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HC VIN K THUT QUN S


KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
*** o0o ***

BO CO X L NH
TI: Vit chng trnh thc hin php bin i
nh theo phng php histogram equalization v
histogram matching

Gio vin hng dn:

Ha ai Dng

Sinh vin thc hin:

Bui Tun Huy

H NI, 12/2014

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I. Mt s khi nim
- Lc mc xam(Histogram) : Lc mc xam ca mt nh s
vi cac mc xam trong pham vi [0 , L] la mt ham ri rac h(a ) la s ln xut hin ca
mc xam a.
Vi L la s mc xam s dng trong F.

T l xut hin ca mc xam a trn nh:

, trong n la

tng s im nh ca nh.
- Bin i lc mc xam: Vi mi mc xam a, ta c ham chuyn i
s = T(a).
Trong T(a) phi tun th cac iu kin sau:
(1) : T(a) la n tr va n iu tng trong [0, L]
(2): T(a)

[0, L] vi mi a

[0, L] ;

- Tng cng nh ( Image Enhancement): Nhm hoan thin trang thai


quan sat ca mt nh. Bao gm iu khin mc xam, thay i tng phn
Trong pham vi bai tp em xin trnh bay 3 phng phap tng cng
nh da trn bin i lc mc xam: co dn lc mc xam, cn bng lc
mc xam, bin i lc mc xam theo mt lc mc xam c sn.
II. Cc php bin i.
1. Contrast stretching ( Co dn lc mc xam, dn tng phn)
a. C s l thuyt

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Cngthc1:

Trong : L la gia tr mc sang nht gin lc xam, a 0 la gia tr xam bt


u, amin la gia tr mc xam nh nht trn lc xam hin c, a max la gia tr xam ln
nht trn lc xam hin c.
Vi cng thc nay s cho phap dn hoc co lc mc xam trong
khoang [a0, L].
Cngthc2:

b. Cc bc ci t
i vi cng thc 1: cho php chn la gia tr ca L va a0
i vi cng thc 2:Cho php chn mc amin va amax.
Vi mi im nh thc hin php bin i theo cng thc.
c. Kt lun
Cng thc 1: Thay i sang va tng phn cu nh
Nu: L a0 < amax - amin th tng phn ca nh s thp i
L a0 > amax - amin th tng phn ca nh s tng ln
amax > L th sang ca nh s tng ln
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amax < L th sang ca nh s gim i.

Cng thc 2: Vi nhng nh ma cac mc xam chnh lch nhau khng nhiu
( tng phn thp) th ta cn dn ra thy r s khac bit. Trong phng phap nay
ta s lam ti nhng vung c mc xam nh hn a min, sang hn vung c mc xam ln
hn amax, khi ta s tri c khong mc xam [ amin, amax ] trn toan di [0, L].
i vi nh c di gia tr mc xam ln th bin i nay khng em lai hiu qu
my.
2. Histogram Equalization (Cn bng lc mc xam)
a.C s l thuyt
Cn bng lc mc xam tc la a lc mc xam v dang chun
(uniform) ng thi tri lc mc xam n gia tr L.
Ham chuyn i:

T(a)= L *

b. Cc bc ci t
Tnh lc mc xam h(a) ca nh.
Vi mi im nh thc hin anh xa theo cng thc trn.
c.Kt lun :
nhng vung ti gia tr im nh s khng thay i nhiu , tuy nhin vi vung
sang gia tr mc sang c y ln vi bc y tng dn. Vi php bin i nay s
khac nhau v gia tr xam ca cac im nh tng ln c th phn bit c.
Qua quan sat kt qu thu c em nhn thy: Php bin i nay thc hin tt
i vi nhng nh ti hoc qua sang. Tuy nhin i vi mt s nh c bt th
phng phap nay khng ci thin c my.
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3. Histogram Matching (Bin i lc mc xam theo mt lc mc


xam nh trc).
a.C s l thuyt
Ta c:
a : Gia tr xam ca mt im nh ca nh u vao.
z : Gia tr xam ca mt im nh ca nh u ra
tng : Ta s bin i lc xam ca nh u vao theo lc xam mu
c th nao .
Cc bc ca thut ton:
1. Tnh lc mc xam h(a) ca nh u vao.

2. Cn bng lc mc xam h(a) ta c: sk =

3. Cn bng lc mc xam mu ta c : vk =

vk =

= G(zk) = sk;

Nh vy : zk = G-1 (sk).
Tuy nhin trong thc t ta khng cn tm ham G -1 , thay vao ta s tm
mt s nguyn z^ nh nht trong khong [0, L] tho mn ( G(z ^) sk)

0, Khi zk

= z^ . ( k = 0,1,2,,L).
Bt u vi k =0 lp lai qua trnh trn cho n k = L. Tuy nhin tai mi
bc ta khng cn phi bt u vi z ^ =0 v cac gia tr ca sk la n iu tng. Do
tai bc th k+1, ta s bt u vi z^ = zk va tng cho n L.
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b. Cc bc ci t
- Cn bng mc xam ca nh u vao s(k)
- Cn bng lc xam mu v(k)
-Vi mi mc xam k thc hin cac anh xa k-> s[k]->v[k]->zk
z[0] = 255;
for (int i = 0; i <= 255; i++)
{
if ( i< z[0]&&(v[i]-s[0])>=0)
z[0] = i;
}
for (int k = 1; k <= 255; k++)
{
z[k] = 255;
for (int t = z[k-1]; t <= 255; t++)
{
if (t < z[k]&&(v[t]-s[k])>=0)
z[k] = t;
}
}

c. Kt lun
i vi bin i histogram matching nu tm c nh mu tt s cho kt qu
rt tt , cn nu nh mu khng c tt lm th kt qu ch nh ca bin i lc
xam thng thng thm ch khng tt bng.
4. Chun ho gamma.
a.C s l lun

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T(a)=L*

b. Tin hnh ci t
c.Kt lun

Nhn thy: Vi <1 th

do gia tr xam ca nh c tng ln hay

ni cach khac tng sang, ngc lai s gim sang.


Bin i gamma lam tng mc sang ca toan nh hoc gim mc xam
toan nh tu thuc vao gia tr gamma.
III. X l trn nh mu.
Trong bai tp nay em tin hanh x ly trn nh mau theo hai phng
phap:
1. Lm gi nh mu :
- Bin i nh mau t m hnh mau RGB thanh m hnh mau HSI
- Tin hanh bin i lc mc xam trn thanh phn I ca h HSI ( coi gia tr
V la mc xam ca im nh) thu c I
- Chuyn i ngc t HSI v RGB thu c nh mau sau khi tng cng
Bng cach chuyn i qua h mau trung gian HSI khi chuyn ngc v ta c
thun li la s dng c thng tin ca nh gc (thng qua thanh phn H va S)
Tuy nhin khi em thc hin bng phng phap gi nh mau (bin i v HSI)
khi chuyn ngc v nh mau kt qu khng c tt, mau b nhiu rt nhiu, c nh
kt qu c th chp nhn c c nhng c nhng nh gn nh b hng (c bit la
nhng nh c mau ), em ang c gng ci tin k thut cai t c th at c
kt qu tt hn.

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2. X l nh mu tht.
- Tach nh thanh 3 thanh phn R ,G,B .
- Thc hin bin i trn tng thanh phn R ,G,B ring bit. Vi mi thanh
phn thc hin nh i vi nh xam.
Thc hin phng phap nay em nhn thy nh mau thu c tt hn so vi
phng phap trn. Vn c nhiu nhng khng ang k.

3. Chuyn i gia RGB v HSI:


a. M hnh mu HSI.
c biu din bi 3 thanh phn: Hue(mau), Saturation( mc trng
c pha vao so vi mau gc) va Intensity (cng ).

Khi cn thay i mau ta ch cn thay i H va gi nguyn gia tr ca S


va I, tng t i vi trng hp thay i S hoc thay i I. Ni cach khac ta c th
thay i c lp cac thanh phn H,S,I ca m hnh HSI.
b. Thut ton.
- Bin i nh mau t m hnh mau RGB thanh m hnh mau HSI.

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- Tin hanh bin i lc mc xam trn thanh phn I ca h HSI ( coi gia tr
I la mc xam ca im nh) thu c I.
- Chuyn i ngc t HSI v RGB thu c nh mau sau khi tng cng.
Bng cach chuyn i qua h mau trung gian HSI khi chuyn ngc v ta c
thun li la s dng c thng tin ca nh gc (thng qua thanh phn H va S)
c. Cc bc ci t
- Chuyn t m hnh RGB v m hnh HSI theo cng thc:

H=

- Thc hin bin i I theo cac phng phap trn.


- Chuyn t m hnh HSI v m hnh RGB theo cng thc:
+ 0 H < 120o( Lc nay mau nm t Red n Green):

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+ 120o H < 240o(Mau nm t gii Green n Blue): H = H - 120o

+ 240o H 360o (Mau nm t Blue n Red):H = H - 240o.

IV. HNG PHT TRIN N


- C gng hoan thin cai t bin i RGB-> HSI->RGB.
- Cac phng phap bin i Global Histogram trn la ph bin va tt
cho hu ht cac nh. Tuy nhin i vi nhng nh ma c nhng vung tt ri va c
vung cha c tt (ta ch mun tng cng nhng vung cha tt ) th nhng
phng phap trn lai khng hiu qu bng tng cng Histogram cc b v th em s
th cai t thm mt s phng phap local histogram enhancement thc nghim
nhng nh trn.

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