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com
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Gii bi ton in xoay chiu bng cch dng
Gin vct
R
L
A. Cch v gin vc t:

I.Xt mch R,L,C ghp ni tip nh hnh v 1.

V R,L,C ghp ni tip nn ta c: i R = iL =iC =i do vy vic so snh
pha dao ng gia hiu in th hai u cc phn t vi dng in chy
qua n cng chnh l so snh pha dao ng ca chng vi dng in chy
trong mch chnh. V l do trc pha trong gin Frexnel ta chn l
trc dng in. Cc vc t biu din dao ng ca cc hiu in th hai
u cc phn t v hai u mch in biu din trn trc pha thng qua
quan h ca n vi cng dng in.
uuur
Ta c:

UL

uuur
+ uR cng pha vi i nn U R cng phng cng

chiu vi trc i(Trng vi i)

uuu
r
UR

uuu
r

+ uL nhanh pha
so vi i nn U L vung gc
2

vi Trc i v hng ln(Chiu dng l chiu ngc

chiu kim ng h)
+uC

uuu
r

chm pha
so vi i nn U C vung gc
2

uuu
r
UC

Hnh v
2

uuu
r
UC

vi trc i v hng xung

uur uuur uuu
r uuu
r
Khi ny hiu in th hai u on mch l: U U R U L U C (hnh v
2)
thu c mt gin vc t gn v d nhn nht ta khng nn
dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh m nn dng quy tc a gic.
Quy tc c hiu
nh sau:
ur ur ur ur
Xt tng vc t: D A B C. T im ngn
ur
ur
ca
vc
t
ta
v
ni
tip
vc
t
A
B (gc ca
ur
ur
ur
).
T
ngn
ca
vc
t
B trng vi ngn ca
A
B
ur
ur
v ni tip vc t C . Vc t tng D c gc l
ur
gc ca
A v c ngn l ngn ca vc t cui
ur
cng C (Hnh v 3)
Vn dng quy tc v ny ta bt u v cho
bi ton mch in.
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ur
A

ur
B

Hnh
3

ur
ur C
D

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1. Trng hp 1: (UL > UCu)uur
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuu
r
- u tin v vc t U R , tip n l U R cui cng l U R . Ni gc ca U R
uuu
r
uuu
r
vi ngn ca U R ta c vc t U R nh hnh 4a.(Hnh 4b v utheo
cch dng
uu
r
UL
HBH nh SGK)

uuur
UL

uuur UL - UC
UR

uuur
UC

uuur
uUuu
u
r
C

uuur
V
theo quyUtc hnh bnh
U
L
hnh
RL

ur
U

uuur
UC

uuur
UL

uuu
r
UC

uuu
r
UR

u
r
U

UL - UC

uuur
UR

uuu
r
UC

uuuu
r uuur
U RL
V theo
quyUtc
L a gic

Khi cn biu din

UL - U C

uuu
r
UR

uuuu
r
U RL

ur uuur
U UC

UL - U C

uuu
r
UR

V theo quy tc hnh

bnh hnh

u
r
U

uuu
r

u
r
U

UL - U C

V theo quy tc a gic

Khi cn biu din

UR

uuuu
r
uuur
U RC
Uwww.mathvn.com
C
V theo quy tc hnh

uuu
r
UL

uuuu
r
U RC

uuuu
r
U RC

uuu
r
UR

uuur
UC

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UL - UC

uuur
UL

uuur
UR

V theo quy tc a gic

U
U
2. Trng hp 2 UL < LUC C
Lm ln lt nh trng hp 1 ta c cc gin thu gn tng ng l

ur
U

uuur
UC
uuu
r
UL

uuuu
r
U RL
uuur
UR

ur
U

uuur
UC

UL - U C

uuuu
r
U RL
uuu
r
UR

uuur
UL

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uuuu
r

U RC

uuur
UL

uuu
r
UL

UL - UC

ur uuur
uuur U C
U
U

uuur
UR

ur
U

UL - U C

ur
U

uuur
UC

uuur
UC

uuu
r
UR

UL - U C

ur
U
uuuu
r
U RC

uuu
r
UL

uuur
UC

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UL - U C

II. Trng hp c bit - Cun cm c in tr thun r (hnh 9)

V theo ng quy tc v ln lt t

L,r

uuu
r
uuu
r
uur
uur
U R , n Ur , n U L , n U C

uuu
r
UL

uuuu
r
U Rd

uuu
r
Ud

uuuu
r
uu
r
U Rd u
U
uuu
r
Ud

ur
U

uur
Ur

ur
U

UL - U C

uuu
r
UR

uuu
r
UC

d
uuu
r
UR

uur
Ur

uuu
r
Ud

uuu
r
UL

uuu
r
UC

uuu
r
UL

uuu
r
Ud

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www.MATHVN.com

ur
U

uur
Ur
uuu
r
UC

UL - UC

uuu
r
UR

ur
U
d
uuu
r
UR

UL - UC
uur
Ur

uuu
r
UC

uuuu
r
U RC

uuuu
r
U RC

Ch : Thc ra khng th c mt gin chun cho tt c cc bi

ton in xoay chiu nhng nhng gin c v trn l nhng gin thng dng nht. Vic s dng gin vc t no hp l ph thuc vo kinh
nghim ca ngi hc. Di y l mt s bi tp c s dng gin vc t
lm v d.

B.Bi tp.

Bi s 1.Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v, cun dy thun cm

c t cm L, t in c in dung C, in tr c gi tr R. Hai u
A,B duy tr mt hiu in th
u = 100 2 cos100 t (V) . Cng dng in chy trong mch c gi tr hiu
dng l; 0,5A.
Bit hiu in th gia hai im A,M sm pha hn dng in mt

Rad; Hiu in th gia hai im M v B chm pha hn hiu in

6

R
L
B
A
M C
th gia A v B mt gc
Rad
6

gc

a. Tm R,C?
b. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch?
c. Vit biu thc hiu in th gia hai im A v M?
Li gii:
Chn trc dng in lm trc pha
Theo bi ra uAM sm pha
hn uAB mt gc

uuuur
U AM

uuur

uuur

UL
U R pha
so vi cng dng in. uMB chm
6

, m uMB li chm pha so vi i mt gc

nn uAB chm pha
6
2

so vi dng in.
3

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UL - UC

uuuur 6 uuur 5uuuur

U AB UC UMB

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uuuu
r uuuur uuuur

Vy ta c gin vecto sau biu din phng trnh: U AB U AM U MB

T gin vec to ta c:

UAM = UAB.tg =100/ 3 (V)

UMB = UC = UAM/sin
UR = UAM.cos

= 200/ 3 (V)
6

= 50 (V)
6

a. Tm R,C?
R = UR/I = 50/0,5 = 100 ;
C = 1/ZC =I/U C =

3 -4
.10 F
4

b. Vit phng trnh i? i = I0cos(100 t + i )

Trong : I0 = I.

2 =0,5 2 (A);

i =- = (Rad). Vy i = 0,5 2 cos(100 t +

) (A)
UAM

c.Vit phng trnh uAM?

= U0AMcos(100 t + AM )
Trong : U0AM =UAM 2 =100

Vy: UAM = 100

2
(V);
3

AM = u AM i i

(Rad).
6 3 2

2
cos(100 t + )(V)
2
3

Kinh nghim:
1. khi v gin vc t cn ch r: Gin v cho phng trnh hiu
in th no? Cc vc t thnh phn lch pha so vi trc dng in
nhng gc bng bao nhiu?
2. Khi vit phng trnh dng in v hiu in th cn lu : c
nh ngha l gc lch pha ca u i vi i do vy thc cht ta c:
= u - i suy ra ta c:
u= + i(1*)
i = u - (2*)
Nu bi ton cho phng trnh u tm i ta s dng (1*). Trong bi ny
b) thuc trng hp ny nhng c u= 0 do

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=- =-(- ) =

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Nu bi ton cho phng trnh i tm u ca c mch hoc mt phn ca
mch(Trng hp c) bi ny) th ta s dng (2*). Trong c) bi ny ta c

AM = u AM i i
6 3 2

Bi tng t: Cho mch in nh hnh v. u =

160 2 sin100 t (V) . Ampe

k ch 1A v i nhanh pha hn hiu in th hai u A,B mt gc

Rad.
6
R

C N L,r
B
A mch.
Vn k ch 120v v uV nhanh pha
so vi i trong
A
3

a. Tnh R, L, C, r. cho cc dng c o l l tng.

V
b. Vit phng trnh hiu in th hai u A,N v N,B.
L
R1
R2 C
B
Bi s 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh A
hnh v. Hiu in th hai u c tn
M N
s f = 100Hz v gi tr hiu dng U khng
i.
1./Mc vo M,N ampe k c in tr rt nh th pe k ch I = 0,3A.
Dng in trong mch lch pha 600 so vi uAB, Cng sut to nhit trong
mch l P = 18W. Tm R1, L, U
2./ Mc vn k c in tr rt ln vo M,N thay cho Ampeke th vn
k ch 60V ng thi hiu in th trn vn k chm pha 60 0 so vi uAB.
Tm R2, C?
L
R1
Li gii:
A
B
1. Mc Am pe k vo M,N ta c mch
p dng cng thc tnh cng sut: P = UIcos suy ra: U = P/ Icos
Thay s ta c: U = 120V.
Li c P = I2R1 suy ra R1 = P/I2.
Thay s ta c: R1 = 200
T i lch pha so vi u AB 600 v mch ch c R,L nn i nhanh pha so vi u
vy ta c
tg

= L =
3
R
1

3 ZL =

3R 1 =200

3() L=

2.Mc vn k c in tr rt ln vo M,N ta c mch nh hnh v:

A

R1

R2

V
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V R1, L khng i nn gc lch pha ca u AM so vi i trong mch vn

khng i so vi khi cha mc vn k vo M,N vy: u AM nhanh pha so vi i

mt gc AM = . Cng t gi thit hiu in th hai u vn k u MB tr pha

ur
U

so vi uAB. T ta c gin vc t sau biu din phng trnh

ur3
ur
ur
vc t: U AB U AM U MB
AM

mt gc

ur 3
U R
2
3 ur
U MB

ur
U R1

2
2
2
-2U AB
U MB
. cos
T gin vc t ta c: U 2AM =U 2AB +U MB

ur
U AB

thay s ta c UAM =
3

60 3 V. p dng nh lut m cho on mch AM ta c: I = U AM/ZAM = 0,15

3 A.
U MB
60
400
=
=
(1)
I
0,15. 3
3
U
800
2
2
Vi ton mch ta c: Z (R+R 2 ) +(ZL Z C ) = IAB =
(2)
3

Vi on MB C ZMB=

R 2 2 +Zc 2 =

Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c R2=200 ; ZC = 200/ 3

C=

3 -4
.10 F
4

Kinh Ngim:
1/Bi tp ny cho thy khng phi bi tp no cng dng thun tu
duy nht mt phng php. Ngc li i a s cc bi ton ta nn dng phi
hp nhiu phng php gii.
2/Trong bi ny khi v gin vc t ta s b lng tng do khng bit
uAB nhanh pha hay tr pha so vi i v cha bit r s so snh gia ZL v ZC.
Trong trng hp ny ta c v ngoi giy nhp theo mt phng n la chn
bt k(u cho php gii bi ton n kt qu cui cng). Sau khi tm c
gi tr ca ZL v ZC ta s c cch v ng. Lc ny mi v gin chnh xc
vo bi gii.
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Bi s 3.Cho mch in R,L,C mc ni tip nh hnh v trong uAB =
U 2 cos t (V) .
1

(H) th i sm pha
so vi uAB

4
2,5
+ Khi L = L2 =
(H) th UL t cc
R
L
A i

10 4
1./ bit C =
F tnh R, ZC
2

+ Khi L = L1 =

2./ bit hiu in th hai u cun cm t cc i = 200V. Xc

nh ht hiu dng hai u on mch .

Bi gii:

Ta c: gc lch pha ca u i vi i l tg
khi ULCc i ta c: Z L

Z L Z C L 1/ C

(1);
R
R

R 2 Z 2C R 2 1/ 2C 2

L (2) v hiu in th cc
ZC
1/ C

i ha u cun dy l: U LMax U

R 2 Z 2C
(3).
R

1./tnh R, ZC?
Thay s gii h phng trnh (1),(2) vi n l R v .
2./ Thay ULMAX v cc i lng tm c cu 1 vo 3 ta tm c U.

Ph bi: Chng minh (2) v (3).

Ta c gin vc t sau biu din phng trnh vc t:

ur uuur
M OMN ta
T gin vc t, p dng nh l hm s sin cho tam
gic
U
UL
c;
uur uuuu
r uuu
r uuu
r uur uuuu
r uuu
r
U (U R U C ) U L U U RC U L

UL
U
U

UL
sin
sin sin
sin

U
R

sin

R 2 ZC

UL - U C

uuu
r
U
uuuu
r uuur

H
O
T (4) ta thy v U, R, ZC = sonst nn UL bin thin theo sin
Ta c: UL max khi sin = 1 suy ra =900.
R

Vy khi ULMax th ta c:
U LMax U

R 2 Z 2C
(ccm (3))
R

Tam gic MON vung v vung ti O nn

U RC

U RC
U RC U 2 RC
Z 2 RC R 2 Z 2C R 2 1/ 2C 2
UL

L
L
UC
(ccm 2)
sin 900 sin
UC
ZC
ZC
1/ C
U RC

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UC

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Trn l phng php dng gin vc t trong vic gii cc bi tp
in xoay chiu, nu c vn g cn trao i c th lin lc vi ti qua
s in thoi 037553045 hoc 0977015155 Chc cc em hc tt!

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