Ging vin hng dn: TS.

V Vn Ton
Hc vin thc hin: L Phc Thnh Nguyn
Lp: Sinh hc thc nghim K12

Ni Dung Chnh
1. Mt s vai tr ca axt bo
2. Tng quan v s chuyn ha axt bo
3. Axt bo nh mt ngun nng lng
4. Tiu ha v vn chuyn
5. Oxy ha
6. iu ha v kim sot

1. Mt s vai tr ca axt bo
- Axt bo l mt ngun nng lng quan trng i
vi nhiu sinh vt.
- Lng glucose d tha c th c lu tr mt
cch hiu qu di dng cht bo.
- Triglyceride (cht bo trung tnh) cung cp nng
lng nhiu gp hai ln so vi cng mt khi
lng cacbohydrat hoc prtin.
- Tt c cc mng t bo u c cu thnh bi
lp phospholipid kp.
- Cc axt bo cng c s dng trong qu trnh
chuyn ha prtin.

Do s chuyn ha cht bo bao

gm:
- Cc qu trnh d ha to ra nng
lng, m ch yu l chuyn ha t cc
axt bo.
- Qu trnh ng ha to cc phn t
quan trng v mt sinh hc t cc axt
bo v cc ngun cacbon khc t khu
phn n.

2. Tng quan v s chuyn ha axt bo

- S phn gii lipit c thc hin bi
lipase.
- Sau khi tch khi glycerol, axt bo t do
c th c khch tn vo mu v c.
- Qu trnh beta oxy ha ct chui cacbon
di ca cc axt bo thnh acetyl CoA, m
cui cng c th i vo chu trnh TCA.

Tng qut, -oxy ha hay s phn gii cc axt bo

t do din ra nh sau:
1. Kh hyr bi acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, to 1
FADH2.
2. Hyrat ha bi enoyl-CoA hydratase.
3. Kh hyr bi 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase,
to 1 NADH.
4. Phn ct bi thiolase, to 1 acetyl-CoA v 1 axt bo
c lm ngn i 2 cacbon (acyl-CoA).

Chu k ny lp i lp li cho n khi

axt bo c phn ct hon ton n
acetyl-CoA.
Trong trng hp cc axt bo c s
lng nguyn t cacbon l s l th s to
ra acetyl-CoA v 1 mol propionyl-CoA
trn mi mol ca axt bo.

3. Axt bo nh mt ngun nng lng

Axt bo c lu tr trong c th di dng
triglyceride (cht bo trung tnh), l mt ngun
nng lng quan trng bi v chng u c tnh
kh v khan.
Nng lng sinh ra t 1 gam axt bo khong
9 Kcal (37 KJ), so vi 4 Kcal/g (17 KJ/g) t 1 gam
cacbohydrat.

Do phn hydrocacbon ca axt bo k nc nn cc

phn t ny c th c d tr trong mt mi trng
tng i khan (khng c nc).
Trong khi , cacbohydrat ngm nhiu nc.
V d: 1g glycogen c th kt hp vi khong 2g nc,
tc 1,33 Kcal/g (4 Kcal/3g).
iu ny c ngha l cc axt bo c th cha nng
lng nhiu gp su ln. Ni cch khc, nu c th
ngi da vo cacbohydrat d tr nng lng, mt
ngi s cn phi mang theo 67,5 lb (31 kg) glycogen
ngm nc c nng lng tng ng vi 10 lb (5
kg) cht bo.

ng vt ng ng l mt v d tt cho
vic s dng cht bo d tr nh l nhin liu.
V d: gu ng ng khong 7 thng v
trong thi gian ny ton b nng lng c
ly t s phn gii ca cht bo d tr.

Chim rui chu M bay khng ngng gia

New England (ng Bc Hoa K) v Ty n
(khong 2.400 km) tc 40 km/h trong 60 gi.
iu ny ch c th nh cc cht bo d tr.

4. Tiu ha v vn chuyn
Cc axt bo thng c a vo ng
tiu ha di dng cht bo trung tnh
(triglyceride), khng th c hp th bi rut.
Chng c phn ct thnh cc axt bo t
do v monoglyceride bi enzym lipase tuyn
ty, l mt phc hp 1:1 vi mt prtin c
gi l colipase, cn thit hot ha n.

Phc hp hot ha ch c th lm
vic ti b mt cht bo - nc, l l do
m cc axt bo thit yu c nh ha
(chuyn thnh th sa) bi mui mt
cc enzym ny hot ng ti u.
Do nhng ngi ct b ti mt
v si mt gp rt nhiu kh khn trong
tiu ha cht bo.

Hu ht c hp th di dng cc axt bo t
do v 2-monoglyceride, nhng mt phn nh c
hp th di dng glycerol t do v di dng
diglyceride.
Sau khi qua thnh rut, chng c bin i
thnh triglyceride v c ng gi thnh cc ht
nh trp hoc cc ti m, c gii phng vo
trong mch nh trp, cc mao mch ca h thng
bch huyt v sau vo mu.
Cui cng, chng bm vo mng cc t bo
gan, t bo to m hay cc si c, ni chng c
hoc d tr hoc b xi ha to nng lng.

Gan hot ng nh mt c quan chuyn ha

chuyn ha cc axt bo, x l cc ht nh trp tha v
cc ti m thnh cc dng lipprtin khc nhau, c
th l VLDL (very low density lipoprotein prtin
mt rt thp) v LDL (low density lipoprotein
prtin mt thp).
Cc axt bo tng hp do gan c bin i thnh
cht bo trung tnh (triglyceride) v vn chuyn v
mu di dng VLDL.
Trong cc m ngoi vi, enzym lipoprotein lipase
tiu ha mt phn ca VLDL to LDL v axt bo t
do, cung cp cho s trao i cht. iu ny c thc
hin bng vic loi b cc cht bo trung tnh
(triglyceride) cha trong VLDL.

Phn cn li ca VLDL hp th cholesterol t

cc lipprtin tun hon khc, tr thnh LDLs.
LDL c hp th qua cc th th LDL. N to
mt c ch hp thu LDL vo trong t bo, v
bin i n thnh axt bo, cholesterol, v cc
thnh phn khc ca LDL.
Gan iu khin nng cholesterol trong mu
bng cch loi b LDL. Mt loi lipprtin khc
gi l lipprtin mt cao (hay HDL) thu thp
cholesterol, glycerol v axt bo trong mu v vn
chuyn chng n gan.

Tm li:
- Cc ht nh trp vn chuyn lipit c ngun gc t
thc n vo cc t bo ca c th.
- VLDL vn chuyn lipit tng hp bi gan n cc
t bo trong c th.
- LDL vn chuyn cholesterol vng quanh c th.
- HDL vn chuyn cholesterol t c th tr li gan
phn gii v bi tit.

Khi lng ng trong mu thp, glucagon bo

hiu cho cc t bo to m hot ha hormon
sensitive lipase, v chuyn i triglyceride thnh
axt bo t do. Nhng cht ny c tnh ha tan rt
thp trong mu, thng khong 1 M. Tuy nhin,
loi prtin di do nht trong mu - albumin huyt
thanh, lin kt vi cc axt bo t do, tng kh
nng ha tan ln ~ 1 mM.
V vy, albumin huyt thanh vn chuyn axt
bo n cc b phn nh c v gan cung cp cho
qu trnh oxy ha khi lng ng trong mu thp.

5. Oxy ha
S phn gii axit bo l qu trnh m trong
cc axt bo b phn ct, kt qu l gii phng nng
lng. N bao gm ba bc chnh:
- Hot ha v vn chuyn vo ty th.
- -oxy ha.
- Chui vn chuyn in t.
Cc axt bo c vn chuyn qua mng ngoi
ti th bi carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I),
v sau c chuyn qua mng trong ti th bi
carnitine.

Mt khi bn trong c cht ti th, phc axt bocarnitine phn ng vi coenzym A gii phng
cc axt bo v to nn acetyl-CoA. CPT-I c tin
l c cc bc gii hn mc trong qu trnh oxy
ha axt bo.
Khi bn trong c cht ti th, cc axt bo tri
qua qu trnh -oxy ha. Trong qu trnh ny, phn
t acetyl-CoA (2 cacbon) c tch ra nhiu ln t
cc axt bo. Acetyl-CoA sau c th i vo chu
trnh TCA, to nn NADH v FADH2. Sau
NADH v FADH2 c s dng trong cc dy
chuyn vn chuyn in t to ra ATP, ng tin
nng lng ca t bo.

Bn cnh -oxy ha, i khi cn c cc con

ng oxi ho khc:
- -oxy ha c s dng cho cc nhnh axt
bo khng th trc tip tri qua qu trnh -oxy
ha.
- Cc mng li ni cht trn ca gan c th
thc hin -oxy ha, ch yu gii c nhng c
th tr nn ph bin trong cc trng hp qu trnh
-oxy ha b trc trc.
Cc axt bo vi chui cacbon qu di (20
cacbon hoc nhiu hn) u tin c phn ct to
ra cc kch c ph hp (d s dng) trong
peroxisomes.

6. iu ha v kim sot
Trong mt thi gian di ngi ta cho rng
hormon sensitive lipase (HSL) l cc enzym thy phn
triacylglyceride n axt bo t do t cht bo (s
phn gii cht bo). Tuy nhin, gn y cho thy
rng hu ht cc HSL ch chuyn i triacylglyceride
thnh monoglyceride v cc axt bo t do.
Monoglyceride c thy phn bi monoglyceride
lipase.
Adipose triglyceride lipase (enzym thy phn
triglyceride dng m) c th c mt vai tr c bit
trong
chuyn
i
triacylglyceride
thnh
diacylglyceride, trong khi diacylglyceride l nhng c
cht tt nht cho HSL. HSL c iu ha bi hormon
insulin, glucagon, norepinephrin, v epinephrine.

Glucagon c lin quan vi hin tng lng

ng huyt thp, v epinephrine c lin quan vi
vic tng cng nhu cu trao i cht. Trong c hai
trng hp u cn c nng lng, v cc qu trnh
oxy ha cc axt bo c tng ln p ng nhu
cu .
Glucagon, norepinephrin, v epinephrine kt
hp thnh G prtin - cp th quan, n hot ha
adenylate cyclase (enzym to AMP t ATP) sn
xut AMP vng. cAMP c to thnh kch hot
enzym proteinkinase A, n phosphoryl ha (v hot
ha) hormon sensitive lipase.

Khi glucose trong mu cao, s phn gii lipit

c c ch bi insulin. Insulin kch hot prtin
Phosphatase 2A, n dephosphoryl ha HSL, do
c ch hot ng ca n. Insulin cn kch hot
cc enzym phosphodiesterase, ph v cAMP v
ngng s phosphoryl ha tr li ca prtin
kinase A.