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CC DNG BI TP ANKAN

A. L THUYT
- Ankan l hidrocacbon no c cng thc tng qut l CnH2n+2 ( n 1 , n thuc N)
I. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Phn ng th halogen
- Thng gp th Clo hoc Brom
- Di tc dng ca nh sng , ankan tham gia p th, cc H s ln lt b thay th dn bi cc
halogen
C2H6+Cl2 t,a/s C2H5Cl + HCl
- Quy tc th : Khi tham gia cc p th , nguyn t halogen s u tin th vo Cacbon c bc cao
hn ( cha t H )
V d : CH3CH2CH3+Br2 t,a/s CH3CHBrCH3+HBr
2. Phn ng tch H2
- Di tc dng ca nhit v cht xc tc thch hp cc ankan s b hidro
CnH2n+2 t CnH2n+H2
- Quy tc tch :
+ Hai nguyn t C cnh nhau tch H , mi nguyn t C s mt i 1 H v ni n s tr thnh ni
i
+ H Cacbon bc cao hn b u tin tch to sn phm chnh
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 t,xt CH3C(CH3)=CHCH3 + H2
3. Phn ng Cracking
- Khi c xc tc thch hp di tc dng ca nhit , cc ankan b b gy mch C to ra cc phn
t nh hn
CnH2n+2 cracking CaH2a+2+CbH2b ( a 1,b 2 v a+b=n)
C4H10 cracking CH4+C3H6
C4H10 cracking C2H4+C2H6
4. Phn ng chy
CnH2n+2+(3n+1/2)O2 t nCO2+(n+1)H2O
- Khi t chy ankan nH2O>nCO2 v nAnkan=nH2OnCO2
5. Oxi ha khng hon ton
CH4+O2 600800o,NO HCHO+H2O
RCH2CH2R+5/2O2 t,Mn2+ RCOOH+RCOOH+H2O
II. iu ch
1. Phng php chung
- Cng Hidro : CnH2n+H2 t CnH2n+2
hoc
CnH2n2+2H2 t CnH2n+2
- Cracking : CnH2n+2 cracking CaH2a+2+CbH2b
- Phn ng vi ti xt
CnH2n+1COONa+NaOH t,CaO CnH2n+2+Na2CO3
2. Phng php iu ch Metan
C+2H2 CH4
Al4C3 + H2O Al(OH)3+CH4

CH2(COONa)2+2NaOH CH4+Na2CO3
B. PHNG PHP GII CC BI TP V ANKAN
I. Phn ng th Clo, Brom
CnH2n+2+xBr2 t,a/s CnH2n+2xBrx+xHBr
CnH2n+2+xCl2 t,a/s CnH2n+2xClx+xHCl
* CC V D MINH HA
V d 1 : Ankan Y phn ng vi clo to ra 2 dn xut monoclo c t khi so vi hidro l 39,25 . Tn
caY l
A. Butan
B. Propan
C. Iso-butan
D. 2-metylbutan
Gii :
t CTT ca Y l CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2+Cl2 t,a/s CnH2n+1Cl+HCl
Theo CnH2n+1Cl gm 2 ng phn v Khi lng mol
ca CnH2n+1Cl=39,25.2=78,5gam/mol
ta c 14n+36,5=78,5 => n=3 => CTPT ca Y l C3H8
Y l propan , 2 sn phm to thnh l CH3CH2CH2Cl v CH3CHClCH3
=> p n B
V d 2 : Khi cho ankan X ( trong phn t c % khi lng ca Cacbon l 83,72%) tc dng vi
Clo theo t l mol 1:1 ch thu c 2 dn xut monoclo l ng phn ca nhau. Tn ca X l
A. 3-metyl pentan B. 2,3 imetyl butan C. 2-metyl propan D. butan
Gii :
t CTPT ca X l CnH2n+2 Theo ta c
12n2n+2 = 83,7216,28 => n=6 => CTPT ca X l C6H14
Do X tc dng vi Clo cho 2 sn phm monoclo duy nht nn X l 2,3-imetyl butan
=> p n B
CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3+Cl2 t,a/s CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2Clv CH3CH(
CH3)CCl(CH3)CH3
II. Phn ng tch
+ Trong p khi lng c bo ton
+ Khi cracking ankan C3H8,C4H10 c th km qu trnh hidro ha nn s mol hn hp phn
ng gp i s mol ankan p
+ i vi cc ankan c 5C tr ln do cc ankan to ra c th cracking tip nn s mol hn hp sn
phm sau p lun 2 ln s mol ankan phn ng
+ i vi p tch H2 : nH2=nkhsaupnkhbanu
* CC V D MINH HA
V d 1 : Khi cracking hon ton 1 th tch ankan X thu c 3 th tch hn hp Y ( cc khi o cng
iu kin) , t khi ca Y so vi H2 l 12. Cng thc ca X l
A. C6H14
B. C3H8
C. C4H10
D. C5H12
Gii :
p dng LBTKL
mX=mY => nX.MX=nY.MY => MX = nY.MYnX = 3nX.MYnX = 3MY=3.2.12=72
=> X l C5H12
=> p n D
V d 2 : Cracking 8,8 gam propan thu c hn hp kh A gm H2,CH4,C2H2,C3H6 v mt phn

propan cha b cracking. Bit H% = 90% . Khi lng phn t TB ca A l


A. 39,6
B. 23,16
C. 2,135
D. 3,96
Gii :
Theo BTKL : mA=mPropan=8,8 gam
nC3H4 ban u = 8,8/44=0,2 mol => nC3H4 p = 0,2.90% = 0,18 mol
nC3H4 d = 0,02 mol
Vy sau p s mol kh to thnh = 0,18.2+0,02=0,38 mol
=> MA = 8,80,38 = 23,16
=> p n B
III. Phn ng oxi ha ankan
- Dng ny thng s dng phng php trung bnh
V d 1 : t chy hon ton 1 th tch kh thin nhin gm metan , etan, propan bng oxi khng kh
( trong khng kh c cha 20% O2) , thu c 7,84 lt CO2 (ktc) v 9,9 gam H2O. Th tch
khng kh (ktc) nh nht cn dng t cht kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70 lt
B. 78,4 lt
C. 84 lt
D. 56 lt
Gii :
t cng thc chung ca 3 kh thin nhin l CmH2m+2
nCO2=7,84/22,4=0,35 mol ; nH2O=9,9/18=0,55 mol
CmH2m+2+O2 t CO2+H2O
x0,350,55
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c
2x=0,35.2+0,55 => x=0,625 mol
=> VCO2=0,625.22,4=14 lt => Vkk=5.14=70 lt
=> p n A
V d 2 : Hn hp kh X gm 2 hidrocacbon no , mch h A,B v l 2 ng ng k tip. t
chy Xvi 64 gam O2 (d) ri dn sn phm qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thu c 100 gam kt
ta . Kh ra khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0oC v 0,4 atm. CTPT ca A,B l
A. CH4 v C2H6
B. C2H6 v C3H8
C. C3H8 v C4H10
D. C4H10 v C5H12
Gii :
nCO2=nCaCO3=100/100=1 mol ; nO2 p = nO2 bd - nO2 d
= 6432 - 11,2.0,40,082.273 = 1,8 mol
t cng thc phn t ca A,B l CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2+(3n+1/2)O2 nCO2+(n+1)H2O
x
(3n+1).x2
n.x
Theo gi thit {n.x=1(3n+1/2).x=1,8 => {n=1,667x=0,6
V 2 ankan l ng ng k tip nn hai ankan l CH4 v C2H6
=> p n A
V d 3 : Nung m gam hn hp gm 3 mui natri ca 3 axit hu c no , n chc vi NaOH d ,
thu c cht rn D v hn hp Y gm 3 ankan. T khi ca Y so vi H2 l 11,5. Cho D tc dng
vi H2SO4 d thu c 17,92 lt CO2 (ktc). Tn ca 1 trong 3 ankan v gi tr ca m l
A. metan v 71,2
B. etan v 84,4
C. propan v 42,4
D. butan v 42
Gii :
t cng thc TB ca 3 mui natri ca 3 axit hu c no , n chc l CnH2n+1COONa
CnH2n+1COONa+NaOH t,CaO CnH2n+2+Na2CO3 (1)

Na2CO3+H2SO4 Na2SO4+H2O+CO2
( 2)
Theo pt (1) v (2) ta c
nNa2CO3=nCnH2n+2=nNaOH=nCO2 = 17,9222,4 = 0,8 mol
p dng LBTKL
mX+mNaOH=mCnH2n+2+mNa2CO3 => mX=0,8.106+11,5.2.0,80,8.40=71,2 gam
MY=14n+2=23 => n=1,5 => Chc chn trong 3 ankan c 1 ankan l CH4
=> p n A
B. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Khi t chy hon ton V lt hn hp kh CH4,C2H6,C3H8 thu
c 44 gam CO2 v 28,8gam H2O . Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96
B. 11,2
C. 13,44
D. 15,68
Cu 2 : Cho butan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c hn hp X gm C4H10,C4H8,C4H6,H2 . T
khi ca X so vi butan l 0,4 . Nu cho 0,6 mol X tc dng vi dung dch Brom d th s mol
Brom ti a phn ng l :
A. 0,48
B. 0,36
C. 0,6
D. 0,24
Cu 3 : t chy hon ton 6,72 lt hn hp A gm CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C2H4 v C3H6 thu
c 11,2 lt kh CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O . Tng th tch ca C2H4 v C3H6 trong hn hp A l
A. 5,6
B. 3,36
C. 4,48
D. 2,24
Cu 4 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm 2 hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng cn
dng 6,16 lt O2 v thu c 3,36 lt CO2 . Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,3 gam
B. 23 gam
C. 3,2 gam
D. 32 gam
Cu 5 : Cracking 40 lt n-Butan thu c 56 lt hn
hp A gm H2,CH4,C2H4,C2H6,C3H6,C4H8v mt phn C4H10 cha b cracking ( cc kh o
cng iu kin ). Gi s ch c cc p to ra cc sn phm trn . Hiu sut phn ng to hn hp
l
A. 40%
B. 20%
C. 80%
D. 60%
Cu 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hp cht hu c A. Sn phm thu c hp th vo nc vi
trong d thu c 4 gam kt ta. Lc kt ta cn li bnh thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong
gim 1,376gam. A c CTPT l
A. CH4
B. C5H12 C. C3H8
D. C4H10
Cu 7 : Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca C3H8 v O2 ri bt tia la in t chy hn hp . Sau phn
ng lm lnh hn hp ( hi nc ngng t) ri a v iu kin ban u. Th tch hn hp sn
phm khi y (V2) so vi th tch hn hp kh ban u ( V1) l
A. V2=V1
B. V2>V1 C. V2=0,5V1 D. V2/V1=7/10
Cu 8 : t chy hn hp X gm 2 hidrocacbon l ng ng k tip , sau phn ng thu
c VCO2:VH2O=1:1,6 ( o cng k) . X gm
A. CH4 v C2H6 B. C2H4 v C3H6 C. C2H2 v C3H6 D. C3H8 v C4H10
Cu 9 : t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng ri hp th
ht sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta v khi lng nc
vi trong gim 7,7 gam . CTPT ca 2 hidrocacbon trong X l
A. CH4 v C2H6 B. C2H6 v C3H8 C. C3H8 v C4H10 D. C4H10 v C5H12
Cu 10 : Khi cracking hon ton 1 ankan X thu c hn hp Y ( cc kh o cng iu kin ), t
khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 14,5 .Cng thc ca X l
A. C6H14
B. C3H8
C. C4H10
D. C5H12

p n : 1C2B3D4A5A6B7C8A9B10B

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