H THNG MIMO-OFDM

Gio vin hng dn : o Ngc Chin

Sinh vin thc hin

: T Hong Hip

Lp

: T8-K48

OFDM
Do cc vn v nhiu (interference) v cc vn v a
ng (multi path), mt s cng ngh trc y cng a ra
gii php iu ch sng mang n dng cho cc ng dng NLOS
(non line of sight) nhng cng cha mang li hiu qu cao.
S ra i ca k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) : l mt
bc t ph trong th trng truy cp v tuyn bng rng.

OFDM
Cng ngh OFDM nm trong mt lp cc k thut iu ch a sng
mang (FDM) trong thng tin v tuyn

iu ch a song mang
(ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM):
u im (so vi C n mang):
+gim nh hung ca nhiu lin
tn hiu ISI (inter synbol
interference)
+ phc tp ca b cn bng
knh v lc nhiu gim
Nhc im :
+gim hiu qu s dng ph do
cc knh ph c phn cch
nhau mt khong nht nh

OFDM
tng hiu qu s dng ph v k tha u im ca iu ch a
sng mang phng php iu ch a sng mang trc giao
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) ra i:
Chia lng d liu trc khi pht i thnh N lung d liu song
song c tc thp hn v pht mi lung d liu trn mt sng
mang con khc nhau.
Cc sng mang ny l trc giao vi nhau, iu ny c thc hin
bng cch chn dn cch tn s gia chng mt cch hp l.
Khi nm v s trc giao ca 2 tn hiu
a

p(t ) * q(t )
b

k ,p= q

0 ,p

l lin hp phc ca p (t )
a, b l chu k ca tn hiu
k : const

* q(t )

OFDM
Mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu iu ch OFDM :

B iu ch OFDM
Nguyn tc :
Ph tn hiu c dch vo sng mang ph th p thng qua
php nhn vi hm phc

jpwst

vi ws = 2 fs = 2 1/Ts : khong cch tn s gia 2 sng mang

Ta c :

( k 1)Ts

( k 1)Ts

jpwst jqwst *
e
(e
) dt =

j(p q)wst
e
dt

kTs

kTs
1
=
j(p q)ws

j(p q)wst t = (k+1)Ts

e
t = kTs
=

0, p q
Ts, p = q

Theo nh ngha, 2 sng mang ph p , q trc giao vi nhau

B iu ch OFDM
Bng tn ca h thng c chia lm Nc knh con vi ch s ca
cc knh con l n :
n
{1,2,3,,Nc}
u vo ca b iu ch l dng d liu {a} c chia thnh Nc dng
d liu song song thng qua b phn chia ni tip/song song
Dng bit trn mi lung song song {ai,n} li c iu ch thnh
mu tn hiu a mc {dk,n} vi :
+i: ch s khe thi gian tng ng vi Nc bit song song sau khi qua
b bin i ni tip/song song
+k: ch s khe thi gian tng ng vi mu tn hiu phc

Xung c bn (basic impulse)

Trong bt k h thng v tuyn no, tn hiu trc khi pht i u
c nhn vi xung c bn.

Mc ch : Nu b rng ph ca tn hiu pht ln hn b rng

knh truyn cho php th tn hiu pht s gy ra nhiu xuyn knh

i vi h thng khc

gii hn ph ca tn hiu pht sao cho ph hp vi b rng ca knh

truyn.
Dng xung c bn thng gp l xung vung :

Xung c s (basic impulse)

S(t) : xung c bn
b rng bng b rng mt mu tn hiu OFDM
S(t) : xung c bn sau khi c chn chui bo v
: b rng bng Ts+TG vi TG : di chui bo v
Ts : di mu tn hiu OFDM
S(t)
S(t)

So

-TG 0

TS
T

B iu ch OFDM
Tn hiu mk(t) sau khi c nhn vi xung c s v dch tn
c cng li qua b tng
Mu tn hiu OFDM th k :
Nc

mk(t) =

dk,n S(t - kTs) e

jnwst

n 1

Tn hiu OFDM tng qut l :

m(t) =

mk(t) =

Nc

k n 1

dk,n S(t - kTs) e

jnwst

B iu ch OFDM
Lung tn hiu c ly mu vi tn s :
ta = 1/B = 1/NC fs
vi B l b rng bng tn ca h thng
thi im ly mu t=kTs+ lta th S(t - kTs)=So
Nc

(*)

mk(kTs + lta) = So

k,n

n 1
Nc

= So

n 1

jnws(kTs + lta)

jnwskTs jnws lta

dk,n e
e

B iu ch OFDM
wskTs =2 fs k
jnws lta

jn2

=e

1 = 2k
fs

mk(kTs + lta) = So

fs.fsNc
1
d
n 1

k,n

j2

=e
j2

Nc

jnwskTs
e
= 1

nl
Nc

nl
Nc

Php bin i trn trng hp vi php bin i ngc Fourier

IDFT

B iu ch OFDM
B iu ch dng thut ton bin i ngc Fourier :

Chuyn ai,1
i
{a} Ni
Tip

ai,n

dk,1

M
ha

dk,n IDFT

song
song

ai,Nc

dk,Nc

tip

Bin
i

Chn
m(lta)

m(lta)
khong

s
/tng
t

/ ni

/song
song

Chuyn
i

bo v

m(t)

M ha (M-QAM, QPSK)
S iu ch ng pha, vung pha
I (Inphase) ,Q (Quadrature):
I
S QPSK :
10

11
Q

00

S 16-QAM :

01
I

0100 0101

1101

1100

0110 0111

1111

1110
Q

0010 0011
0000

0001

1011

1010

1001

1000

M ha (M-QAM, QPSK)

chm sao(constellation) iu ch IQ,16 QAM ,vi

m Gray d liu ti mi v tr

Chui bo v (gurad interval)

Nguyn nhn:
Trong mi trng khng c ng dn thng (NLOS), tn hiu a
ng dn l t hp ca tn hiu gc v cc tn hiu phn x bi
cc vt cn gia trm pht v trm thu.
Cc tn hiu phn x thng n trm thu khng cng mt lc ph
thuc vo khong cch ng i v u n sau so vi tn hiu gc
(l tn hiu i thng).
Do khng n cng mt thi im cc tn hiu phn x gy ra hin
tng nhiu.

Chui bo v (gurad interval)

Nguyn nhn (tip) :
Tc ng ca hin tng a ng dn n trn h thng kt ni
v tuyn c nh hng gia cc symbol ISI (Inter Symbol
Interference)
Khc phc :
Cng ngh OFDM khc phc c vn ISI bng cch s
dng khong thi gian bo v (Guard Interval) ti on bt u ca
symbol :bng cch sao chp phn pha trc ca symbol

Chui bo v (gurad interval)

Khong thi gian bo v chnh l phn symbol b nh hng bi ISI
cn khong d liu tip theo khong bo v chnh l khong ti tin

Gii iu ch OFDM
Knh truyn dn phn tp a ng
biu din thng qua :
+ p ng xung h(

,t) vi

+ hm truyn t H(jw, t)

quan h :
-jw
H(jw, t) =
h( ,t)e
d

l tr truyn dn ca knh
l thi im quan st knh

min thi gian ,tn hiu thu u(t) l tch chp ca tn hiu pht m(t) v
p ng xung ca knh h( ,t):

u(t) = m(t) * h(

,t) =

m ax

h( ,t)m(t - )d

Gii iu ch OFDM
Cc bc thc hin b gii iu ch :
Tch khong bo v tn hiu thu
-jnwst

Nhn vi hm s phc e
vi mc ch dch bng
tn ca tn hiu mi sng mang v bng tn gc trc
khi iu ch
Gii iu ch cc sng mang ph
Chuyn i mu tn hiu phc thnh dng bit
Chuyn i dng bit song song thnh dng bit ni tip

B gii iu ch OFDM
S khi b gii iu ch OFDM dng DFT :

u (t)

Bin
i

tng
t/
s

Tch
u (lta) khong u(lta)

bo
v

Bin
i

dk,1

ni
tip/

dk,n

song
song

ak,1
Bin
i

Gii
DFT

ak,n
m

dk,Nc

ak,Nc

song
song
/ ni
tip

{a}

Tch khong bo v
u(t) : lung tn hiu vo b gii iu ch
u(t): lung tn hiu nhn c

u(t)
kT

(k-1)T

(k+1)T

u(t)
(k-1)Ts
u(kTs + t) = u(kT + t) vi
Ts : di mu tn hiu
TG : di chui bo v

kTs

(k+1)Ts

0 <= t<= Ts ,

T = Ts +TG

Qu trnh tch khong bo v ph thuc :

+ di chui bo v so vi tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh
+iu kin knh truyn (ph thuc hay khng ph thuc thi gian)

Tng quan h thng OFDM

Dng bit
iu ch
bng tn c s

Chn mu tin
dn ng

IDFT

Chn chui
bo v

Bin i
s/tng t
Knh v
tuyn
Nhiu trng
(AWGN)

Dng bit
Gii iu ch
bng tn c s

Cn bng
knh

DFT

Tch chui
bo v

Tch mu tin
dn ng
Khi phc
knh truyn

Bin i
tng t/s

Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
Biu din ton hc ca ph :
Ph tn hiu OFDM l tng ph trn tng sng mang ph :

Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
Do cc sng mang ph l trc giao vi nhau nn cho kt qu hin
trn my phn tch ph tn hiu nh sau :

2 sn ph tn hiu c dc ln lm gim nhiu gia cc

knh khc nhau trong h thng

Mu tin dn ng

Mu tin dn ng chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s v min

thi gian
Khong cch gia 2 mu tin lin tip nhau phi tun theo qui lut ly mu c
min tn s v min thi gian
min tn s s bin i ca knh v tuyn ph thuc vo thi gian tr
truyn dn ln nht ca knh
Rf l t s ly mu
1
min tn s th
Rf =
>= 1
Df fs max
min thi gian s bin i ca hm truyn ph thuc vo tn s Doppler
Rt l t s ly mu
1
min thi gian th
Rt =
>=1
2 fD,max Dt(Ts + TG)

Trong trng hp cc iu kin khng c tha mn th tn hiu khng th

khi phc hon ton my thu

Mu tin dn ng
Nguyn tc :
Min thi gian

Mu tin c ch
Mu tin dn ng

Df

Min
tn s

CIR : p ng xung ca
knh truyn
Doppler

Dt

t
fd
-fd

BDf = DfBo
Bo=1/Ts

TDt= Dt.T
T = Ts + TG

Mu tin dn ng
Mu tin dn ng (pilot sub-carries) trong
min tn s :

H thng MIMO
MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output ) : h thng vi nhiu anten
pht v nhiu anten thu
Ci thin hiu qu s dng tn s cng
nh dung lng ca h thng thng tin
hn so vi h thng
1 anten pht 1 anten thu SISO
Vic nng cao hiu qu thu pht
ph thuc vo s lng anten thu pht
v tn x ca mi trng truyn dn

H thng MIMO-OFDM
Kt hp u im ca h thng MIMO v h thng OFDM

Cu trc my pht MIMO-OFDM :

Dng
bit

M khng
gian /thi
gian

iu ch
bng tn c s

Chn chui
bo v

(space/time

coding)

IDFT

iu ch
bng tn c s

IDFT

Chn chui
bo v

Cc b pht tn hiu OFDM c kt hp vi nhau thng qua b m

ha thi gian/ khng gian
B m ha ny nhm to to ra cc lung bit khc nhau cho anten
pht, tn dng s phn tp v khng gian ca cc tn hiu pht qua
cc anten khc nhau sa li ng truyn

S phn tp (diversity)
K thut phn tp l mt trong nhng phng php c dng
hn ch nh hng ca fading.
Trong thng tin di ng, k thut phn tp c s dng hn ch
nh hng ca fading a tia, tng tin cy ca vic truyn tin m
khng phi gia tng cng sut pht hay bng thng
Cc phng php phn tp thng gp l
phn tp tn s, phn tp thi gian, phn tp khng gian (phn tp
anten)
K thut phn tp anten hin ang c quan tm v ng dng vo
h thng MIMO nh :
+ kh nng khai thc hiu qu thnh phn khng gian trong nng
cao cht lng v dung lng h thng
+ gim nh hng ca fading
+ trnh c hao ph bng thng tn s yu t rt c quan
tm trong hon cnh ti nguyn tn s ngy cng khan him

S phn tp (diversity)
K thut phn tp cho php b thu (receiver) thu c nhiu bn
sao ca cng mt tn hiu truyn.
Cc bn sao ny cha cng mt lng thng tin nh nhau nhng t
c s tng quan v fading.
Tn hiu thu bao gm mt s kt hp hp l ca cc phin bn tn
hiu khc nhau s chu nh hng fading t nghim trng hn so
vi tng phin bn ring l.

Cc phng php kt hp thng gp:

B t hp theo kiu qut v la chn (Scanning and Selection
Combiners: SC) qut v la chn nhnh c t s SNR tt nht
B t hp vi cng li (Equal-Gain Combiners: EGC)
B t hp vi t s ti a (Maximal Ratio Combiners:MRC): t hp
tt c cc nhnh, vi h s ak t l thun vi tr hiu dng ca tn
hiu v t l nghch vi bnh phng trung bnh ca nhiu ti nhnh
th k.

S phn tp (diversity)

Qut la chn
(SC)

B t hp cng li
(EGC)

B t hp t s ti a
(MRC)

S phn tp (diversity)
Kho st trong trng hp 1 anten pht v nhiu anten thu :
SER (symbol error rate) : t l li mu tn hiu

SER trong 3 trng hp khi s

anten l 2 v iu ch QAM

SER phng php MRC khi tng s

anten t 1 n 4 v iu ch QPSK

M ha khng gian- thi gian

M khng gian-thi gian (Space-Time Codes-STC) do Tarokh v
cc ng s pht minh nm 1998 ti AT&T : l mt phng php
mang li hiu qu truyn tin trong vic phn tp pht trong mi
trng fading s dng nhiu anten

M ha khng gian- thi gian

Gi s c N anten pht v M anten thu
Vi mi k hiu sl u vo, b m ha to ra N k hiu m c
pht ng thi t N anten pht : cl,1; cl,2; cl,3,,cl,N
Vecto m cl= [cl,1; cl,2; cl,3,,cl,N]T
Pht dy vecto m
C = {C1, C2,, CL}
Li xy ra khi b gii m quyt nh sai rng ta pht 1 dy vecto
m khc
C = {C1, C2,, CL}
L
Xt khung d liu c u vo l L
Ma trn li A :
A(C, C) =
(Cl Cl)(Cl Cl)*

l 1

vi * l k hiu lin hp phc

M ha khng gian- thi gian

Xc sut li cp PEP (Pairwise Error Probability) c gii hn trn :

Hng ca
ma trn li
A

Tr ring khc khng

ca ma trn li A
r

P(CC)

( n)

-M

( Es / 4No )

-rM

n 1

Nng lng
k hiu
r

MH =

( n)
n 1

PT =

-M

-rM
( Es / 4No )

Mt ph cng sut
tp m

: tng ch m ha ca h thng
: tng ch phn tp ca h thng
MN (do r N)

M ha khng gian- thi gian

Da vo cc thng s trn ngi ta phn loi cc b m ha ra lm
2 loi chnh :
M khi khng gian thi
gian STBC (Space-Time Block
Coding)

M li khng gian thi

gian STTC (Space-Time Trellis
Coding)
(to ra s tng quan gia cc
tn hiu pht)

+C PT
+Khng c MH

+ B gii m n gin

+C PT
+C MH
+B gii m phc tp

M STTC
M STTC vi 4 v 8 trng thi s dng chm sao
QPSK thit k cho 2 anten pht
(10)2
3(11)

(00)0
1(10)
1 m 4 trng thi
00

00

01

01

10

10

11
11
Cc k hiu trong chm sao
tn hiu QPSK
Hnh 1

K hiu 11
v 00
c pht
ng thi
trn 2
anten
tng ng

1 m 8 trng thi
00
00
01

01

10

10

11

11

10

00

11

01

00

10

10
Hnh 2

11

M STTC

M STTC c thit k sao cho b gii m, thut ton Viterbi thut

ton gii m hp l cc i (Maximum Likelihood) c s dng tnh
ng hp l nht chy qua li c s o tch ly nh nht
S o tch ly c xc nh :
M

r
m 1

Tn hiu thu
c
anten m ti
thi im t

t,m

1, m s1 - 2, m s2

tng ch ng
truyn t anten pht 1
n anten thu m

tng ch ng
truyn t anten pht 2
n anten thu m

M STTC c tm bng h thng my tnh cho cht lng tt hn hn

cc m STTC trn (c thit k bng phng php tnh ton th cng)

M STTC
M STTC c tm bng h thng my tnh cho cht lng tt
hn hn cc m STTC trn (c thit k bng phng php tnh
ton th cng) :

Hnh 3

Hnh 4
M 4 trng thi QPSK

M STTC
Kt qu m phng cht lng m STTC da trn t l li khung FER (Frame Error
Rate) v SNR (dng cc hnh 1,2,3,4 trn)

4 trng thi

4 trng thi

4, 8 trng thi

2 anten pht,1 anten thu

2 anten pht, 2 anten thu

2 anten pht, 1 anten thu

Cht lng gn nh
nhau cc hnh

Cht lng m thay

i (hnh 5 v 6 c cht
lng tt hn hnh 3)

Tng s trng thi th

xc sut li khung
gim

H thng MIMO-OFDM
Nh c s phn tp m cht lng tn hiu c ci thin
B thu OFDM c chc nng ngc li so vi b pht

Tch chui
bo v

FFT

Tch chui
bo v

FFT

Gii iu ch
bng tn c s

Gii iu ch
bng tn c s

Gii m
khng gian/
thi gian
(space/time
coding)

Dng
bit