Trng i hc S phm Thnh ph H Ch Minh

Khoa Vt l
-----&-----

B mn: Chuyn in hc (Advanced Electromagnetism)

ti tiu lun

PHN LOI CC DNG BI TP

CNG SUT TRONG MCH IN RLC NI TIP

Nhm tc gi
Nguyn L Anh (K36.102.012)
Nguyn Quc Khnh (K36.102.044)
Nguyn T i (K36.102.013)
Trnh Ngc Dim (K36.102.022)
Trn Hu Cu (K36.102.018)
Nguyn Ngc Phng Dung (K36.102.008)
Lng Minh Khnh (K35.102.041)
GVHD: ThS. Trng nh Ta

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 12 nm 2012

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

Li m u

in hc l mt trong nhng phn quan trng c trng cho b mn Vt l.

in hc thng chim kh nhiu im trong cc bi kim tra, n gin bi v n
cha kh nhiu dng bi tp hay v rt phong ph. chng trnh 12, in xoay
chiu l phn khng th thiu trong cc k th hc k lp 12, k thi Tt nghip THPT
hay k thi Tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng. Tt nhin l s c nhng bi tp d v bi
tp kh i vi phn in xoay chiu. Nhng nu chng ta bit c dng ca
nhng bi tp ny v phn loi chng mt cch chnh xc th mi chuyn s tr nn
n gin hn rt nhiu. V khi kt hp nhng phng php li vi nhau gii mt
dng bi tp tng qut s rt th v cho hc sinh v tr ngi n vi Vt l s gim
bt i mt phn no i vi nhng hc sinh thng khng thch hoc hc khng tt
b mn t nhin ny.
Vi l do , nhm chng ti chn ti tiu lun l Phn loi cc dng bi
tp Cng sut trong mch RLC ni tip gip cc bn hc sinh c mt ci nhn
tng qut hn v cng sut mt phn c th trong dng in xoay chiu. D ch
xoy su v phn cng sut nhng vi nhng dng bi tp ph bin v nu cc bn
bit cch kt hp chng li vi cc dng bi tp khc trong mch in xoay chiu
RLC ni tip th chng ti tin cc bn s t c kt qu cao trong cc bi kim tra.
Qua y, chng ti cng cm n Thc s Trng nh Ta Ging vin Trng i
hc S phm Thnh ph H Ch Minh gip chng ti lm bi tiu lun.
Trong qu trnh lm tiu lun kh trnh khi sai st, mong cc c gi phn
hi li cho chng ti c hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm n!
Nhm tc gi
Nguyn L Anh
Nguyn T i
Nguyn Quc Khnh
Nguyn Ngc Phng Dung
Trnh Ngc Dim
Trn Hu Cu
Lng Minh Khnh

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 1/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

I.

L thuyt

1. Cng sut
Gi s mt mch in xoay chiu c dng in i = I0 cos w t
chy qua v in p hai u on mch l u = U0 cos (wt + j ) .
-

Cng thc tnh cng sut tc thi ca mch in xoay chiu:

p = ui = U0 . I0 .cos (wt ) cos (wt + j ) = UI cos j + UI cos ( 2wt + j ) vi U0 = U 2 , I0 = I 2

-

Ly trung bnh: P = p = UI cos j + UI cos ( 2wt + j ) = UI cosj (v UI cos ( 2w t + j ) bin

i theo hm cos nn gi tr trung bnh theo chu k T bng 0)

Vy cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu: P = UI cos j vi j l lch pha gia u v i .

2. H s cng sut
-

R
P RI 2 RI 2
=
= 2 cos j =
H s cng sut: cosj =
Z
UI UI ZI
ngha ca h s cng sut:
+ H s cng sut cos j cng ln th cng sut P ca dng in cng ln.
+ Nu h s cng sut cos j nh, cng sut vn bng P , in p l U th cng
dng in I =

P
phi c gi tr ln hn, hao ph v nhit ta ra trn dy dn ln
U cos j

hn.
+ Nu mch xy ra cng hng ( j = 0 ) th h s cng sut cos j = 1

3. Cng sut hao ph

-

P2 R
Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng: DP = 2
U cos2 j
Trong : P l cng sut truyn i ni cung cp, U l in p ni cung cp, cos j l h
s cng sut ca dy ti in, R = r

l
l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in
S

bng 2 dy).
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: DU = I. R .

Hiu sut ti in: H =

P - DP
100%
P

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 2/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

II.

Phn loi cc dng bi tp

1. Mch RLC cha cun dy thun cm

a. Tm cng sut, h s cng sut
-

Cng sut tiu th ca on mch: P = UI cos j = I 2 R

H s cng sut: cos j =

R
=
Z

R
R2 + ( Z L - ZC )

hay cos j =

UR
=
U

UR

U R2 + U L2 - UC2

Bi tp vn dng: Mt t in c in dung C = 5,3 F mc ni tip vi in tr R = 300 thnh

mt on mch. Mc on mch vo mng in xoay chiu c in p 200 V, tn s 50 Hz. H s
cng sut khi l:
A. 0,447

B. 0,300

C. 0,557

D. 0,600

Hng dn:
- Dung khng ca t in: ZC =

1
1
=
600,58 ( W )
2p fC 2p .50.5,3.10-6

- Tng tr ca mch in: Z =

R 2 + ZC2 = 3002 + 600,582 671,34 ( W )

- H s cng sut: cos j =

R
300
=
0,447
Z 671,34

p n A
Bi tp vn dng: Cng sut truyn i ca mt trm pht in l 200 kW. Hiu s ch cc cng t
in trm pht v ni thu sau mt ngy m lch nhau thm 480 kWh. Tnh hiu sut ti in?
A. 80%

B. 85%

C. 90%

D. 95%

Hng dn:

DP =
H=

A 480
=
= 20
t
24

( W)

200 - 20
P - DP
100% =
100% = 90%
P
200

p n C.

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 3/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

b. Cng sut ln nht khi L, C v thay i

-

U2
U2R
Ta c: P = RI = R 2 =
2
Z
R 2 + ( Z L - ZC )

Do cc gi tr U v R khng i, cho nn ch c i lng ( ZL - ZC ) thay i.

2
P = Pmax th R 2 + ( Z L - ZC ) phi t gi tr nh nht.

2
V R = const R 2 + ( Z L - ZC )

Nh vy, thay i L , C v w sao cho mch cng hng th gi tr cng sut s ln nht.

min

Khi gi tr cng sut: P = Pmax

= R 2 vi Z L = ZC Lw =

1
w =
Cw

1
LC

U2
=
R

Bi tp vn dng: Cho mch in RLC ni tip vi cun dy thun cm.

4.10-4
1
Bit L =
(H), C =
(F), R = 100 (), u AB = 200 cos w t vi thay i c. Gi tr f
p
p
cng sut ta nhit trn R l ln nht v gi tr cng sut khi ln lt l:
A. 50 Hz v 100 W

B. 100 Hz v 200 W

C. 60 Hz v 120 W

D. 100 Hz v 100 W

Hng dn:
- Ta c: U = 100 2 (V)
- p dng cng thc trn, ta c:

w=

1
=
LC

1
1 10-4

p 4p

= 200p (rad/s) f =

P = Pmax =

U
=
R

100 2
100

w 200p
=
= 100 (Hz)
2p
2p

= 200 (W)

p n B.

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 4/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

c. Cng sut ln nht khi R thay i

- Khi L , C v w khng i th mi lin h gia Z L
v ZC khng thay i nn s thay i ca R khng
gy ra hin tng cng hng.
- Tm cng sut tiu th cc i ca on mch:

+ Ta c:

U2
U2
P = RI = R 2 = R 2
=
2
Z
R + ( Z L - ZC )
2

U2

( Z - ZC )
R+ L

+ V U = const nn P = Pmax

Z L - ZC )
(
th R +
phi t gi tr nh nht.
R

+ p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 2 s dng R v

( Z - ZC )
R+ L
R

+ Du = xy ra khi v ch khi

+ Nh vy, ta c: P = Pmax

( Z - ZC )
R L
R

( Z - ZC )
R= L
R

( ZL - ZC )
R

ta c:

= 2 Z L - ZC

R = Z L - ZC

U2
U2
2
=
=
, lc ta cng c: cos j =
hay tan j = 1
2 R 2 Z L - ZC
2

Bi tp vn dng: Cho mch in nh hnh v (cun dy thun

cm). Bit L =

2.10-4
1
(H), C =
(F), u AB = 200cos100p t (V).
p
p

Gi tr R cng sut ta nhit trn R l ln nht v gi tr cng

sut khi ln lt l:
A. 50 v 400 W

B. 150 v 400 W

C. 50 v 200 W

D. 150 v 200 W

Hng dn:
- Ta c: Z L = Lw = 100 (), ZC =

1
= 50 (), U = 100 2 (V)
Cw

- p dng cng thc trn, ta c:

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 5/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

R = Z L - ZC = 100 - 50 = 50 ()

P = Pmax =

U
=
2R

100 2

2.50

= 200 (W)

p n C.
d. Tm R thay i P = P (vi P < Pmax)
Phng php gii cng kh n gin, ta xut pht t cng thc: P = P = I R =
2

U2R
R 2 + ( Z L - ZC )

PR 2 + P ( Z L - ZC ) = U 2 R PR 2 - U 2 R + P ( Z L - ZC ) = 0 (1)
2

Gii phng trnh bc hai (1) ny, ta c 2 nghim R1 v R2 .

Bi tp vn dng: Cho mch in nh hnh v (cun dy thun cm).

Bit L =

10-3
1
(H), C =
(F), u AB = 200cos100p t (V).
p
6p

Gi tr in tr R cng sut ta nhit trn R l 240 (W) l:

A. 30

B.

160

C. C A v B u ng D. C A v B u sai

Hng dn:
- Ta c: Z L = Lw = 100 (), ZC =

1
= 60 (), U = 100 2 (V)
Cw

- Gii phng trnh bc 2:

PR 2 - U 2 R + P ( Z L - ZC ) = 0 240 R 2 - 100 2
2

R + 240 (100 - 60 ) = 0
2

R1 = 30 ( W )

R2 = 160 ( W )

3
p n C
e. Bit hai gi tr R cng cho mt cng sut tiu th P bng nhau
i vi loi bi tp ny ta ch cn s dng nh l Viete trong phng trnh bc hai:

PR 2 - U 2 R + P ( ZL - ZC ) = 0
2

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 6/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

R R = ( Z - Z )2
L
C
1 2
2
Nu R1 v R2 l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai ny th:
U
R1 + R2 =

P
Bi tp vn dng: Mch RLC ni tip vi R l bin tr, cun dy thun cm. t vo hai u
on mch mt in p u = 200cos100p t (V). Thay i R th thy khi R = 10 () v R = 40
() cng sut ca mch c cng gi tr bng P . Gi tr R v cng sut tiu th ca mch khi t
gi tr cc i ln lt l:
A. 20 v 250 W

B. 50 v 400 W

C. 30 v 250 W

D. 20 v 500 W

Hng dn:
p dng cng thc khi hai gi tr in tr c cng cng sut: R1 R2 = ( Z L - ZC )

Mt khc, khi cng sut cc i vi R thay i, ta li c:

R = Z L - ZC = R1 R2 = 10.40 = 20 ()

Nh vy cng sut cc i: Pmax

100 2
U2
=
=
2R
2.20

= 500 (W)

p n D.
f. Bit hai gi tr L1, L2 cho cng mt cng sut
- Gi hai cng sut bng nhau l P1 v P2 , ta c:

P1 = P2

U2R

R + Z L1 - ZC
2

U2R

R + Z L2 - ZC
2

Z L1 - ZC = Z L2 - ZC

Z L - ZC = Z L2 - ZC
Z L = Z L2 (loi)
2
1
1
1
w L1 + w L2 = 2
L1 + L2 =
Cw 2
Cw
Z L1 - ZC = ZC - Z L2
Z L1 + Z L2 = 2 ZC
* Ngc li, nu bit 2 gi tr C1 v C2 cho cng mt cng sut, ta cng lm tng t v rt ra
c:

Z L - ZC1 = Z L - ZC2 w L -

1
1
1 1
1
1
1
=
- wL 2L = 2 + +
= 2w 2 L
C1w C2w
w C2 C1 C1 C2

Bi tp vn dng: Cho mch RLC ni tip vi cun dy thun cm c t vo ngun in xoay

chiu u = 200cos100p t (V). Bit in tr R = 10 (), khi hai gi tr L1 = 0,6 (H) v L2 = 0,2 (H)
th thy hai gi tr cng sut bng nhau. Cng sut tiu th khi l:
A. 500 W

B. 600 W

C. 800W

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

D. 1000W

Trang 7/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

Hng dn:
-

Ta c: Z L1 = 30 (), Z L2 = 10 ()

p dng cng thc trn, ta c: ZC =

Ta c cng sut khi : P =

Z L1 + Z L2
2
2

U R

R + Z L1 - ZC
2

30 + 10
= 20 ()
2

100 2 .10

102 + ( 30 - 20 )

= 1000 (W)

p n D
g. Bit hai gi tr 1, 2 cho cng mt cng sut
- Tng t, ta cng c:

P1 = P2

U2R

R 2 + Z L1 - ZC1

U2R

R 2 + Z L2 - ZC2

U2R

1
R 2 + Lw1
Cw1

U2R

1
R + Lw2
Cw2

1
1

Lw1 - Cw = Lw2 - Cw
1
1
1
2
Lw1 = Lw2

Cw1
Cw2
1
1
Lw1 - Cw = Cw - Lw2

1
2

L (w1 - w2 ) =

L (w1 + w2 ) =

1 w2 - w1
C w1w2

w
w
=
(loi)
1
2

LC

1
1 w2 + w1

w1w2 =

LC
C w1w2

2
Nh vy ta c th rt ra mt kt lun: w0 = w1w2 =

1
vi w0 l tn s gc khi mch cng
LC

hng.
Bi tp vn dng: Cho mch RLC ni tip vi cun dy thun cm c t vo ngun in xoay
chiu u = 200cos2p ft (V) vi gi tr tn s f thay i c. Bit khi f1 = 25 (Hz) v f2 = 100 (Hz)
th thy hai gi tr cng sut bng nhau. Mun cho cng sut mch t cc i th gi tr f0 l:
A. 75 Hz

B. 125 Hz

C. 62,5 Hz

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

D. 50 Hz

Trang 8/16

Phn loi cc dng bi tp cng sut trong mch in RLC ni tip

Hng dn:

Vi f thay i, mch t gi tr cc i khi: w0 =

Mt khc, v cng sut bng nhau ng vi f1 v f2 nn:

w1w2 =
-

Nh vy, ta c: f0 =

LC

1
1
4p 2 f1 f2 =

LC
LC

f1 f2 = 25.100 = 50

f0 =

f1 f2 =

1
2p LC

1
2p LC

( Hz )

p n D.

SV thc hin: L Anh, T i, Quc Khnh, Phng Dung, Hu Cu, Ngc Dim, Minh Khnh

Trang 9/16