Công nghệ chế biến thủy sản - cá ngừ ngâm dầu đóng hộp

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH

KHOA LIN THNG & VA HC VA LM
----oo0oo-----
TIU LUN MN
CNG NGH CH BIN THY SN

TI
GVHD: Th.S NGUYN TH THANH BNH

LP: HTP8ALT
SVTH: NHM 4
TP.H Ch Minh, Thng 06, Nm 2013
DANH SCH NHM
STT
H & TN
MSSV
VNG VN HI
12082721
NGUYN GIA LINH
12080921
L NGC THO
12087391
V TH KIM HNG
12063081
TRN TH L
12080441
PHM TH THY NGN
12067721
IM
NHN XT CA GIO VIN

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Mc lc
1.1Qu trnh tit trng ............................................................................................................................1
1.1.1. H vi sinh vt trong hp c [2].......................................................................1

1.2.1 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu [3].........................................................................5
1.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng..........................................................................................6
II NGUYN LIU.....................................................................................................7
2.1 Nguyn liu chnh..............................................................................................................................7
3.1 Quy trnh: [2-5-6]............................................................................................................................14
3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh ....................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Tip nhn v kim tra nguyn liu.....................................................................15

3.2.2 S ch nguyn liu.............................................................................................15
3.2.3 Hp.................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Lm ngui..........................................................................................................17
3.2.6 Ct c, xp hp..................................................................................................18
3.2.7 Rt dch.............................................................................................................19
3.2.8 Bi kh, ghp m.................................................................................................20
3.2.9 Tit trng...........................................................................................................20
3.2.11 Hon thin........................................................................................................22
3.2.12 Sn phm........................................................................................................23
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................28
ti: C ng ngm du ng hp
GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh
I. C S KHOA HC [2]
Sn xut hp thc phm ni chung, sn xut c ng hp ni ring, qu trnh
thanh trng, tit trng c tc dng quyt nh ti kh nng bo qun v cht lng ca
thc phm. y l bin php bo qun thc phm theo nguyn l tiu dit mm mng
gy h hng thc phm bng nhiu phng php khc nhau: dng in cao tn, tia ion
ha, siu m, lc thanh trng v tit trng. Tuy nhin trong sn xut hp phng
php tit trng c s dng ph bin nht.
1.1 Qu trnh tit trng
Mc tiu ca qu trnh tit trng [2]
Bo t ym kh clostridium botulinum l mc tiu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin nhit
v:
-
C th sn sinh ra c t lm ch ngi d liu lng thp.
C kh nng hnh thnh bo t, rt bn nhit.
- Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht nguyn

liu iu nhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng qaun h mt thit ti lnh vc an ton thc
phm.
Tc dng ca qu trnh tit trng [1]
Trong sn xut hp thc phm, tit trng l mt qu trnh quan trng, c tc

dng quyt nh ti kh nng bo qun v cht lng ca thc phm. Tit trng tiu
dit ton b vi sinh vt ( dng t bo sinh dng hay bo t) v c ch khng thun
nghch cc enzyme trong thc phm. Sau qu trnh tit trng, sn phm s tr nn v
trng. Nh vy, qu trnh tit trng khng nhng m bo cho sn phm an ton v
mt vi sinh m cn ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm, gip n nh cc ch tiu cht
lng ca sn phm trong thi gian di sau khi ch bin.
Tuy nhin, tit trng cng gy ra nhng bin i bt li lm nh hng xu n gi
tr dinh dng v cm quan ca sn phm.
1.1.1. H vi sinh vt trong hp c [2]
Cc h vi sinh vt tn ti trong hp nguy him nht l cc loi vi khun, sau
mi n nm men v nm mc. C th chia thnh cc loi sau:
Loi hiu kh:
SVTH: Nhm 4_ Lp HTP8ALT
1
Trang
- Bacillus mesentericus: c nha bo, khng c. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong

1 gi. Loi ny pht trin nhanh nhit 370C.
- Bacillus subtilis: c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 100 0C trong 1 gi,
1150C trong 6 pht. Loi ny khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 - 350C.
Loi k kh:
- Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. N
phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH 3, ri thi NH3, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2. Nha
bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c
t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny pht trin rt mnh 27 58 0C. Nhit
ti thch l 370C.
- Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy bnh,
nhit ti thch l 370C
Loi va hiu kh va k kh:
- Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha bo.
Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 - 700C.
- Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo.
Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 - 700C. Pht trin nhanh
nhit thng.
Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t:
- Bacillus botulinus: cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Loi ny ch b nhim
khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng
khng mnh: 1000C l 30 pht, 1150C l 10 pht, 1200C l 4 pht. c t b ph
hy hon ton khi un nng 800C trong 30 pht.
- Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo
nhng c c t.
Enzyme: gy ra cc bin i ha sinh v cm quan sn phm.
1.1.2 Phng php tit trng bng s dng nhit
Tit trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php tit
trng ph bin nht trong sn xut hp. Khi nng nhit ca mi trng qu nhit
ti thch ca vi sinh vt th hot ng ca vi sinh vt b chm li. nhit cao,
2
Trang
protid ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu

trnh ng t protid ny khng thun nghch, nn hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc
hi sau khi h nhit. [2]
Qu trnh tit trng gm 3 giai on: [1]
- Giai on 1: gia nhit mu thc phm t nhit ban u n nhit tit trng.
- Giai on 2: gi mu thc phm nhit tit trng chn.
- Giai on 3: lm ngui thc phm t nhit tit trng v nhit thch hp cho
qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
Cng thc tit trng tng qut tng :
a
A
B
C
P
0
T
a: Thi gian ui khng kh ra khi thit b (bng hi nc),

tnh bng pht. Thi gian ui kh thng ko di : 5 - 10 pht
A: Thi gian nng nhit , trong thit b cha hp, t
nhit ban u ti nhit tit trng cn thit (pht).
B: Thi gian gi nhit khng i trong thit b tit trng (pht).
C: Thi gian h nhit xung nhit c th ly hp ra (pht)
T: Nhit tit trng (0C)
P: p sut i khng trong thit b tit trng
1.1.3 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh tit trng [1]
Bin i vt l
Qu trnh tit trng lm cho cu trc m, xng c tr nn mm mi, gip d tiu
ha.
Bin i ha sinh
Nhit thc y cc phn ng ha hc xy ra, ch yu l phn ng Maillard. y
l phn ng gia nhm kh (-CHO, =CO) ca ng v nhm amino (NH 3) ca cc
acid amin. Phn ng ny lm gim cht lng ca sn phm.
Cc bin i do enzyme b nh ch do hu ht enzyme b v hot bi nhit cao.
Bin i ha l

3
Trang
S gia tng v gim nhit trong qu trnh tit trng gy ra nhng bin i v pha
nh nc v nhng cht d bay hi s chuyn sang pha kh, protein ha tan c th b
ng t v chuyn sang pha rn.
Bin i vi sinh
Nhit cao lm cho qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo sinh vt ngng li, cc vi
sinh vt b c ch hoc tiu dit.
1.1.4 Cc yu t nh hng qu trnh tit trng [1-3]
H vi sinh vt
Trong mi loi hp ngi ta chn ra i tng vi sinh vt nguy him nht
tiu dit. Trong hp c, vic tiu dit loi vi khun Clostridium Botulinum v nha
bo ca n c xem l tiu chun tit trng ti thiu ca hp. Ngoi ra, trong
hp tht c cn c loi vi khun bn nhit hn Clostridium Botulinum nh:
C.sporogenes, C.putrificum. i vi nhng loi a nhit ny, chng ta cn phi tun
th ch tit trng nghim ngt th mi tiu dit c chng.
c tnh sn phm
Trng thi cu trc ca c nh hng n kh nng truyn nhit t bn ngoi vo
bn trong do kh nng b tiu dit ca cc loi vi sinh vt cng khc nhau. Nng
mui cao lm cho vi sinh vt b yu i v d b tiu dit do hin tng co nguyn sinh.
Tnh cht vt l ca sn phm
Tnh cht vt l ca sn phm cng nh hng ti ch tit trng. Do ngi ta
xp c trong mt cht lng sao cho khong cch dn nhit l nh nht. Ngi ta cn
tm cch lm tng tc truyn nhit trong hp bng phng php xoay trn. Chuyn
ng ca khong khng trn nh hp trong khi quay s y nhanh s chuyn ng
ca cht lng, ngha l s y nhanh s i lu.
Bao b sn phm
Ch tit trng ph thuc vo vt liu lm bao b, hnh dng v kch c ca bao
bi vi bao b lm bng kim loi th b mt truyn nhit cng ln, thi gian tit
trng cng nhanh.
Kh nng k thut ca thit b tit trng

4
Trang
Thit b tit trng lm vic lin tc v c p sut cao th c nhiu u vit hn thit
b gin on.
Cng un nng hp trong qu trnh u ca tit trng ph thuc vo hiu s
nhit gia hp v hi nng trong thit b tit trng. Vn tc truyn nhit vo sn
phm gim dn theo mc gim dn s chnh lch nhit gia bn trong v bn
ngoi hp. Nhit ca sn phm trong hp tin dn n nhit ca thit b truyn
nhit theo mt ng tim cn.
Thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm
Ch tit trng cng ph thuc vo pH ca sn phm. Sn phm c pH cao
(pH > 4.5) th nhit tit trng thng ln hn 1000 C. Sn phm c pH thp (pH
< 3.7) th nhit tit trng thng thp hn nhng phi m bo v trng cng
nghip.
Ngoi ra, cht bo trong sn phm cng cn lu v chng c h s dn nhit thp.
1.2 Qu trnh hp- lm ngui
Hp l mt qu trnh ch bin nhit ngn hn c trong hi nc nng. C c lm
chn bng hi nc nng. Sau c c ngui. Hp lm bin tnh khng thun
nghch protein trong c. Ngoi ra, hp cn lm v hot cc loi enzyme c trong
nguyn liu nh protease, lipase.
1.2.1 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu [3]
- Vt l: khi lng ca nguyn liu gim do mt phn nc trong tht c thot ra
ngoi lm thay i hnh dng, cu trc ca c nh: dai, cng.
- Ho l: mt s cht trch ly trong c i ra ngoi, kh trong gian bo, cc cht
bay hi cng th, nhng cht bay hi ny cho c mi c bit.
- Ho hc: trong qu trnh hp di tc dng ca nhit, protid trong tht c b ng
t, hin tng ny km theo vic tch nc ra khi c, kt qu lm cho tht c sn li,
v hnh thi bn ngoi tt hn.
- Sinh hc: tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt
nguyn liu.
- Ho sinh: nhit lm c ch v v hot mt s enzyme trong c.
- Cm quan: gim mi tanh ca c, tht c sn chc li, hnh thnh trng thi bn
ngoi tt hn, to mi v ring cho c, gi tr thnh phm tng ln.
5
Trang
1.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng
- Nhit : nhit nh hng n mc v hot enzyme, bin tnh protein v h
vi sinh vt c trong c. Khi tng nhit th kh nng v hot enzyme v vi sinh vt
tng. Tuy nhin nhit qu cao lm cho cc cht mn cm vi nhit b ph hy nh
hng n cht lng nguyn liu.
- Thi gian: khi tng thi gian hp nguyn liu, hiu qu c ch enzyme v vi sinh
vt cng tng theo. Tuy nhin nu tng thi gian lu s nh hng n nguyn liu v
mt dinh dng v cm quan.
- Kch thc v hnh dng nguyn liu: kch thc v hnh dng nh hng n
din tch tip xc ca c vi nhit hp. Do nh hng n tc truyn nhit.
- Cu trc nguyn liu: cu trc tht c nh hng ti mc truyn nhit t bn
ngoi vo bn trong.

6
Trang
II NGUYN LIU
2.1 Nguyn liu chnh
C ng c gi tr thc phm cao. Trn th gii mi nm ngi ta nh c 600700 nghn tn v dng ch yu cho sn xut hp.
Tht c ng c mu hoc sm, trong c ng c nhiu huyt, 5-6% trng
lng c ti. Mun sn xut c ng ng hp c tt, c phi c lm sch huyt
v huyt cn st li trong c ng s lm cho mu sc, hng v ca c km i, ng
thi nh hng n vic bo qun. huyt phi ly khi c cn ti.
Thn nhit ca loi c ng bo cao hn nhiu so vi nhng loi c khc. Hu ht
cc loi c thn nhit cao hn mi trng xung quanh 1-2 0C nhng c ng hiu s
ny ln n 100C v th m tht c ng chng hng hn so vi nhng loi c khc. [13]
Thnh phn dinh dng
Tht c ng ngon, c hm lng cc cht dinh dng cao, c bit giu axit bo
khng no a ni i thit yu omega-3, cc nguyn t vi lng photpho, it v
vitamine B12. Kt qu phn tch t l cc thnh phn chnh trong tht c ti cho thy:
Phn loi
C ng ch
C ng chm
C ng vy
vng
C mi kim
C thu chm
C thu ngng
C thu vch
Thnh phn chnh (g)
Mui khong(mg)
344
A
(mcg
)
90
13
B1
(mg
)
0.26
0.1
Vitamin
B2
(mg
)
0.24
0.22
PP
(mg
)
14.7
7.1
C
(mg
)
0
0
140
0.02
0.21
16
109
109
228
228
20
134
35
134
0.07
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.11
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.5
3.3
6
3.3
0
0
0
0
Nng
ln
g
N
c
Protei
n
Lipi
d
Tro
Calc
i
Phos
-pho
S
t
Natri
Kali
119
117
72.5
72.7
24
23.2
2.6
2.7
1.2
1.4
4
20
248
273
1.2
1.6
51
107
74.4
23.6
1.4
2.3
65
471
113
103
156
103
75.5
76.3
70.3
76.3
19.2
19.4
20
19.4
1.3
2.8
8.4
2.8
19
1.5
1.3
1.5
195
17
22
17
0.9
230
190
230
0.8
30
0.8
Nhng ch tiu c cc nh sn xut c ng hp quan tm trc ht l t l % ca

cc b phn trong tng trng lng c th ca c:
- Vy c: 0,58-0,65, trung bnh 0,62%
- Ni tng: 11,88-13,02, trung bnh 12,5%
- u:19,77-20,96, trung bnh 20,3% Xng 10,75-12,38, trung bnh 11,5%
- Tht c fillet: 4,22-56,85, trung bnh 55,3%

7
Trang
Mt ch tiu khc cng c ngha quan trng vi cc nh sn xut hp l t l

% tht trng lm hp, ph thuc vo loi c. y chnh l t l tht c thc s s
dng ng hp sau khi loi b da, phn tht v nu m (t 6-12,15%):
- C ng vn: 32,80%
- C ng b: 32,19%
- C ng ch: 28,31%
- C ng chm: 27,94%
Nhng loi c ng dng ch bin hp: c ng vn, c ng vy vng, c ng
b, c ng sc da, c ng vy di,..trong sn xut c ng ngm du s dng c ng
vy di l tt nht k n l c vy vng v cui cng l c ng vn. C ng vy di
ng hp thng c gi l white meat tuna - c ng tht trng, cn c ng vn v
c ng vy vng ng hp c mu m hn mt cht c gi l light meat tuna.
Trong cc loi sn phm c ng ng hp, c ng vy di c coi l sn phm cao
cp v c v ngon ni tri. Cn vi loi light meat, cht lng tt nht l c ng vy
vng v tht chc hn v t cn ph phm hn c ng vn. [12]
Di y l thnh phn ha hc ca c ng vy di v c ng vy vng [13]
Loi c ng
Germo alalunga (C ng vy di)
Neothunnus macropterus (c ng vy vng)
Hm lng trong tht c

Nc
Protit
Lipit
Tro
60 -70
6 14 23 26
1,2 1,3
64 - 72 3 8
23 26
1,2 1,6
C ng vn
Tn
khoa
hc:
Katsuwonus
pelamis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
- Kch thc trung bnh: di 41-65cm, nng
2400-2900g.
C th hnh thoi, ko di v trn. Rng
nh. C th da trn ngoi tr dng ao giap boc thn trn v b.
Phn b rng khp bin Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, vng tp trung nhiu, mt cao
thng thy bin min Trung. L loi c ng nh i thnh n ln, i khi vo gn
b kim n i ln vi n c ng ch v ng . C ng vn di c xa, khng thch nh
8
Trang
sng, thch tp trung quanh cc vt tri ni trn bin v ch ro. c ng vn l loi c

ni v c tm thy vng bin xa b n su 260 m. Chng cng thng i cng
vi cc n c heo. Ng c khai thc ch yu l li r v li vy. [11]
Germo alalunga( c ng vy di)
Tn khoa hc: Germo alalunga
L loi c bin ln thuc h c thu ng.
thng sng vng nc m.phn b xa
hn ngoi khi. C ny c gi tr kinh t
cao v thng c bn ti hay s dng
trong sn xut hp v tht c c mu trng sa.
M t:
- C th c hnh thoi, ko di v hi nn. Rng nh v hnh nn. C ng vy di di
c xa, v loi c ni.
- Mu sc: mt bn di mu xanh ng nh m nht chy dc bn trong c sng;
u vy lng mu vng sm, vy lng v vy hu mn th hai nh sng mu vng,
vy ph hu mn ti; ra ca vy ui mu trng.
- Ng c khai thc c ng vy di ch yu l bng ngh cu ko. [11]
Neothummus maeropterus (c ng vy vng)
C ng vy vng (Yellowfin tuna - Thunnus albacares
[Bonnaterre, 1788]):
Kch thc khai thc ln nht: di 2,3m, nng 200 kg.
L loi c ng ln, sng v di c vng nc xa b v
cc vng nc i dng. Vit Nam, c ng vy vng ch
phn b bin min Trung v ng Nam B, tp trung nhiu bin khi vng bin
Khnh Ho.
Cc ng vy vng c xu hng bi thnh by vi nhng loi c khc c cng kch
c, bao gm cc loi c ng khc cng nh cc loi c ln hn khc nh c heo, c voi
hay c nhm voi. C ng vy vng n cc loi c nh khc, ng vt gip xc hay
mc. Ng c khai thc ch yu l cu vng, li r, ng. [11]
c t trong c ng: [9-10]
9
Trang
C ng l ngun cht m rt tt tuy nhin, c ng c cha histamine rt cao.

Histamine l mt amin sinh hc, cng thc ha hc l C 5H9 N3. C tnh ht nc, chu
c nhit cao m khng b ph hy v lin quan trong h min dch cc b cng nh
vic duy tr chc nng sinh l ca rut v hot ng nh mt cht dn truyn thn
kinh.
Histamine c hnh thnh do vi sinh vt pht trin sn sinh ra enzyme v tc ng
gy chuyn acid amin Histidine thnh Histamine trong c nh vi khun
Enterobacteriaceae; Morganella morganii... Vi khun Morganella morganii l loi co
kha nng to ra Histamine nhiu nht. Cht ny c to ra khi c cht. C cht sau
sau 4 - 6 gi l b phn hy, cng vi hm lng m c trong c cao cng lm cho c
mau b h v hm lng histamine s tng ln rt nhiu. c t histamine c khp
c th c, nhng thng tch t nhiu nhng ni d b nhim vi sinh vt nh phn
rut c (khi c cht) hay trn da c vn thng c cc tuyn dch. Khi n c ng
hoc bt c thc n no m c th khng chu tip nhn thng a n phn ng d
ng trong c vai tr ca histamine. Histamine l cht c sn trong c th, bnh
thng n c gi bn trong t bo bch cu v khng gy hi. Ch khi histamine
c phng thch t cc bch cu ra trng thi t do v gn vo cc th th (l ni tip
nhn) mt s ni trong c th v c th gy d ng.
Histamine c c tnh chu nhit, thm ch khi c nu chn cng khng b ph
hy. V vy, nu c bin c cha lng Histamine cao vn khng mt i trong qu
trnh un nu. c tinh cua Histamine phu thuc va tng lng Histamine n phi.
Nu lng n vo t 8 mg - 40 mg Histamine, ngi nhy cm s b chy nc mt,
nc bt; nu lng n vo t 1.500 mg 4.000 mg, ngi n c biu hin nh nhc
u, au bng, tiu chy, mch nhanh, kh th, ni ban...
Trong ch bin thy sn gii hn cho php i vi hm lng histamine: 100mg/kg
(TCVN 5289 : 2006)
Bin php phng nga ng t do Histamine trong c ng
- La chn, s ch, ch bin thc n t c bin hp v sinh an ton thc phm (C

c bo qun trong nhit lnh, c cn ti, tht c chc, mt trong, mang , ct ra
10
Trang
cn mu ti, bng c cn kn, vy c dnh chc vo thn, mi tanh nh v gi mu

xm c trng ca c, c ra sch, ch bin phi m bo nhit theo quy nh,
nu c chn k ) v kt qu kim nghim ch tiu Histamine trong c phi di 200
mg/kg
- Nhng ng dn, ngi kinh doanh phi bo qun c trong nh bt, kinh doanh v
tiu dng i vi cc loi c bin, c bit l c ng, c nc, c thu... nhit lnh
trong sut qu trnh nh bt, vn chuyn, bo qun, kinh doanh v trc khi ch bin
i vi cc loi c bin.
- i vi bp n tp th phi tun th y cc quy nh v sinh an ton thc phm
mi c hot ng.
Ch tiu cm quan [5]
Thn c
Co cng, trn bn tay thn c khng b qun xung
Ming c
Ngm cng
Mang c
Dn cht xung hoa kh, khng c nht
Mt c
Nhn cu li v trong
Bng v hu mn Bng khng phnh, hu mn tht su vo, mu trng nht
Phn ng giy qu Acid
Ngoi ra, cn mt s yu cu sau:
- Mnh c sch khng bm nhiu bn ct, c t cht nhn vi mu trong t nhin,
khng c.
- C chm hn trong nc
- Nu m c th rut, mt cn nguyn vn, khng c mi tanh hi.
Ch tiu ha l (i vi c ti)
- Hm lng NH3: 15 25 mg/100g
- pH ca m c: 6,6 6,9 lm cho giy qu xanh chuyn thnh mu hng.
- M c khng c hin tng thy phn v oxi ha.
2.2. Nguyn liu ph [7-8]
Du
Du s dng nhm lm tng hng v v ngoi ra cn c tc dng bo qun nn
cn t nhng tiu chun sau:
Trng thi cm quan: mu sc bnh thng ( c trng cho tng loi) trong,
khng vn c, khng i kht, khng c mi v khc l.
11
Trang
Ch tiu l ho:
+ Hm lng nc khng qu 0,2- 0,3%.

+ chua khng qu 6 (s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ho 100g du).
+ Phn ng Kreiss (xc nh i kht): m tnh.
+ Ch s Peroxyt khng qu 5 (s mol Natri thiosunfat 0,002N (N/500)
dng kh 1g du.
Bt ngt ( Natriglutamate E621)
Natri glutamate c v mn hi ngt, tan nhiu trong nc. Khi b sung thm v
sn phm s tng cng c v ring ca mi sn phm m khng lm thay i sn
phm.
Mt khc bt ngt cn c mt tnh cht c bit l y li c nhng sc thi
khng thch hp v hng v ca sn phm nh sunfit, chua, mui, ha cht.
Bt ngt c thm vo vi mt t l rt thp nn c xem nh l mt gai v trong
sn phm
Bt ngt ch c tc dng iu v tt vi cc v mn, ng v chua nhng li khng
nh hng n v ngt
Mui
Mui s dng trong ch bin l mui n phi nc tun theo tiu chun (TCVN 3
974-84) v t nhng ch tiu sau:
Tn ch tiu
Thng hng
Hng 1
Hng 2
Mu sc
Trng trong,
trng
Trng , nh
xm, nh
vng , nh
hng
Trng xm,
trng nu
Mi v
- Khng mi.
- Dung dch mui 5% c v mn thun
kit, khng c v l.
- Kh ro , sch
- C ht t 1- 15mm
97
95
93
Dng bn ngoi v c ht
Hm lng NaCl tnh theo %

khi lng kh, khng ln hn:
Hm lng cht khng tan
0.25
trong nc tnh theo % khi
lng kh, khng ln hn:
12
0.4
0.8
Trang
Hm lng m tnh theo %,

khng ln hn:
Hm lng cc ion
Ca2+
tnh theo % khi
Mg2+
lng kh, khng ln SO42hn:

13
9.5
10
10.5
0.3
0.4
1.4
0.45
0.7
1.8
0.55
1
2.35
Trang
III QUY TRNH CNG NGH

3.1 Quy trnh: [2-5-6]
Nguyn liu
Tip nhn v kim tra

S ch (vy, ni tng)
Hp (t = 95 1000C)
Lm ngui (t= 40 - 450C)
B u, co da
Ly xng (fillet, tch da)
Ct, xp hp
Rt dch (t = 900C)
Bi kh, ghp m
Tit trng (t=1210C, 20 pht)
Lm ngui
Hon thin
Sn phm

14
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3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh
3.2.2 Tip nhn v kim tra nguyn liu

C em ch bin c hm lng bo ln hn 4%, khng a vo sn xut nhng
loi c khng chc tht, khng lng bo. Nguyn liu c ng a vo sn xut c
th l c ti hoc l c qua cp ng. Yu cu ca nguyn liu c:
- Khng nhn nhng con b mt v gy u.
- C c mi tanh c trng, khng c mi n thi v du hiu h hng.
- C trng thi nguyn con, vy bng lng v dnh cht vo da.
- C tht cn sn chc v c n hi tt.
- C c mu t nhin, kch thch y qui nh.
Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho cc cng on sau c tt hn. Ra s b
nhm mc ch loi bn, ct v tp cht dnh ngoi da v ra sch cc tp cht nht
trn c th c, ng thi loi b phn ln vi sinh vt bm trn c.
Cch thc hin
- Tip nhn c ng ti hoc c ng lnh.Tin hnh r ng bng cch dng nc
phun vo cc st lm tan , sau phi phn loi c v ra s b
- Phn loi loi b c khng cht lng ng thi phn theo kch c:
+C ln > 16 kg/con
+C trung: 5-12 kg/con
+ C nh < 5 kg/con
+ C nh nht < 1 kg/con
Nguyn liu c ti (hoc ng lnh): mang mt trong, tht n hi,h
m lng histamine <50ppm.
Kim tra: mu ly c phi c tnh cht i din, ng thi phi bit ngun gc, tn
c, ngi cung cp, iu kin nh bt, iu kin p c,Kim tra nhm bit r cht
lng, gip cho qu trnh ch bin v bo qun c tt nht.
3.2.2 S ch nguyn liu
Mc ch cng ngh
- Ct m loi b nhng phn khng cn thit (vy, ni tng...), tch ring
phn
15
Trang
n c v khng n c.
-
Ra sau khi m nhm mc ch: ty sch i tng, mu v cht nht, lm sch
cc tp cht cn bm trn c ngoi ra l cn lm sch vi sinh vt cn st li hay b

nhim trong qu trnh ct ng thi ra sch cht bo chy ra ngoi trnh hin
tng oxy ha gy i thi bin mu.
-
Thi gian ra da vo nhit v loi nguyn liu. phi ra c trong nc c
x l vi cht kh trng sau khi tch ni tng v gai on tch ni tng l ngun ly
nhim s rt nghim trng.
Cc bin i
C c lm sch, ch yu l thay i tnh cht vt l ca c: gim trng lng,
gim kch thc, thay i hnh dng bn ngoi. Ngoi ra qu trnh cn gim ng k
mt lng vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu.
3.2.3 Hp
Mc ch cng ngh: ch bin v bo qun.
Tc dng ca gia nhit
Tch bt cht lng trong thn c, lm cho tht sn chc li, hnh thnh trng thi
bn ngoi tt hn, lm tng gi tr thnh phm, tch cc cht bay hi to mi v ring.
Hp cn c tc dng ui bt kh trong gian bo ca nguyn liu, tiu dit mt phn vi
sinh vt, ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt nguyn liu v kh mi tanh ca c.
Cch thc hin
C sau khi ra sch c xp vo khay. Nhng con c cng kch thc v khi
lng th xp cng mt khay.
Ch hp ph thuc vo kch thc v nhit ca c a vo hp. Thi gian
hp c c tnh t khi nhit t trong khong 94 97oC
Cc bin i
- Vt l: khi lng ca nguyn liu gim.
- Ho l: mt s cht trch ly trong c i ra ngoi, kh trong gian bo, cc cht bay
hi cng th, nhng cht bay hi ny cho c mi c bit.

16
Trang
- Ho hc: trong qu trnh hp di tc dng ca nhit, protid trong tht c b ng t,

hin tng ny km theo vic tch nc ra khi c, kt qu lm cho tht c sn li, v
hnh thi bn ngoi tt hn.
- Sinh hc: tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt
nguyn liu.
- Ho sinh: nhit lm c ch v v hot mt s enzyme trong c.
- Cm quan: gim mi tanh ca c, tht c sn chc li, hnh thnh trng thi bn ngoi
tt hn, to mi v ring cho c, gi tr thnh phm tng ln.
3.2.4 Lm ngui
Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho cng on tip theo. Lm ngui gip thn
nhit c h xung mt cch nhanh chng, trnh hin tng da c bm cht vo c tht
sau khi hp.
Cch thc hin
C hp xong c chuyn qua phng lm ngui. Trong phng lm ngui c b
tr nhng ng c nhng l nh trn thn ng phun nc xung, pha di c qut
c xp i din nhau nc c phun u khp phng. H thng phun nc
c thit k t ng: c 15 pht th ngng, mi ln phun khong 2 3 pht (ty
thuc ngi ci t).
Nhit trung tm c sau khi lm ngui t yu cu cng ngh khong 40 45 oC,
thi gian lm ngui nh sau:
- i vi c ng sc da (ln): 4 -5 kg, thi gian lm ngui khong 1 gi 30 pht.
- i vi c ng sc da (nh): 1,5 2,5 kg, thi gian lm ngui khong 1 gi.
- i vi c ng yellowfin: 5 6 kg, thi gian lm ngui khong 2 gi 30 pht.
3.2.5 B u, co da, ly xng
Mc ch cng ngh: Chun b. Loi b nhng phn khng hoc cha t cht dinh
dng ca sn phm. Cc phn loi b c th l u c, xng, da, nhng phn xu
ca con c. Nhng b phn ny c th c thu hi ch bin l thc n gia sc.
Cch thc hin
* B u, co da

17
Trang
- C c lm ngui sau b u ri chuyn n khu co da, c phi c co theo

chiu ca tht, trnh lm tht c gy hao ht.
- C c cn sau tch xng ra v lm sch s b li mt ln na.
* Ly xng
* Fillet: c cn phi c fillet v xng ca chng rt cng v khng n c. Tht c
dng fillet c cu trc yu v c th ph v khi thanh trng.
Tin hnh fillet: Gi c pha trc mt, lng c qauy v pha ngi fillet, dng dao ct
t sau phn xng u n xng sng lng, t ct song song vi phn lng theo
st trc sng v ko di n ui phn tht dnh st xng cng t cng tt, cui
cng ct ri ming c fillet bng mi dao, mt thn cn li tin hnh tng t.
Yu cu k thut:
- Vt ct phi phng, st cnh, ming c fillet phi p.
- Khng st tht, khng st d, khng v ni tng, khng rch d.
- Dao fillet phi sch, st bn, khng dng mi dao.
- Nc s dng ra trong lc fillet phi sch loi b ht mu c.
- Cng nhn phi v sinh c nhn sch s.
- Ph phm ring vn chuyn ra ngoi.
*Co da
Tch da nhm vi mc ch cm quan, tin trnh tch da bng ha cht c s
dng bng cch ngm c vo dung dch NaOH nhit 70-80 0C vi pH t 11-14.
Sau vi pht vt c ra, dng vi nc mnh phun vo c nhm tch b phn da v
sau ngm vo dung dch HCl c pH t 1- 4 trung ha lng kim d cn li
trong c. Sau khi lng da, c c a cn li v chuyn sang b phn sa c.
Cc bin i
- Vt l: khi lng c gim do c s tn tht cht kh.
- Sinh hc: nu khng tin hnh nhanh c th dn s pht trin ca cc h vi sinh vt.
3.2.6 Ct c, xp hp
Mc ch cng ngh: chun b. C c ct thnh khc d xp hp v tng gi
tr cm quan.
Cch thc hin
18
Trang
Hp trc khi s dng phi kim tra mt cch cn thn, trnh s dng nhng hp
khng cht lng.
Ct c: c thc hin bng tay ty theo kch c hp. y l khu rt quan trng,
cc yu t trng lng tht cho vo hp, kch c ming c, % vn, lng dung dch
cho vo hptt c u nh hng n cng thc thanh trng.
Cn: C sau khi xp hp c chuyn ti t cn tin hnh iu chnh li trong gii
hn quy nh.
Khng vn c vt trn mp hp s lm m hp b h khi ghp, vi sinh vt xm nhp
vo.
Yu cu
- m bo khi lng c v khong khng gian rt dch ng t l quy nh.
- m bo cc yu cu v iu kin v sinh.
- m bo h s truyn nhit v c iu kin thun li tit trng v bo qun.
- Khng ln cc tp cht vo trong hp.
- Bo m t l gia hai thnh phn ci v nc, thng thng t l ci l 60-70%
3.2.7 Rt dch
Mc ch cng ngh
- Lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, to mu sc v hng v c trng cho sn
phm c ng hp.
- Tng cng kh nng bo qun cho sn phm. Lp y ch trng trong hp loi
bt kh trong hp, trnh hin tng phng hp sau ny.
Cch thc hin
- Trc khi rt vo hp th dung dch phi c gia nhit ti 80 90 0C tng h s
truyn nhit ng thi tin hnh bi kh cho sn phm.
- Lng dch rt vo hp tu thuc vo lng c c trong hp sao cho m bo khi
lng tnh ca thnh phm. Khng rt qu y m nn lun cch mp hp 5mm hay
1/10 chiu cao ca hp.
Cc bin i trong qu trnh rt dch vo hp
- Vt l: nhit v th tch ca c tng ln.
- Ho hc: c s thu phn cht bo trong du.
19
Trang
- Ho sinh: t c bin i nhiu do enzymee b v hot.

- Ho l: cu trc c mm hn.
- Sinh hc: c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt do to c mi trng c nhit cao
v nng mui thch hp.
- Cm quan:
+ Mu sc, mi v ca c hp ph thuc vo mu sc, mi v ca dch rt vo hp.
+ C s bin i v mu sc v hng v ca c do s tng cng kh nng khuch
tn ca dch rt vo trong c.
y ta tin hnh rt nng nhm bi kh cho sn phm.
3.2.8 Bi kh, ghp m
Mc ch ca bi kh:
- Gim p sut bn trong hp khi tit trng, hp khng b bin dng, bt np, nt
cc mi hn.
- Hn ch cc qu trnh oxy ho lm cho cht dinh dng t b tn tht, hng v mu
sc ca hp khng b thay i.
- Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trong hp sau khi thanh
trng.
- Hn ch hin tng oxy ha hp st.
- To chn khng trong hp sau khi lm ngui, nhm trnh hin tng phng hp
trong khi vn chuyn v bo qun.
Mc ch ca qu trnh ghp m
L mt qu trnh quan trng nhm to cho thc phm cch li hon ton vi mi
trng khng kh bn ngoi, c tc dng rt quan trng n thi gian bo qun thc
phm v cht lng ca n.
Cch thc hin
Np hp phi c ghp tht kn v chc m bo khi tit trng khng b bt np
hay h mi ghp. Ton b qu trnh ghp m c t ng ho bng my ghp t
ng.
3.2.9 Tit trng
Mc ch
20
Trang
Tiu dit vi sinh vt m bo cho hp v trng, ko di thi hn s dng sn

phm. Mt khc cn c tc dng lm tng hng v ca hp, nng cao gi tr ca
thc phm.
Cch thc hin
Tin hnh tit trng trong thit b tit trng autoclave, nhit tit trng 115-1210C
Cc yu t nh hng n ch tit trng

- Vi sinh vt: vi khun Clostridium Botulinum v nha bo ca n c xem l tiu
chun tit trng ti thiu ca hp.Ngoi ra, trong hp tht c cn c loi vi khun
bn nhit hn Clostridium Botulinum nh: C.sporogenes, C.putrificum.
- c tnh sn phm: Mi trng thc phm khc nhau th kh nng b tiu dit ca
cc loi vi sinh vt cng khc nhau.Nng mui cao lm cho vi sinh vt b yu i v
d b tiu dit do hin tng co nguyn sinh.
- Bao b sn phm: Ch tit trng ph thuc vo vt liu lm bao b, hnh dng v
kch c ca bao bi vi bao b lm bng kim loi th b mt truyn nhit cng ln,
thi gian tit trng cng nhanh.
- Kh nng k thut ca thit b tit trng
3.2.10 Lm ngui
Mc ch cng ngh: bo qun, hon thin.
Mc ch ca qu trnh:
Lm ngui hp l khu quyt nh cht lng sn phm cui cng trong qu trnh
sn xut, lm ngui tt s trnh c cc tc hi sau:
+ Gim mu sc, mi v ca sn phm.
+ Phn hu kt cu, t chc ca thc phm.
+ Tng tc dng n mn ca hp.
Cch thc hin
Thc hin trong thit b tit trng. Sau khi tit trng xong, m x van hi v a
nc lnh vo lm ngui.

21
Trang
Qu trnh lm lnh cng nhanh th cng tt, nhng khi nhit bin i t ngt
s gy ra hin tng hp b bin dng, hay b h np.
3.2.11 Hon thin
Bo n
Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin.
Mc ch ca qu trnh
Nhm kim tra cht lng sn phm sau mt thi gian bo qun. Kt thc thi gian
bo n, sn phm c kim tra, loi b nhng n v h hng. Nu sau khi bo n,
pht hin thy t l h hng, phng chy vt qu mc cho php, cn phi xem xt li
qu trnh sn xut, tm nguyn nhn h hng khc phc. Nu cn thit c th hu c
l hng.
Cch thc hin
hp c em i bo n trong kho 40 0C, m tng i 70 80%.Thi gian
bo n t 14 n 20 ngy.
Kho cn phi kn, kh ro, sch s, d thot nc, thng gi v thot nhit. hp
c xp theo tng l (cng loi, cng phm cp, ngy v ca sn xut), chiu cao
khng qu 10m. Cc hp trong l xp xen k nhau, cch trn t nht 0.75m v gia cc
l hoc li i trc ca kho cch 2m, tin cho vic bc d hang hoc kim tra khi cn
thit.
Cc bin i c th xy ra
- Vt l:
+ Cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc khuch tn vo nhau tin ti cn bng v
nng lm cho hp c hng v, mu sc ng u v tng ln r rt.
+ S phng hp do s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh do bi kh khng trit
hoc do s thay i nhit bn ngoi.
- Sinh hc: vi sinh vt c th pht trin gy phng chy trn nhng hp khng
kn v tit trng khng t.
- Ho hc: xy ra khi lp vecni trng thnh hp, np hp b trc, nt nkhi
nhng thnh phn thc phm c tnh acid tip xc vi kim loi, xy ra n mn.
- Cm quan: c b bin mu v c v kim loi.
22
Trang
ng thng
Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin.
- hp phi c lm kh ri mi em i ng thng.
- Khng c bin i trong qu trnh ny.
3.2.12 Sn phm
Khi a sn phm ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu:
- V hnh thc bn ngoi:
+ hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc: c
quan qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng
tnh v khi lng c b.
+ Hp st hay cc hp kim loi khc khng b r, np hp khng b phng d
i mi hnh thc
- V vi sinh vt:
+ hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh,
lng tp trng khng qu qui nh
- V ha hc: khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng m bo cc
ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng ng, acid, mui
+ Thic : 100 - 200 mg/kg sn phm
+ ng : 5 - 80 mg/kg sn phm
+ Ch : khng c
+
Km : vt
- V cm quan:
Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c trng
ca sn phm theo nhng quy nh ca tng loi sn phm.

23
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24
Trang
IV. MY THIT B [4]

Bng ti m ni tng
Bng ti chuyn dng trong dy chuyn c ng ng hp, dng cho cng on m
ni tng, ra sch c trc khi cho vo ni hp c, phn ni tng c vt ti chuyn
v khu ph liu.
Dy bng ti bng nha thc phm, cc chi tit chnh bng inox 304 v cc vt liu
khng r.
Thit
b hp
c
L
loi
my
hp c
ng
v
lm mt t ng, thi gian hp nhanh,
to m ph hp sau khi hp, tng
cht lng nguyn liu, chng chy v
oxy ha sn phm. C c th c hp chn bng hai cch: t cm bin nhit
trong xng c, qu trnh hp ngng khi t ti nhit ci t trong xng c hay ci
t thi gian hp.
My ct v ng c ng vo hp

25
Trang
C ng theo mt pha trn bng ti vo my, hp trng theo bng ti vo my theo

hng ngc li. My nhi c vo h, ct c v a hp cha c ra ngoi.
Thit b chit rt-ghp m
Thit b chit rt-ghp m hai trong mt, tc c th iu chnh lin tc. B phn
iu khin kh ng khng tip xc vi thn lon, t ng xung np, s dng k thut
chit rt dch b mt. Tc chit rt iu chnh bng b phn bin tn.
Thit b tit trng
Trong thit b lp t 4 u d nhit c th
di chuyn, c th thc hin:
- Kim sot gi tr F trung tm thc phm.
- Quan st tnh hnh phn b nhit trong ni.
- Bit c xuyn nhit t b mt ti trung
tm thc phm
My ra lon rng

26
Trang
My ra lon rng c dng phu nc ra mt ngoi v lng trong lon rng.

My c ch to ton b bng thp khng g.

27
Trang
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, L Vn Vit Mn Li Quc t Nguyn Th
Hin Tn N Minh Nguyt Trn Th Thu Tr, nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP
H Ch Minh - 2011
2. http://cnx.org/content/m30414/latest/ , C s ca qu trnh thanh trng hp thc
phm, ThS. L M Hng.
3. http://cntp11htp01.wordpress.com/2012/11/09/nhom-9-ca-ngu-ngam-dau-dong-hop
4. http://www.thietbivpm.com
5. Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin sc sn- thy sn, i hc Cng Nghip TP H Ch
Minh - 2009
6. www.ebook.edu.vn.
7. Tiu chun mui n my.opera.com/.../tieu-chuan-ve-muoi
8. Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc, thc phm, trng thi cm quan
v cc ch tiu ha l i vi mt s mt hng lng thc
http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/VSATTP/vanban/3742
2001.doc)Quyt
nh s 3742/2001/Q-BYT.
9. http://vfa.gov.vn/content/article/ngo-doc-do-histamin-trong-ca-bien-118.vfa
10.http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/data/news/2010/6/7395/Sk04_3.pdf
11.
http://vietfish.org/20110829085822778p48c58t88/thuy-san-tu-viet-nam-ca-ngu-
va-ca-noi-lon-phan-1.htm
12. http://vietfish.org/20111021103818482p48c58t91/ca-ngu-va-ca-noi-lon-3.htm
13. L Th Bch Tuyt, Cc qu trnh cn c bn trong sn xut thc phm, NXB gio
dc

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Trang

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GVHD: Th.S NGUYN TH THANH BNH

TP.H Ch Minh, Thng 06, Nm 2013

DANH SCH NHM

NGUYN GIA LINH

PHM TH THY NGN

NHN XT CA GIO VIN

1.1.1. H vi sinh vt trong hp c [2].......................................................................1

3.2.2 Tip nhn v kim tra nguyn liu.....................................................................15

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

C th sn sinh ra c t lm ch ngi d liu lng thp.

C kh nng hnh thnh bo t, rt bn nhit.

- Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht nguyn

Tc dng ca qu trnh tit trng [1]

Trong sn xut hp thc phm, tit trng l mt qu trnh quan trng, c tc

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

- Bacillus mesentericus: c nha bo, khng c. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

protid ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu

a: Thi gian ui khng kh ra khi thit b (bng hi nc),

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GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

SVTH: Nhm 4_ Lp HTP8ALT

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

SVTH: Nhm 4_ Lp HTP8ALT

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Thnh phn chnh (g)

Nhng ch tiu c cc nh sn xut c ng hp quan tm trc ht l t l % ca

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GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Mt ch tiu khc cng c ngha quan trng vi cc nh sn xut hp l t l

Hm lng trong tht c

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

sng, thch tp trung quanh cc vt tri ni trn bin v ch ro. c ng vn l loi c

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

C ng l ngun cht m rt tt tuy nhin, c ng c cha histamine rt cao.

- La chn, s ch, ch bin thc n t c bin hp v sinh an ton thc phm (C

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

cn mu ti, bng c cn kn, vy c dnh chc vo thn, mi tanh nh v gi mu

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

+ Hm lng nc khng qu 0,2- 0,3%.

Hm lng NaCl tnh theo %

Hm lng m tnh theo %,

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GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

III QUY TRNH CNG NGH

Tip nhn v kim tra

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GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.2.2 Tip nhn v kim tra nguyn liu

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

Ra sau khi m nhm mc ch: ty sch i tng, mu v cht nht, lm sch

cc tp cht cn bm trn c ngoi ra l cn lm sch vi sinh vt cn st li hay b

Thi gian ra da vo nhit v loi nguyn liu. phi ra c trong nc c

SVTH: Nhm 4_ Lp HTP8ALT

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh

- Ho hc: trong qu trnh hp di tc dng ca nhit, protid trong tht c b ng t,

SVTH: Nhm 4_ Lp HTP8ALT

GVHD: Th.s Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh