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Phn ng tip din, nng lng tip tc tng ln cho n khi hnh thnh lin kt gia
cacbon v tc nhn nucleophin. Nng lng gii phng ra b li mc nng lng
cn thit b gy lin kt cacbon - halogen. thi im hnh thnh trng thi chuyn
tip th nng lng t cc i, l thi im m 1/2 lin kt cacbon - halogen b b gy
v 1/2 lin kt cacbon - nucleophin c hnh thnh. Lc ny s c hai con ng lm
gim nng lng ca h l tr li cht phn ng hoc hnh thnh sn phm. Bc tranh v
trng thi chuyn tip chnh l cha kha hiu r tnh cht ca phn ng ny.
Mc nng lng cn thit a cht phn ng v tc nhn nucleophin n trng thi
chuyn tip (transition state) c gi l nng lng hot ha ca phn ng. Phn ng
xy ra cng nhanh khi nng lng hot ha cng nh.
By gi chng ta s nghin cu v cu trc ca trng thi chuyn tip:
Nghin cu v trng thi chuyn tip ca phn ng SN2 s cho ta thy mt tnh cht khc
ca phn ng ny. Hy lu rng l tc nhn nucleophin tn cng t pha sau so vi
hng m nhm halogen i ra. iu ny c th hiu c khi c hai nhm u giu
electron nn chng phi tn cng nh vy trnh s tng tc.
Kt qa ca qa trnh ny l s i quay. Nu chng ta v cng thc 3D th s d dng
thy c tnh cht ny. V d:
Phn ng E2 xy ra khi
- Nng baz mnh ln
- Nhm i ra kh
- S ct t lin kt R - LG khng dn n s hnh thnh cacbocation bn (E1)
Phn ng E1
E2: Phn ng tch n phn t, tc phn ng tun theo biu thc v = k.[R-LG] (LG:
leaving group: nhm i ra)
C ch ca phn ng c biu din nh sau:
Phn ng Andol ha
Nh chng ta bit th andehit v xeton nm cn bng vi dng enol ca n trong dung
dch. Nhng nu nng hp cht cabonyl trong dung dch l khc ln th enol c th
ng vai tr nh l tc nhn nucleophin tn cng AN vo nhm C = O ca hp cht
cacbonyl bt k trong dung dch (k c chnh n). Kt qa l hnh thnh mt lin kt gia
nguyn t cacbon alpha ca mt hp cht cacbonyl v nguyn t C ca nhm C = O
trong hp cht cacbonyl khc. Phn ng nh vy c gi l phn ng andol ha. Xt v
d axetandehit:
Tt nhin ta cng c kh nng ngng t hai loi hp cht cacbonyl khc nhau, trong
trng hp ny th s c n 4 sn phm ngng t (t m xc nh ly ). trnh hin
tng th thng ngi ta cho mt cht trong s hai cht phn ng l khng c nguyn
t hydro anpha. Mt v d l tng hp 4 - phenylbut - 3 - en - 2 - on nh dn ra di
Este cng nh andehit v xeton cng u c kh nng chuyn thnh dng enol, nhng khi
nng este trong dung dch qa cao th s dn n vic enolat mi sinh ra tn cng vo
nhm C = O ca este theo mt c ch tng t nh andol ha to thnh mt trng thi
chuyn tip t din, sau dn n s tch loi anion etoxit hnh thnh sn phm
ngng t. Phn ng nh vy c gi l ngng t Claisen
Cng tng t nh andol ha, vic ngng t hai este khc nhau cng cho mt lot 4 sn
phm, trnh tnh trng th ngi ta s dng mt este khng c hydro anpha. Xt v
d v s ngng t gia etylaxetat v etyl benzoat s thy r vn :
Cc beta - xetoeste sinh ra t phn ng Claisen thng khng bn v d tch loi nhm
cacboxyl thnh xeton tng ng. Phn ng decacboxyl ha i theo cc bc l thu
phn tr v nhm -COOH. Phn ng decacboxyl ha xy ra theo c ch to thnh
trng thi chuyn tip vng, trong beta - xetoaxit s chuyn thnh dng enol.
V phn ng vng ha Robinson, thc cht gm hai giai on ni tip nhau, giai on
Cacbocation[/size]
1. Gii thiu v cacbocation
Cacbocation c xc nh l mt tiu phn trung gian c i sng ngn c hnh
thnh trong cc phn ng hu c. bn ca cacbocation cng tng khi s nhm th cho
electron nh vo cacbocation cng ln.
bn ca cacbocation c xc nh d dng t cc phn ng m trong cacbocation
c hnh thnh nh l mt sn phm trung gian. n gin nht l ta xt phn ng th
SN1, tc phn ng SN1 tng dn theo th t sau: MeBr < EtBr < i-PrBr < t-BuBr.
iu ny c ngha l bn ca cc cacbocation tng ng sinh ra t phn ng phn ct
d li cc dn xut halogen trn cng tng theo chiu . hnh di s trnh by nng
lng lin kt ca cc phn ng chuyn R-Br ----> R+ + Br-
y l gii thiu v trng thi chuyn tip t din (tetrahedral Intermediate) thng gp
trong phn ng ca hp cht cacbonyl.
a) Cng oxy ha: Phn ng ca hp phn halogenua vi phc paladi-(0) sinh ra phc
paladi-(II)
b) Chuyn v nhm th xung quanh nguyn t trung tm: Chuyn nhm R' t bo n
trung tm ca phc l ion paladi, dn n kt qa l phc paladi-(II) cha c hai gc R v
R' c lin kt vi nhau
c) Tch kh: Sn phm ghp tch ra khi phc v hon tr li xc tc
Axit boronic trc tin chuyn thnh hp phn hot ng c trng thi chuyn tip t
din vi tm l nguyn t bo sau khi cho n phn ng vi mt baz mnh. Halogenua
hay triflat (OTf = triflorometansunfonat) c s dng ng vai tr l tc nhn R-X
ca phn ng. Tc ca phn ng tng cng vi s tng tnh oxy ha ca anion X-. Ph
thuc vo tc ca nhm i ra X th tc phn ng gim theo th t: I>OTf>Br>>Cl
Mt ngha rt quan trng ca phn ng ny l s cho php tng hp cc biphenyl m
khng h b cn tr khng gian. V d:
gii thch kt qa trn th chng ta s xem xt 2MO c s xen ph hnh thnh lin
kt mi. y xy ra hai kh nng. Cc thu cng mu c th cng pha hay khc pha
i vi mt phng phn t.
phn ng cng xy ra d dng hn th hai thu i xng ca hai cht phn ng phi
c tnh i xng v c v tr thun li nht c th hnh thnh lin kt. iu ny c th
c thc hin bi hai cch: Tn cng supra (suprafacial) v antara (antarafacial). S tn
cng supra xy ra khi cc thu c tnh i xng nh nhau nm i din nhau cn tn
cng antara xy ra khi mt thu ca cht phn ng nm trn cng mt mt phng cn
thy ca cht cn li nm di mt phng. Xem hnh: