Unit Outline of Concepts: Force, Motion and Energy

I. What is motion
a. Frames of Reference
i. Recognize that movement is observed according to a frame of reference
1. All movement is compared with a background that is assumed to
be stationary. This background is called a frame of reference
2. An object that is stationary in one frame of reference may be
moving in another frame of reference. Any frame of reference can
be chosen to describe a given movement, but the most common
frame of reference is the Earth.
b. Measuring Motion
i. Describe motion and calculate speed and velocity
1. Motion involves a change in position during a certain amount to
tome. The characteristics of position and time are used to measure
motion.
2. The rate at which an object moves is speed. Any object that is
changing its position has speed. Speed can be determined by
dividing the distance traveled by the time taken to travel that
distance.
3. Speed that does not change is called constant speed. For an object
moving at constant speed, the speed at any point is the same as the
average speed. For an object whose speed varies, you calculate the
average speed.
4. Speed in a given direction is velocity.
5. Velocities that have the same direction combine by addition.
Velocities that have opposite directions combine by subtraction.
c. Changes in Velocity
i. Relate acceleration to motion and calculate acceleration
1. Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity. It is equal to the
change in velocity divided by the time it takes to make the change.
2. An object that is acceleration is speeding up, slowing down, or
changing direction.
3. Negative acceleration is also known as deceleration.
4. Circular motion always involves acceleration because the objects
direction is constantly changing.
d. Momentum
i. Describe momentum
1. Momentum is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its
velocity. An object with a large momentum is very difficult to
stop.
2. The total momentum of any group of objects remains the same
unless outside forces act on the objects.
II. The Nature of Forces
a. What is Force?
i. Describe the nature of force

III.
IV.

V.

VI.
VII.

1. A force is a push or pull. A force may give energy to an object,

setting the object in motion, stopping it, or changing its direction.
2. Forces in the same direction combine by addition. Forces in
opposite directions combine by subtraction.
ii. Compare balanced and unbalanced forces
1. Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion. When forces are
balanced, there is no change in motion. Balanced forces are
opposite in direction and equal in size.
Friction: A Force Opposing Motion
Newtons Laws of Motion
a. Discuss Newtons three laws of motion
i. Inertia is the tendency of matter to resist a change in motion
ii. Newtons first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest
and an object in motion will remain in motion at constant velocity unless
acted on by an unbalanced force.
iii. Newtons second law of motion describes how force, acceleration, and
mass are related. F=m*a
iv. Newtons third law of motion states that forces always occur in pairs.
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
b. Explain why Newtons laws of motion are important for describing common
examples of motion.
Gravity
a. Describe the relationship between gravitational force, mass, and distance
i. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth is 9.8m/s/s.
ii. Gravity is a force of attraction that exists between all objects in the
universe.
iii. The size of the force of gravity depends on the masses of the two objects
and the distance between them.
Compare weight and mass
Weight and mass are different quantities. Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on a
given mass. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is constant;
weight can change.
Label the following diagram:

Practice Problems:
1. A girl travels 20 miles on her bicycle. The trip takes 2 hours. Express her speed in miles/hr.

2. A car starts from a stoplight and is traveling with a velocity of 10 m/sec east in 20 seconds. What is
the acceleration of the car?

3. What is the speed of a rocket that travels 9000 meters in 12.12 seconds?

4. How long will your trip take (in hours) if you travel 350 km at an average speed of 80 km/hr?

5. A ball rolls down a ramp for 15 seconds. If the initial velocity of the ball was 0.8 m/sec and the
final velocity was 7 m/sec, what was the acceleration of the ball

6. How much force is needed to accelerate a truck with a mass of 2,000 kg, at a rate of 3 m/s

7. A 300 N force acts on a 25 kg object. The acceleration of the object

8. What is the difference between speed and velocity?

Find the net force on the following

Identify the following as a chemical (C) or physical property (P):

______1.
______2.
______3.
______4.
______5.
______6.
______7.

blue color
density
flammability (burns)
solubility (dissolves)
reacts with acid
supports combustion
sour taste

______8. melting point

______9. reacts with water
______10. hardness
______11. boiling point
______12. luster
______13. odor
______14. reacts with air

PHYSICAL CHANGE

CHEMICAL CHANGE

1. a change in size, shape, or state

2. no new substance is formed

1. a change in the physical and

chemical properties
2. a new substance is formed

Identify the following as physical (P) or chemical (C) changes.

_____1. NaCl (Table Salt) dissolves in water.
_____2. Ag (Silver) tarnishes.
in water.
_____3. An apple is cut.
_____4. Heat changes H2O to steam.

______9. Milk sours.

______10. Sugar dissolves
______11. Wood rots.
______12. Pancakes cook.

_____5. Baking soda reacts to vinger.

_____6. Fe (Iron) rusts.
_____7. Alcohol evaporates .
_____8. Ice melts.
absorbs water.

______13.
______14.
______15.
______16.

Grass grows.
A tire is inflated.
Food is digested.
Paper towel

Directions: Use a Periodic table to find the information asked for below:
1. What is the atomic number of:
2. What is the Atomic mass of:
Calcium____
Calcium___
Iron _____
Iron_____
Gold_____
Uranium_____
Uranium_____
Copper_____
3. How many protons do the following have?
Calcium____
Gold_______
Copper______
Iron______
4. How many electrons and neutrons do the following have?
Gold____________
Ti ___________
Iron_____________
Si ___________
Copper__________
Br___________
Uranium_________
Ne___________
5. Does mercury have more protons and electrons than tin?

Bohr Model Diagrams and Lewis Dot Structures

Use the information provided for each element to draw Bohr Model diagrams. Rather than
drawing individual protons and neutrons, you may simply label how many of each there are in
the nucleus (e.g. He: 2p, 2n). Then, draw the individual electrons on the appropriate energy
levels (keep in mind the maximum number of electrons allowed on each level). Once you have
drawn the Bohr Model, then draw the corresponding Lewis Dot Diagram showing valence
electrons.

1. Beryllium atomic #: 4, # of n: 5

2. Sodium atomic #: 11, # of n: 12

3. Sulfur atomic #: 16, # of n: 16

4. Fluorine atomic #: 9, # of n: 10

5. Calcium atomic #: 20, # of n: 20

6. Argon Atomic #: 18, # of n: 22