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CHNG 2: GII THIU H THNG NHNG


2.1 GII THIU V H THNG NHNG
2.1.1 nh ngha h thng nhng.
Mt h thng nhng (Embedded system) l mt s kt hp cht ch gia phn
cng v phn mm, c th kt hp vi mt vi thnh phn c kh khc, c thit
k thc hin mt chc nng ring bit no .
Mt h thng nhng khc vi mt my tnh c nhn. Mt my tnh c nhn
khng c thit k thc hin mt chc nng ring bit, n c th lm nhiu vic
khc nhau. Khc vi cc my tnh a chc nng, chng hn nh my tnh c nhn,
mt h thng nhng ch thc hin mt hoc mt vi chc nng nht nh, thng i
km vi nhng yu cu c th v bao gm mt s thit b my mc v phn cng
chuyn dng m ta khng tm thy trong mt my tnh a nng ni chung. V h
thng ch c xy dng cho mt s nhim v nht nh nn cc nh thit k c th
ti u ha n nhm gim thiu kch thc v chi ph sn xut. Cc h thng nhng
thng c sn xut hng lot vi s lng ln. H thng nhng rt a dng,
phong ph v chng loi. c th l nhng thit b cm tay nh gn nh ng h
k thut s v my chi nhc MP3, hoc nhng sn phm ln nh n giao thng,
b kim sot trong nh my hoc h thng kim sot cc my nng lng ht nhn.
Xt v phc tp, h thng nhng c th rt n gin vi mt vi iu khin hoc
rt phc tp vi nhiu n v, cc thit b ngoi vi v mng li c nm gn
trong mt lp v my ln.

Hnh 2.1: H thng nhng c bn.


Thng thng, mt h thng nhng l mt thnh phn ca mt vi h thng ln
hn. V d nhng chic t v xe ti hin i cng gm nhiu h thng nhng. Mt
h thng nhng iu khin phanh, mt h thng khc gim st v iu khin s gii
phng nng lng ca xe, v h thng th 3 din th thng tin ln mn hnh. Trong
mt vi trng hp, cc h thng nhng c lin kt vi nhau bi mt vi loi
mng giao tip.

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Hnh 2.2: Mt s ng dng h thng nhng.


Nu mt h thng nhng c thit k tt, ngi dng c th hon ton khng
pht hin ra s tn ti ca b x l v phn mm, ging nh trng hp ca l vi
ba, VCR, hay ng h bo thc.
Cc thit b PDA hoc my tnh cm tay cng c mt s c im tng t vi
h thng nhng nh cc h iu hnh hoc vi x l iu khin chng nhng cc
thit b ny khng phi l h thng nhng tht s bi chng l cc thit b a nng,
cho php s dng nhiu ng dng v kt ni n nhiu thit b ngoi vi.

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2.1.2 Cc c im ca h thng nhng.


H thng nhng thng c mt s c im chung nh sau:
Cc h thng nhng c thit k thc hin mt s nhim v
chuyn dng ch khng phi ng vai tr l cc h thng my tnh a
chc nng. Mt s h thng i hi rng buc v tnh hot ng thi
gian thc m bo an ton v tnh ng dng, mt s h thng
khng i hi hoc rng buc cht ch, cho php n gin ha h
thng phn cng gim thiu chi ph sn xut.
Mt h thng nhng thng khng phi l mt khi ring bit m l
mt h thng phc tp nm trong thit b m n iu khin.
Phn mm c vit cho cc h thng nhng c gi l firmware v
c lu tr trong cc chip b nh ROM hoc b nh flash ch
khng phi l trong mt a. Phn mm thng chy vi s ti
nguyn phn cng hn ch, khng c bn phm, mn hnh hoc c
nhng vi kch thc nh, dung lng b nh thp. Sau y, ta s i
su, xem xt c th c im ca cc thnh phn ca h thng nhng.
2.1.3 Giao din.
Cc h thng nhng c th khng c giao din (i vi nhng h thng n
nhim) hoc c y giao din giao tip vi ngi dng tng t nh cc h iu
hnh trong cc thit b bn. i vi cc h thng n gin, thit b nhng s
dng nt bm, n LED v hin th ch c nh hoc ch hin th s, thng i km
vi mt h thng menu n gin.
Cn trong mt h thng phc tp hn, mt mn hnh ha, cm ng hoc c
cc nt bm l mn hnh cho php thc hin cc thao tc phc tp m ti thiu
ha c khong khng gian cn s dng, ngha ca cc nt bm c th thay i
theo mn hnh v cc la chn. Cc h thng nhng thng c mt mn hnh vi
mt nt bm dng cn iu khin (joystick button). S pht trin mnh m ca
mng ton cu mang n cho nhng nh thit k h nhng mt la chn mi l
s dng mt giao din web thng qua vic kt ni mng. iu ny c th gip trnh
c chi ph cho nhng mn hnh phc tp nhng ng thi vn cung cp kh nng
hin th v nhp liu phc tp khi cn n thng qua mt my tnh khc. iu ny l
ht sc hu dng i vi cc thit b iu khin t xa, ci t vnh vin. V d, cc
router l cc thit b ng dng tin ch ny.

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Hnh 2.3: Giao din h thng nhng.


2.1.4 Kin trc CPU.
Cc b x l trong h thng nhng c th c chia thnh hai loi: vi x l v vi
iu khin. Cc vi iu khin thng c cc thit b ngoi vi c tch hp trn chip
nhm gim kch thc ca h thng. C rt nhiu loi kin trc CPU c s dng
trong thit k h nhng nh ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051,
Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8
2.1.5 Thit b ngoi vi.
H thng nhng giao tip vi bn ngoi thng qua cc thit b ngoi vi, v d
nh:
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485...
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC
v ESSI Universal Serial Bus (USB).
Networks: Controller Area Network, LonWorks...
B nh thi: PLL(s), Capture/Compare v Time Processing Unit.
Discrete IO: General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO).
2.1.6 Cng c pht trin.
Tng t nh cc sn phm phn mm khc, phn mm h thng nhng cng
c pht trin nh vic s dng cc trnh bin dch (compilers), chng trnh dch
hp ng (assembler) hoc cc cng c g ri (debuggers). Tuy nhin, cc nh thit
k h thng nhng c th s dng mt s cng c chuyn dng nh:
B g ri mch hoc cc chng trnh m phng (emulator).

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Tin ch thm cc gi tr checksum hoc CRC vo chng trnh,


gip h thng nhng c th kim tra tnh hp l ca chng trnh .
i vi cc h thng x l tn hiu s, ngi pht trin h thng c
th s dng phn mm workbench nh MathCad hoc Mathematica
m phng cc php ton.
Cc trnh bin dch v trnh lin kt (linker) chuyn dng c s
dng ti u ha mt thit b phn cng.
Mt h thng nhng c th c ngn ng lp trnh v cng c thit k
ring ca n hoc s dng v ci tin t mt ngn ng c sn.
Cc cng c phn mm c th c to ra bi cc cng ty phn mm
chuyn dng v h thng nhng hoc chuyn i t cc cng c pht
trin phn mm GNU. i khi, cc cng c pht trin dnh cho my
tnh c nhn cng c s dng nu b x l ca h thng nhng
gn ging vi b x l ca mt my PC thng dng.
2.2 CC THNH PHN TRONG H THNG NHNG
2.2.1 Phn cng trong h thng nhng

HNH 2.4 : Cu trc phn cng h thng nhng

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2.2.1.1 Vi x l
ARM
L vit tt ca Advanced RISC Machine- l mt h vi x l c pht trin bi
ARM Holdings Ltd. Khc vi cc nh sn xut chip khc nh IBM, Freescale hay
Intel, cng ti ARM Holdings khng sn xut chip x l ca chnh h, thay vo h
thit k li CPU cho cc khch hng da trn kin trc li ARM v cho khch hng
sn xut theo thit k ti bt k cng ti sn xut chip no m h mong mun. y
l mt hng i mi, tuy nhin s d lm cho cc nh pht trin b phn tm gia
nhiu nh sn xut chip ARM khi h bt u la chn. Tuy nhin, c mt iu
ging nhau ca cc b x l ARM l u c chung mt kin trc tp lnh, dn n
tnh tng thch ca phn mm chy trn . iu ny khng c ngha l tt c cc
CPU ARM v board u c lp trnh v ci t ging nhau, m ch cc ngn ng
Assemble v cc tp tin Binary thc thi l ging nhau.
Ngy nay, a s cc CPU ARM c sn xut bi Marvell ( trc l mt nhnh
ca Intel, sn xut di thng hiu l Xscale), Toshiba, Samsung, v nhiu nh
sn xut khc. Kin trc ARM c s dng rng ri trong nhiu thit b, t in
thoi cho n cc thit b mng v nhiu sn phm cng nh dch v khc na m
rt c th chnh ta cng ang s dng.
AVR32
L kin trc vi x l 32bit mi ca Atmel corporation c a ra th trng vo
nm 2006 (trc Atmel ch chuyn sn xut vi iu khin 8 bit nh h 8051).
Ngoi nhng c in thng thng ca AVR, AVR32 h tr tp lnh 16 cng nh
32 bit, h tr cc lnh x l tn hiu s DSP hay Java. AVR32 cng chnh thc c
a vo Linux Kernel Mailing List nm 2006 v c board pht trin da trn
chip ny.
Intel x86
H x86 ca intel bt u t b vi x l 386 vo nm 1985 v pht trin cho n
nay vi 486, Pentium, Xeon, Core, Core 2 v mt s vi l ca National
Semiconductor hay AMD cng sn xut theo h ny nh Itanium.
Ngy nay, mt s nh sn xut s dng li h vi x l 386 v thit k li theo
dng System- on- Chip (SoC) s dng trong cc h thng nhng gi l i386.
Mc d x86 l h thng ph bin nht chy Linux, nhng chng khng c th
phn ln trong h thng nhng. Ngi ta thng s dng ARM, MIPS, PowerPC
i386 hn v tnh phc tp, kh nng tiu th nng lng v gi thnh ca n.
M32R
L h vi x l 32 bit ca Renesas, cng c s dng trong nhiu thit b nghe
nhn v iu khin nh PDA, camera, v thit b iu khin ng c trong xe hi.

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MIPS
L kin trc CPU ca nh khoa hc my tnh John Hennessey- tc gi ca
nhiu cun sch ni ting v kin trc my tnh kt qu ca d n mang tn
Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stage (MIPS) ca i hc Stanford.
MIPS c s dng trong cc h my chi game nh Nintendos 64bit,
SonyPlaysatation 1&2 v mt s thit b in t tiu dng khc.
Tng t nh ARM, cng ti MIPS Technologies gi bn quyn kin trc nhn
ca CPU, nhng khng hon ton ging nhau v tp lnh so vi ARM. Cc chip 32
bit MIPS thng sn xut bi IDT, Toshiba, RMI, NXP, LSI, cn cc chip 64 bit
thng ca IDT, LSI, NEC, NXP, Broadcom hay Toshiba. So vi cc CPU trn th
MIPS t thng dng hn trong h thng nhng Linux.
Motorola 68000
H 68000 ca Motorola thng c bit di ci tn m68k. y l h CPU ch
ng sau h x86 ca Intel v mc ph bin vo nhng nm 1980. Mc d ngy
nay cc h thng nhng thng chung nhng kin trc CPU mi hn nh ARM,
MIPS, PowerPC nhng m68k vi ngun ti liu phong ph vn c mt v tr nht
nh
PowerPC
Kin trc PowerPC l s hp tc ca ba nh sn xut Apple, IBM, Motorola (b
ba AIM). L b x l c bit n nhiu nht trong dng my tnh MAC ca
Apple, v mt s my ch ca IBM.
Cng vi i386, ARM, th PowerPC l h thng c h tr nhiu nht trn
Linux nh c s ng h ca cc nh sn xut ln.
SuperH
Tip ni thnh cng ca cc b vi iu khin 8, 16 bit ca dng H8 trc ,
Hitachi sn xut dng SuperH vo nhng nm u 1990 vi di t 32 bit.
SuperH Inc ca Hitachi (nay l Renesas Technology) nm gi bn quyn kin trc
v pht trin SuperH tng t nh m hnh ca ARM v MIPS. SuperH c s
dng nhiu trong cc sn phm ca Hitachi nh PDA hay mt s my chi game
th h c.
Cc phin bn c ca SuperH nh SH-1, SH-2 khng c Linux h tr, bt u
t cc phin bn SH- 3, 4, 5 chy c Linux.

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2.2.1.2 B nh
Cu trc c bn ca b nh gm c 3 thnh phn: IC nh, bus a ch, bus d
liu.

Hnh 2.5: S cu trc b nh


ROM- Read Only Memory

Hnh 2.6 : Cu trc ROM vi 3 ng a ch, 8 ng d liu v kch thc 8 byte

L loi b nh ch c m khng th thay i thng tin bn trong c, thng


tin trn ROM ch c lu bi nh sn xut.
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Thng tin trn ROM thng ghi theo a ch x ng d liu (V d 16kB16kBytes ROM l 16K x 8 ROM: tc c 16Kbit-14 ng a ch v 8 ng d
liu.
Cc loi ROM thng dng:
One-time Programmable ROM (OTP hay OTPRom): Ch lp trnh
c mt ln
Erasable Programmable ROM(EPROM): C th c xa mt hay
nhiu ln bng tia cc tm
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM(EEPROM): ging
EPROM, c th xa nhiu ln nhng xa bng in nn vic xa d
dng hn v c th thc hin ngay trn Board So vi Flash th ROM
chm hn v mc hn.
B nh RAM
RAM- thng c coi nh l b nh chnh, thng c truy xut mt cch
ngu nhin v ni dung trn n thng c cc phn cng thay i nhiu ln, v b
mt i khi mt in (volatile). Hai loi RAM chnh l Static RAM v Dynamic
RAM.
So vi SRAM lu d liu bng cc mch Flip-Flop, th DRAM s dng cc t
in , v vy m chng cn c refresh (lm ti) duy tr c tnh np x ca t.
C sau mi ln c d liu cc t ny phi c np li do qu trnh c lm mt
in tch trong t.
Chnh v qa trnh np-x trong mi cell nh nn gi l DRAM- RAM ng.
B nh Flash
Hu nh tt c chng ta u quen thuc vi loi b nh Compact Flash v SD
card c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t tiu dng ngy nay nh Camera
v PDAs (u l cc sn phm nhng tiu biu), chng u da trn cng ngh
Flash vi kh nng cha d liu l hng Gigabytes trn kch thc ch bng u
mng tay.
C nhiu nh sn sut b nh Flash, vi nhiu hnh dng kch thc vt l,
kch thc b nh hay c tnh in t khc nhau. Ngy nay, t khi thy nhng h
thng nhng m ch c khong 4MB hay 8MB d liu, thay vo l khong t
16MB n 256MB hay hn th na.
B nh Flash c th c ghi hay xa bng phn mm. Mc d tc cn
chm so vi cng (Hard driver) nhng ang tng ngy c ci thin
B nh Flash c chia thnh tng n v nh gi l Blocks. Mi Block s
nh r d liu ang c c hay ghi. i vi b nh NOR Flash, d liu c th d
dng chuyn t 1 sang 0 bng phn mm trc tip vo tng Cell, theo n v bit hay
Word. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn t 0 sang 1 i hi phi thc hin tun t cc lnh
iu khin c bit ti Flash chip.
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Mt b nh NOR Flash bao gm nhiu blocks. V d, khong 4MB Flash


bao gm 64 Block, mi Block l 64KB. i khi kch thc mi Flash Block cng
khng ng nht, nhm lm tng tnh linh hot trong vic lu tr d liu. Cc Block
c kch thc khc bit ny thng gi l Boot Block hay boot sector Flash.
Thng th boot loader s c lu vo cc block c kch thc nh, cn Kernel
lu vo cc Block c kch thc ln hn.

Hnh 2.7 : Cu trc d liu mt Boot Flash


thay i d liu trong b nh Flash, phi thay i d liu trong c khi
Block, cho d ch thay i 1 byte trong block . V kch thc ca mi block
(64KB) l ln nu so vi sector trong cng thng thng (khong 512 hay 1024
Byte) nn thi gian cp nht d liu ca Flash nu so vi HDD th ln hn.
Mt hn ch na ca Flash l gii hn v s ln ghi d liu. Mt b nh NOR
Flash th gii hn trong khong 100.000 ln cho mi Block. V vy, nu mt thit
k khng ti u (ghi, xa d liu nhiu ln ch tp trung vo mt block trong mt
mng) th s lm b nh Nhanh b li .
NAND Flash
L cng ngh Flash mi, c nhiu ci tin so vi cng ngh NOR Flash c nh
cho php kch thc mi Block nh hn, tc c, ghi tt hn cng nh hiu qu
hn trong vic s dng cc mng b nh.
NOR Flash kt ni ti Vi x l bng cc bus d liu/a ch song song. Ngc
li, NAND Flash c truy xut ni tip.
Thit k mt h thng nhng ta c th c nhiu ty chn trong vic phn vng
cc b nh. Trong h thng, cc file Binary thc thi c th lu vo Flash device.
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Khi boot ln file nh h thng trong Flash c a vo RAM. y l thit k ti


u v d liu trn flash t khi cn phi cp nht. Bt k thay i nh no u nh nu
so vi kch thc b nh Ram, v s d liu ny s mt i khi h thng khi ng
li

Hnh 2.8 : Phn vng Flash Memory Layout thng thy


Bootloader thng nm trn cng, hoc di cng. Theo sau l Linux kernel
image, ri n b nh Ram h thng- cha Root file system. Thng thng, Linux
kernel v Ram disk file system image c nn li, v c boot loader gii nn
trong qu trnh khi ng.
Mt phn nh ca Flash, hoc loi b nh khng bay hi (Non volatile) c th
dnh cho cc d liu tm cn c lu li, nh cc d liu cu hnh trong cc
Wireless access point hay Router.
Flash file system
Nhng gii hn ca Flash c han ch bng Flash File System tng t nh
vi a cng. Mt trong nhng u im vi file system l tnh nng Wear leveling
nhm phn phi u s ln ghi/xa d liu trn mi block nhm ko di tui th ca
b nh. Ngoi ra File system cn nhm hn ch s mt mt d liu khi gp s c v
ngun in. Mt trong nhng File system c s dung ph bin ngy nay i vi
Flash l JFFS2- Journaling Flash File System 2.
2.2.1.3 Khng gian b nh
H iu hnh qun l tt c b nh trong mt bng khng gian b nh o: tc l
a ch ca tt c cc b nh vt l s i ln lt t 0 cho n ht. V d, nu mt vi
x l c 24 ng a ch, 8 ng d liu, bng a ch ca n s i t 0x00000000
ti 0x00ffffff. Chia ch ca DRAM th thng c cho ln di cng, cn Flash
cho ln u tin nh trong hnh, cn cc a ch gia dng cho cc thit b ngoi
vi hay cc port xut nhp

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Hnh 2.9 : Khng gian b nh trong h thng


Ngoi ra cn cc cng giao tip khc nh USB, Ethernet, UARTdng cho cc
thit b ngoi vi hay dng d debug (UART).
2.2.2 Phn mm trong h thng nhng
2.2.2.1 Gii thiu h iu hnh linux
Linux l h iu hnh ca my tnh . V mt nguyn tc h iu hnh cng l
mt software, nhng y l mt software c bit c dng qun l, iu phi
cc ti nguyn (resource) ca h thng (bao gm c hardware v cc software khc).
Linux cn c gi l h iu hnh m ngun m Open Source Unix (OSU)
Phin bn Linux u tin do Linus Torvalds vit vo nm 1991, lc ng cn l mt
sinh vin ca i hc Helsinki ti Phn Lan. ng lm vic mt cch hng say trong
vng 3 nm lin tc v cho ra i phin bn Linux 1.0 vo nm 1994. B phn ch
yu ny c pht trin v tung ra trn th trng di bn quyn GNU General
Public License. Do m bt c ai cng c th ti v xem m ngun ca Linux.
Mt cch chnh xc, thut ng "Linux" c s dng ch Nhn Linux, nhng
tn ny c s dng mt cch rng ri miu t tng th mt h iu hnh ging
Unix (cn c bit n di tn GNU/Linux) c to ra bi vic ng gi nhn
Linux cng vi cc th vin v cng c GNU, cng nh l cc bn phn phi
Linux. Thc t th l tp hp mt s lng ln cc phn mm nh my ch web,
cc ngn ng lp trnh, cc h qun tr c s d liu, cc mi trng lm vic
desktop nh GNOME v KDE, v cc ng dng thch hp cho cng vic vn phng
nh open.office
Khi u, Linux c pht trin cho dng vi x l 386, hin ti h iu hnh
ny h tr mt s lng ln cc kin trc vi x l, v c s dng trong nhiu ng
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dng khc nhau t my tnh c nhn cho ti cc siu my tnh v cc thit b nhng
nh l cc my in thoi di ng.
Ban u, Linux c pht trin v s dng bi nhng ngi say m. Tuy nhin,
hin nay Linux c c s h tr bi cc cng ty ln nh IBM v HewlettPackard, ng thi n cng bt kp c cc phin bn Unix c quyn v thm ch
l mt thch thc i vi s thng tr ca Microsoft Windows trong mt s lnh
vc. S d Linux t c nhng thnh cng mt cch nhanh chng l nh vo cc
c tnh ni bt so vi cc h thng khc: chi ph phn cng thp, tc cao (khi so
snh vi cc phin bn Unix c quyn) v kh nng bo mt tt, tin cy cao
(khi so snh vi Windows) cng nh l cc c im v gi thnh r, khng b ph
thuc vo nh cung cp. Mt c tnh ni tri ca n l c pht trin bi mt m
hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m hiu qu.
Bi v nhiu l do c v kinh t ln k thut m ngy ny Linux ngy cng tr
nn ph bin trong cc thit b nhng. V y l mt s l do tiu biu:
linux h tr nhiu thit b phn cng hn so vi bt k mt h iu hnh
no khc.
Linux c nhiu phn mm ng dng cng nh cc giao thc mng.
Linux c tnh ty bin cao, c th hot ng trn nhiu nn tng: t
nhng thit b
c b nh nh cho ti nhng cc my ch.
Linux khng phi vng mc v cc vn tc quyn khi chnh sa hay
s dng v
y l h iu hnh m.
Linux c cng ng pht trin nng ng, rng khp. Cho php nhanh
chng h tr cc phn mm, phn cng mi nht.
Cc nh sn xut phn cng ln hin nay u h tr Linux. Tuy nhin, hin ti
s lng phn cng c h tr bi Linux vn cn rt khim tn so vi Windows v
cc trnh iu khin thit b tng thch vi Windows nhiu hn l Linux. Nhng
trong tng lai s lng phn cng c h tr cho Linux s tng ln.
2.2.2.2 T chc th mc trong Linux.
H thng tp tin ca Linux v Unix c t chc theo mt h thng phn bc
tng t cu trc ca mt cy th mc, bao gm 1 thn thng ng v cc cnh ln
cha ra. Bc cao nht ca h thng tp tin l th mc gc, c k hiu bng vch
cho / (root directory). i vi cc h iu hnh Unix v Linux tt cc thit b kt
ni vo my tnh u c nhn ra nh cc tp tin, k c nhng linh kin nh i
cng, cc phn vng i cng v cc USB, chn hn. Sau y l danh sch cc
th mc thng thng c nhn thy di th mc gc (/) :
- /bin Th mc ny cha cc file chng trnh thc thi dng nh phn v cc
chng trnh khi ng ca h thng. (binary applications),

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- /boot cc tp tin cu hnh cho qu trnh khi ng h thng (boot


configuration files).
- /dev Th mc ny cha cc file thit b. Trong th gii *nix v Linux cc
thit b phn cng (device) c xem nh l cc file. a cng v phn vng cng
l file nh hda1, hda2, hdb1, hdb2, a mm th mang tn fd0 cc file thit b ny
thng c t trong ny. (device files),
- /etc Th mc ny cha cc file cu hnh ton cc ca h thng. C th c
nhiu th mc con trong th mc ny nhng nhn chung chng cha cc file script
khi ng hay phc v cho mc ch cu hnh chng trnh trc khi chy.
- /home Th mc ny cha cc th mc con i din cho mi user khi ng
nhp. Ni y l th vin lm vic thng xuyn ca ngi dng. Khi ngi qun
tr to ti khon cho bn h s cp cho bn mt th mc cng tn vi tn ti khon
nm trong th mc /home. Bn c mi quyn thao tc trn th mc ca mnh m
khng nh hng n ngi dng khc.(local users home directories),
- /lib Th mc ny cha cc file th vin .so (shared object) hoc .a. Cc th
vin C v lin kt ng cn cho chng trnh chy v cho ton h thng. Th mc
ny tng t nh th mc SYSTEM32 ca Windows.(system libraries)
- /lost+found Khi h h thng khi ng hoc khi bn chy trnh fsck, nu tm
thy mt chui d liu no tht lc trn a cng v khng lin quan n n cc tp
tin, Linux s gp chng li v t trong th mc ny nu cn bn c th c v
gi li d liu b mt.
- /media th mc ny c dng to ra cc tp tin gn (loaded) tm thi
c h thng to ra khi mt thit b lu ng (removable media) c cm vo
nh a CDs, my nh k thut s, USB, etc.
- /mnt th mc ny c dng gn cc h thng tp tin tm thi (mounted
filesystems),v /opt th mc dng cha cc phn mm ng dng (optional
applications) c ci t thm,
- /proc y l mt th mc c bit linh ng lu cc thng tin v tnh trng
ca h thng, c bit v cc tin trnh (processes) ang hot ng,
- /root y l th mc nh ca ngi qun tr h thng (root),
- /sbin Th mc ny cha cc file thc thi ca h thng dnh cho ngi qun
tr (root). (system binaries)
- /sys th mc ny lu cc tp tin ca h thng (system files),
- /tmp th mc ny lu li cc tp tin c to ra tm thi (temporary files),
- /usr Th mc ny cha rt nhiu th mc con nh /usr/bin, /usr/local V
y cng l mt trong nhng th mc con quan trng ca h thng, bn trong th
mc con ny (/usr/local) cng cha y cc th mc con tng t ngoi th mc
gc nh sbin, lib, bin Nu nng cp h thng th cc chng trnh bn ci t
trong th mc /usr/local vn gi nguyn v bn khng phi s cc chng trnh b
mt mt. Th mc ny tng t nh th mc C:\Program Files ca Windows.
- /usr/src Th mc cha m ngun k c m ngun ca Linux.
Chng 2 :Gii Thiu H Thng Nhng

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Trang 18

- /usr/man Cha ti liu hng dn (manual).


- /var th mc ny lu li cc tp tin ghi cc s liu bin i (variable files)
nh cc tp tin d liu v cc tp tin bn ghi (logs and databases).

Chng 2 :Gii Thiu H Thng Nhng

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