CHNG 1

H QUANG IN

KHI NIM CHUNG

Bn cht ca h quang in l hin tng phng in trong cht kh vi mt
dng in rt ln ( ti khong 102 n 103
A/mm2) c nhit rt cao (ti khong 5000
n 60000C ) v thng km theo hin tng
pht sng.

KHI NIM CHUNG

H quang in c ch : H quang in
thc s c ch khi c s dng trong cc lnh
vc nh hn in, luyn thp,...nhng lc
ny h quang cn c duy tr chy n nh.

KHI NIM CHUNG

H quang in c hi : Khi ng ct cc
thit b in nh contct, cu dao, my
ct,...h quang s xut hin gia cc cp tip
im.
H quang chy ny lu sau khi thit b
in ng ct s lm h hi cc tip im
v bn thn thit b in.
Trong trng hp ny m bo lm
vic tin cy ca thit b in yu cu phi
tin hnh dp tt h quang cng nhanh cng

Vng K

Vng thn

Vng A

E
V
EK

UA

EK

UTh
Eth

EA

UK
Ihqm

Hnh : c tnh h quang

C TNH H QUANG IN MT CHIU

Uhq

200
150

50mm

100

12

50

20

0 I
10

QU TRNH PHT SINH H QUANG

H quang in pht sinh l do mi trng
gia cc in cc (hoc gia cc cp tip
im) b ion ha (xut hin cc ht dn
in).
Ion ha c th xy ra bng cc con ng khc nhau dui tc dng ca nh sng,
nhit , in trng mnh,....
Trong thc t qu trnh pht sinh h
quang in c nhng dng ion ha sau:

QU TRNH PHT SINH H QUANG

Trong thc t qu trnh pht sinh h
quang in c nhng dng ion ha sau :
Qu trnh pht x in t nhit ;
Qu trnh t pht x in t ;
Qu trnh ion ha do va chm;
Qu trnh ion ha do nhit .

S PHT X IN T NHIT
in cc v tip im c ch to t kim
loi, m trong cu trc kim loi lun lun tn ti
cc in t t do chuyn ng v mi hng
trong qu o ca cu trc ht nhn nguyn t.
Khi tip im bt u m ra lc nn
vo tip im gim dn khin in tr tip
xc tng ln ch tip xc, dng in b tht li
dn n mt dng in tng rt ln lm
nng cc in cc (nht l cc m c nhiu
electron).

S PHT X IN T NHIT
Khi b t nng, ng nng ca cc in
t tng nhanh n khi nng lng nhn Wn c
ln hn cng thot At lin kt ht nhn th in
t s thot ra khi b mt cc m tr thnh
in t do.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo
nhit in cc, vt liu lm in cc .

S PHT X IN T
Khi tip im hay in cc va m ra
lc u khong cch cn rt b.
Nu c mt in trng ln t ln
in cc (nht l vng cc m c khong cch
nh c th ti hng triu V/cm), vi cng
in trng ln cc m cc in t t do c
cung cp thm nng lng s b ko bt ra khi
b mt catt tr thnh cc in t t do.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng
in trng E v vt liu lm in cc.

ION HA DO VA CHM
Sau khi tip im m ra, di tc dng ca
nhit cao hoc ca in trng ln (m
thng thng l c hai) th cc in t t do s
pht sinh chuyn ng t cc dng sang cc
m.
Do in trng rt ln nn cc in t
chuyn ng vi tc rt cao. Trn ng i
cc in t ny va chm vi cc nguyn t v
phn t kh s lm bt ra cc in t v cc
ion dng.

ION HA DO VA CHM
Cc phn t mang in ny li tip tc
tham gia chuyn ng v va chm lm
xut hin cc phn t mang in khc.
Do vy m s lng cc phn t mang in
tng ln khng ngng, lm mt in tch
trong khong khng gian gia cc tip im
rt ln.
Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cng in
trng, mt cc phn t trong vng in
cc, lc lin kt phn t, khi lng ca phn t
...

ION HA DO NHIT
Do c cc qa trnh pht x in t v ion
ha do va chm, mt lng ln nng lng c gii
phng lm nhit vng h quang tng cao
v thng km theo hin tng pht sng.
Nhit kh cng tng th tc
chuyn ng ca cc phn t kh cng tng
v s ln va chm do cng cng tng ln.
Do va chm, mt s phn t kh s phn li
thnh cc nguyn t. Cn lng cc ion ha tng
ln do va chm khi nhit tng th gi l
lng ion ha do nhit.

QU TRNH DP TT H QUANG
H quang in s b dp tt khi mi trng gia cc in cc khng cn dn in
hay ni cch khc h quang in s tt khi c
qu trnh phn ion ha xy ra mnh hn qu
trnh ion ha.
Ngoi qu trnh phn li ni trn, song
song vi qu trnh ion ha cn c cc qu trnh
phn ion gm hai hin tng sau:
1. Hin tng ti hp
2. Hin tng khuch tn

HIN TNG TI HP
Trong qu trnh chuyn ng cc ht mang
in tri du va chm nhau, to thnh cc ht
trung ha.
Trong l thuyt chng minh tc ti
hp :

T l nghch vi bnh phng ng

knh HQ

H quang tip xc vi mI trng in

mi th hin tng ti hp s tng ln.

Nhit h quang cng thp tc

HIN TNG KHUCH TN

Hin tng cc ht tch in di chuyn t
vng c mt in tch cao (vng h
quang) ra vng xung quanh c mt in
tch thp, lm gim s lng ion trong vng h
qung gi l hin tng khuch tn.
Cc in t v ion dng khuch tn dc
theo thn h quang, in t khuch tn
nhanh hn ion dng.

HIN TNG KHUCH TN

Qu trnh khuch tn c trng bng tc
khuch tn. S khuch tn cng nhanh h
quang cng nhanh b tt. tng qu trnh
khuch tn ngi ta thng tm cch ko di
ngn la h quang.

H QUANG IN
MT CHIU

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Vi U0 l in p
ngun , mch c in
tr R, mch c in
cm mch L v rhq
c trng cho in
tr h quang vi in
p h quang l uhq
trn cc cp tip
im khi ta ng
hoc ngt.

U0

+
R
i
L

rth
Hnh : H quang in mch mt
chiu

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Theo nh lut Kichp II, ta c phng
trnh cn bng in p trong mch khi m
tip im v h quang bt u chy nh sau
di
:
U i.R iR L
0

hq

dt
di
U U U L
dt
0

hq

Vi UR : l in p ri trn in tr.
Vi Uhq : l in p trn h quang.

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
Khi h quang chy n nh th dng in khng
i.
di

i I const L

dt

Do phng trnh cn bng p s l :

U U U I.R I.r
0

hq

hq

H QUANG IN MT CHIU
U[V]

Ldi/dt< 0
1
U0
A

UR

Ldi/dt>0
2

Ldi/dt< 0
Uhq

IA

B
IB

I[A]

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN
co th dp tt c h quang
in mt chiu cn loai bo c
im h quang chay n nh (im B).
Trn c tnh ta nhn thy se khng
co im chay n nh khi ng c
tnh 3 (in ap trn h quang) cao hn
ng c tnh 2 nh hnh (tc la h
quang se tt khi Uhq> U0- UR)

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN
nng cao ng c tnh 3 thng
thc hin hai bin phap la tng dai
h quang(tng l) va giam nhit vung
h quang xung, c tnh nh hnh.
U [V]

I [A]

IU KIN DP TT H QUANG IN

U [V]

U [V]
L2>L1

T1

T2<T
1

L1
I[A]

I[A]

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
Khi ct mach in mt chiu thng xay
ra qua in ap, khi mach co in cam ln
nu tc ct cang nhanh th qua in ap
cang ln.
Nu tai thi im ct co I=di
0 th :

U0 L

dt

uhq

di
Hay ta co : u U L
U
hq
0
dt

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
U

la tr s qua in ap xoay chiu.

Trong mach mt chiu lam vic vi
cng sut ln lai co nhiu vong dy khi
dp h quang in qua in ap se xay
ra rt ln co th gy anh thung cach
in va h hong thit b.
han ch hin tng qua in
ap ngi ta thng dung thm mt
mach in phu mc song song vi phu
tai. Mach nay co th la in tr, in

QA IN P HQ MT CHIU
R

Zt (R,L)

Zt (R,L)
D

Zt (R,L)

H QUANG IN
XOAY CHIU

KHI NIM CHUNG

h quang in xoay chiu, dong
in va in ap ngun bin thin tun
hoan theo tn s li in.
V h quang la in tr phi tuyn
nn dong in va in ap cua ho quang
trung pha nhau.
Tai thi im dong in i qua
im 0, h quang khng c cp nng
lng nn qua trnh phan ion xay ra
vung in cc rt manh va nu in

KHI NIM CHUNG

Khi
h
quang
in
xoay
chiu
ang chay ta
a dong in
va in ap
cua h quang
vao dao ng
k ta se c
dang
song
cua dong in

U[V]
Uch
Ut
i(t )
t
1

KHI NIM CHUNG

Trong 1/4 chu ky u, in ap HQ
tng nhanh n tri s Uch (theo in ap
ngun). Khi HQ chay, in ap giam dn.
Dong in tng t 0 n im
chay, dong tng manh va khi t = T/4,
dong in at tr s cc ai va in
ap HQ gn nh khng i.
1/4 chu ky tip theo, dong in
giam dn, n thi im tt, in ap
HQ tng sau o suy giam v 0 va dong

KHI NIM CHUNG

T dang
song thu c
trn man hnh
dao ng k ta
xy
dng
c
c
tnh Vn -Am pe
(V-A) cua h
quang
in
xoay
chiu
nh hnh

U
Uch
Ut

KHI NIM CHUNG

Ta nhn thy trong mach co phu
tai in tr thun d dp h quang
hn trong mach co tai in cam.
Bi mach thun tr khi dong in
qua tr s khng (thi gian i=0 thc t
keo dai khoang 0,1) th in ap ngun
cung bng khng (trung pha).
Con mach thun cam khi dong
bng khng th in ap ngun ang co
gia tr cc ai (in ap vt trc
dong in mt goc 900).

DP TT HQ XOAY CHIU
H quang in xoay chiu khi dong
in qua tr s 0 th khng c cung cp
nng lng. Mi trng h quang mt dn
tnh dn in va tr thanh cach in.

Nu cach in nay u ln va in
ap ngun khng u duy tr phong in lai
th h quang se tt hn.
anh gia mc cach in cua
in mi vung h quang la ln hay be ngi
ta dung khai nim in ap choc thung.

DP TT HQ XOAY CHIU
Qua trnh dp tt h quang in
xoay chiu khng nhng tuy thuc vao
tng quan gia ln cua in ap
choc thung vi ln cua in ap h
quang ma con phuU[V]
thuc tng quan
gia tc tng cua chung.
1
2
150250V

I[A]

BIN PHP V TRANG B

DP H QUANG TRONG
THIT B IN

CC YU CU DP HQ
Trong thi gian ngn phai dp tt
c h quang, han ch pham vi chay
h quang la nho nht.
Tc ong m tip im phai ln.
Nng lng h quang sinh ra phai be,
in tr h quang phai tng nhanh.

Tranh hin tng qua in ap khi

dp h quang.

CC NGUYN TC DP HQ
Keo dai ngon la h quang.
Dung nng lng h quang sinh ra
t dp.
Dung nng lng ngun ngoai
dp.
Chia h quang thanh nhiu phn
ngn dp.
Mc thm in tr song song dp.

DP HQ TRONG THIT B H P
Keo dai h quang in bng c kh
Dung cun dy thi t kt hp
bung dp h quang
Dung bung dp h quang co khe h
quanh co
Phn chia h quang ra lam nhiu oan
ngn
Tng tc chuyn ng cua tip
im ng
Kt cu tip im kiu bc cu

DP HQ TRONG THIT B H CAO P

Dp h quang trong du bin ap
kt hp phn chia h quang
Dp h quang bng kh nen
Dp h quang bng cach dung vt
liu t sinh kh
Dp h quang trong chn khng
Dp h quang trong kh ap sut cao