Công nghệ sản xuất xúc xích

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch
MC LC
sot 03
Li m u............................................................................................................ 3
Chng 1: Gii thiu v xc xch..................................................................4

1.1 nh ngha xc xch.................................................................................................4
1.2 Ngun gc hnh thnh v pht trin......................................................................4
1.3 Phn loi xc xch....................................................................................................5
Chng 2: Nguyn liu sn xut xc xch....................................................7

2.1 Nguyn liu chnh....................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Tht....................................................................................................................7
2.1.1.1 Phn loi tht..........................................................................................7
2.1.1.2 Cu trc ca tht.....................................................................................8
2.1.1.3 Thnh phn ha hc...............................................................................9
2.1.1.4 Qu trnh bin i ca tht sau git m...............................................10
2.1.1.5 Cc dng h hng ca tht..................................................................10
2.1.1.6 Vai tr ca tht trong sn xut xc xch...............................................11
2.1.1.7 Ch tiu cht lng tht heo thng - khng lnh ng....................../2
2.1. .8 Ch tiu cht lng tht heo bo qun lnh ng..................................12
2.1.2 M heo............................................................................................................13
2.1.3 Da heo.............................................................................................................13
2.2 Nguvn liu ph.....................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Nc vy....................................................................................................14
2.2.2 Protein u nnh.............................................................................................15
2.2.3 Tinh bt...........................................................................................................16
2.3 Gia v.......................................................................................................................16
2.3.1 Mui n...........................................................................................................16
2.3.2 Bt ngt..........................................................................................................17
2.3.3 ng.............................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Bt tiu...........................................................................................................18
2.4 Ph gia....................................................................................................................19
2.4.1 Mui nitrat v nitrit.........................................................................................19
2.4.2 Tari (Polyphosphat)........................................................................................19

2.4.3 Vitamin c.......................................................................................................20
2.4.4 Cht to mu - mi........................................................................................20
2.5 V bc xc xch.......................................................................................................21
2.5.1 Ngun gc t nhin.......................................................................................21
2.5.2 Ngun gc nhn to......................................................................................21
Chng 3: Quy trnh sn xut xc xch...................................................22

3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch..............................................................22
3.2 Quv trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch ti.....................................................23
3.3 Quv trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch tit trng............................................24
3.4 Quv trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch xng khi...........................................25
3.5 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch nu - hp............................................26
3.6 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xc xch ln men..............................................27
Chng 4:Thuyt minh quy trnh..............................................................28

4.1 Qu trnh r ng................................................................................................28
4.2 Qu trnh cht tht...............................................................................................29
4.3 Qu trnh xay th.................................................................................................31
4.4 Qu trnh xay nhuyn............................................................................................33
4.5 Qu trnh nhi v nh lng................................................................................37
4.6 Qu trnh x l hay lm chn................................................................................41
4.6.1 Xc xch tit trng.........................................................................................41
4.6.2 Xc xch xng khi.......................................................................................43
4.6.3 Xc xch nu - hp........................................................................................46
4.6.4 Xc xch ln men...........................................................................................48
4.7 Qu trnh sy sau xng khi...................................................................................52
4.8 Qu trnh lm ro....................................................................................................53
4.9 Qu trnh hon thin...............................................................................................53
Choig 5: Sn phm v ch tiu cht lng.............................................56

5.1 Ch tiu cht lng sn phm xc xch...................................................................56
5.2 Cc sn phm xc xch hin c Vit Nam..........................................................58
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................................65
-2 -
LI M U
Cuc sng hin i ngy cng p ng tt hn nhng nhu cu ca con ngi.
Bn cnh nhu cu c n mc p, c sng cuc sng thoi mi, tin nghi th
con ngi cn c nhu cu c n ngon, n y cht dinh dng c sc
khe tt.
V l do m ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm ngy cng pht trin
mnh m, gp phn p ng nhu cu v n ung cho mi ngi. Cc sn phm
thc phm c ch bin t tht cung cp y thnh phn dinh dng cn thit
ca c th. Trong xc xch l mt trong nhng sn phm n lin ch bin t
tht ngy cng ph bin do tnh tin li v c gi tr dinh dng cao.
Xc xch c th c sn xut mt cch th cng theo qui m gia nh hoc
theo qui m cng nghip. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi xc xch khc
nhau. Ty theo nguyn liu ta c th phn loi xc xch nh sau: xc xch g, xc
xch b, xc xch tm, xc xch heo... Ty theo phng thc sn xut ta c xc
xch tit trng, xc xch xng khi...
Bi bo co Cng ngh sn xut xc xch di y xin nu ln mt cch
tng qut nguyn liu v quy trnh sn xut cc loi xc xch v gii thiu mt vi
cng ty sn xut xc xch ni bt Vit Nam
Bo co ny c tham kho, tng hp v chn lc t nhiu ti liu khc nhau.
Vi trnh v kin thc cn hn hp, chc hn bi bo co ny vn cn nhiu
thiu st, chng em mong c s gp ca c bi bo co ny thm hon
thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n c.
TPHCM,
Cc
ngy 20 thng 04 nm 2009

thnh vin trong nhm
Chng 1: G THIU V xc XCH

1.1 nh ngha xc xch
Xc xch l hn hp gm tht cc loi c xay nhuyn, nho trn kt hp vi gia v, ph
gia v cc thnh phn khc. Hn hp ny c nh dng trong mt vt cha thng l cc
bao b c kch thc khc nhau. Sau chng s c ch bin thnh cc dng xc xch khc
nhau.
1.2 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin

Xc xch l mt loi thc phm c bit n t rt lu trong cng nghip sn xut
thc phm v c pht trin nhanh chng. Ngun gc ca ch bin tht khng cn xa xa
na nhng chng hu nh mi bt u khi nhn loi bit c rng mui c hiu qu trong
qu trnh bo qun ngun nguyn liu t tht. V qu trnh lm xc xch tin trin nh mt c
gng tit kim v bo qun tht khi khng th s dng tht ti sau git m.
T sausage (xc xch) c xut pht t ting Latin l salus, c ngha l s bo qun
khng b phn hu hoc ngha en l s p mui nguyn liu tht ti sng.
Ngoi t sausage ra, xc xch cn c tn khc l hotdog. N c ra i vo nm 1901,
trong mt cuc thi u bng chy NewYork, ho s bim ha Tad Dorgan nghe mt
ngi bn do rao bn xc xch hot dachshund sausag. T dachshnd xut x t nc
c c ngha l little dog. Do khng bit nh vn t dachshund nh th no nn n
gin hn Dorgan ch vit hotdog vo bc tranh bim ho ca ng ta v hnh nh mt cy
xc xch c kp cht vo mt bnh m nhng li pht ra ting ch sa. Bc tranh bim
ho ny l mt tin git gn lm cho qun chng xc ng mnh v t hotdog ra i t .
Vo gia thp nin 18, nhiu loi xc xch c sn xut chu u. Mi loi mang
mt c trng ring, da vo thi tit, c tnh ca tng vng v c bit l da vo thnh
phn khc nhau ca cc loi gia v. V d nh vo ma thu, Italia, ngi min nam nc
Ty Ban Nha v Php th a chung cc loi xc xch kh v bn kh. Cn c, o v
Denmark li sn xut xc xch ti v nu li khi dng.
Ngi M bit n xc xch nh mt loi thc n c s kt hp ca qu kh v tht lm
thnh bnh sau em xng khi hoc phi kh chng. Tuy nhin cng nghip sn xut xc
xch M khng pht trin n khi cch mng cng nghip bt u. Khi nhiu dn nhp
c t cc nc mang n nhng cng thc v nhng k nng khc nhau nhm p ng c
khu v ca ngi tiu dng. Trong sut thi gian di, xc xch c xem l thc phm quan
trng v l vt liu trao i c gi tr thng mi.
-4 -

Hin nay xc xch l mt phn tin li ca cuc sng hin i. Ngoi mc ch cung cp
cht dinh dng, chng cn nh l mt mn n tao nh th v trong ba n. Ngoi ra chng
cn cung cp mt lng ln cc vitamin, khong cht cn thit cho c th. Hn na, xc xch
tng i an ton cho ngi s dng bi v c s tc ng hiu qu ca mui, pH, s xng
khi, mi trng kh, v c lm chn chng li tc ng c hi ca vi sinh vt, vi khun
...
Vit Nam, ngnh sn xut xc xch c du nhp v pht trin mnh t nm 1998 cho
n nay. c tnh kh hu v phong tc tp qun v n ung ca nc ta nn a phn cc nh
sn xut ch ch trng n sn xut loi mt hng xc xch tit trng v chng c u im l
bo qun nhit thng, gi thnh r, giu cht dinh dng, mu m p... Bn cnh ta
cng ang tng bc pht trin cc dng xc xch khc nh xc xch xng khi, xc xch
ti... nhng cha c ph bin.
1.3
Phn loi xc xch
Xc xch c th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng hu ht c phn loi theo
phng php ch bin v theo thnh phn nguyn liu. Di y l s phn loi mang tnh
cht tng i c trung v on gin v xc xch.
> Xc xch ti: y l loi xc xch cha qua ch bin, cn sng
v phi c lm chn khi dng. Chng khng cha cc thnh phn
gy c nh mui Nitrit,
Tari.... Bao b dng cho loi xc xch ny c th l bao b t nhin,
nhn to hay tng hp. Bo qun nhit 0-4C trong thi gian s
dng 3 ngy, v c th hp, chin, rn tnrc khi dng.
Hnh
1.1: Xc xch ti
> Xc xch qua ch bin: xc xch loi ny c nu chn trong qu trnh sn xut, gm c
cc loi:
-
Xc xch tit trng:
L loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu tit trng. Trong thnh phn c
cha nhiu loi gia v, ph gia v c ph liu (nh protein u
nnh)...
Bao b c dng l loi bao b t nhn to nh

nha PE, PVC...
h 1 2'X'
' h
li YiYig
Bo qun nhit thng trong thi gian s dng 3-6 thng, ch cn bc v trc
khi dng.
-5 -

-
Xc xch xng khi:

L loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu xng
khi, khng s dng ph liu.
Bao b s dng l loi bao b t nhin nh rut heo,
collagen...
Bo qun nhit 0 - 4c trong thi gian
sdng
t 2 - 3 thng. C th dng lin hay ch bin.
Hnh 1.3: Xc xch xng

khi
Xc xch hp:
Ging nh xc xch xng khi nhng khng c khu
xng khi trong qu trnh ch bin .
Bao b tng hp hay t nhin.
Bo qun nhit t 0 - 4 c, thi gian bo qun 3
7 ngy.
Hnh 1.4: Xc xch hp
Xc xch ln men: loi xc xch ny c c trng l to ra mi v thm do c s tch ly

ca acid lactic to t s ln men ng c b sung vo ca vi khun. Cc loi xc
xch ny c sy kh thay i trng thi ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh ch bin.
Gm 2 loi chnh:
Xc xch ln men bn kh: bao gm xc xch summer, snack stick...
Xc xch ln men kh: bao gm xc xch pepperoni, hard salami, genoa salami...
Hnh 1.5: Xc xch

ln men bn kh
Hnh 1.6: Xc xch ln

men kh
Ngoi ra nhiu loi xc xch c bit n qua tn ca cc thnh phn nguyn liu s
dng to nn s c trng ring cho tng loi xc xch, tn ca cc tnh, thnh ph, ngi
sn xut tm ra loi xc xch ny...
Chng 2: NGUYN LIU SAN XUT xuc XICH

2.1Nguyn liu chnh
2.1.1
Thit
Tht v nhng sn phm ch bin t tht l

mt trong nhng phn c bntrong
khu phn thc n. l ngun quan trng cung cp lng ln
protein v cc cht
khong nh st (Fe), ng (Cu), magie (Mg), photpho (P)...Ngoi ra tht cn cung cp nhiu
vitamin nh: vitamin A, vitamin BI (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B6, pp...v trong tht cha y
cc acid amin khng thay th vi t l kh cn i.
2.1.1.1 Phn loai thit
Tht heo l nguyn liu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch, gi vai tr quyt nh cht
lng ca sn phm. Tht heo c phn thnh cc loi sau:
Theo % nac
Tht heo nc : nc chim t l cao > 80%
Tht heo na nc na m: % nc t 50% -
80%
Tht heo m: % nc < 50%

Theo trang thi thit
Tht bnh thng : Tht c mu st ti, b mt ro nc, khng r nc, pH ca tht c
tr s 5.6-6.2.
Tht PSE (pale, soft, excudative): Tht c mu b nht, mm, b mt khng ro nc, c
r nc, pH ca tht thp nh hn hay bng 5.2.
Tht DFD (dark, firm, dry): Loi tht ny c mu b sm, b mt b kh cng, tr so pH
kh cao ln hn hay bng 6.4.
Theo thi gian bo qun
Tht ti nng l tht mi m.
Tht ti ngui l tht sau khi m t 6 gi tr ln theo ng cc iu kin quy nh.
Trong qu trnh ch bin, m bo kh nng cung cp nguyn liu cho ton b qu
trnh sn xut trong mt thi gian di th ta s tin hnh lnh ng cc sn phm tht d tr,
p ng nhu cu nguyn liu cc giai on khc nhau trong nm ca phn xng sn xut.
2.1.1.2 Cu trc ca thit
Ph thuc vo vai tr, chc nng v thnh phn ho hc, ngi ta chia tht thnh cc loi m
nh sau: m c, m lin kt, m xng, m m v m mu.
M c l i tng chnh trong cng ngh ch bin tht v m c chim t l cao nht, c gi
tr dinh dng v kinh t, c th ch bin c thnh nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.
Cu tao m c

y l loi m chim t l cao nht trong cu to ca tht. N gm nhiu si c xp thnh b.
Mi si c l mt t bo c, ng knh khong 10-100|um, cu to gm:
Mng c: do cc protein dng si cu to thnh, ch yu l collagen, elastin, keticulin.
Ngoi ra cn c lipoprotein v muxin...
C tng: gm dch c tng (cu to t nc v cc cht ho tan nh protein tan, hp
cht nit phi protein, cc mui...) v t c (thnh phn ch yu l cc loi protein nh:
actin, myosin, troponin v tropomyozin).
Li c tng
Bng 2.1: Thnh phn ho hc ca m c
Thnh phn
on v tnh
Nc
72 - 75%
Protein
18-21%
Lipid
1 - 3%
Glucid
1%
Khong
1.2 - 1.5%
Ngoi ra m c cn cha hu ht cc vitamin quan trng nh: B|, B2, B6, pp...
> Cu tao m lin kt
y l loi m c phn b rng ri, c tc dng lin kt cc si t c, cc b c li vi
nhau, to cu trc cht ch cho tht. Gi tr dinh dng ca m lin kt thp. Colagen v elastin l
protein ca m lin kt.
Cu tao m m
M m c to thnh t cc t bo m lin kt vi nhau di dng li xp. Lng m m
trong cu trc tht nhiu hay t ph thuc vo ging loi, gii tnh v iu kin nui dng.
> Cu tao m xng v m sun
M xng l mt trong cc loi m lin kt. Cht c bn ca m xng bao gm cc cht
hu c thm mui khong, cha trung bnh 20-25% nc, 75-85% cht kh, trong c 30% l
protein, 45% l hp cht v c.
M sn c cu to t cc cht c bn, trong c cc thnh phn t bo, cc si collagen v
elastin.
Cu tao m mu
Khi ct tit mu chy ra khong 40-60%, phn cn li tn ti cc mao qun, cc c quan v
da. Trong mu cha 16.4-18.5% protein, 79-82% nc, cht hu c phi protein v 0.8-1% cht
khong.

2.1.1.3 Thnh phn ha hoc
Tht l thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao v cha nhiu protein hon thin, lipid, vitamin
v mt s cht khong.
Bng 2.2: Thnh phn ha hc ch yu ca mt s loi tht
Loai thit
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Nc
Protein
B loi I
B loi II
70.5
74.1
Heo m
Nng lng cho 100g n
Lipid
Tro
18.0
21.0
10.5
3.8
1.0
1.1
c(cal)
171
121
47.5
14.5
37.3
0.7
406
Heo nc
60.9
16.5
21.5
1.1
268
Heo thn
73.0
19.0
7.0
1.0
143
82.0
13.3
2.7
0.7
80
Bng 2.3: Hm lng khong cht v vitamine trong mt s loi tht

Loai tht
Mui khong (mg%)
Vitamine (mg%)
Ca
Fe
B,
B2
B loi I
B loi II
10.0
12.0
191.0
226.0
2.7
3.1
0.01
-
0.17
-
0.17
-
Heo m
8.0
156.0
2.2
Heo nc
9.0
178.0
2.5
0.01
0.93
0.16
pp
4.22
-
1.00
1.00
2.70
2.00

Bng 2.4: Thnh phn cc acd amin khng thay th trong mt s
loi tht
Tht heo
Tht b
Acd amin khng thav th (g%
protein)
Glysine
8.7
8.9
Methionine
2.4
2.5
Tryptophan
1.4
1.4
Phenylalanine
4.2
4.2
Threonine
4.5
4.5
Valine
5.5
5.3
Leucine
7.2
7.6
Isoleucine
5.7
5.7
Arginine
6.4
6.4
Histidine
3.8
3.9
2.1.1.4 Qu trnh bin i ca thit sau git m

Sau khi cht, m c ng vt xy ra nhng bin i tii iu
kin ca mi trng (v sinh, nhit ...) m sau mt thi gian
bin i nht nh s xy ra hin tng t phn v sau l s h
hng ca tht.
Khi cha c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt, ngi ta chia s bin
i trong m c ca ng vt sau git m thnh 3 giai on:
Giai on trc co cng: m c mm v n hi.
Giai on co cng: m c tr nn cng chc.
Giai on sau co cng: m c tr nn mm v khng n
hi.
i vi tht, tii sn phm lm ra m ngi ta quyt nh s
dng tht giai on no. i vi cc sn phm cn to gel th tt
nht nn s dng tht giai on trc co cng. Cn i vi sn
phm khng cn to gel th s dng tht giai on sau co cng l
tot nht v cu trc, mi thm, v ngt tht cng nh kh nng gi
nc ca tht.

2.1.1.5 Cc dng h hng tht
Tht trong qu trnh bo qun c th b bin cht v h hng.
Nguyn nhn l do bo qun tht trong nhng u kin khng
thch hp, to iu kin thun li cho cc enzym v vi sinh vt c
sn trong tht pht trin. Nhng bin i ny dn n h hng
v cm quan, hnh thnh nhng cht c hi. Nhng hin tng h
hng ca tht thng
gp l: nht, thi ra, ln men chua, s thay i mu sc v
mc...
Sinh nht: Thng xut hin trn b mt tht p lnh cc
bung c m khng kh tng i cao hn 90%. y l
giai on u ca s h hng. Lp nhy ny gm c nhiu vi
khun khc nhau: Micrococus albus, M.cadidus, M.aureus,
E.coli,
Steptococus
liquefaciens,
Bacillus
subtilis,
B.mycoides...Tc sinh nht cn ph thuc vo nhit .
Nhit thch hp cho bo qun tht 10c.
Thit bi chua: Do vi khun lactic, nm men hoc cc enzym c
sn trong tht. Trong tht c cng nhiu glycogen th cng d
b chua. Qu trnh ln men chua lm cho pH ca tht gim. V
vy, n l qu trnh trc ca qu trnh thi ra. Sn phm ca
qu trnh l cc acid focmic, axteic, butyric, lactic, propioic,
succinic... tht b chua c mu xm v mi kh chu.
S thi ra thit: Do cc vi sinh vt hiu kh cng nh k kh
pht trin sinh ra cc enzym proteaza phn gii protein. Sn
phm ca qu trnh thi ra gm: hydro sunfiia, indol, statol,
butyric... to mi kh chu cho tht. Cc vi khun hiu kh gy
thi thng gp: Bacerium megatherium, Bacillus subtilis,
B.mensenterium, Proteus vulgaris...Cc vi khun k kh nh
Clotridium perfringens, Cl.putrificum, Cl.sporogenes...
Thit mc: Do cc mc Mucor v Aspergillus...pht tin trn
tht, lm cho tht tng tnh kim do phn hu protein v lipit,
to thnh cc acid bay hi, nm mc pht trin lm cho tht c
mi mc, nht dnh v bin mu...
S bin mu ca thit: Mu ca tht trong qu trnh bo qun
c th chuyn t bin thnh mu xm, nu, hoc xanh lc
do cc vi khun hiu kh pht trin trn b mt.
2.1.1.6 Vai tr ca tht trong sn xut xc xch
-
Cung cap protein v cc gi tr dinh dng khc
L cht to hnh, ngha l to ra b khung, hnh dng, trng

thi cng vi c, dai v n hi cho sn phm
-
C kh nng to nh tng
C kh nng c nh c cc cht mi khc nhau qua tng

tc Van der Walls hoc qua lin kt tnh in v lin kt ng
ho tr, gp phn khng nh trong vic to mu sc v mi
thm.
2.1.1.7 Ch tiu cht lng thit heo thng - khng bo qun lnh n
Ch tiu cm quan
Trng thi: Tht ti, c n hi cao, vt ct mng nc nhng khng r nc, b mt
khng nht. Khng cn st gn, xng, sn, lng, t chc c khng bm dp, t huyt,
xut huyt, abcs. Tht nhim go khng c dng ch bin dng ming m phi a vo
ch bin dng xay.
Mu sc: Khng c php c mu bm, nu m, xm hay ti nht, xanh. Tht v m
khng b nhim sc t vng.
Mi v: Khng c mi i ca tht b bin cht, ca m b oxy ha gt du. Khng c mi
heo nc, khng sinh hay ha cht x l. Khng c v l nh mn, chua, cht...
V sinh: Bao b kn, sch s. Tht, m khng dnh vt l nh: t, ct, phn, du nht, dy
buc, giy...
ng lnh: Tht lnh ng phi c nhit tm tht < 8c
Ch tiu ha l
pH: 5.6 -6.0
Hm lng NH3: < 20mg /lOOgr
Hm lng H2S: m tnh
Hn the: khng c c
Chi tiu vi sinh
Tng s vi khun hiu kh: < 1 .ooo.ooo/gr
Hnh 2.1 : Tht ti
E.coli:<
100/gr
Staphilococus aureus: < 100/gr

Salmonella: < 0/2 5 gr
2.1.1.8 Ch tiu cht lng thit heo bo qun lanh ng (TCVN 4377-1993)
> Ch tiu cm quan
Trng thi: Block tht vung vn, ng cng li, lnh dnh tay. Be mt kh, khi g c
ting vang. C th c mt t tuyt mng trn b mt. y ca khi tht khng c lp dch
mng v cc im ng nc ng bng
Mu sc: Mu hng ti c trng ca tht, xen ln mu trng c.
Chi tiu ha l
pH: 5.3 -6.0
Hm lng NH3: <40mg /lOOgr
13
Ch tiu vi sinh
Tng s vi khun hiu kh: < 1 .ooo.ooo/gr
E.coli:< 100/gr
Staphiococus aureus: < 100/gr
Salmonella: khng c
2.1.2
M' heo
M l ngun cung cp cht bo ch yu. Thnh phn ch yu ca m l triglyceride. Cc

acid bo trong glyceride gm nhng acid bo no v khng no nh palmitic, stearic, oleic,
linoleic, arachidonic...
Vai tr ca m
L pha phn tn, tham gia vo vic hnh thnh cu trc ca h
nh tng.
Lm tng bo, bng by cho thnh phm, tng kt
dnh cho h nh tng tht sau khi xay nhuyn, tng gi tr cm
quan cho sn phm.
Lm cht n gip gim gi thnh sn phm dn
n hiu qu kinh t tng.
Hnh 2.2: M heo
Ycu cu ca m
Xc xch tit trng dng tt c cc loi m nh m lng, m i, m
nng...nhng khng dng m sa. Tu theo pH ca tht m dng loi m ph hp:tht c pH
cao c phi trn vi loi m t b phn
gii v ngc
li.
Do m l cht k nc nn lng m a vo phi ph
hp,nu qu
nhiu s
lm cho lin kt ca h nh tng km bn vng, xy ra hin tng tch pha. M c
dng phi lng sch, khng st xng , lng v cc tp cht khc.
2.1.3
Da heo
> Vai tr ca da
Lm tng kh nng kt dnh, tng dai cho xc xch.
Lm cht n gip gim gi thnh sn phm dn n
hiu qu kinh t tng.
Yu cu ca da: Da c s dng phi co sch lng, lng sch
m khng c vt bm, da khng qu cng v kh, khng dng da heo
Hnh 2.3:Da heo
ni hoc heo nc .
14
2.2Nguyn liu ph
2.2.1 Nc vy
Chc nng ca nc vy trong qu trnh ch bin:
-
Gi nhit hn hp khng qu 12 c trong qu trnh xay nhuyn to h nh tng, v

trong qu trnh xay hn hp ma st vi my lm cho nhit ca hn hp tng. Nu
nhit vt qu 12c th h nh tng s khng bn vng nh hng n cht lng
ca qu trnh sn xut.
L dung mi gip ha tan cht ph gia, gia v ... lm nguyn liu v cc thnh phn khc
trong tht kt dnh li vi nhau.
To gel vi protein to thnh cu trc mi cho sn phm, v nc c kh nng ph v cu

trc bc cao ca protein t n lin kt vi cc phn t protein ny to thnh mt mng
li vi cc nt mng l cc phn t protein bao quanh cc phn t nc.
Tng m v trng lng ca sn phm, gim gi thnh sn phm.

Bng 2.5: Tiu chun TCVN 5501-1991 ca nc s dng trong qu trnh ch bin
Tn ch tiu
Mc cht lng
Ch tiu ho hoc
- trong
> lOOCm
- c
<1.5g/l
- mu
<5
- Hm lng cn khng tan
< 10 mg/1
- Hm lng cn ho tan
<500 mg/1
- pH
6-8.5
- cng ton phn
< 300mgCaC03
- Hm lng cloma
< 0.1 mg/1
- Hm lng nitrit
0.3 mg/1
- Hm lng st tng th
< 0.01 mg/1
- Hm lng thu ngn
m tnh
Ch tiu sinh hoc

- Tng s vi khuan hiu kh
< 200 khun lc / ml
- Tng so Conforms
m tnh
- Tng s Conforms phn
m tnh
15

2.2.2
Protein u nnh
Protein u nnh c tn thng mi l Supro EX 33 l mt sn phm c ch bin bng cch

trch ly protein t u nnh vi hm lng protein cao (>90%) dng cung cp cho cc nh
ch bin cc sn phm tht. Chc nng ca protein u nnh trong qu trnh ch bin:
- Ci thin cu trc cho sn phm (dng gel, nh tng...), c kh
nng gi nc v lin kt vi cc thnh phn cht bo, protein...nhanh
chng nn c a trc tip vo qu trnh to nh tng.
- To s cn bng gia ngun protein ng vt v protein thc vt
sn phm, lm cho xc xch c gi r, to u th trn th trng.
-
Tng gi tr dinh dng.
Protein u nnh c cho vo trc tip trong qu trnh xay

nhuyn di dng ng t hon ton cho u nnh trng
n hon ton, kh nng lin kt vi nc l ti a.
ÛMOOtU
a*CDY
5>co*
X [QUALITY
DAYSV12t H
Hnh 2.4: Protein u

nnh
Bng 2.6: Yu cu k thut caprotein u nnh trong ch bin

Cc tiu chun
Mc cht lng
Cm quan
Trng c Thm khng c mi l hay
- Mu sc
mc
Mi v Vi sinh
< 4 khun lc/g m tnh m tnh < 100
- Tong s vi khun hiu kh
khun lc /g
- Salmonella
- E.coli
- Tong s t bo nm men, nm mc
16
cho

Bng 2.7: Thnh phn ho hc ca Su pro EX 33
Thnh phn ho hc
Gi tr
Protein
m
> 90%
<6%
Lipid
< 1.6%
Tro
<4.5%
2.2.3 Tinh bt
- Tinh bt c s dng trong quy trnh sn xut xc xch l tinh bt
tinh bt khoai m.
- Vai tr ca tinh bt trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch l ngun
polysaccaride, to hnh v to ra kt cu c trng cho sn phm. S
tc gia tinh bt v protein (ch yu l lin kt hydro) lm cho gel
trong sn phm c c n hi c trng.
bp v
Tinh
Tinh bt s dng phi c tinh khit cao, trng mn Hnh 2.5:
tng
protein
bt bp v ti.
2.3Gia y
2.3.1 Mui n
-
To v mn cho tht, tng cht lng, cu trc ca sn phm.

Tng kh nng bo qun cho sn phm do mui c tnh st
khun nh.
- Lm tng kh nng kt dnh ca actin v myosin trong tht qua
qu trnh to p sut thm thu.
- Trch ly protein myophibrillar, lm tng ho tan ca
protein, to thun li cho vic hnh thnh nh tng bn vi
cht bo
- Tng kh nng gi nc do lm gim tn tht nc trong qu trnh nu.
-
Khi ho tan trong nc thu nhit nn gp phn gi nhit ca nh tng thp hn

Bng 2.8: Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin
17

Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Mu sc
Trng, trong
Mi
Khng c mi
Dung dch mui 5% c v mn thun khit,

khng c v l
Dng bn ngoi
Kh ro, ti u, trng sch
C ht
1-15 mm
Hm lng NaCl theo % khi lng kh
> 97%
Hm lng cht kh khng tan trong nc

tnh theo % khi lng cht kh
< 25%
18
19
2.3.2
Bt ngot
- Vai tr ca bt ngt trong sn xut xc xch: tng gi tr cm quan

cho sn phm v n cng vi mui khi ho tan trong nc to v ngt
ging nh v ngt ca tht.
-
Liu lng ti a lOg/lkg nguyn liu.

Hnh 2.7: Bt ngt
Bng 2.9: Tiu chun ca bt ngt trong ch bin
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Trng thi
Bt mn khng vn cc, d tan trong nc, s

lng im en trong 10 cm < 2
Mu sc
Trng
Mi
Thom khng ln chua, khng tanh, khng c

mi l
V ngt c trng ca bt ngt
Hm lng m
<0.14%
pH ca dung dch
6.5-7.0
Hm lng natri glutamate
> 80%
Hm lng NaCl
< 18%
St
<0.05%
Gc sulfat ( S042 )
2.3.3
< 0.002%
ng
-
To v ngt cho sn phm, lm du i v mn ca mui,

lm mm tht.
Kt hp vi mui lm tng p sut thm thu, kim hm

hot ng ca mt s vi sinh vt khi bo qun.
Lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hidro, lm gim lng nc

t do tng lng nc lin kt gim hot tnh ca nc,
c ch s pht trin ca
Hnh 2.8: ng vi sinh vt.
20

Bng 2.10: Tiu chun ca ng trong ch bin
Tn ch tiu
Hnh dng
Yu cu
Dng tinh th tng i u, ti kh, khng vn
Mi v
Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nc ct c v

ngt, khng c mi v l.
Mu sc
Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh, khi pha trong nc

ct th thu c dung dich trong sut.
2.3.4 Bt tiu
Bt tiu c s dng to v cay nng tng tnh cm quan. Tiu cn c tc dng tr tiu,
gii c v cc tnh nng khc.
Bng 2.11: Tiu chun ca tiu trong ch bin
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Trng thi
Mu sc
Mi v
Nm mc, su mt
Hm lng m
Ti, mn, kh, khng ln tp cht, c ht nh

hon 0.2 mm
Mu xm
Cay nng t nhin, mi thm c trng
Khng c
< 13%
Cht kh bay hi chit c (% khi lng

cht kh)
<6%
Tinh du bay hi (ml/lOOg khi lng kh)
> 1%
Hm lng piperin (% khi lng kh)
<4%
Tro tng s (% khi lng kh)

Tro khng tan trong acid (% khi
lng kh)
<6%
< 1.2%
Ngoi ra trong ch bin xc xch cn dng cc gia v khc nh: hnh ti, bt t, gng,...
nhm lm cho sn phm c hng v thm ngon hn.
2.4
Ph gia
2.4.1
Mui nitrat v nitrit
- Vai tr
C nh mu hng t nhin ca tht khi gia nhit, tng mu ca tht x l (Nitrite
kt hp vi myoglobine to thnh nitrosohemoglobine c mu hng ).
C tc dng tiu dit v c ch cc vi sinh vt trong mi trng acid, kim hm s
pht trin v sn sinh c t ca Clostridium Botulinum.
Tng hng v v cu trc cho sn phm.
Km hm s oxy ho lipid.
- u im:
To mu nhanh.
St trng mnh.
cOOlUUWWfcW-
- Nhc im: c. Nitrite tc dng vi hemoglobin to

methemoglobin gy c.
- Nng v liu lng s dng:
| N.X.-.25.0KOS
GJK.:
MK
EWHENGiU
WWtWWOINGDAO CHWA
Tt nht l dng hn hp c 0,005 - 0,01 % nitrit

v 0,2% nitrat theo khi lng tht.
fO\
sHm&
03
^
Hnh 2.9: Mui NitritCH/370
22?
Pi:008
Nng nitrat s dng Vit Nam nh hn

0,022%, t nm 2002 Vit Nam cm s dng mui nitrit v trong
tng lai c th cm s dng c mui nitrat.
i vi ngi th hm lng khng qu 0 - 0,4% mg/kg th trng/ngy, cn i vi
thc phm phi m bo khng qu 125 ppm.
2.4.2
Tari (polyphosphate)
- Ci thin
kh nng nh ha v gi nc
ca tht, gip
trong qu trnh bo
qun
khng c s ri nc t tht ra ngoi.

- Hot ho
polyphosphate c kh nng
c si ra khi tht cao hn v nhanh hn, lm sn kt li
vng trong qu trnh x l nhit tip theo.
protein
trong
tht:
trch ly m protein dng
thnh kt call protein bn
- c ch v tiu dit vi sinh vt: s c mt ca polyphosphate c tc dng lm gim
22

kh nng chng chu nhit ca vi sinh vt. Polyphosphate cn c kh nng tiu dit vi
sinh vt nhanh hn trong cng mt thi gian nung nng cng nhit .
- Liu lng cho php: nh hn 0.5%.
23

2.4.3 Vtamin c
Gip chng oxy ho tht trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun do vitamin

ngn 02 tip xc vi cc thnh phn ca tht.
phn ng vi 02,
Lm gim lng nitrit d (nu c), ngn cn s to thnh nitrosamin, lm tng gi tr dinh
dng cho sn phm. N l loi vitamin rt cn thit i vi c th con ngi mc d hm
lng nh khong 500 mg/kg.
Chim ly 02 trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun hiu kh.
Ngn cn s oxy ho ca myoglobin v nitrosomyoglobin, do c tc dng n nh mu.
Vitamin c dng trong thc phm phi dng kt tinh, mu trng. Mt gam tan trong 3.5 ml
nc hay trong 30 ml etanol, khng tan trong du m.
Liu lng s dng: < 500 mg/ kg.
2.4.4 Cht tao mu - mi

Do tnh nng cng ngh, to nn nhiu sn phm phong ph ngi ta dng mt
s hng liu to mi c trng, tng tnh cm quan cho tng loi sn phm. C
cc loi hng liu nh:
> Mu sen: y l mt dung dch nc mu thc phm c tc dng lm tng mu cho sn
phm, n c s dng vi hm lng t 0.08%.
> Ng vi hng: inh hng, tho qu, tiu hi, i hi v qu.
> Cc cht tao hng khc: hng tm, hng g, hng c, hng b...
> Cht tao hng khi:
Hnh 2.10: Cc dng khi ng
24
2.5V bc xc xch
2.5.1 Ngun gc t nhin
Loi bao b t nhin hay dng l cc rut heo, b, d hoc cu...
Cc loi rut ny di t 15-20 m v c ng knh khc nhau ph
thuc vo loi ng vt, thc n v cch chm sc chng.
Ngi ta ly m v mng rut ra khi rut. Sau em
i ra sch cc cht bn bn trong rut bng my hoc rr, , J
,
Xc xch vi
bng tay. Rut c p gia cc trc sau tch nim dch.
jao n> thin
Sau rra li ri lm ro, cui cng em i bo qun vi
dung dch mui 40% cho n khi em i s dng. Bao b lm t t nhin thng c b mt g
gh v khng bng phang.
2.5.2 Ngun gc tng hoT3
T collagen
Bao b tng hp c thnh phn collagen c ly t da heo hoc da
ng vt. em collagen i ho tan, sau lm ng, ra, ngm
trong acid v em i to hnh bng my p n.
Loi bao b ny khng di, thng c dng cho cc sn phm
c ng knh v chiu di nh. Bao b ny c b mt nhn v
trn hn bao b t nhin.
Hnh 2.12: Xc xch vi

bao nhi t collagen
T cellulose
Loi bao b tng hp t: loi giy c bit t cellulose, nha tng
hp
v hydro - cellulose. Bao b t cellulose c lm bng cch ha
tan
cht x t ht cotton v bt giy. Nhng loi bao b ny a dng v
kch
thc, d x l nhng khng n c nn phi loi ra trc khi Hnh 2.13: Xc xch vi
bao nhi t cellulose
dng.
T nha tng hp
Gm cc loi bao b tng hp nh: polyetylen (PE), polyvinylclorua
(PVC), polydivinyletylen (PVDC)...
Bao b nhn to c dai cao, bn v chng thm kh nn c th bo
qun trong thi gian di v thng p dng cho cc loi xc
Hnh 2.14: Xc xch vi bao
xch tit trng, nu - hp...
nhi t nha tng hp
25
Chng 3: QUY TRNH

SN XUT xc XCH
3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
xc xch
ng ln^^ (t = - 18C)
R ng
(t = -4 - -2C)
Cht tht
v, ph^ga^}
Ch bin
Xc xch khng t
ng gi
26
Xay
Nhi
Bao b
Hon thin
t< 12c
d = 0,2 -- 5 mm
3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut xc

xch ti
^^Tht ng lnh^^ (t = - 18C)
((t =
R ng
-4 - -2C)
Cht tht
t< 12c
Xay th
v, ph
Xay nhuyn
Bao b
Hon thin
Nhi Xc xch khng t
Lm lnh
27
d=3
5 mm
t< 12c
d = 0,2 -- 0,5 mm
^^Tht ng lnh^^ (t = - 18C)
((t = -4 - -2C)
R ng
Xay th
Cht tht
t< 12c
d = 3 ^ 5mm
t< 12c
d = 0,2 + 0,5 mm
Xay nhuyn
Nhi
Bao b
t=
12 - 14 c
p = 0,2 kg/cm2
Tit trng
t=
11 8 c2
p = 2,3 kg/cm
Lm ro
Hon
thin
Xc xch
khng t
^^Tht ng lnh^^ (t = - 18C)
((t =
-4 -H -2C)
R ng
Cht tht
^Ga v, ph
sy /: t = 65c, T = 30
Xong khi: t = 70c, T = 55
Sy 2: t = 55c, T = thi gian h nhit
t< 12c
d = 3 -- 5 mm
Xay th
Nhi
Bao b
Sy - Xng khi
Lm ro
Hon thin
Xc xch
khng t
3.5 Quy trnh cng ngh

sn xut xc xch nu hp
^^Tht ng lnh^^
(t = - 18C)
((t = -4- -2C)
R ng
Cht tht
t< 1 2 c
d = 3 - 5mm
d = 0,2 -- 0,5 mm
Xay th
t< 1 2 c
Xay nhuyn
Nhi
t= 12- 14c
Nu- hp
t = 70c
Bao b
Lm ro
Hon thin
Xc xch
khng t
30
p = 0,2 kg/cm2
^^Tht ng lnh^^ (t = - 18C)
((t = R ng
-4 - -2C)
Cht tht
t< 12c
v, ph
d = 3 ^ 5mm
Xay th
Bao b
Nhi
t= 10 15 c T =
Ln men
24 gi
Sy kh
Hon thin
Xc xch khng t
Chng 4: THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

4.1Qu trnh r ng
4.1.1 Muc ch: chun b cho qu trnh cht v xay th
-
Nguyn liu tht ng lnh c nhit ti tm

-20 -- -18c, lc ny thtng
thnh mt khi rt cng nn s kh khn khi a vo quy trnh ch bin.
li
Qu trnh r ng nhm mc ch nng nhit ca khi tht ln n nhit theo yu

cu cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo, ng thi phc hi nhng tnh cht ban u ca
nguyn liu trc khi bo qun lnh ng.
4.1.2 Cc bin i:
Qu trnh r ng l qu trnh thun nghch so vi qu trnh lnh ng. Tuy nhin cng
c mt s bin i khng thun nghch.
-
Bin i vt l: nhit tht tng dn.
Bin oi ha l: cc tinh th tan ra dn n

cc bin i trongcu trc
lm cho tht mm hn, thun li cho qu trnh cht v xay th.
Bin i sinh hc: s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt, s ha nhy b mt, trch ly dch
bo...
tht v
4.1.3 Thit bi:

-
Thit b r ng thng l cn phng kn, ngi ta s xp tht vo v cho lung khng

kh lnh thi vo vi mt vn tc xc nh.
Khi r ng phi thc hin chm gim s hao ht v lng v cht nhm phc hi cc
tnh cht v trng thi ban u ca tht.
Neu s dng nc r ng, thi gian r ng s gim ng k nhng sn phm s b

m v lm tn tht cht ha tan.
4.1.4 Thng s cng ngh:
Mi tnrng: khng kh t nhin
Vn tc i lu: vkk = 1 m/s
Nhit phng: tph = 5c
m: 85%
Thi gian r ng: tr = 18-24 gi
Nhit tm tht: ttm = -4 H- -2c
4.2Qu trnh cht tht

4.2.1 Muc ch: chun b cho qu trnh xay th
-
Nguyn liu (tht, m, ..) t nhng tng ln c cht thnh tng ming nh, to thun
li cho nhng qu trnh ch bin tip theo, gip rt ngn thi gian xay.
ng thi, nu khng c thit b ny th thi gian r ng lu, to iu kin thun li cho

vi sinh vt pht trin v lm chm tr qu trnh sn xut.
4.2.2 Cc bin i:
Bin i vt l: gim kch thc khi tht do ct t cc m lin kt, tng nhit do ma
st vi dao ct.
Bin oi ha l: lm thng tn cc cu trc t bo dn n kh nng gi nc gim,

hin tng chy dch xy ra.
Bin oi ha hc: tn tht mt s cc hp cht nh vitamin, khong, acid amin...

4.2.3 Thit bi:
Cu tao
-
Dao: c gn trn trng dao c tc dng cht tht ra tng mnh nh nh bn ca li

dao v moment quay do motor to ra.
Motor: c tc dng quay trc dao thng qua h thng truyn ng xch.
Bn y: c chc nng y tht n vng cht, c iu khin bng kh nn.
H thng iu khin bng kh nn gm c: xylanh, b lc, b gim p, cc cm bin in,

b gim p c tc dng gi cho p sut kh nn ng gi tr yu cu.
Xe y: cha tht sau khi cht.
Np bn y: m bo an ton khi vn hnh.
C ch hoat ng
-
Nguyn liu c a vo bng mt bn y, bn y s y tht n vng ct khi i ht

hnh trnh n s t ng li v. Khi bn y li v n u hnh trnh th s tip tc t
ng y tht n vng ct, c nh vy cho n khi ct ht khi tht.
S t ng i chiu chuyn ng ca bn y l do c hai cm bin t gn 2 u

xylanh. Bn y chuyn ng nh mt xylanh y, kh nn c bm vo xylanh sau khi
qua b lc, b gim p ri qua mt van tit lu iu chnh lu lng kh vo, ty lu
lng kh m xylanh chuyn ng nhanh hay chm lm bn y chuyn ng nhanh hay
chm.
- Trong khi ct, t block tht tip theo ln np bn y.

Tht c ct nh 2 li dao gn trn trng dao quay lin tc, sau ri xung cha trong xe
y pha di.
34

Tm chn dao v tm chn bn y s kha hot ng ca my nu nh n cha c ng.
Hot ng ny nh c cc tip im cm bin in.
Khi cho xe y sn phm vo ng v tr th n c kha cng nh mt xylanh kp, iu
ny c thc hin nh c cm bin in pht hin xe y. Nu cm bin in khng pht
hin c xe y th xylanh khng hot ng v my s khng khi ng c.
My ch c th hot ng c khi ng thi c ba b phn bo v ng: tm chn dao, tm
chn bn y v tm chan xe y sn phm. Trong thi gian trc dao quay n c th thng li
bng mt thng in DC vi thi gian thng l t 1 - 4 giy.
Khi xe y y, ta tho xe y ra, lc ny my s khng hot ng c na.
Hnh 4.1: Mt trc v sau ca my cht tht

4.2.4 Thnti s cng ngh:
Nhit phng khi cht: 15
c.
Nhit khi tht khi cht: -2 2 c.

Kch thc khi tht p tnrc khi cht: 250 X 520 X 600 mm.
Be dy ming ct: 14/17/20 mm.
Thi gian ct: 28s.
4.3Qu trnh xay th

4.3.1 Muc ch: chun b cho qu trnh xay nhuyn
-
Qu trnh xay th nhm lm gim kch thc ca khi tht lnh ng to iu kin cho
-
35

qu trnh xay nhuyn, phi trn v sau trn my cutter.
4.3.2 Cc bin i:
-
Bin i vt l: ct t m lin kt lm gim

ca khi tht do ma st.
kch thc khi tht, gia tng nhit
Bin oi ha hc: c s tht thot nc v cht dinh dng trong m tht.

4.3.3 Thit bi:
Cu tao
-
Motor quay trc vis ph bng truyn ng xch: c tc dng dn tht i n trc vis chnh
bng cc xon vis v xay th tht trc khi n dao ct trc chnh.
Motor quay trc vis chnh bng cc khp ni: c tc dng dn tht i n dao ct nh cc
xon vis.
B dao ct: c tc dng xay nhuyn tht, gm nhiu phn ghp li vi nhau ct nh
hn hp tht:
- Dao ct th
- Dao ct
Dao
a tn cng 2-3
mm
- a l 13mm
a m nh
1. rough cutter 2. knife 3. hole plate 13mm 4. knife

5. end plate 2 or 3 mm
6. supporting cross 7. spacer (small)
Hnh 4.2: B dao cat ca my xay th

-
Tay trn: c tc dng trn u tht trong phu cha.
H thng thy lc: nng h xe y tht
H thng iu khin.
36
> C ch hoat ng
-
Hn hp tht trong thng cha c thang nng ln vo phu. Trc vis ph s dn tht
n trc vis chnh v c nh h thng dao ct. Tay trn s o trn hn hp cho ng
u.
Trc ph v tay trn s c kch hot trc, ban u chng cng quay theo chiu nghch,
ko n hn hp tht n trc chnh m ch thc hin chc nng trn. Sau trc chnh
c kch hot, trc ph v tay trn s chuyn ng theo chiu thun, n hn hp tht n
trc chnh, t t n n h thng dao ct. Sn phm ra khi my l hn hp tht c
xay th
Hnh 4.3: My xay th

-
Nhit phng khi xay: 12 c
Khi lng nhp liu: khong 30 kg
Nhit khi tht trc khi xay: 0 - 2 c
Nhit vt liu sau khi xay: 3 - 4 c
ng knh ht sau khi xay: 3-5 mm

Hnh 4.4: Tht sau khi c xay th
-
37
4.4
Qu trnh xay nhuyn
4.4.1 Muc ch: ch bin, hon thin

-
Ty theo mc ch ca nh sn xut v cu trc ca sn phm m c hay khng c qu

trnh xay nhuyn.
Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch to nn mt h nh tng bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt

cht c trong xc xch nh: nguyn liu (tht nc, m heo, da heo...), ph liu (protein
u nnh, tinh bt, nc...), gia v, ph gia ... to nn mt h ng nht.
Qu trnh xay nhuyn lm tng b mt tip xc ca tht to thun li cho s khuch tn

cu mui, cc gia v t ngoi vo trong v ca nc t trong ra ngoi.
H tr cho qu trnh nh lng, nhi, ng clip. Nu qu trnh xay khng tt, nguyn
liu khng c xay nhuyn th s rt kh khn cho qu trnh nh lng v nhi ng
clip.
Bn cnh , nu h nh tng to thnh khng bn th trong qu trnh tit trng, s nh

hng n kh nng to gel ca protein khi b bin tnh, sn phm cng khng u, gim
gi tr cm quan cu trc sn phm.
4.4.2 Cc bin i:
-
Bin i vt l:
Thay i kch thc v khi lng ring ca hn hp do c s khuch tn ph gia, gia

v t ngoi vo trong v s khuch tn nc t trong ra ngoi.
Nhit ca khi nguyn liu tng ln di tc dng ca dao ct.
-
Bin i ho hc v ho sinh:
Cc phn t ca cc cu t ( c chia nh kch thc) trong hn hp c iu kin

tip xc vi nhau nhiu hn, lm tng lin kt ho hc, to ng nht cao cho sn
phm.
Trng thi ca khi tht b bin i, chuyn thnh dng paste. Hn hp sau khi ra khi
my l dng tht xc xch sng c mn v kt dnh cao.
4.4.3 Thit b:
> Cu tao
-
Dao dmg e ct v trn tht, vt liu ch to li dao l inox, c the c t 4, 6, hoc 8

li dao, nhng trong dy chuyn thng s dng loi dao c 8 li. Dao c 4 kiu li
dao:
Loi B: Ph bin nht, dng cho nhng loi xc xch kh, xc xch tit trng v hp
chn vi nguyn liu dai hoc ng lnh.
Loi E: Quay nhanh, mnh hn v v cng bn.
Loi Y: Dng cho cc loi xc xch kh kch thc tnmg bnh n th, o trn tt.
Loi K: Quay vi tc cao, s dng cho mi mc ch, c bit ch dng cho my
s dng dng in 1 chiu.
Hnh 4.5: Cc kiu li dao (theo th t B/E/Y/K)

Cc li dao c gn thnh tng cp cch nhau mt gc nht nh trn trc dao ty
theo s li dao (mi cp gm 2 li dao i xng qua trc dao).
Hnh 4.6: Cch lp dao (theo th t 4/6/8/8 li dao - loi 8 li dao c 2 cch lp)
Ton b trc dao c g trn ct dao c vai tr nh b . u trc dao c 1 vng
m lp vi trc dao sao cho v tr ca rnh trn vng m (3) thng hng vi rnh trn trc
dao (2). Pha sau vng m l bc n a nh tm quay, gim ma st cng nh gim lc
dc trc cho trc dao, bc n ny rt mnh nhng nhy cm vi nc nn mi khi lp trc
dao phi thoa m n c dng trong thc phm trnh khng cho nc v hn hp xay lt
vo bc n. Cui trc dao c gn vng i trng cn bng khi lng cc li dao, gim
thiu lc hng tm khi cc li dao quay trnh gy trc dao. cu (1) c xit cht v c
nh gi cho cc li dao khng vng ra khi trc khi quay.
Hnh 4.7: Cc chi tit lp trn trc dao v v tr ca dao so vi cho

- 34-
39
Cho:
Cho quay gip o trn v khin cho nguyn liu c xay u. Truyn ng cho
theo kiu trc vis - bnh vis (t s truyn rt ln): Motor cho quay ko trc vis quay,
pha di trc vis c gn hp s dng thay i t s truyn t motor quay cho sang
trc vis. Trn trc vis c cc xon vis n khp vi cc rng trn bnh vis gn pha
di cho lm cho quay.
Cho c 2 cp vn tc quay (theo chiu kim ng h), thay i vn tc ca cho cng
bng h thng bin tng.
Cn vt:
Cn vt gm 1 cn trc di chuyn v 1 a vt bng tephlon c gn thanh inox
ln sng trn vung gc vi b mt ngn hng, dng e vt tht ra sau khi xay
xong.
Khi cn vt c h xung cho vi khong cch va th a vt s t ng quay.
Khi c nng ln n s t ng ngng quay.
a vt s ngn phn tht xay xong trong cho khin n phi chy qua mng vt
xung thng cha di.
> C ch hoat ng
-
Nguyn liu, ph liu, ph gia c cho vo trong qu trnh phi trn theo mt trnh t
nht nh. Cho thm vy vo trong qu trnh phi trn nhm gi nhit ca hn hp
xay t 10-12c.
Cng nhn vn hnh s cho cho v dao quay vi tng cp vn tc ph hp bng cch iu
chnh nt:
thi gian u ( 1 - 3 vng quay u), ta cho my hot ng chm, ng thi cho
hn hp cc mui nitrite, phosphat vo.Cng trong thi gian ny, ta cho my quay kh (
khng cho thm nc vy vo).
Sau khi my quay c 3-4 vng, ta cho thm nc vy vo. Nc vy c
vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh xay nhuyn v n l thnh phn ca nc to
nh tng, ho tan cc mui v c bit l gi nhit hn hp di 12c.
Sau khi cho nc vy vo, ta cho my quay tc nhanh khong 20 vng (lc
ny, nhit hn hp khong 6C) ta s cho my chy chm li v cho hng liu, gia
v v 1/3 lng nc vy cn li vo v cho my vn hnh tc cao tr li
khong 30 vng na. Trong thi gian ny, tt c tht, m, da c xay nhuyn t kch
thc 0.2 - 0.5 mm. Hn hp ny v nc (tan ra t nc vy) to nn mt h nh
tng.
Quan st khi thy hn hp ng nht, ta dng my xay nhuyn v nhanh chng
vt sn phm ra khi cho trc khi nhit nh tng vt qu 12c. T y, xe

thng s a sn phm n my nhi nh hnh.
Hnh 4.8: My xay nhuyn

-
Nhit phng khi xay: 10 c.
Nhit vt liu sau khi xay: 12 c.
Kch thc trc khi xay nhuyn : 0 = 3 - 5 mm
Kch thc sau khi xay nhuyn : 0 = 0.2 - 0.5 mm
Hnh 4.9: Tht sau khi c xay nhuyn

- 36-
41
4.5 Qu trnh nhi v nh lng

4.5.1 Muc ch: chun b, bo qun, hon thin
-
Chun b cho qu trnh tit trng hay xng khi, lm tng kt dnh sn phm v c
nh gel lm cho sn phm cng u, tng gi tr cm quan.
Hnh thnh mt mng bo v ngn cn s xm nhp ca nc, khng kh, v vi sinh vt
vo sn phm xc xch.
nh hnh cho sn phm, phn loi cc sn phm
khc nhau v khi lng v
chng loi theo yu cu sn xut v in date gip
ngitiu dng bit hn
s
dng ng thi tin cho vic kim tra.
4.5.2 Cc bin i:
Bin i vt l: sn phm c hnh dng nht nh.
Bin i ho l: tng kt dnh v c nh gel.

4.5.3 Thit bi:
i vi cc loi xc xch khc nhau th c cc cch nhi khc nhau v ng vi cc cch

nhi ta c cc my nhi chuyn dng khc nhau.
- i vi xc xch tit trng: trong qu trnh ch bin c khu tit trng nn ta phi dng
cc loi bao b tng hp nh: polyetylen (PE), polyvinylclorua (PVC), polydivinyletylen
(PVDC), do dng my nhi t ng.
- i vi xc xch xng khi: trong qu trnh ch bin c khu xng khi nn ta phi dng
cc loi bao nhi t nhin hay collagen, do dng my nhi bn t ng.
- i vi xc xch ti: do khng c qu trnh lm chn nn c th dng bao b bng t
nhin hay nhn to u c nn c th dng my nhi t ng hay bn t ng.
> Thit b nhi bn t ng
-
e bao nhi t nhin hay collagen vo v tr ng nhi,

bt my hn hp tht i
vo bao nhi. Ch
khng nn dn qu cht hay qu lng, nu dn
th
trong qu trnh ch bin tip theo c th lm rch bao nhi, cn nu dn qu
lng
th xc xch thnh phm s khng cng trn v nh hng n
gi tr cm quan.
- Sau khi nhi xc
xch xong, dng dy ai hoc si
bng (khng dng
dy nilon buc v khi sy nhit
cao, dy s chy ra) nh hnh xc xch bng cch mi 20cm
buc 1 nt dy, nt chim di 12 cm ly ch ct, lm
nh vy cht ca xc xch s ng u.
Ngoi ra cn c th s dng my ghp cc mt xc
xch li to thnh cc on c di bng nhau.
Hnh 4.10: Ghp m

xuc X C
My nhi bn t ng c 2 dng ph bin: my nhi piston (piston filling machine) v my

nhi lin tc (continuously-working stuffing machine):
My nhi piston c cu to l mt xilanh, my tin hnh nhi tht nh s chuyn ng
ln xung ca piston.
Hnh 4.11: My nhi bn t ng hot ng bng piston

My nhi lin tc c th nhi tht lin tc, nguyn liu c th c a vo thng xuyn m
khng cn tt my
Hnh 4.12: My nhi bn t ng hot ng lin tc - 38 > Thit b nhi t ng

Cu tao
1: Phu np nguyn liu
2: Bm cp liu tht t thng 1 ln trn my
3: ng dn tht t thng 1 ln trn my
4: ng dn tht d v li thng 1
5: ng h o p sut
6: Van iu p
7: Bm nh lng tht t trn my iu chnh lu lng tht nhi vo ng phim
8: Cc rulo dn bao nha, b phn cun trn
baonha v hn m, ng nhi
9: B phn ko bao nha, pha ng sau c
b phn in nm sn xut v hn s dng
ln bao nha theo nguyn tc offset

10: B phn rulo p tht ngt cy
11: B phn dp dy nhm buc u xc xch v ct ri
xc xch
12: B phn pittng di chuyn b 12 i ln xung

13: Nm iu chnh di cy xc xch
14: Ngn cha cc bnh rng dn ng cho cc b phn
10, 11, 12 truynng
xch
15: Khay hng thnh phm xc xch sau khi b ct ri
11 v rt xc xchra ngoi

16:
Panel
in
iu
khin
Hnh 4.13: cu to my nhi t ng - 39-
45

> C ch hoat ng
-
Hn hp tht xay nhuyn t my Cutter s c thang nng vo trong b cha. Tht ny

s c bm cp liu nm bn di phu y n u ht ca bm nh lng bng cc
ng dn. Ti y bm nh lng s iu chnh lu lng nhi, phn cn d s c
hi v phu.
Phim t cun phim s c cc trc quay dn hng n b phn nh hnh to thnh

dng ng trn. Sau qua in cc hn ghp m v c ko i nh 2 bnh xe nha
quay lin tc.
ng nhi chnh l u ra ca bm nh lng ko di n b phn cun trn, hn m v

nm trong lng bao nha c hn m. Tht c nhi y trong ng v c ko
xung bi hai rulo.
ng cha tht s c hai bnh kp dp vo to khong trng gia hai cy xc xch (V

tht lin tc c bom vo bn trong bao nha nn nu p dy nhm 2 u xc xch s rt
d v hao ph nguyn liu).
Sau cy xc xch s qua b phn kp nhm. B phn ny bm mt lc 2 dy nhm,

bm ln 1 ca cy xc xch pha trn v bm ln 2 ca cy xc xch pha di, ng thi
ct ri cy xc xch rt xung khay. (V thao tc kp nhm v ct ri xc xch thc hin
nhiu v dng xc xch i lin tc nn b phn ny c di chuyn ln xung nh pittng
theo dng xc xch khng lm gin on dng xc xch).
Thng s cng ngh

-
Nhit phng: 12c
> 14c.
p sut nhi: 0.2 > 0.3 at.
Nng sut: 80 cy 70g/pht hay 110 cy 40 g/ pht.

Bng 4. : Thng s k thut nhi ca 2 loi xc xch 40g v 70g
Loi 40 gram
Loi 70 gram
Lu lng cp liu
1.5 m3/h
2.5 m3/h
Lu lng ca bm nh
lng
Tc ko phim
0.2 nrVh
2.2 m3/h
26 m/pht
26 m/pht
Tc kp dy nhm
Cng dng hn
7 m/pht
40 - 50 mA
4 m/pht
40 - 50 mA
Tn s hn
27.12 MHz
27.12 MHz
Ap lc nhi
0.1 MPa
0.1 Mpa
4.6 Qu trnh x l hay lm chn

i vi tng loi xc xch khc nhau, ta c cc qu trnh x l hay lm chn khc
46

nhau
4.6.1
Xc xch tit trng: qu trnh tit trng

4.6.1.1 Muc ch cng ngh: ch bin, bo qun, hon thin.
Lm chn sn phm.
Lm mt hot tnh cc loi enzym,
tiu dit vi sinh vt v tngthi gian bo qun
xc xch nhit thng ti 3 thng.

-
Ci thin cu trc, tng gi tr dinh dng, tng tnh cm quan cho sn phm.
4.6.1.2 Cc bin i:
Bin i vt l:
Nhit cy xc xch tng dn.
Th tch thay oi, cy xc xch trng n ng u nhit
v p sut cao.
Bin i ha hc:
Phn gii nhng cht phc tp nh: tinh bt, protein... thnh nhng cht n gin d
hp thu cho c th.
Ci thin cu trc lm cy xc xch cng ra do nhit cao lipid s phn hu thnh
glycerine v acid bo, to cho cy xc xch c mi thm v bng p.
Bin i ha l:
Protein b bin tnh, cu trc bc cao b ph hu, lin kt cc phn t b ct t, cc
mch polypeptide dui ra v hnh thnh mt khung gi nc v cc cht ph gia
khc, cu trc ca gel protein ny cn ph thuc vo pH, nng ion, thi gian v
nhit x l.
Polysaccaride c trong nguyn liu cng tham
cch tng tc vi protein ht nc, trng n,
do gel to ra c cng v n hi cao.
gia vo qu trnh to gelbng

lm thnh cu ni gia cc ht,
Bin i vi sinh'.
Thay i hot ca enzyme v ca vi sinh vt.
c ch hot ng ca enzym v tiu dit vi sinh
vt.
Bin i cm quan:
Thay i mu sc, mi v sn phm.
4.6.1.3 Thit bi:
- Bn tr nc
Cu tao ni autoclave
- H thng gi nn
- Ni thanh trng
- B trao i nhit
-
47

H thng lm mt tun hon
thng van t ng H thng
Bm tun hon h thng H
iu khin t ng
Hnh 4.14: Thit b tit trng

> C ch hoat ng
-
Tit trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php tit trng
ph bin nht trong sn xut xc xch tit trng.
Khi nng nhit ca mi trng qu nhit ti thch ca vi sinh vt th hot ng ca

vi sinh vt b chm li. nhit cao, protid ca cht nguyn sinh trong vi sinh vt b
ng ti lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu trnh ng t protid ny khng thun nghch,
nn hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc hi sau khi h nhit.
ng lc ca qu trnh l tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit.

4.6.1.4 Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit : 118
p sut: 2.3 kg/cm2.
Thi gian 1 m: 90-100 pht.

4.6.2
c.
Xc xch xng khi: qu trnh sy - xng khi
4.6.2.1 Mc ch cng ngh: ch bin, bo qun

-
y l qu trnh lm chn sn phm bng khng kh nng v khi. To mu v mi c trng

cho sn phm.
48

-
Tht c xng khi thng t b i hng do tht hp th trn b mt nhiu hp cht ca

khi c tc dng chng oxi ha nh phenol, pyrogalol... v dn xut ca chng.
Qu trnh xng khi bao gm 3 giai on: sy ln 1 - xng khi - sy ln 2:
o Qu trnh sy ln 1:
Lm cho b mt tht c kh ro, gip cho qu trnh xng khi xy ra tt hn, khi s
thm nhp t ngoi vo bn trong ming tht, trnh tnh trng ming tht qu m t khi
ch bm c xung quanh bn ngoi ming tht.
Bin tnh mt phn protein ca tht.
o Qu trnh xng khi:
Gip cho ming tht c hng v khi v c mu sc ca khi.
Tng kh nng bo qun. Qu trnh xng khi trc y c bit quan trng do kh nng
km hm vi sinh vt trong xc xch, tuy nhin ngy nay xc xch thng c lm lnh
bo qun.
o Qu trnh sy ln 2:
Do qu trnh xng khi ch c tc dng chnh l to hng v khi nn ming tht cha
chn cn phi qua qu trnh sy e nhit tm l 53-54 c lm chn tht.
4..2.2 Cc bin i:
o Qu trnh sy ln 1:
-
Bin i ha hc:
m gim, b mt ming tht se li lm tng kh nng hp thu khi.
Bin tnh mt phn protein
o Qu trnh xng khi:

-
Bin i ha l:
Trong thnh phn chnh ca khi c cc hp cht phenol v acid hu c, cc hp cht
ny c sn phm hp th c chn lc v thm su vo ming tht.
M m thm phenol nhiu hn m c, tht c hm lng m cao hp thu nhiu phenol
hn tht c hm lng m thp.
49

o Qu trnh sy ln 2:
-
Bin i ha hc:
Di tc dng ca nhit cao, protein b bin tnh hon ton.
Xy ra phn ng to mu, mi.
m gim, ngn chn hot ng ca vi sinh vt, ko di thi gian bo qun
Bin i vt l: th tch gim.

4..2.3 Thit bi:
C 3 qu trnh cng c thc hin ln lt trong l xng khi theo mt ch ci sn. L

xng khi c nh hng rt quan trng n vic hnh thnh hnh dng v cht lng ca xc
xch.
C 2 loi: l xng khi kh tun hon t nhin (natiiral-air-circulating smokehouse) v l

xng khi kh cng bc (air-conditioned smokehouse).
Cu tao 2 l
> L xng khi kh tun hon t nhin
-
C the c lm bng gch, ngi, kim loi hay cc loi vt liu khc. Tng ca l lm bng
vt liu cch nhit v thng c ph mt lp gch men phang.
Khoang t: c th c t bn ngoi hoc bn trong l xng khi. Khi c to thnh t

khoang t v c a trc tip vo l.
Hnh 4.15: L xng khi kh tun hon t nhin

-
Mi ca l xng khi: c cch nhit v gn h thng thng gi thi khi ra ngoi mi

trng bn ngoi. H thng thng gi ny c gan mt tm chn kim sot lng khi
thi.
50

> L xng khi kh cng bc:
-
L mt thit b hin i c th va xng khi, nu chn v ng lnh xc xch.
Tng ca l xng khi c cch nhit tt.
Vng tun hon ca khi c to nn nh h thng qut gi v m c kim sot

bi vi phun hi hay lng khng kh mi tnrng bn ngoi c a vo l xng
khi.
Nhit ca khi c duy tr bi hng lot ng gia nhit bng gas hay nhng ng trao
i nhit.
Hnh 4.16: L xng khi kh cng bc

> C ch hoat ng:
-
Xc xch sau khi c nhi v nh lng s c t trn cc khay hoc treo trn cc
gi v c a vo l xng khi.
Cc thit b xng khi to ra khi t nhin bng cch t chy c kim sot mn ca, v
cy hay cc khi g. G mi chu c s dng ph bin khi tin hnh xng khi nhng
mt s loi g cng nh si, d v g ca cy n qu cng c s dng.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th to ra khi thng qua qu trnh phc hi khi t khi lng. Khi
lng c to ra bng cch pha ch v lc nhng thnh phn c c ca khi g t nhin
to ra nc c c cha nhng thnh phn cn thit. Khi lng c s dng bng
cch:
Nhng hay lm t sn phm trong mt b cha khi lng.
c s dng trong phng xng khi bng cch phun sng hay gia nhit v lm bay
hi khi lng (qu trnh phc hi khi).
-
51

Phi trn trc tip vo cng thc xc xch, v c xem l mt thnh phn nguyn liu
trong xc xch.
-
Nh sn xut s iu khin m ca sn phm c trc v trong qu trnh xng to ra

sn phm c cht lng tt nht. Be mt sn phm c lm m nh hi khi d bm
vo sn phm.
Nu b mt qu m s gy ra nhng ng sc trn xc xch.
Nu v bao b qu kh, khi s khng bm vo v ngm vo bn trong. Do , nh sn
xut cn m bo cho qu trnh sy ph hp vi sn phm xng khi.
Thi gian tin hnh xng khi l khc nhau vi cc loi xc xch khc v hiu qu ca qu
trnh. Kh nng hp th cc hp cht vo sn phm c kim sot bi nng ca khi,
thi gian v vn tc gi trong phng xng khi. Hiu qu t c tt nht t nht l trong
30 pht. Khi lng ch cn 5 pht l t yu cu.
4..2.4 Thng s cng ngh:
Sy ln 1: nhit 65c, thi gian 30 pht.
Xng khi: nhit 70c, thi gian 55 pht.
Sy ln 2: nhit t sy 78c, thi gian 20 pht, nhit tm sn phm 55c.
4.6.3 Xc xch nu - hp: qu trnh nu - hp

Xc xch nu - hp tng t nh xc xch tit trng nhng nhit thp hn nn s tt v
mt cm quan v dinh dng. Nhng do qu trnh nu - hp khng tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt
nn thi gia bo qun s ngn hn xc xch tit trng v phi bo qun iu kin lnh.
4.6.3.1 Muc ch cng ngh: ch bin, bo qun, hon thin.
-
Lm chn sn phm.
V hot mt phn enzym v vi sinh vt.
Ci thin cu trc, tng gi tr dinh dng, tng tnh cm quan cho sn phm. 4..3.2
Cc bin i:
Din i vt l:
Nhit cy xc xch tng dn.
The tch thay i, cy xc xch trng n ng u nhit v
52
p sut cao.
Bin i ha l:
Protein b bin tnh mt phn.
Polysaccaride c trong ngiiyn liu cng tham
cch tng tc vi protein ht nc, trng n,
do gel to ra c cng v n hi cao.
gia vo qu trnhtogel bng

lm thnh cu ni gia cc ht,
Bin i vi sinh:
Thay i hot ca enzyme v ca vi sinh vt.
c ch hot ng ca enzym v vi sinh vt.
Bin i cm quan:
Thay i mu sc, mi v sn phm.
4.63.3
Thit b:
Xc xch sau khi nhi c treo ln ccthanh ngang ca xe y,sau a

xe y
vo t hp, ng ca li v ci
ch hot ng cho myvi cc thngs: nhit
tning tm ca sn phm, m, thi gian nu v nhit phng.
Qu trnh lm chn bng hi trc tip, hi c cung cp t l hi qua h thng ng dn

trn trn v i thng vo bung nu. Hi sau khi thc hin nu xong phn ln c ngng
t y t ra ngoi, cn mt phn c thot ra ngoi bng hai ng thot hi pha trn
ca bung nu.
4..3.4 Thit bi cng ngh:
Nhit : 70
c.
Thi gian 1 m: 15 - 20 pht.
Hnh 4.17: Mt ngoi v mt trong ca t hp
53
4.6.4 Xc xch ln men: qu trnh ln men

4.6.4.1 Mc ch cng ngh: ch bin
-
Qu trnh ny to ra mi v thm ngon c trng cho sn phm do c s tch lu ca acid

lactic to t s ln men ca vi khun lactic (Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, p.
acdiactic, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum,...).
Qu trnh ny quyt nh cht lng sn phm.

4..4.2 Cc bin i:
Bin i ho sinh: y l mt qu trnh sinh ho phc tp, trong ng di tc dng ca

vi khun lactic chuyn ho dn thnh acid lactic, gim pH ca tht, c ch s pht trin ca
cc vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Protein tht di tc dng ca enzyme protease s b ct thnh
cc phn t polypeptid v acid amin va lm cho tht c mi v thm ngon hn, d tiu ho.
Qu trnh ln men lactic
Ln men lactic l mt qu trnh sinh ho ph bin trong thin nhin, l qu trnh chuyn
ho vt cht glucid thnh acid lactic nh hot ng sng trc tip ca h vi sinh vt lactic.
C6H,206 ---------------
2C13-CHOH-COOH
Nng lng to ra c dng cho cc qu trnh sinh ho cn thit trong iu kin ym kh.
C 2 kiu ln men lactic: ln men lactic ng hnh v ln men lactic d hnh.
Ln men lactic ng hnh
S chuyn ho ng thnh acid lactic i theo chu trnh Embden - Mayerhoff, ln men ru
n giai on to thnh acid pyruvic. Acid ny c kh 2 nguyn t H nh hot ng ca
enzyme lacticodehdrogenase tr thnh acid lactic (chim ti 90%). Kiu ln men ny rt c
ngha v mt cng nghip.
---------------------------
CH3 - co - COOH + 2H Lacticodehydrogenase CH - CHOH - COOH
M----------- ------------
Ty thuc vo tnh c hiu quang hc ca enzyme lacaticodehydrogenase v s c mt ca

lactataxemase m loi acid lactic dng no c to ra (D hay L).
54

Ln men lactic di hnh
Qu trnh din ra phc tp hn, sn phm to thnh ngoi acid lactic cn c mt lng ln
cc sn phm ph khc nh aldehyde, keton, ru ethylic, C02, mt s cht thm nh diacetyl
ester.
C H, 0
6
-------------- CH3 CHOHCOOH + COOl ICH2 CH2 COOII

+ CII3 COOII + CII CH2OI + co + 1 1 ,
3
s lng sn phm ph ny ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, mi trng dinh dng cng
nh iu kin ngoi cnh. Ni chung acid lactic chim khong 40% lng ng phn hu,
acid succinic gn 20%, ru ethylic 10% v cc kh khong 20%. i khi lng kh to ra t
hn, thay vo l acid formic.
Trong qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh, glucose c chuyn ha theo chu trnh Embden Mayerhoff, cn hydro tch ra khi dehydro ha triosephotphate c chuyn n pyravat. V
trong nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun ln men lactic d hnh khng c enzyme carboxylase cho
nn acid pyruvic khng phn hy na m tip tc kh thnh acid lactic theo s chuyn ha
di y:
Acid lactic c to thnh t acid pyruvic do s tip nhn trc tip hydrogen t dehydrase
theo phng trnh sau:
CHCOCOOH + dehydrase-H: -------- CHiCHOHCOOH + dehydrase
Acid succinic to thnh t acid pyruvic do tc dng vi CO2 v tip theo l s tip nhn
hydrogen t dehydrase theo phng trnh sau:
CHCOCOOH + CO2 ------------ COOH-CH:CO-COOH
HOOC-CH2CO-COOH + 2 dehydrase-H- - HOOC-(CH:): -COOH

+ H:0 + 2dehydrase
Ethanol v acid acetic to thnh nh men aldehydrase t acetaldehyde theo phng trnh
sau:
2CHCHO + H2O + aldchydrase---------- C2H5OH + CHCOOH +
Aldehydrase
Vic sinh ra cc kh lin quan n iu kin ym kh, t l cc hp cht ph sinh ra ph thuc
vo mi trng dinh dng v loi vi khuan lactic.
Qu trnh ln men lactic cn c s ln men ng thi gia ln men ng hnh v d hnh, v
qu trnh ln men lactic d hnh to ra cc sn phm l cc cu t hng to mi thm cho sn
phm. Acid lactic to thnh tch t trong sn phm c tc dng km hm s pht trin ca cc vi
sinh vt c hi, nht l vi sinh vt gy thi ra. Do lm tng thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Mt khc, cc vi khun lactic trong qu trnh ln men cn c kh nng tng hp vitamine Bl,
lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm.
55

> S chuyn ho
Glucose
Glucose
ATP
ADP
Glucose-6-P
NA
D*
NADH + H + 6
NA[T
phosphogluconate
Fructose 6-P
ATP
NADH + H
2-ket-6-^
ADP
C
C
Glucose-6F'
ATP
'
ADR Fructose-1,6-di
phosphogluconate
Ribulse 5-P
COi
Xylulose 5-P
Acetyl-P CASH
V
%'
NADH
'
C
1
NAD"
phoglyi
Pi *l_NADH + H+
Acetyl-Co A
NAD"
Glyceraldehyde 3-P I r-
1,3 diphosphoglyceratE
ADP
ATP
H+ CoASH
Acetaldehyde
I / NADH + H+
IV NAD+ Etanol
3-phosphoglycerate 2-
phosphoglycerate
phosphoenol pyruvate
ATP
pyruvate
I T- NADH + H
iv NAD*
Lactate
56
DihydroxyacetorhP
Bin i vt l:
Nhit tng, dai, do tng.
Khi lng xc xch cng thay i mt phn sau qu trnh ln men.
Bin i ha l: do qu trnh ln men lm cho pH ca xc xch thay i, t gip cho s

hnh thnh cu trc gel tt, pH gim khin collagen trng n gip khi xc xch cht.
Bin i ho hc:
pH gim, hm lng ng gim, thnh phn cc cht dinh dng thay i theo hng
c li nh cc sn phm ln men.
m gim : ban u nguyn liu tht v da c hm m kh cao, lng nc t do ln.
Sau qu trnh ln men, sn phm c cu trc gel, gi nc, mt phn nc t do tr thnh
nc lin kt trong cu trc gel nn hm m gim.
Hm lng protein gim do mt phn protein b phn hy to thnh c cht cho vi sinh
vt s dng, to hng v cho sn phm.
Vitamin B, B2 tng do vi khun sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men lactic.
Bin i sinh hc\

Hm lng vi sinh vt tng (vi khun ln men lactic c li cho h tiu ha).
Thnh phn dinh dng (cc cht thay i) lm cho gi tr nng lng ca xc xch thay
i.
4..4.3 Thc hin:
Sau nghin, b sung thm ng, mui, gia v v nhi vo bao b, ta cho qu trnh ln men t
nhin trong phng chuyn bit nh cc vi khun lactic c sn trong tht nguyn liu.
To iu kin thun li cho vi khun lactic pht trin, c ch vi sinh vt tp nh iu khin

nhit .
Sau ln men phi thc hin qu trnh sy loi 15-25% m v lm ngng hot ng ca vi
khun latic.
4..4.4 Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit ln men: 10-15c
Thi gian: 24h.
pH sn phm: 5.3 (thm ch pH c th t gi tr: 4.6-5.0).
4.7 Qu trnh sy sau ln men

4.7.1 Mc ch: ch bin, bo qun, hon thin
-
Qu trnh sy lm tch nc ra khi vt liu nh hin tng bc hi b mt, lm nng

cht ha tan v p sut thm thu tng nn c ch s hot ng ca enzym v vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh sy cn c mc ch ch bin v tng gi tr cm quan nh mu sc, mi v cho

sn phm.
4.7.2 Cc bin i:
Bin i ha l:
Nc trong nguyn liu chuyn ra ngoi v bc hi.
Protein b bin tnh mt phn.
Bin oi ha hc: mt so vitamin b phn hy do nhit do cao.
Bin i vt l:
Nhit tng.
Khi lng gim do nc bc hi ra ngoi.
Bin i sinh hc: h enzym v vi sinh vt b v hot v c ch mt phn.
4.7.3 Thit bi:

- Qu trnh sy phi t m nh hn 11 % th mi
m bo vi sinh vt v enzym b v hot. Ty vo sn
phm l xc xch ln men kh hay bn kh m thi gian
sy s ngn hay di.
- Ta nn sy nhit thp v nu sy nhit cao
xy ra hin tng bc hi nhanh, nhit cao lm
protein b bin tnh mnh v ph hy cu trc ca bao
nhi bn ngoi.
-
Sy nhit t 50 c - 70c.
58
Hnh 4.18: T sy
xc xch
4.8Qu trnh lm ro
4.8.1 Muc ch: bo qun
-
Trong qu trnh ch bin, cy xc xch c trng n trong mi trng nc, nn khi a

vo bo qun vi sinh vt s pht trin v xm nhp vo cy xc xch hai u clip, ni c
m cao. Vy mc ch ca qu trnh lm ro l lm kh nc hai u clip ca cy xc
xch, hn ch s h hng ca sn phm v ko di thi gian bo qun.
4.8.1 Cc bin i:
Cy xc xch c lm kh
4.8.1
-
Thit bi:
Xc xch c xp ln bn trong phng c nhit phng, lm ro bng qut v cng nhn

dng khn lau kh nhng cy xc xch.
4.9Qu trnh hon thin

Do c nhiu cch x l v lm chn khc nhau nn qu trnh hon thin i vi tng loi xc
xch cng khc nhau.
i vi xc xch tit trng
Sn phm c dn nhn, v bao v v thng em i tiu th. Tng cy xc xch s c
lm p mt vi quy cch trnh by hp dn, nng cao gi tr s dng ca sn phm.
Giai on ny c tin hnh phng thnh phm. sn phm ra bn v cng nhn dn
nhn cho tng cy xc xch, ri xp vo thng carton. giai on ny th ta cng c th s dng
cc bng chuyn t ng dn nhn v cc thit b m t ng vo thng carton. Nhng cy
xc xch b b, hay c mng phim b nhn trong qu trnh nu trong ni tit trng s b loi ra e
mang i ti ch. Thnh phm c bo qun nhit thng, trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh
sng v nhit cao.
Hnh 4.19: ng gi sn phm xc xch tit trng - 53 -

>
i vi xc xch xng khi, ln men v nu hp

Sau khi xng khi, ln men hay nu - hp, sn phm c
lm ngui v
a
vo phng lnh ct lt (nu cn) v bao gi chn khng.

Neu v xc xch khng n c nh v cellulose, ta c
bao gi chn khng tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
th lt
lp v ra trc khi
Hnh 4.20: Cch lt v xc xch

Qu trnh bao gi chn khng l ht ht khng kh bn trong bao b, to cho sn phm
c lp v bo v, trnh tc ng ca mi trng nh vi sinh vt, m, ct, bi...ko di thi
gian bo qun v vn chuyn mt cch d dng.
u tin ta a xc xch vo my ht chn khng c m sn, c m bao ln
thanh dn in v bm nt hot ng. Van thng kh vi mi trng bn ngoi ng
li, khng kh b ht ht, cc thanh nng phn trn bt u h xung tip gip st vi
phn di ca my. My vn tip tc lm vic cho n khi kh trong bung c ht
ra ht v ng h p sut ch s 0 (p sut tut i) th ngng li.
Sau mt qu trnh lm vic t 1-1.3 pht th van t ng m, lc ny p sut khng
kh ln hn p sut my lm cho khng kh y cc thanh nng, nng phn trn ca
my ln v ta ly sn phm ra, cc qu trnh trn u c ci t t ng.
Cn lu trong qu trnh ht chn khng l phi ht ht kh nu khng sn phm b
oxy ha trong thi gian bo qun, thun li cho vsv pht trin. Trong qu trnh cp ta
phi iu chnh nng va phi trnh hin tng khi ghcp m bao b chy.
S dng bao PE bao gi chn khng, trn mi bao c ghi ngy thng sn xut,
ngy ht hn s dng, nhit bo qun v a ch c s sn xut.
-54-
Qu trnh bao gi chn khng c thc hin trong phng lnh 5 c. Thnh
phm c bo qun nhit t 0 - 4 c, trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh sng v
nhit cao.
Hnh 4.21: My ht chn khng

> i vi xc xch ti
i vi xc xch ti, sau khi nhi xong ta em i ng gi nh xc xch tit trng (nu
s dng bao nhi nhn to) hay bao gi chn khng (nu dng bao nhi t nhin) v sau
em bo qun lnh. Mc ch ca qu trnh lm lnh l n nh sn phm v kim hm s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Hnh 4.22: Kho bo qun lnh - 55 -
Chng 5: SN PHM V CH TIU CHT LNG

5.1 Ch tiu cht lng sn phm xc xch
Thc phm l ngun cung cp nng lng, cht dinh dng... cho con ngi. Do , cc
loi sn phm t khi cha mt cht n gin m l t hp ca nhiu cht khc nhau di tc
dng ca nhiu yu t cng ngh, con ngi kt hp vi nhau cui cng to ra sn phm
c cu trc, hnh dng, mu sc, tnh cm quan... thch hp vi th hiu ca mi ngi. V vy,
cht lng ca mt sn phm thc phm thng bao hm cc mt sau:
5.1.1 Ch tiu cm quan:
Bng 5.1: Yu cu v cm quan
Ch tiu
Yu cu
Trng thi
B mt kh, sn, mm, n hi v khng b mn. Lt ct

kh, mn.
Sn phm c dai.
Xc xch dng cy hnh tr trn di, lp bao bc cng
u, khng b nhn cong, b mt kh sn chc, s chc
tay, c trang cho sn phm.
c trng cho sn phm.
Mu ti, sng, khng c vt l. C mu t hng n
nht.
c trng cho tng sn phm, khng c mi v l.
Mu sc
Mi v
5.1.2 Ch tiu ha hoc:
Bng 5.2: Hm lng kim loi cho php trong tht v sn phm t tht
Thnh phn
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
As
Pb
Cu
Zn
Sn
Hg
Cd
Sb
1
2
20
40
40
0.05
1
1
Bng 5.3: D lng thuc tr su

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
H Tetracyclin
H Cloramphenicol
0,1
Khng pht hin.
62

Bng 5.4: D lng hoocmon
Tn ch tiu
Dietyl stybesfrol
Testosterol
Estadiol
Gii hn ti a
0,0
0,015
0,0005
5.1.3 Ch tiu ha l:
Bng 5.5: Yu cu v ha l
Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
Khng qu 17-18%
pH
5,5-6,2
Phn ng Eber (nh tnh NH3)
m tnh
Phn ng vi thuc th ch acetate (nh tnh H2S)
m tnh
Hm lng ascorbic v mui ca n
<80 m g / l O O g
Hm lng mui nitrate, nitrite ca Na
< 15mg/ lOOg
Hm lng NH3 (mg/lOOg)
< 40,0
Cc yu cu khc:
- Hm lng mui nitrit, Nitrat ca Kali, Natri
- Phm mu
Nm trong gii hn cho php.

Theo qui nh ca thc phm.
5.1.4 Ch tiu vi sinh:

Bng 5.6: Gii hn cho php ca cc vi sinh vt c trong sn phm ch bin t tht
Vi sinh vt
Gii hn cho php

(cfu/g)
3.105
50
3
0
0
10
10
0
Tng s vsv hiu kh

Conforms
Escherichia coli
Clostridium perfringens
Salmonella (trong 25g)
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus aureus
clos tr idill n bo tu! in ill m
> c t nm mc: hm lng aflatoxin B| ca tht ch bin c x l nhit khng ln

hn 0,005mg/kg.
63
5.2 Cc sn phm xc xch hin c Vit Nam

5.2.1 Cng tv Vit Nam Kv ngh Sc sn (VSSAN)
Tn sn phm
Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Xc xch dinh
dng B
Xc xch
ph mai
Hnh nh
Xc xch dinh
dng' Heo
Xc
Xch
COCKTAIL
rnU
v r
vmM
Xc Xch
H Lan
Xc xch ht
thanh trng
Xc xch
Mortadelle cy
Xc
xch
Mortadelle
Xc xch
HOTDOG
Xc xch c
Xc Xch
FRANCFORT (Bl
Xc Xch
FRANCFORT
(Heo)
64
VISSAN
Xc xch KH
Xc xch TT
TRNG DINH
DNG PHA
Xc xch tit
trims
Xc xch tit
trng Ba
Bi Mai
Xc Xch
DZ DZ
Xc
Xch
Chipo
Xc Xch Tm
Xc xch G
Xc Xch Heo
Xc Xch B
Xc Xch C
Xc Xch
St C
Xc Xch Ti
Xc Xch
Cervelas
5.2.2 Cng tv c.p (Charoen Pokphand) Vit Nam

Cp
.GRO^
Tn sn phm
Xc
xch
Coktail heo
xng khi
Xc xch
Xc Xch
Ph mai
Xc
xch
Hotdoi
Heo
Xc
xch
Vienna
Xc
xch
Cocktail heo
Xc Xch
com
Xc xch
Frankfurter Heo
\T
5.2.3 Cng tv Thc phm c Vit
GBKB
Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
i
Xc xch xng
khi
Xc xch vin
xng khi
Tn sn
phm
Xc xch
nng
Xc Xch
Vn ba
5.2.4 Cng tv C phn hp Ha Long Canoco

Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Hnh nh
iasC IAI 9 J
ÔNG CANFOc
Xc xch heo tit

trng (Pokemon)
Xc xch b
tit
trng
(Pokemon)
Xc xch heo tit

trng (Everyday)
Xc xch b
tit
trng
(Everyday)
67
5.2.5 Cng tv Conti tv TNHH thc phm Dinh Dn Si

Gn (SaiGon Nutri Food - SNF)
Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Tn sn phm
Xc Xch
Dinh Dng
Pt Gan
Xc Xc Dinh
Dng Trng
Xc Xch Dinh
Dng Bp
Xc Xch Dinh
Dng Ham
Xc Xch
Dinh Dng
Sausage
Xc Xch Dinh
Dng Cheese
Hnh nh
Ch gi da xp
nhn xc xch
Xc Xch
Chin X
5.2.6 Cng tv C phn Thv c sn SEASPMEX VN

Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Xc
heo
trng
xch
tit
Tn sn phm
SEASPIMEX - VIETNAM
Hnh nh
5.2.7 Cng tv Thc phm Hin Thnh

Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Xc Xch B
iw
mm
HIN THANH
Tn sn phm
Hnh nh
Xc Xch Heo
J..LJ
Xc xch nng
Klobasa
Xc Xch Jambon
-'X
Xc Xc Tit
trng (heo, g)
p-'
5.2.8 Cng t thc phm Php Le Gourmet

Tn sn
Hnh nh
phm
W
Xc xch
Vn bia
Tn sn phm
Xc xch ti
Hnh nh
iJT
gJE
L mi
JfV Sil [
emês
i^ I
F

5.2.9
5.2.10Cng
X nghip
ty TNHH
ch bin
Cngthc
Ngh
phm
ThcNam
Phm
Phong
Ngi Sao StarFood
Tn
Tnsn
snphm
phm
Hnh
Hnh nh
nh
Tn
Tn
snsn
phm
phm
Xc xch xch
tit
trng
Thankthanh
Frankfurter
(b,
trngheo)
Xc xch c
wm
xch
XcXcxch
thanh trng
mana
Hnh nh
ti
.TT
XilC
XICH,;iU
Jii.il
5.2.11 Cng ty c phn Thy sn s 4

Hnh nh
Tn sn
phm
Xc xch hi
sn
5.2.12 Cng ty ng gi ka - Thng hiu ni ting chu u

Tn sn phm
Chi tit
Xc xch Klobasa
Mi ngi u rt quen thuc vi cc sn phm xc xch c by

bn trn th trng. Vi xc xch Klobasa, thng hiu ng gi
IKA li to ra mt im nhn c bit, hon ton khc bit vi cc
sn phm khc. Klobasa ca ng gi IKA c lm t tht ln, tht
b, tht phi ti ngon, khng s dng tht ng lnh, ct thnh
nhng ming nh v tm p theo hng v c trng ring ca
dng IKA, sau nhi thnh xc xch v hun khi bng g si.
Klobasa khng b xay nhuyn nn khi thng thc, chng ta c
cm gic vn cn c ming nn rt gin dai v m kh qun.
Cc gia v, ph liu nh ti, t... cng lm tng thm hng v c
bit ca xc xch.
70
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] .
ng c Dng, Ha sinh hc tht gia sc, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut H Ni,
1979.
[2] ,
L c Phm, Vi sinh vt hc v v sinh an ton thc phm, NXB Nng Nghip
H Ni, 2000.
[3] .
L Ngc T, Ha snh cng nghip, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut H Ni, 1998.
[4] .
L Ngc T, Ha sinh thc phm, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut H Ni, 2001.
[5] .
Nguyn Ngc Tun, V sinh tht, NXB Nng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh,
2002.
[6] .
Trn Minh Tm, Cc qu trnh cng ngh trong ch bin nng sn thcphm,
NXB Nng Nghip.

[7] .
L Bch Tuyt v cc cng s, Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut thc
phm, NXB Gio Dc, 1996.

[8] .
Cc webside:
h ttp://www.h2 vn.com/communitv/index.php?topic=810.msg60Q9
http://thucphamdiicviet.com.vn
http://www.vissan.com.vn
http://www.canfoco.com.vn
http://www.seaspimex.com.vn
http://cpvietnam.marofin.com
http://www.saigonnutrifood.com
http://www.onggiaika.com
71

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Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Chng 1: Gii thiu v xc xch..................................................................4

Chng 2: Nguyn liu sn xut xc xch....................................................7

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Chng 3: Quy trnh sn xut xc xch...................................................22

Chng 4:Thuyt minh quy trnh..............................................................28

Choig 5: Sn phm v ch tiu cht lng.............................................56

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

ngy 20 thng 04 nm 2009

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Chng 1: G THIU V xc XCH

1.2 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Phn loi xc xch

Xc xch tit trng:

Bao b c dng l loi bao b t nhn to nh

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Xc xch xng khi:

t 2 - 3 thng. C th dng lin hay ch bin.

Hnh 1.3: Xc xch xng

Hnh 1.4: Xc xch hp

Xc xch ln men: loi xc xch ny c c trng l to ra mi v thm do c s tch ly

Hnh 1.5: Xc xch

Hnh 1.6: Xc xch ln

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Chng 2: NGUYN LIU SAN XUT xuc XICH

Tht v nhng sn phm ch bin t tht l

Tht heo m: % nc < 50%

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Nng lng cho 100g n

Bng 2.3: Hm lng khong cht v vitamine trong mt s loi tht

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

2.1.1.4 Qu trnh bin i ca thit sau git m

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Cung cap protein v cc gi tr dinh dng khc

L cht to hnh, ngha l to ra b khung, hnh dng, trng

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

C kh nng c nh c cc cht mi khc nhau qua tng

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Hnh 2.1 : Tht ti

Staphilococus aureus: < 100/gr

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

M l ngun cung cp cht bo ch yu. Thnh phn ch yu ca m l triglyceride. Cc

Hnh 2.2: M heo

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Gi nhit hn hp khng qu 12 c trong qu trnh xay nhuyn to h nh tng, v

To gel vi protein to thnh cu trc mi cho sn phm, v nc c kh nng ph v cu

Tng m v trng lng ca sn phm, gim gi thnh sn phm.

- Hm lng cn khng tan

- cng ton phn

< 0.1 mg/1

< 0.01 mg/1

- Hm lng thu ngn

Ch tiu sinh hoc

< 200 khun lc / ml

- Tng s Conforms phn

Cng ngh sn xut xc xch

Protein u nnh c tn thng mi l Supro EX 33 l mt sn phm c ch bin bng cch

Tng gi tr dinh dng.

Protein u nnh c cho vo trc tip trong qu trnh xay

Hnh 2.4: Protein u

Bng 2.6: Yu cu k thut caprotein u nnh trong ch bin

Trng c Thm khng c mi l hay