; U2 = 3v.
c. Xc nh Ur vi U1 = 3v; U2 = -3v.
81
R1
U2
R2
Ur
R4
R3
Hnh P2-25.
Ur = (R3 + R4)(R2U1 + R1U2) / R3(R1 + R2).
2.26. Cho mch P2-26. Bit R3 = 8,25k; R6 = 4,7k, ngun E = 12v.
Ux
R1
Uy
R2
R6
R3
R4
Ur
R5
Uz
Hnh P2-26.
a. Thit lp biu thc tng qut Ur theo cc in p vo Ux, Uy, Uz v cc tham s
ca mch?
b. Xc nh gi tr cc in tr R1, R2, R4 v R5 mch thc hin c hm s
sau:
Ur = 2,5Ux - 4,7Uy + 4,1Uz.
2.27. H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o l:
a. K = - R1 / Rht.
b. K = Rht / R1.
c. K = - Rht / R1.
82
84
NI DUNG
3.1. KHI NIM
Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung cp n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu. S
tng qut mt mch to dao ng nh hnh 3-1.
85
Mch to dao
ng
ura
= .exp j .
Nu t vo u vo tn hiu U V v gi thit K. = 1 th U ht = U V . vi U ht = K..U V .
Vy tn hiu vo ca mch khuch i v tn hiu hi tip U ht bng nhau c v bin v pha
nn ni a vi a , th tn hiu vn khng thay i. Lc ta c s khi ca mch to dao ng
lm vic theo nguyn tc hi tip.
Nh vy trong s ny mch ch dao ng tn s m n tho mn:
K. = 1
(3-1)
K . = K . .exp j ( k + ) = 1 .
(3-2)
K. = 1
(3-3)
= k + = 2.n.
(3-4)
l tng gc dch pha ca b khuch i v mch hi tip, biu th s dch pha gia Uht v
tn hiu vo ban u UV.
Quan h 3-3 c gi l iu kin cn bng bin . N cho thy mch ch c th dao ng
khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i c th b c tn hao do mch hi tip gy ra. Cn iu
kin cn bng pha (3-4) cho thy dao ng ch c th pht sinh khi tn hiu hi tip v ng pha
vi tn hiu ban u tc l hi tip dng.
Thc t c dao ng khi mi ng ngun K. phi ln hn 1 lm cho bin dao ng
tng dn. Do tnh phi tuyn ca phn t khuch i im lm vic i vo vng c S gim lm K
gim n lc K. = 1 mch lm vic ch xc lp. Vy iu kin dao ng ca mch l:
K. 1.
3.3. MCH TO DO NG SIN GHP BIN P
Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c
mch hi tip ghp qua bin p hnh 3-3.
Trong mch R1, R2 l b phn p cp
in p mt chiu cho cc gc. R3,C3 l mch
n nh nhit. L1, C1 l khung dao ng, L2 l
cun ghp ly in p Uht, C2 t thot, C4 l t
ly tn hiu ra. Do tranzito mc pht chung, ti
tn s dao ng c ti l in tr thun,nn Ura
ngc pha Uvo. Nh vy m bo iu kin
cn bng pha cn u cun L1, L2 c cc cng
tn cho nhau.
Tn s dao ng ca mch do mch cng
hng cc gp quyt nh.
fd =
1
2.. L1 .C1
+Ec
*
R1
L1
L2
C1
C4
ura
R2
C2
R3
C3
(4 5)
87
X1
X3
uht
ura
uht
+
X2
X1
ura
X3
X2
c:
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
Kt hp li ta thy X1, X2 phi khc du v X2, X3 phi cng du, tc l:
- Nu X1 l in cm th X2, X3 l t in, ta c mch ba im in dung.
- Nu X1 l t in th X2, X3 l in cm, ta c mch ba im in cm. Mch in dng
tranzito nh hnh 4-5.
+EC
+EC
L2
R1
C2
R1
C1
L1
R3
C5
C3
L
C4
R2
ura
R2
C3
R3
R4
ura
C4 C1
b)
a)
Hnh 3-5: Mch to dao ng ba im
a) Ba im in cm.
b) Ba im in dung.
Tn s dao ng ca mch 3-5a l:
88
C2
fd =
(3-6a)
2.. C.(L1 + L 2 )
C1 + C 2
1
.
2. L1 .C1 .C 2
(3-6b)
R1
RC
R3
C2
C
R2
Ura R
R1
ura
R2
Uht
R3
C1
Uht
Hnh 3-6
Mch in dng tranzito v IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 3-6.
y phn t khuch i o pha 1800, nn mch hi tip cng phi c gc pha 1800. Hm
truyn t v gc di pha mi khu RC trn hnh 3-6 xc nh theo:
K=
(3-7a)
1
R+
j..C
= arctg
1
.C.R
(3-7b)
U ht
j.3 .R 3 .C 3
=
U ra 1 6. 2 .R 2 .C 2 + j.(5..R.C 3 .R 3 .C 3 )
(3-8)
j.K.3 .R.3 C 3
K. =
1 6..2 R 2 .C 2 + j.(5..R.C 3 .R 3 .C 3 )
(3-9)
Cho K. = 1 ta c :
2
1 6.dd
.R.2 C 2 = 0
(3-10)
Tn s dao ng:
dd =
(3-11)
6.R.C
1
v
29
(3-12)
K = -29
(3-13)
Mch c h s hi tip =
R
1
, nn cn mc in tr R2, R3 sao cho 3 = 29 . Vi mch
R2
29
K=
.R C
29
rvt
(3-14)
R4
R3
+
C2
R2
Ura
C1
R1
1
R1
j..C1
Z1 =
=
1
1 + j..C1 .R 1
R1 +
j..C1
R 1.
Z2 = R 2 +
(3-15)
1 + j..R 2 .C 2
1
=
j..C 2
j..C 2
H s hi tip
(3-16)
U ht
Z1
=
U ra Z1 + Z 2
Thay vo:
j..R 1 .C 2
1 .R 1 .R 2 .C1 .C 2 + j..(R 1 .C1 + R 2 .C 2 + R 1 .C 2 )
2
(3-17)
Khi R 1 = R 2 = R , C1 = C2 = C th :
j..R.C
1 .R .C 2 + j3..R.C
2
(3-18)
mch dao ng c:
K = 1 =
j.K..R.C
1 .R 2 .C 2 + j3.R.C.
2
(3-19)
Hay:
2
1 dd
.R 2 .C 2 = 0
dd =
v
1
R.C
(3-20)
(3-21)
nn K = 3
Thay dd vo (3-18) c:
1
3
(3-22)
R4
=2
R3
1
1
).
j..C q j..C p
2 .L q .C q 1
Zq = X q =
= j.
1
1
.(C p + C q 2 .L q .C q .C p )
+ j..L q +
j..C q
j..C p
( j..L q +
(3-23)
j.Xq
Lq
CP
Cq
0
rq
fq
fP
B
B
a)
b)
Hnh 3-8:
Hnh 3-9 a:
T (3-23) suy ra thch anh c hai tn s cng hng: mt tn s cng hng ni tip fq ng
vi Zq= 0 v mt tn s cng hng song song f p ng vi Zp = .
Ta c :
fq =
(3-24)
2. L q .C q
92
fp =
Cn
Cp + Cq
Cq
1
= fq . 1+
2 L q .C q .C p
Cp
(3-25)
Lq
Cq
Lq
C q .rq
rt ln.
+ C q << C p .
+ Tnh tiu chun ca thch anh rt cao, vi khung dao ng thch anh c th t c
n nh tn s.
f
10 6 10 10
f0
thay i tn s cng hng ca thch anh trong phm vi hp ta mc ni tip vi thch
anh mt t bin i C S nh trn hnh 3-9b. Khi
tn s dao ng c xc nh theo biu thc:
f q = f q . 1 +
Cq
C p + CS
CS
(3-26)
f q < f dd < f p
(3-27)
1
< dd .L td
dd .C S
(3-28)
f dd f p
(3-29)
93
f p > f dd > f q
Lc ta c mch ba im in cm, khi :
f dd < f ch =
(3-30)
2. L k .C k
+EC
R1
R2
RC
RE
C1
C2
CS
CE
CK
Lk
q
R2
R1
RE
(a)
+EC
(b)
Hnh 3-10: Mch to dao ng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
hnh 3-11 l mch to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip. y
thch anh c mc trong mch hi tip v ng vai tr nh mt phn t ghp c tnh cht chn
lc i vi tn s.
CS
Hnh 3-11: Mach to dao ng sin c
thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni
tip
Khi tn s dao ng f dd
qM
*
RE
R2
R1
+EC
f q th tr khng thch anh Z q = 0 do h p trn thch anh
94
Trong U
l bin xung tam gic li vo.
U 1 <....< U 5 < U
V
V
UV
+U1
+U2
+U3
+U4
D1
D3
D5
D7
+U5
D9
R0
Ur
D2
-U1
R1
R2
D4
D6
D8
-U3
-U4
-U2
R3
R4
R5
D10
-U5
Hnh 3-13: Mch bin i xung tam gic - hnh sin bng phng
php xp x tng on tuyn tnh.
Khi UV tng dn th ln lt cc it thng v sau tt (nhm it l lm vic na
dng v it chn lm vic na m ca in p xung tam gic) to thnh tng on tn hiu
tuyn tnh c dc khc nhau. dc ca tng on ny c xc nh bi h s phn p tc
ng ln tng khong thi gian tng ng. Khi in p vo Uv nh, cc it ngt v chng c
phn cc ngc. Lc ny h s khuch i ca mch K = 1 do Ur = Uv. Khi Uv tng ln sao
cho Uv > +U1 th D1 thng, R0 v R1 to thnh mch phn p nn h s khuch i ca ton mch
gim, lm cho Ur tng chm hn Uv. Khi Uv > +U2 th D3 thng, R1//R2 cng R0 to thnh mch
phn p c h s phn p nh hn na, do tc tng ca in p ra cng gim...Cui cng khi
D9 thng th mch c h s phn p nh nht tng ng vi im cc i ca hm hnh sin. Tip
95
TM TT
Ni dung chnh ca chng l phn tch cc mch dao ng to tn hiu sin thng gp
trong k thut. Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc cn hiu v nm c cc vn :
- Th no l mch to dao ng. Yu cu ca mt mch to dao ng l cho ra tn hiu c
bin tn s rt n nh. t c iu mch to dao ng phi c ngun nui n nh,
dng linh kin phi c sai s nh, tm bin php n nh cho mch v khi cn dng tinh th thch
anh.
- iu kin ca mch to dao ng. Mt mch to dao ng c hai phn: phn mch khuch
i v phn mch hi tip. mch dao ng c cn: mch hi tip lun thc hin hi tip
dng K + = 2n, tch h s khuch i ca mch khuch i v h s hi tip ca mch
hi tip phi ln hn 1. Khi dao ng n nh (xc lp) K. = 1.
- Cc mch to dao ng sin:
+ Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p. Mch ny tranzito mc cc pht chung. Ti tn s
cng hng ti ca tng khuch i l in tr thun nn K = . Mun c hi tip dng cc
cun L1, L2 ca bin p ly in p hi tip phi c cc cng tn u cho nhau. Khi = .
Tng gc dch pha bng 2. Tn s dao ng ca mch do phn t L1C1 trong khung dao ng
quyt nh.
+ Mch to dao ng sin ba im. Loi mch ny khung dao ng c ba phn t in
khng. Do tranzito mc cc pht chung, BKTT mc ca thun chung nn tn hiu sau khuch
i ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. V vy cc phn t in khng ly hi tip v cng phi to ra gc
dch pha bng c hi tip dng. Da trn c s tm cc phn t LC trong khung dao
ng ba im v c c mch dao ng ba im in cm, mch dao ng ba im in dung.
Tn s dao ng ca mch do cc phn t trong khung dao ng quyt nh.
+ Mch to dao ng sin ghp RC. Loi mch ny phn hi tip ghp qua cc phn t RC.
N thch gp to ra tn hiu sin tn s thp v c n nh tn s cao. Mch to dao ng sin
ghp ba mt RC c K = , c = , i ln h s hi tip = 1/29, ln h s khuch i
ca mch K = 29 K = 1. Mch to dao ng sin cu Vin do kt cu mch nn K = 0, = 0,
h s hi tip = 1/3, h s khuch i K = 3 K = 1. Tn s dao ng ca mch = 1/RC.
Cc mch to dao ng sin trn c tn s dao ng ph thuc vo cc thng s LC hay RC
ca mch. Mun thay i tn s dao ng ca mch c th iu chnh gi tr mt trong cc thng
s .
- Mch to dao ng sin c thch anh. Do thch anh c tn s dao ng ring rt n nh,
nn mch to dao ng dng n cng c tn s rt n nh. Tu theo mch dao ng c th,
tho mn iu kin dao ng m mch s lm vic tn s cng hng ni tip hay tn s cng
96
CU HI V BI TP
3.1. nh ngha mch to dao ng?
3.2. Yu cu ca mt mch to dao ng sin?
3.3. iu kin dao ng ca mt mch to dao ng?
3.4. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p?
3.5. Da trn c s no xc nh cc phn t LC trong mch dao ng ba im?
3.6. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ba im in dung?
3.7. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ba im in cm?
3.8. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp ba mt RC?
3.9. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin Cu Vin?
3.10. Nu nguyn tc to tn hiu sin t tn hiu tam gic?
3.11. Khi no mch to dao ng sin cn c thch anh?
3.12. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c thch anh mc ni tip cc gc tn
s dao ng l tn s cng hng ni tip fq?
3.13. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng sin ba im hc c thch anh, mch phi lm vic khi
thch anh mang tnh cm?
3.14. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng phi c mch khuch i?
3.15. Cho mch in nh hnh P3 15. Ngun E = 15v.
97
Ur
2
R2
1
R1
Hnh P3-15.
a. Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca mch?
b. iu kin mch dao ng cho ra in p sin?
c. Cho R1 = R2 = R3 = 1k. Phm cht ca mch cng hng Q = 100. Tn s cng
hng ca mch cng hng fCH = 100kHz. Tnh gi tr L v C?
3.16. Cho mch in nh hnh P3 16 l mch dao ng sin c mch hi tip dng ba mt RC.
Ngun E = 15v.
Rht
C
R1
Ur
Hnh P3-16.
a. V dng tn hiu ra theo thi gian?
b. Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mch?
c. Cho tn s dao ng fdd = 1kHz, in tr R = 1k. Tnh gi tr cc linh kin cn li?
3.17. Cho mch dao ng cu Vin hnh P3-17 c R1 = 10k, R = 15k, C = 0.02F. Ngun E =
Rht
15V
R1
Ur
C
C
Hnh P3-17.
98
Rht
R
C
Ur
R1
C
Hnh P3-18.
a. Xc nh tr s Rht?
b. Xc nh khong bin i cn thit ca in tr R?
3.19. iu kin dao ng ca mch to dao ng sin ch xc lp l:
a. K = 1 .
b. K 1 .
c. K 1 .
d. < 1 .
3.20. Mch to dao ng ba im in dung l:
a. Mch m khung dao ng c hai t in v mt in cm.
b. Mch m khung dao ng c mt t in v hai in cm.
c. Mch m khung dao ng c mt t in v mt in cm.
d. Mch m khung dao ng c ba phn t L, R, C.
3.21. Gi tr in tr R3 khi bit R2 trong mch to dao ng sin ghp ba mt RC l:
a. R3 = 2R2.
b. R3 = 3R2.
c. R3 = 29R2.
d. R3 = 20R2.
99
100
NI DUNG
4.1. TN HIU XUNG V THAM S
Tn hiu xung l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Thng c gi theo hnh dng ca n nh
xung vung, xung tam gic, xung nhn vv, nh hnh 4-1.
U
tx
0
t
T
tqt
tqn
T
tx
T
102
U
U
U
Hnh 4-2. Cc tham s ca tn
hiu xung
t
ttr
ts
tx
+Ec
Ic
IB
R1Rc
1k
RB
Ur
Uv
-E
(a)
(b)
Ur
+E
+
Uv
U0
Uc
Ura
+Urama
Uvo
Uch
-Uramax
-E
(c)
(d)
4.4. TRIG
Trig l mch c hai trng thi n nh. Khi c ngun mch mt trng thi n nh no
. C mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi mt ln . Nh vy c hai xung vo mch cho
mt xung ra . Mch trig c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton. Ta xt mch trig Smt dng IC
thut ton khi tc dng u vo l in p sin a vo ca o. Mch in v dng in p hnh
4-5.
Ura
Uvo
+Ura max
_
Uvo
U
K
U1(+)
Ura
R2
U1(-)
U1
- Ura max
R1
Tra
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4-5: Trig Smt v dng in p vo, ra
T dng sng ta thy khi uv c gi tr m ln, mch trng thi bo ho dng Ur = +Urmax ,
+ U max
trn li vo thun c U1( + ) =
.R1 . Uvo tng dn, trng thi ny vn khng i cho ti khi
R1 + R 2
UV > U1(+) in p vo hai u IC i du nn u ra t bin sang trng thi bo ho m, Ura = U r max
Umax lp tc qua mch phn p a v ca thun in p U1( ) =
.R1 .
R1 + R 2
105
(4-1)
R1
.K 1
R1 + R 2
(4-2)
4.5. MCH A HI I
Mch a hi i c hai trng thi, trong c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi
khng n nh. Khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh. C xung kch thch mch chuyn sang
trng thi khng n nh mt thi gian ri t tr v trng thi n nh ban u ch xung kch thch
tip. Nh vy c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi hai ln cho mt xung vung ra. Mch
c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton.
Mch a hi i dng IC thut ton hnh 4-6a v dng in p cc cc nh hnh 4-6b.
Ban u mch trng thi n nh, u ra bo ho m, Ura= -Umax. Qua mch phn p a
U r max .R1
v ca thun in p U1( ) =
it D c phn cc thun, thng nn UC = 0. Ti t =
R1 + R 2
t1 c xung nhn cc tnh dng ti u vo. Nu bin ln vt qu gi tr u1(+), s lt
trng thi sang bo ho dng Ura= +Urmax.Qua mch hi tip dng a v ca thun
U
U1( + ) = r max .R1 , it D tt. Sau t1 in p ra Urmax np in cho t C lm cho UC tng ln. Ti
R1 + R 2
t2, UC > U1(+) u vo ca IC c in p i du, u ra IC lt sang trng thi bo ho, Ura= -Urmax.
Qua b phn p li a v in p U1(-), t C phng in qua R hng ti -Urmax, n t1 = t3;
uC = 0, it D thng tr li mch tr v trng thi i ban u.
Vi mch c ngun nui i xng Urmax= |-Urmax| ta xc nh c rng xung ra
(khong thi gian mch trng thi khng n nh) l:
tx= R.C. ln(1 +
R1
)
R2
(4-3)
Thi gian phc hi tph l thi gian mch tr v trng thi n nh ban u, xc nh theo
biu thc:
tph = R.C. ln(1 +
R1
)
R1 + R 2
(4-4)
(4-5)
Uvo
_
Cg
t1
Ura
UC
.Ura max UC = UN
R2
UV
t1
R1 U1
Hnh 4-6:
+Ura maxUP
t2
-.Ura max
a)
Tvo
- Ura max
tX
Ura
+Ura max
a) Mch a hi i
t1
b) Dng in p
t2
-Ura max
b)
4.6. MCH DAO NG A HI T DAO NG
4.6.1. Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito
C mch in nh hnh 4-7 v in p cc cc theo thi gian hnh 4-8. Mch gm hai
tranzito mc pht chung, u ra T1 ghp ti u vo tng T2 qua t C1, cn u ra tng T2 ghp tr
li qua t C2. Nh vy mi tng gy di pha mt gc 1800, hai tng di pha 3600, bo m hi tip
dng khi mch lm vic.
Khi c ngun hai t C1, C2 thay nhau np in v phng in, hai tranzito thay nhau thng
(bo ho), tt to cho mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T1 tt, T2 thng (bo ho) v
T1 thng (bo ho), T2 tt v t chuyn i trng thi cho nhau, u ra nhn c dy xung vung.
Xem nh mch bnh thng, xung ra c bin n nh, xt ti thi im mch ang
trng thi T1 tt, T2 thng (bo ho). Lc ny t C2 (trc np in) ang phng in t +C2
qua T2, ngun E, qua in tr R 3 n -C2 t in p m ln cc gc T1 lm cho uB1 < 0 gi T1
tt trong mt khong thi gian.
107
+EC
R1
Hnh 4-7:
Mch a hi t dao ng
dng tranzito
T1
Ura1
C1
R2
R3
C2
R4
T2
UB1
Ura2
UB2
UB1
Ura1
EC
Hnh 4-8:
UB2
t
Dng xung cc cc ca
mch a hi
Ura2
EC
tX1
tX2
T
108
Ur E
(4-6)
rng xung tx1 l thi gian T1 tt, t C2 phng in qua R 3 nn tx1 c tnh:
tx1 = R 3 .C2ln2 0,7 R 3 .C2.
(4-7)
(4-8)
(4-9)
Tn s dao ng ca mch:
f=
1
1
=
T 0,7(R 3 .C 2 + R 2 .C1 )
(4-10)
Vi mch i xng ta c:
R1 = R4 = RC; R2 = R 3 = RB.
C1=C2=C, cc tranzito T1, T2 cng loi, cng tham s th: tx1=tx2
tx1 = tx2 = 0,7.RB.C
T = 2tx = 1,4.RB.C
f=
1
1
=
T 1,4.R B .C
(4-11)
109
u1( + ) =
U r max
.R1 = .U r max
R1 + R 2
(4-12)
+Urmax
UC
U1(+)
_
UC
Ura
U1
R1
R2
0
U1(-)
t1
t3
-Urmax
U1
U1(+)
t1
0
U1(-)
(a)
t2
t2
Urmax
t3
t
- Urmax
Ura
Hnh 4-9:
+Urmax
a. B a hi trn c s b khuch
i thut ton.
t1
t2
t3
t
-Urmax
b. th thi gian.
tx
Tra
(b)
T C (trc np in) phng in qua +E, u ra IC, in tr R, ri np tip lm cho UC
tng ln. Khi UC > U1(+) th u ra lp tc t bin v -Urmax, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho
m.
Qua mch phn p R1 R2 a v mt in p:
U1( ) =
U r max
.R1 = U r max .
R1 + R 2
(4-13)
2R 1
)
R2
(4-14)
tx = R.C.ln3 1,1R.C
(4-15)
tx = R.C. ln(1 +
Nu chn R1 = R2 th:
110
f=
1
1
=
T 2,2R.C
(4-16)
R''
D2
U
R'
Ura
UC(t)
+Urmax
D1
_
+
C
R1
ura
t
-Urmax
R2
tX1
(a)
Hnh 4-10:
tX2
(b)
nB =
wC
wB
nt =
wC
wt
(4-17)
Xt loi mch nght t dao ng. Xem nh mch lm vic n nh, xung ra nh hnh
v. Trong khong thi gian 0 t1 tranzito T ang tt, IB, IC = 0, lc ny t C ang phng in t
+C qua cun WB, t, ngun EC, RB, R, -C lm cho UB < 0, Ur = EC. n t1 UB > 0 T
thng dng IB, IC xut hin v tng ln. Trn WC xut hin sc in ng chng li s tng ca IC
111
+EC
D
Ut
U2 *
RB
t2
t3
t4
0
Rt
Ur
EC
R
UB
Ur
0
Ut
t
0
tx
tph
tx
.R t
)
n B .(R t + rV )
trong : rV l in tr vo ca tranzito.
112
(4-18)
1
)
nB
(4-19)
f dd =
1
1
=
T t x + t ph
(4-20)
Uv
Uv
Ura
+
_
_
U
Ura
(a)
(b)
Ur
Uv
E
E
0
0
Ur
Uv
(d)
(c)
Hnh 4-12: Mch hn ch trn
113
Uv
(a)
Uv
Ura
+
Ura
+
-
(b)
Ur
Ur
E
0
Uv
Uv
(d)
(c)
Hnh 4-13: Mch hn ch di
114
R
D1
Uv
E1
D2
+
-
+
-
Uv
Ura
E2
(a)
D1
D2
R1
R2
E1
+
E
- 2
Uv
Ur
E2
Ura
(b)
Ur
+
-
E2
E1
E1 E2
(c)
Uv
(d)
Hnh 4-14: Mch hn ch hai pha
tqt
tqn
T
Trong thc t, phn qut thun ca xung rng ca khng hon ton tuyn tnh. Do nh
gi cht lng ng qut ca xung rng ca, ta a ra h s phi tuyn , nh ngha nh sau:
U (0 ) U (tqt )
(4-21)
U (0 )
U
=
EC
(4-22)
U r = EC (1 e t / R .C )
(4-23)
+EC
R1
RC
Uv
EC
Ur
Ur
C1
C
Ur
0
Ubh
tqt
tqn
Uv
+EC
RE
R2
R1
0
Ur
T2
Ur
C1
UV
T1
Ura
t
0
Ubh
tqt
tqn
1
UC =
idt
C
UC =
I
1
. I 0 dt = 0 .t
C
C
(4-24)
Mch hnh 4-17 tranzito T1 hot ng nh mt kho in t. Bnh thng khi cha c
xung vo do c cp dng IB1 ln nn T1 bo ho, do in p ra gn nh bng khng.
Tranzito T2 ng vai tr ngun dng. Nh c it n p D nn in p cc gc T2 lun n nh.
V vy dng qua T2, IE2 cng nh IC2 c gi tr n nh.
I C2 I E 2 =
E C U EB2 U D
RE
(4-25)
Trong khi T1 bo ho, dng IC2 ny bng dng IC1. Khi c xung m vo T1 tt, t C np in
bi dng IC2 v in p trn t tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:
117
U r = UC =
E U BE 2 U D
1
iC 2 dt = C
t
C0
C.RE
(4-26)
Khi ht xung kch thch T1 li thng v bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T1 lm cho Ur
gim xung nhanh chng v in p gn bng khng.
4.9.4. Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip
tng tuyn tnh ca ng qut thun, trong mt s mch to xung rng ca ta dng
thm mch khch i c hi tip nh trn hnh 4-18 (cn gi l mch qut Boostrap).
Trong mch ny T1 lun thng bo ho khi khng c xung vo, do in p trn t C lun
xp x bng khng (UC 0). Lc tn ti mt dng in chy t ngun EC, qua it D, qua R
n T1. Tng khuch i T2 mc cc gp chung, c khuch i in p gn bng mt nn in
p ra U r U C = 0 , t C0 (c in dung rt ln hn t C) lc ny np in ti gi tr EC, UC0 = EC.
Khi c xung kch thch, tranzito T1 tt, t C bt u c np in bi dng do t C0 phng
ra qua R. Theo mc np ca t C, in p ra tng dn v do it tt. Ta thy dng np cho
t C kh n nh nh in p trn t C0 hu nh khng i trong sut thi gian qut thun nn
in p ra tuyn tnh.
V mt gii tch, c th xc nh dng np cho t C thng qua in p h trn R.
I=
u R u C0 + u r u C
=
R
R
(4-27)
Uv
+EC
C0
R1
0
T2
Ur
C1
C
UV
RE
T1
Ur
Ubh
tqt
U C 0 EC
=
R
R
(4-28)
tqn
Ur UC =
E
1 t
idt = C .t
R.C
C 0
(4-29)
Sau khi xung vo kt thc, T1 thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in qua T1. Khi t C
phng in gim xung xp x bng khng it D thng v t C0 li np b sung n gi tr
U C 0 = EC ban u.
Trong mch ny thi gian qut thun cng bng rng xung vo.
Cng c th dng mch tch phn c BKTT to xung rng ca.
U2
M1
M2
U1
U3
M3
Hnh 4-19: S khi my to sng a chc nng
U2
t
Hnh 4-20: Dng in p cc u ra
my to sng chc nng.
U1
t
U3
t
119
+EC
RC
Hnh 4-21: Mch to dao ng
a hi c tn s iu khin
bng in p
RC
T2
T1
R
Ur
Ud
- EC
fr (Khz)
1,1
1,0
0,9
-5V
+5V
Ud(v)
Vng lm vic
Hnh 4-22: Quan h gia tn s dao ng ra ca VCO
vi in p iu khin
120
TM TT
Chng ny nu ln cc mch to xung, nguyn l to xung v dng xung u ra ca mch.
Cc vn chung cn hiu v nm c:
- Khi nim v tn hiu xung, cc tham s ca tn hiu xung.
- Ch lm vic ca tranzito mch xung. Tranzito trong mch xung mc cc pht chung
lm vic ch tt v ch bo ho do in p t ln cc iu khin quyt nh. Vi tranzito
loi NPN, khi UBE 0 tranzito tt IC = 0, UCE = E, khi UBE > 0 ln th tranzito bo ho IC = IC
max, UCE = 0.
- Ch lm vic ca BKTT trong mch xung. Trong mch xung BKTT lm vic ch
so snh. Do c h s khuch i rt ln, l tng K = nn khi lm vic in p ra BKTT
mt trong hai trng thi bo ho dng hoc bo ho m. Bin in p ra cc i bng E 2V.
- Cc mch to xung vung:
+ Mch trig Smit tn hiu hnh sin a vo ca o, mch hi tip dng a v ca thun
qua b phn p R1, R2. Tu theo mc in p vo so snh vi in p hi tip m mch chuyn
i trng thi u ra to ra dy xung vung. Tn s xung ra bng tn s tn hiu vo.
+ Mch a hi i: khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh bo ho m do c it D. Khi c
xung u vo mch chuyn sang trng thi khng n nh (bo ho dng) mt thi gian ri t tr
v trng thi n nh ch xung vo tip. C mt xung vo u ra nhn c mt xung ra, tn s
xung ra bng xung vo.
+ Mch a hi t dao ng: Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito. Mch c hai tranzito
mc cc pht chung v hai t C. Khi c ngun hai tranzito thay nhau thng bo ho, tt; hai t
thay nhau np phng cho u ra dy xung vung trn trc thi gian. Khi mch i xng, xung ra
c bin bng EC, tn s xung ra f = 1/1,4RB.C.
Mch a hi t dao ng dng BKTT. Mch c phn t np phng RC, mch hi tip
dng ly in p v so snh qua R1, R2. Khi mch lm vic ti cc thi im in p trn t C
(UC) ln hn hay b hn in p hi tip (U1 ly trn R1) th u ra mch chuyn i trng thi to
ra dy xung vung. Dy xung vung bin i xung quanh trc thi gian c bin l Ur max. Khi
chn R1 = R2 tn s dao ng ca mch f = 1/2,2RC.
Khi thay i mt trong hai thng s RC ca mch a hi t dao ng th tn s xung ra thay
i theo.
- Mch hn ch: mch ny c th dng to xung, chn xung, chng nhiu. Xt loi mch
hn ch dng it. Mch hn ch mt pha c th hn ch mc 0 hoc mc E. Mun thay i
pha hn ch ta i chiu it. Mch hn ch hai pha phi c hai it v hai mc hn ch. Mc
hn ch phi tho mn iu kin ca mch. mch hn ch mt pha mc E b hn bin tn
hiu vo. Mch hn ch hai pha c mc hn ch E1, E2 phi tho mn bin tn hiu vo > E2 >
E1. Xt hai mch hn ch song song v ni tip cng c mc hn ch E1, E2.
- Mach to xung rng ca. Cn nm c cc tham s c trng tn hiu xung rng ca.
Phn tch cc mch to xung rng ca dng mch tch phn RC, mch dng ngun dng, mch
121
CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Th no l tn hiu xung? Nu cc tham s c trng ca tn hiu ?
4.2. Ch lm vic ca tranzito mch xung?
4.3. Ch lm vic ca BKTT mch xung?
4.4. Th no l mch tri g? trnh by trig Smith o dng BKTT?
4.5. Th no l mch a hi i? trnh by mch a hi i dung BKTT?
4.6. Th no l mch a hi t dao ng? Cng thc tnh rng xung, chu k T v tn s lm
vic ca mch dng BKTT khi R1 = R2 ?
4.7 Th no l mch hn ch, ng dng ca n ?
4.8 Trnh by mch hn ch hai pha mc ni tip?
4.9 Trnh by mch hn ch hai pha mc song song?
4.10. Nu cc tham s c trng ca in p rng ca?
4.11. Trnh by mch to in p rng ca dng mch tch phn RC?
4.12. Trnh by mch to in p rng ca dng ngun dng?
4.13. Cho mch in hnh P4-13. Tn hiu vo hnh sin tn s thp, bin 6v.
in p ngun E = 12v.
Uv
Ur
Hnh P 4-13.
2k
Uv
Ur
Hnh P 4-14.
3k
a. V dng tn hiu ra ?
b. Khi tn hiu a vo ca o, in p ngng a vo ca thun. V Ur ?
4.15. Cho mch in hnh P4-15. Bit R = 12k, C = 0,2F, R1 = R2 = 30k. Ngun E = 12v.
R
C
Ur
Hnh P 4-15.
R2
R1
D1
D2
R1
Uv
Ur
+
E1
123
Hnh P 4-18.
R2
E2
b. f = 1/1,4RB.C.
c. f = 1/1,4RC.C.
d. f = 1/2,2RC.
b. E/2 vn.
c. (E 2) vn.
d. (E + 2) vn.
4.21. Cng thc tnh tn s ca mch a hi t dao ng dng BKTT khi c in tr mch hi
tip dng R1 = R2 l:
a. f = 1/2,2 R.C.
b. f = 1/2,2R1.C.
c. f = 1/1,4 R.C.
d. f = 1/ 2,2R2C.
b. E2 < E1 < v
d. E2 = E1 < v.
b. (E 2) vn.
c. E/2 vn.
d. (E + 2) vn.
124
125
NI DUNG
5.1. IU CH
5.1.1. Khi nim
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no nh
bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc.
Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x,
truyn i xa.
- Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
- Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn.
- Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc, trong
iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.
5.1.2. iu ch bin
5.1.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc.
n gin, gi thit tin tc US v ti tin U t u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin tc
bin thin t S min S max , ta c:
U S = U S . cos S t
U t = U t . cos t t
t >> S
Do tn hiu iu bin:
Ub = (U t + U S . cos S t ). cos t t = U t .(1 + m. cos t t ). cos t t
trong : m =
(5-1)
U S
l h s iu ch.
U
t
U db = U t cos t t +
mU t
mU t
cos( t + S )t +
cos( t S )t
2
2
(5-2)
Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu bin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn c
tn s t ( t + S min ) ( t + S max ) v bin tn di t
126
( t S max ) ( t S min ) .
5.1.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta xt
xem nng lng c phn b th no trong tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ca ti tin: l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin.
1 2
P~ t ~ (t l) U t
2
U
m.U t 2
)
2
~
2
(
P~ bt
smin
smax
a)
Ub
Ut
0
Hnh 5-1: Tn hiu iu bin
a) Ph ca tin tc;
t+Smax
b)
US
b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin;
c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn
hiu iu bin khi m < 1 v m > 1
Ub
c)
t
m<1
Ub
t
m>1
127
P~ db = P~ t + 2P~ bt = P~ t (1 +
m2
)
2
2P~ bt =
P~ t
2
(5-3)
(5-4)
Dng in ra:
i = i1 - i2
(5-5)
128
(5-6)
1
2
A = U S + (2a1 + 3a 3 ).U t + .a3 .U s2
2
1
B = .a3 .U s3
2
C = 2.a .U .U
S
(5-7)
3
D = .a3 .U S .U t .
2
Cng c th chng minh tng t cho mch hnh 5-2b.
Trong trng hp cn c ti tin u ra, sau khi iu ch a thm ti tin vo.
Ph ca tn hiu ra ca mch iu bin cn bng nh hnh 5-2c.
i1
T1
CB
US
US
Ub
CB
EC
Ut
Ub
i2
T2
(a)
(b)
Ut
Ub
3S
t - S
t + S
2t - S
2t + S
(c)
Hnh 5-2: Mch iu bin cn bng
a) Dng it; b) Dng tranzito; c) Ph tn hiu ra
Mch iu ch vng:
Mch iu ch vng: thc cht l hai mch iu ch cn bng chung ti.
Gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D1 D2 l i I v dng in ra ca mch iu ch
cn bng D3 D4 l i II
129
1
3
CB
US
Ub
4
CB
Ut
Hnh 5-3: Mch iu ch vng
Ta c:
i D 3 = a0 + a1 .U 3 + a2 .U 32 + a3 .U 33 + ...
i D 4 = a 0 + a1 .U 4 + a2 .U 42 + a3 .U 43 + ...
vi u3v u4 l in p t ln D3, D4 xc nh
U 3 = U t . cos t t U S . cos S t
U = U . cos t + U . cos t
t
thay vo
i b = i I + i II = 2.C.[cos( t + S )t + cos( t S )t ]
Nn:
Ph c dng:
t-S
t+S
5.3. IU CH N BIN
- Khi nim:
Nh trnh by phn trc, ph ca tn hiu iu bin gm ti tn v hai bin tn, trong
ch c bin tn mang tin tc. V hai gii bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau nn ch cn truyn i
mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn ton b
hoc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt gii bin tn gi
l iu ch n bin.
iu ch n bin tuy tn km nhng c cc u im sau:
- rng ti tn gim mt na.
- Cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn cng vi mt c ly thng tin. V c th tp
trung cng sut ca ti tn v mt bin tn cho bin tn cn li.
- Tp m u thu gim do gii tn ca tn hiu hp hn.
Biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin trn l:
Ub (t ) =
m
.U t . cos( t + S )t
2
(5-8)
US
trong m = c gi l h s nn ti tin, m c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 .
Ut
- iu ch n bin theo phng php lc.
T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin r rng mun c tn hiu n bin ta ch cn lc
bt mt gii bin tn. Nhng thc t khng lm c nh vy. Khi ti tn l cao tn th vn lc
tch ra mt gii bin tn gp kh khn. Tht vy, gi thit tn s thp nht ca tin tc
f S min = 200Hz , lc khong cch gia hai bin tn f = 2f S min = 400Hz (xem hnh 5-1b).
Nu ti tn f t = 10MHz th h s lc ca b lc X =
f
= 4.10 5 , kh nh. Khi s phn b
ft
ca hai bin tn gn nhau n ni ngay dng mt mch lc Thch anh cng rt kh lc c gii
bin tn mong mun. Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta dng mt b bin i trung gian
c th h thp yu cu i vi b lc
US
a
CB1
ft1fS
b
Lc I
ft1+fS
c
ft1
CB2
ft2(ft1+fS)
Lc II
ft2+ft1+f
d
ft2
To dao
ng 1
To dao
ng 2
f t =f t1+ f t 2 .
Ngoi ra cn c mch iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha hay mch iu ch
n bin theo phng php lc v quay pha kt hp m ta khng trnh by y.
US
a)
0
Ub
fSmin
fSmax
fSmin
b)
0
c)
ft1
Uc
0
ft1
fSmin
Ud
ft1
d)
0
ft2
ft2+ft1
132
5.4. IU TN V IU PHA
Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha:
V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h
d
dt
(5-9)
( t ) = ( t ) dt + ( t )
(5-11)
U t = U t . cos[ ( t ) dt + ( t ) ]
(5-12)
Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l n m.
U S = U S . cos S t
(5-13)
( t ) = t + kt U S cos S t
( t ) = o + kp .U S cos S t
(5-14)
(5-15)
kp .U S = m v gi l lng di pha cc i.
Khi cc biu thc (5-14), (5-15) vit li nh sau:
( t ) = t + m . cos S t
(5-16)
( t ) = 0 + m . cos S t
(5-17)
m
. sin S t + 0 )
Ut = U t . cos( t t +
133
(5-18)
Up = U t . cos( t t + m . cos S t + 0 )
(5-19)
= m . cos S t
Tng ng c lng di tn l:
d()
= m .S . sin S t
dt
m = S . m = S . k p .U S
(5-20)
Lng di tn cc i khi iu tn l:
m = kt .U S
(5-21)
CD =
k
(U D + k )
(5-22)
trong k l h s t l.
k l hiu in th tip xc mt ghp, vi it Silic k 0,7 V
l h s ph thuc vt liu: =
1
1
,...,
3
2
134
+E1
L1
C1
CD
R1
R3
R2
L2
R4
L3 C
(a)
+E2
US
L4
R5
C4
C2
C
(b)
L5 C5
E0
(5-23)
2. L 3 .(C + C D )
U D = U t U S E 0 = U t . cos t t U S . cos S t E 0
(5-24)
U D = U DMax = U t + U S E 0 0 v
U D = U D min = U t U S E0 U ngcp
(5-25)
CD
CD
CDma
CDmi
E0
U
U
t
iu tn dng tranzito in khng: phn t in khng dung tnh hoc cm tnh cmc
song song vi h dao ng ca b to dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo tn hiu iu
ch. Phn t in khng gm mt tranzito v hai linh kin RC hoc RL to thnh mch di pha mc
trong mch hi tip ca tranzito. Xem thm ti liu tham kho 1.
5.5.2. Mch iu pha
Mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong hnh 5-9 c thc hin theo nguyn l: ti tin t b
to dao ng Thch anh c a n b iu bin 1 (B1) v iu bin 2 (B2) lch pha nhau
900, cn tn hiu iu ch uS a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha. in p u ra trn hai b
iu bin l:
136
U t1
B1
Ub1
Tng
U t1
U t2
Tn hiu iu pha
Ub2
B2
Di pha 90
U t 2
m.U t 2
m.U t 2
m.U t1
0
U t1
m.U t1
G
U db1
137
U VTS = U VTS . cos t t trong U VTS bin thin theo quy lut tin tc.
Tn hiu ra b tch sng iu bin:
U RTS = K TS .U VTS
KTS l h s t l v c gi l h s tch sng.
K TS =
U RTS
U
VTS
- Thc t, i vi qu trnh tch sng ch cn quan tm n thnh phn bin thin chm
(mang tin tc) m thi, do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:
K TS =
U RTS
U
(5-26)
VTS
Z VTS =
U VTS U t
=
I VTS
I t
(5-27)
- Mo phi tuyn:
k=
I 22 S + I 32 S + ...
IS
.100%
SU D
0
iD =
khi
UD 0
khi
UD < 0
138
(5-28)
D
C
Ub
UC = US
U b
(a)
UR = US
(b)
Hnh 5-10: S tch sng dng it.
a, Tch sng ni tip. b, Tch sng song song
id
id
Ud
Ub
139
Uc
t
0
2
Hnh 5-12: th thi gian in p ra UC trn ti b tch sng ni tip
(5-29)
10
(5-30)
S max
Uc
U
t 100S max
db
Uc
Ub
t
0
1 = 0 + ; 2 = 0
S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm bin
in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin (U1, U2) thay i ph thuc vo tn s in p vo. T
mch in hnh 5-14 xc nh c:
= m.U
.Z
U
1
dt
1
U 2 = m.U dt .Z 2
(5-31)
M
)
L
M
1
Ut
2
U
1
U
2
D1
D2
US1
US2
US
Hnh 5-14: Mch in b tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng
Z1, Z2 l tr khng ca hai mch cng hng 1 v 2. M Z1, Z2 c xc nh theo:
Z1 =
R td1
( 1 ) 2
1 + [2.Q1 .
]
1
141
R td1
1 + ( 0 ) 2
(5-32)
R td 2
Z2 =
1 + [2.Q 2 .
( 2 ) 2
]
2
R td 2
1 + ( + 0 ) 2
Rtd1, Rtd2 ln lt l hai tr khng ca hai mch cng hng tn s cng hng 1 v
2.
Q1, Q2 l phm cht ca cc mch cng hng tng ng.
Chn hai mch cng hng nh nhau ta c:
R td1 = R td 2 = R td ,
0 =
2.Q 0 1, 2
0
Q1 = Q 2 = Q
l lch s tn s tng i gia tn s cng hng ring
2.Q 0
0
s trung bnh.
Theo (5-32) khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th Z1, Z2 thay i ko theo s thay i ca
,U
ngha l qu trnh bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu bin
bin in p vo U
1
2
c thc hin. Qua b tch sng bin ta nhn c cc in p.
= K .m.U
.
u S1 = K TS .U
1
TS
dt
= K .m.U
.
u S2 = K TS .U
2
TS
dt
R td1
1 + ( 0 ) 2
R td 2
1 + ( 0 + ) 2
(5-33)
(5-34)
in p ra tng.
..(, )
u S = u S1 u S 2 = K TS .m.R td .U
dt
0
Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im la kh iu chnh cho hai mch cng
hng hon ton i xng nn t c dng.
b. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp
Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp hnh 5-15. Mch in lm vic theo
nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin tch sng pha nh
tch sng bin . Tn hiu iu tn mt mt ghp qua bin p a sang cun th cp, mt mt
c ghp qua t Cgh . Do in p t ln cc it D1, D2 ln lt l:
U D1 = U1 + U 21
(5-35)
U D 2 = U 1 + U 22
142
D1
Cg
Ut
Us
U2
C1
L1
C
L2
U2
D2
Hnh 5-15: Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp.
1
U 21
Hnh 5-16:
U 22
U1
th vc t cc dng in v in p
vo ca b tch sng tn s dng mch
cng hng ghp
U D2
U D1
EM
I2
I2
I, L
I1L =
U1
j..L1
(5-36)
E M = j..M.I1L
(5-37)
I2 =
EM
r2
(5-38)
U S = K TS .( U D1 U D 2 ) = 0 .
143
UD2
D1
Ut
US1
U2
U0
U1
US2
D2
US
Hnh 5-17: S mch tch sng t s
Mch tch sng iu tn t s c s hnh 5-17. Cc it tch sng c mc ni tip
nhau. Mch va lm nhim v tch sng va lm nhim v hn ch bin .
Dng qua cc it np in cho t C1. Hng s thi gian = R.C1 (0,1 0,2) giy kh
ln nn in p trn C1 bin thin rt chm lm cho nhiu bin gim. C th chng minh iu
bng biu thc sau:
US = US1 - UR
144
UR =
vi
U 0 U S1 + U S 2
=
2
2
Thay vo ta c:
US =
U S1 U S 2 U 0 U S1 U S 2
=
.
2
2 U S1 + U S 2
US =
Hay
U 0 U S1 / U S 2 1
.
2 U S1 / U S 2 + 1
(5-39)
1
+
Up
US1
U
1
US
U S2
U
D1
U2
U
1
U
D2
Uch
b)
a)
U ch = U 2 . cos[ 02 t + 02 ] = U 2 . cos 2 (t )
in p t ln hai b tch sng tng ng l:
U D1 = U 1 . cos[ 01t + (t ) + 01 ] + U 2 . cos[ 02 t + 02 ]
U D 2 = U 1 . cos[01 t + ( t ) + 01 ] + U 2 . cos[ 02 t + 02 ]
145
U 1t = U S 1 = K TS .U D1 = K TS . U 12 + U 22 + 2.U 1 .U 2 . cos (t )
U 2t = U S 2 = K TS .U D 2 = K TS . U 12 + U 22 2.U 1 .U 2 . cos (t ) (5-40)
trong K TS l h s truyn t ca b tch sng bin .
K TS =
US
m.U t
(5-41)
U S = U S1 U S 2
2
U S = K TS .[ U 12 + U 22 + 2.U 1 .U 2 . cos ( t ) U 1 + U 2 2.U 1 .U 2 . cos (t ) ] (5-42)
Vy tr s tc thi ca in p ra trn b tch sng ph thuc hiu pha ca tn hiu iu pha
v tn hiu chun. Trng hp 01 = 02 v 01 = 02 th in p ra ch cn ph thuc vo pha
ca tn hiu vo (t).
5.8. TRN TN
5.8.1. nh ngha
Trn tn l qu trnh tc dng vo hai tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn nhn c cc
thnh phn tn s tng hoc hiu ca hai tn hiu (thng ly hiu tn s).
Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l n m (c mt vch ph), tn hiu gi l tn
hiu ngoi sai v c tn s fns. Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch vi tn s fth c nh hoc bin
thin trong mt phm vi no . Tn hiu c tn s mong mun u ra c tch nh b lc, tn
s ca n thng c gi l tn s trung tn ftt.
thc hin trn tn phi dng phn t phi tuyn hoc dng phn t tuyn tnh tham s.
5.8.2. Nguyn l trn tn
Gi thit c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn c biu din theo chui Taylor sau y:
i = a 0 + a1 .u + a 2 .u 2 + ... + a n .u n + ...
(5-43)
U ns = U ns . cos ns t
U th = U th . cos th t
Thay vo (5-43) ta c:
i = a 0 + a1 .( U ns . cos ns t + U th . cos th t )
2
a2 2 2
a 2
.(U ns + U th ) + 2 .(U ns . cos 2 ns t + U th . cos 2 th t )
2
2
(5-44)
+ a 2 .U ns .U th .[cos( ns + th )t + cos( ns th )t ] + ...
= n ns m th
trong n, m l nhng s nguyn dng.
Nu trn u ra b trn tn ly tn hiu c tn s = ns th , ngha l chn n = m = 1
th ta c trn tn n gin.
C trng hp ly = n ns th vi n 2 ta c trn tn t hp.
Trn tn c dng trong my thu i tn. Nh b trn tn, mch cng hng ca cc tng
trung tn ca my thu tn c iu chnh cng hng mt tn s c nh. Tn s ngoi sai
c ng chun vi tn s tn hiu vo sao cho ftt = f ns fth = const .
Cn ch rng qu trnh trn tn bin in p ngoi sai rt ln hn in p tn hiu nn
vi tn hiu c tuyn vn-ampe ca phn t trn tn xem nh tuyn tnh cn vi in p
ngoi sai xem nh phi tuyn.
5.8.3. Mch trn tn
5.8.3.1. Mch trn tn dng it.
Mch trn tn dng it c dng rng ri mi tn s c bit phm vi tn s cao (trn
1GHz). Mch trn tn dng it c nhc im l lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng it
c biu din trn hnh 5-19.
Trong s trn tn n mch tn hiu, mch ngoi sai v mch trung trung tn mc ni
tip nhau. C th tnh S tt , Gitt cho s da vo c tuyn l tng ho ca it biu din trn
hnh 5-20. Theo c tuyn :
Vit c biu thc dng in qua it.
S.U khi U 0
i=
khi U < 0
0
147
S=
1
di
=
= Gi
du Ri
U th
Utt
a)
U ns
itt1
+
-
U th
b)
itt2
Utt
U ns
Hnh 5-19: Mch trn tn dng it.
V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian nn h dn S l mt dy xung vung
vi rng xung ph thuc gc ct . Vi im tnh chn gc to th = (90 0 ) =
Theo Furi khi ta tnh c bin S sng c bn l:
2.S
S1 =
1
S
S tt = .S1 =
2
cn
Gitt = Gio =
S
2
148
S
i
U
Uns
/2
nst
nst
chng tp m ngoi sai, dng s trn tn cn bng (hnh 5-19b). Trong b trn tn
ny in p tn hiu t ln hai it ngc pha cn in p ngoi sai t ln hai it ng pha,
ngha l:
U thD1 = U th . cos th t
U thD 2 = U th . cos( th t + )
v U nsD1 = U nsD 2 = U ns . Do dng in trung tn qua cc it do U th to ra:
trong
itt1 = I tt1.cos(ns th )t
itt 2 = I tt 2 .cos[(ns th )t + ] = I tt 2 .cos(ns th )t
I tt1 = I tt 2 = I tt = S tt .U th
149
+E
R1
C2
Utt
C1
Uth
R2
R3
Uns
Hnh 5-21.a: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
+E
R1
C2
Utt
C1
Uth
R2
R3
C3
Uns
+EC
Utt
C3
Uns
C1
C2
R1
Uth
R2
C4
R3
UV
fV
Ud=KdUVUr
(fV- fr)
LTT v K
VCO
Ur
fr
(fV+ fr)
Tn hiu so snh Ur
Tn s chun
TSP
LTT v K
VCO
fV
Tn s ra
fr = nfv
CT
n:1
Hnh 5-24: Mch nhn tn vi h s n nguyn
152
fv
CT1
fv/m
1:m
fr =
TSP
LTT v K
VCO
n. f v
m
fr
n
CT2
n:1
Hnh 5-25: Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l
bi ca tn s vo
TM TT
Kt thc chng 5 ngi hc cn nm c:
- iu ch. Khi nim v iu ch.
Mch iu ch l mt mng su cc: c hai in p vo v mt in p ra. in p tin tc c k
hiu US, in p ti tin k hiu Ut. iu kin iu ch c l tn s ti tin rt ln hn tn s tin tc.
iu bin: lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu tn l lm cho tn s ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu pha l lm cho pha ca ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu bin. Biu thc iu bin khi ti tin Ut v tin tc US u l dao ng iu ho.
Tm ph ca tn hiu iu bin, xt quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
+ Mch iu bin. thc hin iu bin c th dng it hay tranzito thc hin. Mch
iu bin dng it phi s dng loi it cao tn (tip im). Mach iu bin cn bng cho tn
hiu ra hai bin tn cn c cc thnh phn tn s khc gy nhiu. Mch iu bin vng u im
hn v loi tr c cc thnh phn gy nhiu (mch phi dng bn it).
+ Mch iu bin dng tranzito nguyn l iu ch cng tng t, tuy nhin n c kh nng
khuch i lm bin tn hiu ra ln hn.
+ iu ch n bin. Tn hiu iu bin c hai bin tn cha ni dung tin tc nh nhau. C
th lc b mt bin tn m ni dung tin tc vn khng thay i. l tn hiu n bin (mt
bin). Truyn tin loi tn hiu ny gim c cng sut my pht khi cng c ly thng tin, gim
153
154
CU HI V BI TP
5.1.
Th no l iu ch?
5.2.
Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu iu tn, tn hiu iu pha khi Us, Ut u l tn hiu iu
ho?
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
Th no l tranzito in khng?
5.8.
5.9.
t >> s.
b. t = s.
c. t s.
d. t < s.
5.20. Yu cu v loi it dng trong mch iu bin l:
a. it tip mt.
b. it tip im (cao tn).
c. it bin dung.
d. it zene.
5.21. Tc dng ca it bin dung trong mch iu tn l:
a. gi cho bin tn hiu ra n nh.
b. lm cho tn s ca mch dao ng bin i theo tin tc Us.
c. gi cho tn s tn hiu ra khng thay i.
d. duy tr dao ng cho mch.
5.22. iu kin bin tn hiu vo mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo l:
a. Bin nh.
b. Bin rt nh.
c. Bin ln.
d. C a v b.
5.23. iu kin v hng s thi gian ca mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo l:
a. 1/s << = RC <<1/t.
b. 1/t < = RC< 1/s.
c. 1/t << = RC <<1/s.
d. 1/s = = RC >>1/t.
5.24. Ti ca mch trn tn phi l:
156
b.
c.
d.
fr = nfv.
b.
fr = nfv/m.
c.
fr = mfv /n.
d.
fr = fv/(m n).
157
C s l lun: Khi nim chung v chuyn i A/D, D/A, cc tham s c bn, gii bin
i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo, chnh xc ca qa trnh chuyn i A/D, tc
chuyn i.
Cc bc chuyn i A/D: ly mu v gi mu, lng t ho, m ho.
Cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php hai sn dc.
NI DUNG
6.1. C S L LUN
6.1.1. Khi nim chung
phi ghp gia ngun tn hiu tng t vi cc h thng x l s, ngi ta dng cc
mch chuyn i tng t - s (vit tt l A/D) nhm bin i tn hiu tng t sang dng s hoc
dng mch chuyn i s - tng t (D/A) trong trng hp cn thit bin i tn hiu s sang
dng tng t. Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang dng s c minh ho bi c
tuyn truyn t trn hnh 6-1.
158
UD
111
110
UQ
101
100
011
010
1 2
ULSB
3 4
5 6
(UAmax)
UA
S D = b n 1 .2 n 1 + b n 2 .2 n 2 + ... + b 0 .2 0
(6-1)
Q = U LSB =
U A max
(6-2)
2N 1
1
U Q = .Q
2
(6-3)
159
(6-4)
B l gii tn s ca tn hiu.
Theo nh l ly mu, nu iu kin (6-4) tho mn th khng c s trung lp gia ph c
bn v cc thnh phn ph khc sinh ra do qu trnh ly mu.
6.1.2. Cc tham s c bn
6.1.2.1. Gii bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo
L khong in p m b chuyn i A/D thc hin c.
Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n gi tr dng hoc m no hoc cng c th
l in p hai cc tnh t -UAm n +UAm
6.1.2.2. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D.
Tham s u tin c trng cho chnh xc ca b A/D l phn bit. Ta bit rng u ra
ca b A/D l cc gi tr s sp xp theo quy lut ca mt loi m no . S cc s hng ca m s
u ra tng ng vi di bin i ca in p vo, cho bit mc chnh xc ca php bin i. V d: 1
b A/D c s bit u ra N=12 c th phn bit c 212 = 4096 mc trong gii bin i in p ca n.
phn bit ca b A/D c k
UD
hiu l Q v c xc nh theo
L tng
Thc
biu thc (6-2). Q chnh l gi tr
ca mt mc lng t ho hoc
cn gi l 1 LSB.
111
Trong thc t thng
dng s bit N c trng cho
chnh xc, lc phi hiu
ngm rng gii bin in p
vo coi nh khng i.
110
011
Mo phi tuyn
101
100
Sai s khuch i
Sai s n iu
UA
010
Sai s lch khng
1/2 LSB
ng c tuyn truyn t
Hnh 6-2: c tuyn truyn t l tng v thc
l tng ca b A/D l 1 ng
ca mch chuyn i A/D
bc thang u v c dc trung
bnh bng 1. ng c tuyn thc c sai s lch khng, sai s khuych i ca mo phi tuyn v sai
s n iu, biu din trn hnh 6-2.
160
UA
A/D
UM
Mch ly
mu
UD
M
Lng t
ho
ho
t
UM
UMt0
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
Q
. Mch lng t ho c nhim v ri rc tn hiu tng t v mt bin . Nh qu trnh
2
lng t ho mt tn hiu tng t bt k c biu din bi mt s nguyn ln mc lng t,
ngha l:
X Ai X Ai X Ai
=
Q
Q
Q
(6-5)
+Uch
_
UM
S1
FF
_
S2
UD
FF
+
_
S4
FF
M
ho
_
Sm
R
2
FF
Nhp
163
UA
SS
USS
UC To in p
rng ca
+
_
SS
UG
m,
M ha
USS
UD
To nhp
UC
U
UA
t
0
tM
USS2
Hnh 6-7: th thi
gian in p ra cc khi
ca hnh 6-6
t
0
USS1
t
0
UG
t
164
_
UC
Uch
RC 0
RC
Gi s ti t = tm th UC = UA, ta c:
UA =
tM =
U ch
t M , do
RC
UA
.RC
U ch
Z = fn.
UA
.RC
U ch
(6-6)
U 'C =
K
1
1
1
U A dt =
U A .t
RC 0
RC
C
R
2
(6-7)
A
UA
S
A
Uch
UD
m
Mch
logic
"v"
m
Z0
Nhp
U 'Ct =
1
UA
.t1
RC
(6-8)
U'C1
U'C1
UA
0
t1
t'2
t2
Khi kho K v tr 2, in p Uch bt u np cho t C theo chiu ngc li, phng trnh
np l:
166
U C'' =
U ch
.t
RC
(6-9)
U Ct'' 2 =
U ch
.t 2
RC
(6-10)
Gi thit sau thi gian t2 th | U 'C' |=| U 'C | , ngha l in p trn t C bng 0. Theo (6-8) v
(6-10) ta c:
U
UA
t1 = ch t 2
RC
RC
hay:
t2 =
UA
t1
U ch
(6-11)
(6-12)
t1 =
Z0
fn
(6-13)
t2 =
U A Z0
.
U ch f n
(6-14)
Z = t 2 .f n =
UA
.Z 0
U ch
(6-15)
Sau thi gian t2 mch m ra b ngt, v UC = 0 v mch logic ng cng "V". Qu trnh
c lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo.
Theo (6-15) ta thy s xung m c u ra t l vi in p tng t UA cn chuyn
i. y kt qu m khng ph thuc vo cc thng s RC ca mch v cng khng ph thuc
vo tn s xung nhp fn, nh trong phng php m n gin. Nh vy kt qu chuyn i kh
chnh xc v khng cn chn tn s xung nhp fn cao. Tuy nhin tn s xung nhp phi c n
nh cao sao cho tr s ca n trong khong thi gian t1 v t2 nh nhau php gin c trong
biu thc (6-15) khng gy sai s.
Trong phng php m n gin v phng php tch phn hai sn dc, ta lm cho
in p UA t l vi thi gian t1 v t2 ri m s xung nhp xut hin trong khong thi gian . V
vy cc phng php ny cn c tn gi chung l phng php gin tip thng qua thng s thi
gian.
167
UD
UD
UA
0
UA
0
Hnh 6-11: c tnh bin i phi tuyn b)
a)
a) ca b bin i A/D;
b) ca b bin i D/A
c li tn hiu trung thc nh ban u, b bin i ngc D/A theo phng php ny c
cu to sao cho ng c tnh bin i ngc ca n c dng hm s m (hnh 6-11b). c trng
bin i A/D thng dng hm s:
y=
trong : x =
ln(1 + x)
ln(1 + )
(6-16)
UA
UD
;y =
U Amax
U D max
y ' | x =0 =
ln(1 + )
vi tn hiu b ( x <
y2 =
Ax
1
) dng hm s y1 =
v vi tn hiu ln dng hm s:
A
1 + ln A
1 + ln A X
.
1 + ln A
y
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
y=
0,6
ln(1 + .x)
ln(1 + )
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
S sc mng
8
7
6
5
4
3
0 2 4 8 16
S mc
32
64
UD
D/A
LTT
UA
UA
0
Hnh 6-15: th thi gian ca tn hiu sau mch chuyn
i D/A
6.3.1. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr
S 6-16 minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang
in tr. u vo b khuych i thut ton l mt thang in tr. M tr s ca chng phn b
theo m nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau hn km nhau 2 ln. Tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu s
cn chuyn i. Bt c ngha nh nht (LSB) c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr ln
nht R, bit c ngha ln hn tip c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh hn R/2...
v MSB iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh nht ( R ). Nu mt bt c gi tr "O" th kha
N -1
U M = R ht I n
(6-17)
n 0
170
20
21
I0
2N-1
I1
R
2
IN-1
UM
2 N 1
K
Hnh 6-16: S nguyn l b chuyn i
D/A theo phng php thang in tr
= Uch Tn hiu iu khin s
T1 xung t, khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "1" th Io c dn qua T2 n u vo b
khuych i thut ton.
Chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny yu cu tr s ca cc in tr phi rt chnh xc. V
R
d in tr nh nht N -1 phi chnh xc n mc sai s dng in qua khng vt qu 1
2
LSB, vi N=16 th sai s ny khong 0,5%.
Rht
_
+
T2
T1
UM
Tn hiu iu khin
I0
R
-Uch
6.3.2. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php mng in tr
S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny nh hnh 6-18. y cc
ngun dng c to ra bi ngun in p chun Uch. Dng in ca chng bng nhau v bng Io.
Tn hiu cn chuyn i c a n chuyn mch K. Khi mt bt no ca tn hiu iu khin
171
Tn hiu
I0
I0 . . .
I0
I0
i0
i1
iN-2
iN-1
iu khin
Rht
_
R
2R
R
2R
2R
2R
UM
TM TT
Kt thc chng ngi hc cn hiu v nm c cc vn :
- Tn hiu trong h thng thng tin s l tn hiu s. T tn hiu tng t (Analog) mun
chuyn i thnh tn hiu s (Digital) phi dng b chuyn i tng t- s vit tt l A/D.
Ngc li khi c tn hiu s mun chun thnh tn hiu tng t phi dng b chuyn i stng t vit tt l D/A.
- Chuyn i A/D. Nguyn tc chuyn i A/D c m t trn c tuyn truyn t hnh
6-1. y UA l tn hiu tng t, UD l tn hiu s. Ta thy tn hiu s l tn hiu r rc, mt
phm vi gi tr ca UA c biu din bng mt i din s thch hp di dng s nh phn. Vi
172
CU HI V BI TP
6.1. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D ph thuc vo tham s no? ti sao?
6.2. Nu cc bc chuyn i A/D?
6.3. S v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song?
6.4. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song mc lng t Q th hin u?
Tm biu thc xc nh gi tr ?
6.5. S v nguyn l chuyn i ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin?
6.6. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo png phng php m n gin mc lng t Q th
hin u? Tm biu thc xc inh gi tr ?
6.7. So snh u im b chuyn i A/D theo phng php tch phn hai sn i vi phng
php m n gin?
6.8. Th no l chuyn i A/D phi tuyn? ngha thc t ca n?
6.9. Nu cc bc chuyn i D/A?
6.10. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang in tr?
6.11. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php mng in tr?
6.12. So snh b chuyn i D/A dng phng php thang in tr vi phng php dng mng
in tr?
6.13. Mt tn hiu tng t c gii tn s 300 Hz n 3700 Hz. Hy xc nh tn s ly mu
chuyn i A/D trong trng hp ?
Nu tn s ly mu fM = 8000Hz th chu k ly mu TM l bao nhiu?
174
b. fM 2Fmax.
c. fM < 2Fmax.
d. fM = Fmax.
6.16. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D khi Ua max khng i ph thuc vo:
a. ln tn s ly mu fM.
b. rng gii tn tn hiu vo.
c. S bt N ca t m.
d. C b v c.
6.17. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin ph thuc vo thng
s ca mch:
a. Ch ph thuc fn.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Ph thuc R, C v fn.
d. Khng ph thuc.
6.18. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php tch phn hai sn dc ph thuc
vo thng s ca mch:
a. Ph thuc fn, R v C.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Khng ph thuc.
d. Ch ph thuc fn.
6.19. S in tr dng trong thang in tr ca mch chuyn i D/A khi s bt ca t m N:
a. 2N.
b. N.
c. 2(N 1).
d. 2(N + 1).
b. 2N - 1.
c. 2(N 1).
d. (N + 1)
175
NI DUNG
7.1. KHI NIM
Mch ngun cung cp c nhim v cung cp nng lng mt chiu cho cc mch in v
thit b in t hot ng. Nng lng mt chiu ca n c ly t ngun xoay chiu ca li in
thng qua qu trnh bin i thc hin trong b ngun mt chiu. Hnh 7-1 biu din s khi ca
mt b ngun mt chiu hon chnh vi chc nng cc khi nh sau:
It
U1
Bin p
U2
Mch chnh
lu
U0
Mch
lc
U01
Mch n p U
r
(n dng)
Rt
7.2. BIN P
Bin p l thit b lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t dng bin i in p xoay
chiu na thnh in p xoay chiu khc nhng tn s khng i. Trong thit b ngun bin p
ngoi nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu ca mng in thnh in p xoay chiu c tr s cn
thit vi mch chnh lu cn c tc dng ngn cch mch chnh lu vi mch in v mt chiu.
Mt bin p c bn c hai cun dy cun trn li st t hnh 7-2. Cun s cp c ni vi
mng in, cun th cp c ni vi ti.
U1
U2
(7-1)
177
U2
U1
U0
U2
U2m
Rt
a)
uo
U2m
U
io
IM
Io
uDng
t
UM
b)
Ta thy trong 1 chu k ca in p mng, ch c 1 xung dng qua ti m =1.
in p trn ti u0 v dng in qua ti i0 bao gm thnh phn 1 chiu v v s cc thnh
phn xoay chiu t bc mt tr ln, nhng thnh phn xoay chiu ny gy nn p mch (nhp
nh) ca in p u ra b chnh lu.
u0 = U0 + Un
n =1
i0 = I 0 + in
n =1
Uo =
U
m
U 2 m sin tdt = 2 m = 0,45U 2
2 0
U in p hiu dng ca u; U 2 =
(7-2)
U 2m
2
(7-3)
178
1
<< Rt th
mc
U2
UC
U2m
U0
Uo
U1
U2
Uo
Rt
io
Io
2
a)
t
b)
(7-4)
= 3RS / Rt
Khi h ti (Rt=) th I0hm= 0; = 0 vy U0hm = U2m
- in p ngc ln nht t ln it l trong trng hp h mch (Rt=)
Ungmaxtt=2U2m
(7-5)
0
u2b
a)
D1
i2a
Rt
i0
u2
u2b
u2M
Uo
i2
D2
u2a
i2a
2
i2a
i2b
t
I2M
Io
Hnh 7-5:
u0
U0
t
b)
Dng qua ti i0 = i2 a + i2 b = I 0 + in
n =1
Do in p trn ti u0 = U0 + un
n =1
Dng v in p trn ti bao gm thnh phn 1 chiu (I0, U0) v v s cc thnh phn xoay
chiu ( i ; u) thnh phn 1 chiu ca dng in chnh lu:
I0 =
I 2 M = 0 ,636 I 2 M
180
(7-6)
I 2M =
Trong :
U 2M
r f + Rt
U 0 = I 0 Rt =
2 U 2M
Rt
r f + Rt
U0 =
U 2 M = 0,9U 2
+ Vi ti dung tnh.
u0
(7-7)
u2a
u2b
uC
a
u2a
D1
Uo
i2a
u1~
u2b
+
D2
i0
i2b
U0
I2
Rt
Io
t
_
Hnh 7-6: Chnh lu ton sng bin p im gia ti dung tnh v dng sng.
Khi c C// Rt v X c =
1
<< Rt th b chnh lu c ti dung tnh
m c
U 0 = U 2 M cos = 2U 2 cos
(7-8)
U 0 hm = U 2 M = 2U 2
- in p ngc cc i t trn it:
U Dng max = 2U M = 2 2U 2
+ Vi ti cm tnh.
181
(7-9)
u2a
u2b
U2M
u1~
u2a
u2b
D1
D2
i2a
+
I0
i2b
u0
Lch
u0
Rt
U0
Uo
i0
a)
I0
t
b)
Hnh 7-7: Chnh lu ton sng bin p gia vi ti cm v dng sng
U 0 = 0,9U 2 ; I 0 =
U0
Rt
(7-10)
Trong thc t loi b tng i trit cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh
lu, ngi ta khng ch dng cun chn ring l m kt hp vi t C mc sau n v song song vi
Rt, gim nh tr khng ra ca b chnh lu.
* So vi s chnh lu 1 pha na sng, th s ny c u im:
- in p, dng in 1 chiu ra ln
- Tn s p mch fd = 2f d lc san bng
- Dng trung bnh qua it nh
* Nhc im:
- in p ngc t ln it ln
- Bt buc phi dng bin p
182
D1
D4
U1
Lc
U2
D3
b
D2
i2b
Rt
U0
Rt
Rt
_
Hnh 7-8: S chnh lu cu 1 pha vi cc ti khc nhau
Khi na chu k ng vi a+, b- th D1 v D3 thng, th c dng i2a t a D1 ti D3
b. Na chu k ng vi b+, a- th D2 v D4 thng, c dng i2a t b D2 ti D4 a.
Trong mt chu k ca in p mng, s lm vic hai ln vi ti, c 2 xung dng qua ti
nn fd = 2f = 100Hz.
i vi ti in tr, in cm, in dung cc dng sng v tr s ging nh s chnh lu
ton sng 1 pha vi bin p im gia.
- Vi ti thun tr: U0 0,9 U2
U 0 = 2U 2 cos
- Vi ti dung tnh:
U ohm = 2U 2
U Dng max = U 2 M = 2U 2
- u im ca s cu so vi s c bin p th cp ra im gia .
+ C th dng bin p hoc khng
+ Nu dng bin p v nu cng in p th cun th cp c s vng gim mt na.
7.4. CHNH LU BI P
7.4.1. Chnh lu bi p na sng
183
Hnh 7-9: S nn bi
p na sng
D2
D1
u2
u1
C2
C1
b
U0
+
- C1, C2 c gi tr in dung m bo X C1 , X C 2
Rt
1
=
<< Rt th s ny l ti dung
C1,2
tnh.
Gi s na chu k u c a+; b- th D1 thng, C1 c np nhanh vi gi tr UC1 U2M. Na
chu k sau b+; a- th D2 thng, C2 c np vi
UC2 = 2U2M.cos = U0
(7-11)
U1
+
C1
U2
I0
U0
+
C2
D2
(7-11)
Rt
7.5. B LC
7.5.1. Khi nim chung
Sau chnh lu, nht thit phi c b lc san bng p mch (hay lc loi b thnh
phn xoay chiu) ca in p chnh lu n mc cn thit m ti yu cu.
nh gi tc dng lc ca b lc, ta coi b lc nh mt mng 4 u m li vo ca n
c cung cp mt in p 1 chiu vi p mch:
Kv = U0v/U0v
Ti u ra b lc ta nhn c in p vi p mch:
Kr = U0r/U0r
(7-12)
B lc
Hnh 7-11
U0v; U0r l bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p p mch u vo v u ra
c tnh vi hi bc 1
U0v, Uor in p 1 chiu u vo, ra ca b lc. H s lc (hay h s san bng) ca b lc l:
q=
K dv U 0 v U 0 r
=
.
K dr U 0 r U 0 v
(7-13)
tnh :
(7-14)
LCh
Uo~V
V rLch<<Rt
Uo~r
Rt
(7-15)
Hnh 7-12: B lc LC
tn s in mng
rLch in tr thun tn hao trn cun chn, ta c:
U 0~ r = U 0~ v
q=
1
jm Lch +
1
jm C
1
jm C
1
U 0 ~v
= (m Lch +
)m C = m 2 2 Lch C + 1
U 0 ~r
m C
(7-16)
Lch C =
q
m 2
2
C=
q
m 2 2 Lch
C 10
q
(F)
m Lch
(7-17)
L =
Rt
=
rL + Rt
ch
1
rL
1+
Rt
(7-18)
ch
Uo~V
Uo~r
Rt
Hnh 7-13: B lc RC
7.5.4. B lc RC
Khi hiu sut b lc l th yu n gin cu trc b lc ngi ta dng b lc RC, trong
1 phn t ca mt lc l in tr thun R mc ni tip vi Rt. Tnh q ca b lc RC tng t nh
tnh q ca b lc LC
Ta c:
q = mCRt
Vi
Rtd
(7-19)
RRt
R + Rt
CRtd = 3200
q
q
c = 3200
( F)
m
mRtd
(7-20)
7.6. N NH IN P
7.6.1. Khi nim chung
Nhim v ca mch n nh in p l gi cho in p u ra n nh khi in p u vo
thay i hay ti thay i. nh gi n nh ca mch n p ngi ta a ra h s n nh
Ku.
H s n nh in p Ku ni ln
tc dng ca b n nh lm gim
khng n nh in p ra trn ti i bao
nhiu ln so vi u vo.
khng n nh u vo :
NV =
NV =
U V
U Vdm
B n nh
Nr =
U V
U Vdm
khng n nh in p u ra
187
U r
U rdm
Nr =
U r
U rdm
Ku =
N V U V U rdm
=
N r U r U Vdm
(7-21)
Pr
Pr
=
PV Pr + Pth
(7-22)
UZMin
-U
IZmin
A
IZTB
It
I = IZ+ It
Khong n
nh
UV
IZ
ZD
(vng Zener)
B
IZMax
a)
b)
Hnh 7-15: c tnh V-A ca it Zener v s
n p mt chiu dng it Zener
188
Rt
I Z = I Ztb =
I Z max + I Z min
2
(7-23)
Tng ng vi IZ ta c UZ.
S nguyn l mch n nh in p 1 chiu dng it zener nh hnh 7-15b
Theo s ta c Ur = UZ
UV = UR +UZ
Khi Uv tng ln th dng ngc IZ tng ln gn tuyn tnh, do
I= (IZ+It) UR=I.R
Vy lng tng ca UV t trn in tr tuyn tnh R, cn Ur = UZ c bin i rt t khi UV
gim th IZ I UR.
in tr R hn ch dng IZ khng vt qu IZmax
- H s n nh in p i vi in p 1 chiu ng thi l h s lc i vi in p xoay
chiu
Ku =
U V rZ + R
R R
=
= 1+
rZ
rZ rZ
U r
(7-24)
189
(in p 1 chiu)
cha n nh)
Hnh 7-16: S khi b n
nh in p c hi tip
Phn t hiu
chnh
Ti
r
B khuch
i
Ngun chun
Mch hi
tip
B so snh
UCE
+
T1
UV
UE(T1)= Ur.
ZD
UCh
Ur
Rt
(7-25).
T1
R2
7.6.3.3. B n nh c khuch i :
R1
UV
Trong s :
T2
Ur
Uht
- T1 l PTHC.
- T2 l b so snh v khuch i.
UCh
R3
ZD
- ZD to p chun.
- R2, R3 l phn p hi tip.
(v Uch khng i) lm cho UCE2 tng th UB1 = UCE2 + Uch cng tng, T1 tng thng
gim nn Ur tng tr li. Khi Ur tng ln hn tr s nh mc th qu trnh din bin ngc
Nh vy nh c vng hi tip m in p ra Ur lun c iu chnh n nh v:
UB2 = Ur
R2
= Uch + UBE2.
R2 + R3
+
R
U r = ( U ch + U BE 2 ) 1 + 3 (7-26)
R2
in tr R1
dng baz T1; (IC2
sao cho dng qua
IZmin it zener
p.
R1 <
U V min U r
I zmin + I Bl max
T1
ZD2
R1
UB1
R2
T3
T2
UV
R4
ZD1
UB2
R3
(7-27).
Hnh 7-19: B n p hi tip c khuch i so
snh vi ngun dng
IC3 =
U ZD2 U BE 3
R1
(7-28)
+
Vi
mch
hnh
7-20
th
4
5
KU = 10 10 ln. C th thay i c Ur
bng cch iu chnh chit p R2 m dng
IC2 vn khng i do c ngun dng T3.
T1
R1
R
2
UV
Mun tng h s n nh ca b n p
ta dng b khuch i thut ton lm b
khuch i so snh thay cho T2, v b khuch
i thut ton c h s khuch i ln (nh
hnh 7-20). Trn s T1 l PTHC.
Ur
+
UCh
ZD
T1
F
UV
R6
T4
T2
R1
T3
+
_
R7
Rt
ZD2
R8
R3
ZD1
R4
192
193
UV
LM78XX
3
C1
Ur
UV
LM238
2
R1
C2
C1
Ur
C2
R2
a)
b)
Hnh 7-22: S vi mch n p dng
+
UV
C1
78XX
T1
Ur
UV
R1
Hnh 7-23:
78XX
C2
Ur
C1
a)
Ir +
IIC
R1
C2
ZD1
IC
b)
a) Nng cao in p ra ca vi mch n p
b) Nng cao dng ra ca vi mch n p
1
+
C1
UV
78XX
+Ur
3
0
+
_
C2
1
3
79XX
-Ur
R1
T1
LM238
3
UV
UV
ZD
R2
Rt
it
R1
Rt
Hnh7 -25: Mch n dng dng transistor
I r ( IC ) =
U R1 U r ( IC )
=
R1
R1
Tr
D1
iD1
UV
U1 W1
iu khin
ng m S
c khi nim v ngun n p
chuyn mch ta ly v d 1 mch in trn
hnh 7-27.
Ngun in p 1 chiu UV thng qua
chuyn mch S t vo s cp bin p Tr.
Khi S ng, c dng qua W1 khi S m
khng c dng qua W1. Hai cun s cp v
th cp cun cng chiu nn trn cun th
cp W2 cng xut hin chui xung cng chiu
vi chui xung trn cun s cp, nn khi S
ng th D1 dn, c dng iD1 qua cun chn L
v ti, cun L tch nng lng. Khi S m
dng iD1 mt t ngt, nng lng trn L i
du lm D2 dn, c dng iD2 qua ti, nh vy
dng qua ti c lin tc c khi S m.
Trong :
W2 U2
D2
UR
iD2
U1
UV
U2
UR
T
t
Hnh 7-28: Dy xung in p
trn W1, W2 v in p ra
ca mch hnh 6-10
U1 = Uv
n=
Ta c U r =
t =
W1
v coi b lc LC l l tng
W2
UV
n
T
(7-28)
gi l xp ca xung (H s lp y)
f
UR
UV~
Hnh7-29: S
khi ca b ngun
chuyn mch
Khi iu
khin
h
i
C1
C2
198
220~
UV
D2
D3
C1
UR
T1
199
Tr
+
UV
D3
D1
T1
Rt
D2
D4
T2
Hnh 7-33: Chuyn mch kiu y ko song song
7.7.3.4. Khi iu khin
Khi iu khin gm cc khi (5,6,7,8,9,10) ca hnh 7-34. Khi iu khin lm cc nhim
v sau:
- To ra cc xung vung c tn s c nh nhng rng bin i ngc vi in p
trn ti iu khin cc tranzito chuyn mch.
- cng sut kch thch cho cc chuyn mch chnh.
Ngoi ra khi ny cn lm cc nhim v:
- Bo v qu dng, qu p trn ti
- Bo v mch kh in p vo qu thp, qu cao
Nguyn l iu ch rng xung:
thc hin vic iu ch rng xung, mch phi c cu trc nh hnh 7-35.
in p DC ra trn ti qua b phn p ly in p hi tip Uht a v u o ca b khuch
i thut ton lm b khuch i sai lch.
+
Rt
Ur
_
U1
U2 =
U1
P
R2
(1)
(5)
+
-
U1
UP
(2) +
R1
Uht
Uch
(4)
(3)
200
U1 = (1 +
R2
R
)U ch 2 U ht
R1
R1
(7-29)
in p U1 bin i tuyn tnh theo Uht (tc l theo in p ra) nhng vi chiu ngc, U1
l in p 1 chiu.
B so snh (5) l b iu ch rng xung, tn hiu iu ch (U1) a vo u (+). Tn hiu
sng mang (UP) l sng tam gic a vo u (-) ca b iu ch.
B iu ch so snh 2 bin ca sng mang Up v tn hiu iu ch U1. Dng sng ra ca
b iu ch U2 l sng vung c tn s l tn s ca sng mang (sng tam gic) nhng rng
xung bin i theo tn hiu iu ch U1. Hnh 7-36 m t nguyn l iu ch RX.
UP
U1
UP
(1+R1/R2)Uch=Uht
U2
khi U1 = 0
T
Hnh 7-35: Nguyn l iu ch RX
Nu U1 bin i t 0 n Up = (1 +
R2
R
)Uch ng vi Uht = (1 + 1 )Uch n Uht = 0, th s
R1
R2
bin thin trong khong t 0 n T, chui xung U2 a n kch m tranzito chuyn mch, chuyn
mch ng ngt theo U2
T s
U1
= M gi l h s iu ch.
UP
D3
UR2 +14V
+
T1
4
+
C2
R2
R1 C3
C7
C6
D2
2
C5
D1
R3
6
+115
L1
R4
T1
C1
AC 90240V
C4
T2
T3
R5
IC TR50115B
C8
ZD2 U
g
C9
TM TT
Kt thc chng ngi hc cn nm c nhim v ca cc khi trong mt b ngun y
. Qua hnh dung c qu trnh hot ng ca mt mch ngun t u vo ti u ra c in
p mt chiu n nh. Nm v hiu s khi cng nh nguyn l b ngun chuyn mch.
- Khi nim b ngun, s khi ca b ngun n p mt chiu y .
+ Bin p: c nhim v bin i in p li in U1 thnh in p U2 th cp theo yu
cu.
+ Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu p
mch. p mch ny khc nhau tu thuc vo loi mch chnh lu. Phn tch mch chnh lu
mt pha na sng, chnh lu mt pha ton sng,chnh lu cu. Khi cn c in p ra mt chiu
ln, dng nh th dng mch chnh lu bi p.
+ Mch lc c nhim v san phng cc in p d chnh lu thnh in p bng phng hn.
Tu theo yu cu m dng mch lc cho ph hp. Mch lc C thng s dng vi ti ln, cng
sut nh. Mch lc L thng dng trong cc b ngun c cng sut ln. Mch lc LC c dng
thng dng trong cc b ngun c cng sut va v ln. cn b lc RC dng khi cng sut b
ngun nh, dng ti nh hiu sut ca mch lc khng cao.
+ Mch n p c nhim v cho ra in p n nh khi in p u vo thay i hay dng ti
thay i. Khi yu cu ca b ngun khng cao c th khng c phn ny. Mch n p c th dng
it n p zener, mch n p dng tranzito hay mch n p dng vi mch. Loi b ngun ny gii
in p n nh u vo hp, tn hao cng sut ln trn phn t hiu chnh nn hiu sut thp.
khc phc nhc im ngi ta dng b ngun chuyn mch.
- B ngun chuyn mch. B ngun chuyn mch c nm khi c bn: mch lc nhiu cao
tn, mch chnh lu lc s cp, phn chuyn mch, chnh lu lc th cp v khi iu khin. Vn
c bn ca b ngun chuyn mch l phn t chuyn mch. N l mt tranzito cng sut lm
vic ch kho ng m, di tc dng ca xung iu khin do khi iu khin a n. Do
chuyn mch lm vic tn s cao trong khong 15KHz n 50KHz nn kt cu bin p nh gn,
tranzito lm vic ch kho ng m nn tn hao trong b ngun thp, b ngun c hiu sut
cao. Nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun ny l: khi in p xoay chiu u vo tng, qua nn chnh
lu s cp in p mt chiu cng tng, qua nn lc th cp cho Ur tng. Lp tc qua mch hi
tip, khi iu khin to ra xung iu khin lm phn t chuyn mch c thi gian ng gim
xung (thi gian m tng ln) to xung u ra hp li , qua nn lc th cp cho Ur gim xung.
Ngc li, khi in p u vo gim, qua nn lc s cp in p mt chiu gim, u ra Ur gim.
203
CU HI V BI TP
7-1. Nhim v ca mch cung cp ngun ?
7-2. S khi ca mt b ngun y v nhim v tng khi?
7-3. Nu cc loi mch chnh lu? So snh cc mch chnh lu ?
7-4. Mch chnh lu bi p? Khi no dng n?
7-5. Nu ngha ca h s p mch K , h s lc q ca b lc?
7-6. Nu cc kiu mch lc san bng? ng dng tng kiu?
7-7. S khi ca mt mch n p mt chiu? Nguyn tc chung ca mch?
7-8. Nguyn l n p ca mch n p it dng Zene?
7-9. Nguyn l n p ca mch n p dng tranzito?
7-10. Khi no dng mch n p c phn t hiu chnh l cp tranzito Darlingtn ?
7-11. u im ca mch n p dng vi mch KTT lm mch khuch i so snh?
7-12. Gii thch nguyn l bo v qu dng, bo v qu in p ca mch ngun hc hnh 721?
7-13. Trnh by mch n p dng vi mch n p?
7-14. S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch? Nhim v tng khi?
7-15. Ti sao b ngun chuyn mch lm vic tn s chuyn mch cao?
7-16. Nguyn tc n nh in p u ra ca b ngun chuyn mch khi in p u vo thay i?
7-17. Cho hnh P7-17 l mt s n p n gin dng it Zene.
Bit Iz max = 60mA, Iz min=10mA, U01 = 20 V, U02 = Uz = 12 V; Rz = 7, Rt = 240.
a) Xc nh gi tr in tr R1?
b) Xc nh gi tr in p gn sng li ra khi in p gn sng t u vo
U01 = 10% ca U01?
204
It
I = IZ+ It
U01
IZ
U02
ZD
Rt
Hnh P7-17.
7.18. Tc dng ca mch chnh lu l:
a. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu thp hn.
b. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu.
c. Chuyn in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu.
d. C b v c.
7.19. Tc dng ca mch lc l:
a. Gi cho in p ra n nh.
b. San bng in p mt chiu.
c. San bng in p xoay chiu.
d. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu.
7.20. Tc dng ca mch n p l:
a. Gi cho in p ra n nh.
b. Gi cho dng in ra n nh.
c. Gi cho in p vo n nh.
d. C a v b.
7.21. Khi in p vo tng, thi gian tt ca tranzito chuyn mch trong b ngun chuyn mch:
a. Di hn.
b. Ngn hn.
c. Khng i
d. Lc ngn hn, lc di hn..
7.22. Khi in p vo gim, rng xung u ra ca tranzito chuyn mch:
a. Hp hn.
b. Rng hn.
c. Khng i.
205
206
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
Hng dn tr li
208
Hng dn tr li
1.26. Tng khuch i Casct c c im l trnh c hi tip k sinh ca tng qua in dung
thng thng CBC ca tranzito T2 gi cho tng lm vic n nh, c bit khi lm vic tn
s rt cao. (v c ghp v th b thot t do T2 c cc gc ni t). Mt khc tng ny cn
c tr khng vo ln do in dung vo nh.
1.27. hnh 1-11a trn RE c hi tip m dng in. Uht = IE1~ .RE.
Hnh 1-11b c ba in p hi tip m. Trn RE1 c hi tip m dng in Uht = IE1~ . RE1.,
trn RE2 c hi tip m dng in Uht2 = IE2~. RE2.
Trn RE1 cn c hi tip m in p ly t u ra tng 2 a v tng 1 qua RC. T C
ngn in p mt chiu (XC~ = 0) R in tr hn ch mc hi tip:
Uht3 = Ur.RE1/(RE1+R).
1.28. a, Tnh ch mt chiu ca tranzito: t hnh P1-29 c:
IB.R1 + UBE + IE.R2 = E vi IE = (1+)IB.
Ta nhn c IB = (E UBE)/[R1 + (1+)R2] = (12v 0,6v)/(3.105 + 100.2,7.103)
IB = 11,4v/570.103 =20A.
in p colect UC = 12v.
UB = E IB.R1 = 12V 20.10-6.300.103 = 6V.
UE = UB 0,6V = 6V 0,6V = 5,4V.
IC = IB = 99.20.10-6 = 1,98mA.
IE = IC + IB = 1,98mA + 0,02mA = 2mA.
b, Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i chnh l in tr R2 = 2,7K. Ti xoay chiu c
tnh:
Rt~ = R2//Rt = 2,7K//2,7K = 1,35K.
ng ti mt chiu xc nh t phng trnh dng 1 chiu mch ra:
E = UCE + IE.R2 hay UCE = E IE. R2.
Khi IE = 0 c UCE h mch = E = 12V, khi UCE = 0 c IE ngn mch = E/R2 = 4,4mA. Dng
ng ti mt chiu qua hai im lm vic trn c tuyn ra IE = f(UCE) tm c im lm vic
tnh ti IB = 20A c UCE = 2mA, QA(6,6V; 2mA).
1.30. a. Tnh cc gi tr dng v p 1 chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito:
V dng in IR1 IR2 (xem hnh P1-30) nn UB = E.R2/(R1+R2) = 12V.4K/(20K +
4K) = 2V.
tranzito ch khuch i khng mo (ch A) chn UBE = +0,6V (loi Si) do vy UE =
UB- 0,6V = 2V 0,6V = 1,4V.
T cc dng 1 chiu IE, IB v IC c tnh:
IE = UE/R4 = 1,4V/1K = 1,4mA; IB = IE/(1+) = 1,4mA(1+99) = 14A.
209
Hng dn tr li
IC = IE IB = 1,4mA 0,014mA = 1,386mA.
in p mt chiu trn cc gp UC = E IC.R3 = 12V 1,386mA.4K = 6,456V.
b. Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i bao gm R3 v R4.
Rt- = R3 + R4 = 4K + 1K = 5K. Ti xoay chiu c tnh bi R3//Rt: Rt~ = R3//Rt =
4K//8K 2,67K.
ng ti mt chiu c xc nh t phng trnh UCE = E (RC+RE) = E IC(R3+R4).
Khi IC = 0 c UCE h mch = E = 12V, khi UCE = 0 c IC ngn mch = E/(R3+R4) =
12V/(4K+1K) = 2,4mA. V ng ti mt chiu qua hai im (2,4mA; 0V) v (0mA; 12V)
trn c tuyn ra IC = f(UCE) ta xc nh c im lm vic QA ti IC = 1,368mA v UCE =
6,456V 1,4V = 5,056V.
1.31. a, Hai tranzito trong s mc theo kiu mch lp cc pht. c tn hiu ra cc i in
p trn mi cc pht l:
UE = EC/2 = 10V.
Do in p cc gc T1:
UBT1 = UE + UBE1 = 10 + 0,5 = 10,5V.
V in p cc gc T2: UBT2 = UE UBE2 = 10 0,5 = 9,5V.
C2 c np n tr s 10V. Khi UV >0 T2 tt, T1 dn. in p trn cc pht bin thin theo
in p vo. in p trn C2 gi nguyn khng i v in p trn Rt bin thin t (0V 10V).
Khi Uv < 0 T2 dn, T1 tt, C2 phng in. Lc ny t C2 ng vai tr l ngun cung cp cho
T2. in p trn ti thay i t (0 10)V.
Trong na chu k m ca in p vo, nng lng tch tr trn ti rt nh so vi nng lng
tch tr trong C2. V vy in p trn t C2 hu nh khng i, trong na chu k m C2 phng in
rt chm.
b, Tnh R1, R2.
EC
U DT
U
10 0,5
R1 = R2 = Rt = 2
=
= 9,5 K
I
I
103
c, Cng sut ra v hiu sut:
Pr =
U hd
Rt
10
)
= 2 = 0,5 w.
100
(
I Cmax
EC
10
= 2 =
= 0,1A.
Rt 100
210
Hng dn tr li
Cng sut cung cp:
P0 = EC .I th = 20.
101
w.
Hiu sut:
Pr 0,5
=
= 0, 78 = 78%.
2
P0
Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
1-32a, 1-33a, 1-34a, 1-35c, 1-36c, 1-37c, 1-38b, 1-39b, 1-40a, 1-41b, 1-42a, 1-43a, 1-44a,
1-45a, 1-46a, 1-47a.
u khi (R1+Rht)/nR1 = 1.
i
i =1
u
i =1
i i
trong i = Rht/Ri.
2.8. V mch hnh 2- 15. Chng minh c cng thc: Ur = (U2 U1).
2.9. Cc mch cng, mch tr u lm vic ch tuyn tnh khi ta dng nguyn l xp
chng thc hin.
2.10. V mch hnh 2-18. Chng minh c Ur t l vi vi phn ca Uv theo cng thc (2-26).
ng dng ca mch: to xung nhn t xung vung, to xung vung t xung tam gic.vv.
2.11. V mch hnh 2-19. Chng minh c Ur t l vi tch phn ca Uv theo cng thc (2-28).
211
Hng dn tr li
ng dng ca mch: to xung tam gic, xung rng ca.
2.12. V mch hnh 2-20. Chng minh c Ur t l vi lga ca Uv theo cng thc (2-30).
2.13. V mch hnh 2-22a. Chng minh c Ur t l vi hm m ca Uv theo cng thc (2-31).
2.14. Mch nhn tng t l mch m in p t l vi tch cc in p tc thi u vo.
Mch nhn tng t c th dng iu ch tn hiu hoc tch sng tn hiu.
2.15. Mch lc th ng l mch lc ch c cc phn t th ng R, L, C. Mch lc tch cc l
mch lc cha cc phn t RC v phn t tch cc nh tranzito hoc vi mch. y ta xt
mch lc tch cc RC kt hp BKTT.
2.16. gii tn f 100KHz nu dng mch lc tch cc th mch lc gn nh, c tuyn lc tt.
Nu dng mch lc th ng th nng, cng knh v tn hao ln.
2.17. (a) K = - 5 (b) Rv = R1 = 10K (c) 0V; 5V; -10V; 10V.
2.18. (a) K = -15 (b) Rv = R1 = 1,2K (c) 0,866V (d) 0V; -6V; -12V; 13V; -13V.
2.19. (a) K = 6 (b) Zv = (c) = 2,1667V (d) 0v; -6V; 12V; -13V; 13V.
2.20. (a) K = 16 (b) Zv = (c) 0,8125V (d) 0v; -6,4V; 12,8V; -13V.
2.21. (a) Ur = -U1- 2U2 4U3 (b) Ur = 12V (c) Ur = -13V.
2.22. (a) Ur = -5Uv 10U2 20U3 (b) -11V.
2.23. (a) Ur = 2(U2 U1) (b) 0V (c) -12V (d) -13V.
2.24. (a) 5(U2 U1) (b) 0V (c) 10V (d) -13V.
2.25. Tm Ur1 khi ch c U1 vo v cc thng s ca mch, (U2 = 0); tm Ur2 khi c U2 vo v cc
thng s ca mch, (U1 = 0), Ur = Ur1 + Ur2.
2.26. (a) 38,775UX//R1R4 4,7Uv/R5 + 38,775UZ/R2R4.
(b) R5 = 1K; chn R4 = 2K, R1 = 7,775K; R2 = 4,73K.
Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
2-27c, 2-28c, 2-29a, 2-30b, 2-31a, 2-32a, 2-33a, 2-34b, 2-35c, 2-36a, 2-37a, 2-38a.
kin
dao
ng
ca
mt
mch
to
dao
ng
l K . = 1
trong
Hng dn tr li
3.5. Da trn c s v pha, m bo cho mch to dao ng c hi tip dng xc nh cc
phn t LC trong khung dao ng ca mch to dao ng 3 im.
3.6. V mch hnh 3-5b, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng.
3.7. V mch hnh 3-5a, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch.Vit biu th tn s dao ng.
3.8. V mch hnh 3-6, gii thiu khi khuch i, khi hi tip. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng,
gi tr , K ca mch.
3.9. V mch hnh 3-7, gii thiu khi khuch i, khi hi tip. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng,
gi tr , K ca mch.
3.10. Nguyn tc to tn hiu sin t tn hiu tam gic l dng b in tr cng hai dy it
gim h s phn p ca mch khi tn hiu vo ln (theo tng khong thi gian) lm tn hiu
vo BKTT c dng sin gy khc, qua khuch i cho tn hiu ra hnh sin. chnh xc
cng cao khi s it trong dy cng nhiu.
3.11. Trong cc mch to dao ng sin tn s cn c n nh cao ta dng phn t thch anh.
Khi mch lm vic tn s ca thch anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch. V thch
anh c tn s rt n nh.
3.12. V ti tn s fq tr khng ca thch anh Zq = 0, tn hiu hi tip a v khuch i ln nht
Ur ln nht. Mch dao ng tn s . cc tn s khc Zq 0, in p a vo khuch
i b suy gim nn Ur b trit tiu.
3.13. V khi thch anh mang tnh cm (L) th mch mi tho mn iu kin dao ng v pha tc
l c hi tip dng.
3.14. Trong mch dao ng phi c mch khuch i l ly nng lng ca ngun cung cp b
vo tn hao cho mch gy ra. Tuy nhin mch khuch i phi c u ni sao cho khi kt
hp vi mch hi tip c K + = n2 v K = 1 mch duy tr dao ng.
3.15. a, y l mch dao ng sin c khung dao ng LC t ca thun BKTT. Khi c ngun
nui trn khung LC pht sinh ra dao ng sin, mch khuch i tn hiu ri hi tip v
qua R3, khung LC. Mch ny c K = 0; h s hi tip = Rt/(Rt + R3) trong Rt l in
tr tng ng ca khung cng hng; h s khuch i K = (R2+R1)/R1. Mch s dao
ng tn s cng hng v lc Rt ln nht nn cng ln nht.
b, iu kin mch dao ng cho ra in p l:
K. = 1
[(R2 + R1)/R1].[Rt/(Rt + R3)] = 1
Hay
Rt/(Rt + R3) = R1/(R2 + R1).
c, T iu kin Rt/(Rt + R3) = R1/(R2 + R1), thay cc gi tr cho cc in tr, suy ra Rt
= 1K.
213
Hng dn tr li
Bit Rt =
1
L
Q = 1K v fCH =
= 100 KHz.
C
2 . L.C
Rtd
103
= 2 .Q.L = 3 = 102.
10
f CH
L=
102
102
1
=
=
.104 16 H
2 .Q 2 .100 2
Ta li c:
fCH .Rtd =
Q
Q
102
106
= 108 C = 8
=
=
= 0,159.106 F 0,16 F
2 .C
10 .2 2 .108
2
R
1
nn K = ht = 29 t suy ra Rht = 29.R1 = 29K
R1
29
Ta c: = 2..f =
Nn: C =
1
6.R.C
1
=
6.2. . f .R
1
= 64,7945.10-9F 65nF.
3
3
6.2. .10 .10
Hng dn tr li
3-19a, 3-20a, 3-21c, 3-22c, 3-23b, 3-24a, 3-25b, 3-26b.
Hng dn tr li
4.10. V dng xung rng ca hnh 4-15. Cc tham s ca xung rng ca l: bin , thi gian qut
thun, thi gian qut ngc, tn s qut, h s phi tuyn v hiu sut s dng ngun .
4.11. V hnh 4-16. Nu nguyn l lm vic ca mch t np phng to rng ca u ra khi
u vo c xung vung m. Mch ny c h s phi tuyn tng i ln v hiu sut thp.
4.12. V hnh 4-17, nu nguyn l to xung rng ca u ra khi u vo c xung m tc dng.
Mch ny c h s phi tuyn b, hiu sut cao nh dng np IC2 c gi tr khng i.
4.13. a, Ur l dy xung vung c bin bng 10 vn khi Uv > 0, Ur = -10V khi Uv < 0.
b, Ur l dy xung vung c bin 10V khi Uv 0 v Ur = -10V khi Uv > 0.
4.14. a, Ur l dy xung vung c bin 10V, Uv 3V (mch ny c Uch = 5.3/(2+3) = 3V). Ur =
-10V khi Uv < 3V.
b, Ur l dy xung vung c bin 10V khi Uv < 3V, Ur = -10V khi Uv 3V.
4.15. a, Ur l dy xung vung bin i xung quanh trc thi gian c bin 10V.
b, Uht = Ur.R1/(R1+R2) = 5V khi bo ho dng v - 5V khi bo ho m.
c, Chu k dao ng T = 2,2RC = 2,2.1013.0,2.10-6 = 5,28.10-3s.
Tn s dao ng f = 1/T = 103/5,28 189 Hz.
4.16. Chn R1 = R2 = 45K.
Chn R = 5K, tnh gi tr ca C. Ta c f = 1/2.2RC nn C = 1/2,2Rf.
C = 1/2,2.5.103.103 = 10-6/11 = 0,09F.
Vi mch ny khi c R = 5K, C = 0,09F s c tn s dao ng xung ra 1KHz.
4.17. Chn R1 = R2 = 45K, chn C =300F. Chn R bin i (R l bin tr) thay i tn s
cho thun tin. Khi bin tr R bin i trong khong Rmin n Rmax.
Rmin = 1/2,2C.fmax = 1/2,2.300.10-9.5.103 = 303.
Rmax = 1/2,2C.fmin = 1/2,2.300.10-9.500 = 303.
4.18. Khi Uv E2 = 10V, D1 thng, D2 tt nn Ur = 10V. Khi Uv E1 = 2V, D1 tt, D2 thng, Ur =
E2 (E2-E1)R2/(R1+R2) = 10 7,2 = 2,8v.
Khi 2V < Uv < 10V, D1D2 u thng, Ur = Uv. Nh vy u ra l dy xung hnh thang nm
pha trn trc thi gian vi mc hn ch trn l 10V, mc hn ch di l 10V, mc hn ch di
l 2,8V.
Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
4-19b, 4-20a, 4-21a, 4-22a, 4-23a, 4-24b.
216
Hng dn tr li
udt = U cos(t t +
t
^
K dtU
s sin t ).
s
Trong m =
Us
^
l h s iu bin.
Ut
Kdt , Kdp l cc h s t l iu tn iu pha.
5.3. V c bn hai mch ny tng t nhau. Mch iu bin vng c bn it. Mch iu bin
cn bng ch c hai it. mch iu bin cn bng tn hiu sau iu ch ngoi thnh phn
tn s mong mun t s, cn c cc thnh phn tn s thp v tn phn cao gy nhiu.
Cn mch iu ch vng cc thnh phn tn s khng mong mun u trit tiu, ch cn li
hai bin tn cn thit. t c iu yu cu mch phi tht i xng, linh kin hon ton
nh nhau.
5.4. Trong thng tin, khi truyn tn hiu n bin c cc u im sau: gim rng gii tn mt
na, cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn khi cng c ly thng tin v tp m u thu gim do
gii tn ca tn hiu hp hn. Tuy nhin mch iu ch tn hiu n bin phc tp hn.
5.5. V s khi hnh 5-4 v s ph ca tn hiu hnh 5-5. Ta thc hin iu ch hai cp
vic lc b mt bin tn sau iu bin thun li. Nu iu ch mt ln vi tn s sng mang
ft rt ln, vic lc b mt bin tn rt kh khn v cc bin tn rt st nhau.
5.6. V hnh 5-6. y l mch dao ng sin ghp bin p m khung dao ng c it bin dung.
Tn hiu iu ch Us a qua bin p (tn s thp) t vo it. Khi Us = 0 mch dao ng
t lm vic cho dao ng cao tn vi tn s khng i ft. Khi c Us, in dung Cd ca it
thay i theo Us nn tn s dao ng ca mch thay i theo Us. Nh vy trn khung dao
ng nhn c tn hiu iu tn. S thay i ca Cd theo Us biu din hnh 5-7.
5.7. Xem hnh 5-1 ti liu tham kho 1. Tranzito in khng l mt tranzito kt hp vi hai
phn t RC v RL, c iu kin kt ni thnh mng hai cc . Khi lm vic n tng ng
217
Hng dn tr li
mt in khng (in cm tng ng Lt hay t in tng ng Ct). Nu c in p tn
hiu Us t vo cc gc iu khin th Lt hay Ct s bin i theo Us.
5.8. Mch iu tn dng tranzito in khng c tranzito in khng mc vo khung dao ng
ca mch dao ng sin (hnh 5-8) ti liu tham kho 1. Khi c Us u vo Lt ca T1, C, R
thay i theo Us. Lt mc vo khung dao ng sin cha tranzito T2 nu trn khung dao ng
nhn c tn hiu iu tn.
5.9. i chiu it bin dung trong mch hnh 5-6 khng c v khi it lun thng, khung
dao ng b ni tt, mch dao ng khng lm vic.
5.10. Mch tch sng l mch tch ly tin tc Us, lc b sng mang cao tn Ut. Yu cu ca mch
tch sng l tn hiu ly ra trung thc, khng mo, lc b ht tp m v sng cao tn. t
c yu cu tn hiu vo tch sng phi c bin ln.
5.11. V mch hnh 5-10. Khi c tn hiu iu bin li vo it ch thng na chu dng ca
dao ng cao tn. u ra nhn c hnh bao ca dao ng nh s np phng ca t. Khi
tn hiu vo ln, RC chn ph hp ta c mch tch sng nh, ng bao chnh l Us
cn ly.
cho tn hiu ra tt cn: 1/t << = RC <<1/s.
5.12. Do cc phng thc iu ch: iu bin, iu tn, iu pha l khc nhau nn cc mch tch
sng cc tn hiu tng ng cng phi khc nhau.
5.13. V hnh 5-14. mch ny hai mch cng hng ( th cp bin p) c tn s cng hng
lch vi tn s sng mang tn hiu iu tn. Khi c tn hiu iu tn u vo, trn hai
mch cng hng nhn c tn hiu iu bin. Qua mch tch sng iu bin u ra c tn
hiu Us1, Us2. Ur chung = Us1 Us2.
5.14. V hnh 5-18. Ta a thm mt in p chun Uch cao tn c tn s bng tn s sng mang
ca tn hiu iu pha vo mch. Do kt cu mch nn in p t ln hai mch tch sng
pha sau l tn hiu iu bin c bin t l vi di pha ca tn hiu iu pha (dng
th vct 5-18b gii thch). Qua mch tch sng iu bin 1RC, 2RC nhn c tin
tc Us.
5.15. Mch trn tn l mch trn in p tn hiu c tn s fth vi in p ngoi sai c tn s fns
ly ra tn hiu c tn s fns + fth hoc fns fth. Thng thng ngi ta ly tn hiu c tn s
hiu gi l tn hiu trung tn. cn ch rng do bin in p ngoi sai rt ln hn bin
in p tn hiu nn sau trn tn tin tc khng b nh hng.
5.16. Do dng in u ra mch trn tn cha nhiu thnh phn: mt chiu, tn s fns, fth, fns fth,
fns + fth v cc thnh phn tn s bc cao nn lc ly thnh phn tn s ftt = fns - fth th ti
ca tng trn tn phi dng mch cng hng song song cng hng tn s , mc ch
chn ly thnh phn tn s ftt, lc b cc thnh phn khc. Mch in nh hnh 5-21, hnh
5-22.
5.17. S khi ca vng gi pha (PLL) hnh 5-24. Nguyn tc hot ng ca n l so snh
pha ca tn hiu vo vi tn hiu ra. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v pht hin v iu
chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v ra khng ch mch to dao ng
218
Hng dn tr li
sao cho fr bm theo fv n khi fr = fv. PLL c nhiu ng dng trong k thut. Mt trong
nhng ng dng l dng lm b tng hp tn s nh hnh 5-26. T mch ta c fr = nfv/m.
Khi thay i h s m, n ta c fr tu .
5.18. a, udb = 5.103.(1 + 0,5.cos 2. .104 t ).cos 2 .107 t
b, C th vit li biu thc udb nh sau:
mU
. 1
udb = U1.(1 + m.cos S t ).cos t t = U1.cos t t +
.cos(t S )t +
2
mU
. 1
.cos(t + S )t
2
0,5.5.103
0,5.5.103
= 5.103.cos 2 .107 t +
.cos 999.104 t +
.cos1001.104 t
2
2
= 5.103.cos 2 .107 t + 1, 25.103.cos 999.104 t + 1, 25.103.cos1001.104 t.
Vy ph ca tn hiu iu bin c ti tin.
D
U2
Ur'
Ur
I0
Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
5-19a, 5-20b, 5-21b, 5-22c, 5-23c, 5-24b, 5-25b.
Hng dn tr li
6.2. Cc bc chuyn i A/D gm: ly mu v gi mu, lng t ho v m ho. (phn tch
thm ba bc c bn )
6.3. V hnh 6-5. Gii thch qu trnh hot ng ca s t tn hiu vo n tn hiu ra.
6.4. Trong s bin i A/D theo phng php song song mc lng t Q l in p st trn
in tr R. Ta c th xc nh Q khi s bt t m N nh sau:
Q = Uch.R/(2N-2)R+R/2.
6.5. V hnh 6-6. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch l chuyn i s bin i bin tng mu tn
hiu vo thnh xung c rng thay i theo thi gian (UG). Xung lm tn hiu m cng
a xung nhp ra, m s xung nhp qua cng v m ho c tn hiu UD.
6.6. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin mc lng t Q th hin
chu k xung nhp Tn; Tn = TM/n (n s xung nhp).
6.7. Mch chuyn i A/D dng phng php tch phn theo hai sn dc kt qu m khng
ph thuc vo cc thng s RC ca mch v cng khng ph thuc vo tn s xung nhp
nh trong trng hp chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin. Nh vy kt qu
chuyn i chnh xc hn.
6.8. Chuyn i A/D phi tuyn l chuyn i m c tnh ca b chuyn i phi tuyn c dng
lga, sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m thay i trong gii bin i ca in p vo. Nh
ting ni nh khng b tp m ln t. Ngoi ra lng t ho phi tuyn cn cho ghp tng
dung lng ca knh thoi do gim c s bt t m khi cng cht lng thng tin nh
nhau so vi khi lng t ho tuyn tnh.
6.9. T tn hiu s ly li UA ta dng s hnh 6-14. u tin dng mch chuyn i tn
hiu s ca tng t m thnh cc mu in p UM. l cc xung ri rc c chu k bng
chu k ly mu trong bin i A/D vi bin thay i. Cho dy xung qua mch lc thng
thp u ra nhn c tn hiu UA bin i lin tc theo thi gian.
6.10. V mch hnh 6-16. Thang in tr c cc in tr k cn nhau cch nhau hai ln v gi tr
nn dng qua n s tng ng trng s ca bt t m m nhim. V vy in p tng st
trn Rht c gi tr tng ng vi tn hiu s a n. Nhc im ca mch phi dng loi
in tr chnh xc cao, nu khng s gy nn sai s ln trong qu trnh chuyn i.
6.11. V hnh 6-18. Mch c mng in tr gm loi in tr R v 2R, kt ni vi h thng
ngun dng qua chuyn mch K. Do kt cu mch nn dng in i t tri qua phi ca
mng c gi tr gim dn hai ln theo cc nt mch. V vy trn Rht nh c in p theo
t m c.
6.12. B chuyn i D/A cng thang in tr phi dng nhiu loi in tr, s dn n sai s
trong qu trnh mch lm vic. B chuyn i D/A dng mch in tr ch cn hai loi in
tr nn chnh xc cao hn. Tuy nhin mch ny phi dng s in tr nhiu hn.
6.13. bo m qu trnh chuyn i D/A ly hai tn hiu trung thc, tn s ly mu trong qu
trnh chuyn i D/A tho mn iu kin fM 2FmaxTrong Fmax l tn s gii hn trn
ca ca gii tn tn hiu. y Fmax = 3700Hz nn fM 7400Hz.
220
Hng dn tr li
Hng dn tr li
7.8. V hnh 7-15. Nguyn l n p ca mch l khi in p vo tng th dng in qua it
Zener tng gy st p trn in tr R tng, gi cho in p trn it khng i. V Uz+Ur =
Uv (Uv tng bao nhiu th UR tng by nhiu).
Mch thng s dng khi Uv = (1,53)Uz.
7.9. Mch n p dng tranzito khuch i c nhim v khuch i in p sai lch iu khin
tranzito cng sut thng nhiu hoc thng t t l nghch vi in p ra (Ur tng th T thng
t, Ur gim th T thng nhiu). V hnh 7-18 v gi thch.
7.10. Khi dng ti yu cu ln i hi PTHC phi c h s khuch i dng ln ta dng PTHC l
mch Darlingtn. Mch Darlingtn c tr khng vo ln nn khi ti thay i t nh hng
n in p u ra ca BKTT nn Ur n nh (xem hnh 7-21).
7.11. Mch n p dng BKTT khuch i in p sai lch c u im l nh n c h s
khuch i rt ln nn lm tng h s n nh ca b n p.
7.12. V mch hnh 7-21, trong T3, R6, R7 lm nhim v hn ch dng. Khi dng ti bnh
thng st p trn R6 b hn 0,6V nn T3 tt. Khi dng ti tng st p trn R6 ln hn 0,6V
lm T3 thng, dng T3 gy st p trn R7 lm gim in p cc gc tng Darlingtn. T1T2
gim thng, lm gim dng ti tr li.
7.13. V mch n p c hai h. H 78xx n p cho ra in p dng, h 79xx n p cho ra in p
m. Loi LM238 c th iu chnh in p ra trong mt phm vi kh rng. V cc hnh 722. C th nng cao in p ra hay dng ra bng cch dng mch hnh 7-23.
7.14. V hnh 7-29, nu tn cc khi t 1 n 10 v tm hiu nhim v cc khi .
7.15. Ngi ta cho b ngun chuyn mch lm vic tn s cao (trong khong 15KHz50KHz)
l lm gim nh kch thc b ngun (gim kch thc ca bin p)v nng cao hiu
sut ca b ngun, thun tin cho vic lc ngun th cp.
7.16. Nguyn tc n p ca b ngun chuyn mch l khi in p vo tng khi iu khin c
nhim v iu khin chuyn mch ng thi gian ngn hn cho xung ra hp, ngc li
khi cho in p vo gim th tn hiu th iu khin chuyn mch ng thi gian di hn
(nh vy rng xung ra t k nghch vi in p vo), sau khi chnh lu v lc ln hai
Ur n nh.
7.17. a, Kh nng cho dng ti ti a c nh gi bng hiu s:
IZmax - IZmin = 60mA 10 mA = 50mA.
Vi Rt = 240 v U02 = UZ = 12V, ta c:
It = UZ/Rt = 12V/240 = 50mA > IZmin = 10mA.
R1 = UR1/IR1 = (U01 UZ)/(It + IZ) = (20V 12V)/(50mA + 10mA) = 133.
b, Bit U01 = 10%U01 = 10%.20V = 2V.
in p gn sng t vo b p p dng DZ c san bng trn RZ v R1 ni tip nhau, ta
ni tc dng lm suy gim in p gn sng ca DZ vi h s suy gim l RZ/(RZ+R1), t li ra
c in p gn sng l: Ugn sng ra = U01.RZ/(RZ+R1) = 2V.7/(133 + 7) =100mV.
222
Hng dn tr li
Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
7-18b, 7-19b, 7-20a, 7-21a, 7-22b, 7-23a, 7-24b, 7-25b, 7-26b, 7-27b.
223
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
AC: (Alternating Current) dng in xoay chiu.
ADC: (Analog Digital Converter) chuyn i tng t-s.
BKTT: B khuch i thut ton.
DAC: (Digital Analog Converter) chuyn i s tng t.
DC: (Direct Current) dng in mt chiu.
RX: iu rng xung.
IC: (Integarated Cicuits) vi mch tch hp.
K: Khuch i.
LTT: Lc thng thp.
PLL: (Phase Loocked Loop) vng gi pha.
TSP: Tch sng pha.
VCO: (Volt Converter Osillate) to dao ng iu khin bng in p.
224
225
Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO............................................................................................ 3
GII THIU CHUNG....................................................................................................................................... 3
NI DUNG........................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V CC THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I........... 4
1.2. PHN CC V CH LM VIC MT CHIU ........................................................................... 7
1.3. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I ................................................................................. 10
1.4. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT). ..................................................... 15
1.5. TNG KHUCH I O PHA....................................................................................................... 24
1.6. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG(FET). ........................................................... 26
1.7. CC PHNG PHP GHP TNG TRONG B KHUCH I.................................................... 32
1.8. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC ............................................................................................. 36
1.9. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT................................................................................................... 39
TM TT........................................................................................................................................................ 47
CU HI V BI TP.................................................................................................................................. 49
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON ........................................................................................... 54
GII THIU CHUNG..................................................................................................................................... 54
NI DUNG...................................................................................................................................................... 55
2.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA BKTT.......................................................................................... 55
2.2. MCH KHCH I VI SAI................................................................................................................ 56
2.3. MCH KHUCH I ......................................................................................................................... 61
2.4. CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG......................................................... 62
2.5. MCH CNG....................................................................................................................................... 64
2.6. MCH TR.......................................................................................................................................... 66
2.7. MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN .............................................................................................. 67
2.8. MCH TO HM LOGARIT V LY THA ................................................................................. 68
2.9. MCH NHN TNG T................................................................................................................. 70
2.10. MCH LC TCH CC .................................................................................................................... 71
TM TT........................................................................................................................................................ 78
CU HI V BI TP.................................................................................................................................. 79
CHNG 3: MCH TO DAO NG SIN................................................................................................... 85
GII THIU CHUNG..................................................................................................................................... 85
NI DUNG...................................................................................................................................................... 85
3.1. KHI NIM.......................................................................................................................................... 85
226
Mc lc
3.2. IU KIN DAO NG V C IM CA MCH TO DAO NG ....................................86
3.3. MCH TO DO NG SIN GHP BIN P....................................................................................87
3.4. MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM ....................................................................................................87
3.5. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC...........................................................................................89
3.6. MCH DAO NG BNG THCH ANH.........................................................................................92
3.7. MCH TO TN HIU SIN KIU XP X TUYN TNH ...............................................................94
TM TT ........................................................................................................................................................96
CU HI V BI TP ..................................................................................................................................97
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG ............................................................................................................................101
GII THIU CHUNG ...................................................................................................................................101
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................102
4.1. TN HIU XUNG V THAM S ......................................................................................................102
4.2. CH KHA CA TRANZITO....................................................................................................103
4.3. CH KHA CA BKTT ..........................................................................................................104
4.4. TRIG.................................................................................................................................................105
4.5. MCH A HI I ..........................................................................................................................106
4.6. MCH DAO NG A HI T DAO NG................................................................................107
4.7. MCH DAO NG NGHT (BLOCKING) ....................................................................................111
4.8. MCH HN CH BIN ..............................................................................................................113
4.9. MCH TO XUNG RNG CA......................................................................................................115
4.10. MCH TO TN HIU HN HP .................................................................................................119
4.11. MCH TO DAO NG C TN S IU KHIN BNG IN P (VCO)..........................120
TM TT ......................................................................................................................................................121
CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................................................................122
CHNG 5: CC MCH BIN I TN S.............................................................................................125
GII THIU CHUNG ...................................................................................................................................125
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................126
5.1. IU CH...........................................................................................................................................126
5.2. MCH IU BIN ............................................................................................................................128
5.3. IU CH N BIN.......................................................................................................................131
5.4. IU TN V IU PHA ................................................................................................................133
5.5. MCH IU TN V IU PHA ...................................................................................................134
5.6. TCH SNG ......................................................................................................................................137
5.7. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA.........................................................................................140
5.8. TRN TN .........................................................................................................................................146
5.9. MCH NHN CHIA TN S...........................................................................................................151
TM TT ......................................................................................................................................................153
227
Mc lc
CU HI V BI TP................................................................................................................................ 155
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A ........................................................................................................... 158
GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................................................... 158
NI DUNG.................................................................................................................................................... 158
6.1. C S L LUN............................................................................................................................... 158
6.1.1. Khi nim chung .............................................................................................................................. 158
6.1.2. Cc tham s c bn........................................................................................................................... 160
6.2. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I A/D ...................................................................................... 162
6.3. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I D/A ...................................................................................... 170
TM TT...................................................................................................................................................... 172
CU HI V BI TP................................................................................................................................ 174
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN ................................................................................................... 176
GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................................................... 176
NI DUNG.................................................................................................................................................... 176
7.1. KHI NIM........................................................................................................................................ 176
7.2. BIN P ............................................................................................................................................. 177
7.3. CHNH LU MT PHA .................................................................................................................... 177
7.4. CHNH LU BI P......................................................................................................................... 183
7.5. B LC .............................................................................................................................................. 185
7.6. N NH IN P............................................................................................................................ 187
7.7. NGUN CHUYN MCH ................................................................................................................ 196
TM TT...................................................................................................................................................... 203
CU HI V BI TP................................................................................................................................ 204
HNG DN TR LI .................................................................................................................................. 207
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO....................................................................................... 207
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON ....................................................................................... 211
CHNH 3 MCH TO DAO NG SIN............................................................................................... 212
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG......................................................................................................................... 215
CHNG 5:CC MCH BIN I TN S ........................................................................................... 217
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A........................................................................................................ 219
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN................................................................................................. 221
THUT NG VIT TT................................................................................................................................. 224
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................................. 225
MC LC.......................................................................................................................................................... 226
228
IN T TNG T
M s : 497XSU210
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