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2.2.1.1 Vi x l
ARM
L vit tt ca Advanced RISC Machine- l mt h vi x l c pht trin bi
ARM Holdings Ltd. Khc vi cc nh sn xut chip khc nh IBM, Freescale hay
Intel, cng ti ARM Holdings khng sn xut chip x l ca chnh h, thay vo h
thit k li CPU cho cc khch hng da trn kin trc li ARM v cho khch hng
sn xut theo thit k ti bt k cng ti sn xut chip no m h mong mun. y
l mt hng i mi, tuy nhin s d lm cho cc nh pht trin b phn tm gia
nhiu nh sn xut chip ARM khi h bt u la chn. Tuy nhin, c mt iu
ging nhau ca cc b x l ARM l u c chung mt kin trc tp lnh, dn n
tnh tng thch ca phn mm chy trn . iu ny khng c ngha l tt c cc
CPU ARM v board u c lp trnh v ci t ging nhau, m ch cc ngn ng
Assemble v cc tp tin Binary thc thi l ging nhau.
Ngy nay, a s cc CPU ARM c sn xut bi Marvell ( trc l mt nhnh
ca Intel, sn xut di thng hiu l Xscale), Toshiba, Samsung, v nhiu nh
sn xut khc. Kin trc ARM c s dng rng ri trong nhiu thit b, t in
thoi cho n cc thit b mng v nhiu sn phm cng nh dch v khc na m
rt c th chnh ta cng ang s dng.
AVR32
L kin trc vi x l 32bit mi ca Atmel corporation c a ra th trng vo
nm 2006 (trc Atmel ch chuyn sn xut vi iu khin 8 bit nh h 8051).
Ngoi nhng c in thng thng ca AVR, AVR32 h tr tp lnh 16 cng nh
32 bit, h tr cc lnh x l tn hiu s DSP hay Java. AVR32 cng chnh thc c
a vo Linux Kernel Mailing List nm 2006 v c board pht trin da trn
chip ny.
Intel x86
H x86 ca intel bt u t b vi x l 386 vo nm 1985 v pht trin cho n
nay vi 486, Pentium, Xeon, Core, Core 2 v mt s vi l ca National
Semiconductor hay AMD cng sn xut theo h ny nh Itanium.
Ngy nay, mt s nh sn xut s dng li h vi x l 386 v thit k li theo
dng System- on- Chip (SoC) s dng trong cc h thng nhng gi l i386.
Mc d x86 l h thng ph bin nht chy Linux, nhng chng khng c th
phn ln trong h thng nhng. Ngi ta thng s dng ARM, MIPS, PowerPC
i386 hn v tnh phc tp, kh nng tiu th nng lng v gi thnh ca n.
M32R
L h vi x l 32 bit ca Renesas, cng c s dng trong nhiu thit b nghe
nhn v iu khin nh PDA, camera, v thit b iu khin ng c trong xe hi.
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MIPS
L kin trc CPU ca nh khoa hc my tnh John Hennessey- tc gi ca
nhiu cun sch ni ting v kin trc my tnh kt qu ca d n mang tn
Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stage (MIPS) ca i hc Stanford.
MIPS c s dng trong cc h my chi game nh Nintendos 64bit,
SonyPlaysatation 1&2 v mt s thit b in t tiu dng khc.
Tng t nh ARM, cng ti MIPS Technologies gi bn quyn kin trc nhn
ca CPU, nhng khng hon ton ging nhau v tp lnh so vi ARM. Cc chip 32
bit MIPS thng sn xut bi IDT, Toshiba, RMI, NXP, LSI, cn cc chip 64 bit
thng ca IDT, LSI, NEC, NXP, Broadcom hay Toshiba. So vi cc CPU trn th
MIPS t thng dng hn trong h thng nhng Linux.
Motorola 68000
H 68000 ca Motorola thng c bit di ci tn m68k. y l h CPU ch
ng sau h x86 ca Intel v mc ph bin vo nhng nm 1980. Mc d ngy
nay cc h thng nhng thng chung nhng kin trc CPU mi hn nh ARM,
MIPS, PowerPC nhng m68k vi ngun ti liu phong ph vn c mt v tr nht
nh
PowerPC
Kin trc PowerPC l s hp tc ca ba nh sn xut Apple, IBM, Motorola (b
ba AIM). L b x l c bit n nhiu nht trong dng my tnh MAC ca
Apple, v mt s my ch ca IBM.
Cng vi i386, ARM, th PowerPC l h thng c h tr nhiu nht trn
Linux nh c s ng h ca cc nh sn xut ln.
SuperH
Tip ni thnh cng ca cc b vi iu khin 8, 16 bit ca dng H8 trc ,
Hitachi sn xut dng SuperH vo nhng nm u 1990 vi di t 32 bit.
SuperH Inc ca Hitachi (nay l Renesas Technology) nm gi bn quyn kin trc
v pht trin SuperH tng t nh m hnh ca ARM v MIPS. SuperH c s
dng nhiu trong cc sn phm ca Hitachi nh PDA hay mt s my chi game
th h c.
Cc phin bn c ca SuperH nh SH-1, SH-2 khng c Linux h tr, bt u
t cc phin bn SH- 3, 4, 5 chy c Linux.
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2.2.1.2 B nh
Cu trc c bn ca b nh gm c 3 thnh phn: IC nh, bus a ch, bus d
liu.
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Thng tin trn ROM thng ghi theo a ch x ng d liu (V d 16kB16kBytes ROM l 16K x 8 ROM: tc c 16Kbit-14 ng a ch v 8 ng d
liu.
Cc loi ROM thng dng:
One-time Programmable ROM (OTP hay OTPRom): Ch lp trnh
c mt ln
Erasable Programmable ROM(EPROM): C th c xa mt hay
nhiu ln bng tia cc tm
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM(EEPROM): ging
EPROM, c th xa nhiu ln nhng xa bng in nn vic xa d
dng hn v c th thc hin ngay trn Board So vi Flash th ROM
chm hn v mc hn.
B nh RAM
RAM- thng c coi nh l b nh chnh, thng c truy xut mt cch
ngu nhin v ni dung trn n thng c cc phn cng thay i nhiu ln, v b
mt i khi mt in (volatile). Hai loi RAM chnh l Static RAM v Dynamic
RAM.
So vi SRAM lu d liu bng cc mch Flip-Flop, th DRAM s dng cc t
in , v vy m chng cn c refresh (lm ti) duy tr c tnh np x ca t.
C sau mi ln c d liu cc t ny phi c np li do qu trnh c lm mt
in tch trong t.
Chnh v qa trnh np-x trong mi cell nh nn gi l DRAM- RAM ng.
B nh Flash
Hu nh tt c chng ta u quen thuc vi loi b nh Compact Flash v SD
card c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t tiu dng ngy nay nh Camera
v PDAs (u l cc sn phm nhng tiu biu), chng u da trn cng ngh
Flash vi kh nng cha d liu l hng Gigabytes trn kch thc ch bng u
mng tay.
C nhiu nh sn sut b nh Flash, vi nhiu hnh dng kch thc vt l,
kch thc b nh hay c tnh in t khc nhau. Ngy nay, t khi thy nhng h
thng nhng m ch c khong 4MB hay 8MB d liu, thay vo l khong t
16MB n 256MB hay hn th na.
B nh Flash c th c ghi hay xa bng phn mm. Mc d tc cn
chm so vi cng (Hard driver) nhng ang tng ngy c ci thin
B nh Flash c chia thnh tng n v nh gi l Blocks. Mi Block s
nh r d liu ang c c hay ghi. i vi b nh NOR Flash, d liu c th d
dng chuyn t 1 sang 0 bng phn mm trc tip vo tng Cell, theo n v bit hay
Word. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn t 0 sang 1 i hi phi thc hin tun t cc lnh
iu khin c bit ti Flash chip.
Chng 2 :Gii Thiu H Thng Nhng
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dng khc nhau t my tnh c nhn cho ti cc siu my tnh v cc thit b nhng
nh l cc my in thoi di ng.
Ban u, Linux c pht trin v s dng bi nhng ngi say m. Tuy nhin,
hin nay Linux c c s h tr bi cc cng ty ln nh IBM v HewlettPackard, ng thi n cng bt kp c cc phin bn Unix c quyn v thm ch
l mt thch thc i vi s thng tr ca Microsoft Windows trong mt s lnh
vc. S d Linux t c nhng thnh cng mt cch nhanh chng l nh vo cc
c tnh ni bt so vi cc h thng khc: chi ph phn cng thp, tc cao (khi so
snh vi cc phin bn Unix c quyn) v kh nng bo mt tt, tin cy cao
(khi so snh vi Windows) cng nh l cc c im v gi thnh r, khng b ph
thuc vo nh cung cp. Mt c tnh ni tri ca n l c pht trin bi mt m
hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m hiu qu.
Bi v nhiu l do c v kinh t ln k thut m ngy ny Linux ngy cng tr
nn ph bin trong cc thit b nhng. V y l mt s l do tiu biu:
linux h tr nhiu thit b phn cng hn so vi bt k mt h iu hnh
no khc.
Linux c nhiu phn mm ng dng cng nh cc giao thc mng.
Linux c tnh ty bin cao, c th hot ng trn nhiu nn tng: t
nhng thit b
c b nh nh cho ti nhng cc my ch.
Linux khng phi vng mc v cc vn tc quyn khi chnh sa hay
s dng v
y l h iu hnh m.
Linux c cng ng pht trin nng ng, rng khp. Cho php nhanh
chng h tr cc phn mm, phn cng mi nht.
Cc nh sn xut phn cng ln hin nay u h tr Linux. Tuy nhin, hin ti
s lng phn cng c h tr bi Linux vn cn rt khim tn so vi Windows v
cc trnh iu khin thit b tng thch vi Windows nhiu hn l Linux. Nhng
trong tng lai s lng phn cng c h tr cho Linux s tng ln.
2.2.2.2 T chc th mc trong Linux.
H thng tp tin ca Linux v Unix c t chc theo mt h thng phn bc
tng t cu trc ca mt cy th mc, bao gm 1 thn thng ng v cc cnh ln
cha ra. Bc cao nht ca h thng tp tin l th mc gc, c k hiu bng vch
cho / (root directory). i vi cc h iu hnh Unix v Linux tt cc thit b kt
ni vo my tnh u c nhn ra nh cc tp tin, k c nhng linh kin nh i
cng, cc phn vng i cng v cc USB, chn hn. Sau y l danh sch cc
th mc thng thng c nhn thy di th mc gc (/) :
- /bin Th mc ny cha cc file chng trnh thc thi dng nh phn v cc
chng trnh khi ng ca h thng. (binary applications),
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