Cng Bn tm hiu mn in T Hc c bn qua cc trang web trn

mng
Bi vit s gm cc mc sau:

Ni qua cc k hiu linh kin v cc linh kin c bn.

Khi nim v mch in

Trong mt mch in lun gm c 3 thnh phn: (1) Ngun in

nng, (2) Kha in ng m mch v (3) l cc dng ti.

Dng in thc, hay dng in vt l.

Ci thc th quan trng nht trong tt c cc loi mch in, chnh

l dng chy ca cc ht in, hay l dng in t. Mt mch in
ang "sng" l trong mch ang c dng chy trong mch. Trong
hu ht cc loi mch in, dng in chnh l s chy ca cc ht

in t, v in t mang in tch m, nn khi chy n b ht v

cc dng ca ngun.
Dng in quy c.

Do lc pht hin ra dng in, ngi ta cha bit tht s l ci g

ang chy, v cng do quan nim l cc dng ca pin l mc volt
cao hn mc volt m v cho ng dng dng in vi nc chy t
cao xung thp, nn lc ngi ta cho l dng in cng chy t
cc dng v cc m. Sau ny khi bit dng in chy trong mch
chnh l dng electron, ngi ta gi dng in chy t cc dng v
cc m l dng in quy c. V gi dng electron l dng in thc
hay dng vt l.
Trong ngnh in, c nhiu dng dng in, c hiu nh sau:
* Dng in electron, cc electron t do khng gn vi mt nguyn
t no, khi tp trung li v chy thnh dng, chng ta c dng in
t. y l dng dng in thc chy trong cc mch in t. Do
electron mang in tch m, nn n s b ht v chy v cc dng
ca ngun.
* Dng in ly t, cc phn t mt cn bng in tch s tr thnh
cc ion, c ion dng v ion m. Khi chu tc ng ca in trng,
cc ly t s chy trong mch, ion dng chy v hng cc m v
ion m chy v hng cc dng, s chy ca cc ion rt chm, v
n nng v c qun tnh ln. Dng in chy trong cc ng n
hunh quang l dng ion.
* Dng in l. Trong cc cht bn dn, trn cc ch kt ni gia
cc nguyn t khi mt in t ni s ra l trng, nh c cc l
trng ny m cc in t ni ln cn c th di chuyn to ta
dng in, ngi ta gi dng in ny l dng l, dng l l mt
chuyn ng biu kin, n chy v hng cc m.
* Dng in ton hc. Trong khi tnh ton cc mch in, trn cc
nt ca mch in, chng ta c th chn chiu dng chy tu . V
khi gii ton, nu c dng in c du m th chiu chy phi l

chiu ngc li, nu l c du dng chiu chy ng vi chiu

chn.
* Dng in quy c, cn gi l dng Franklin, chiu chy ca dng
dng in ny l cho chy t cc dng v cc m. V lc ngi
ta tng ng dng in nh dng nc, nc chy t cao xung
thp th dng in cng chy t cc dng, mc cao, v cc m,
mc thp. Tuy chiu chy ca dng ny ny khng ng vi bn
cht ca dng in tht, nhng do dng quen nn hin vn cn
c a dng.
Bn nh trn i, nng lng l ci to ra cng. C nhn loi ang i
tm nhng dng nng lng mi, nng lng sch. Nng lng c 2
dng:
* Khi mt vt th nm yn, n c th nng, th nng l nng lng
xc nh theo t th ca n, n mc cao hay mc thp, nm
cng cao c nng lng cng ln.
* Khi vt th chuyn ng, n c ng nng, ng nng l nng
lng xc nh theo tc chuyn ng ca n. ng tnh cng ln,
nng lng cng mnh.

Nhn vi Bn: Trong cc bi vit ca ti, ti dng chiu chy ca

dng in electron, n l s chy thnh dng ca cc ht in t,
chy v hng cc dng v khi chy th mang theo nng lng trn
ng tnh ca ht electron. Dng dng chy electron, mi gii thch
vn hnh trong mch s nht qun trong sut bi vit, rt trc quan
v d hiu.

1. in tr
Trong mch: in tr l cc ng dn in.

Trong mch, in tr l cc ng dn in, n dn dng vo mch,

vi cc in tr c dng hnh ng, ngi ta ghi sc cn dng bng
cc vng mu. Khi cm trn tay mt in tr c 2 in Bn cn bit
l sc cn dng ca in tr v sc chu nng ca cc in tr.
* Sc cn dng ca in tr tnh theo Ohm.

* Sc chu nng ca in tr tnh theo Watt.

in tr l mt linh kin rt ph dng, c 3 tham s lun gn vi
mt in tr, l: in p V o trn hai u ca mt in
tr, cng dng in Ichy qua in tr v sc cn dng ca
chnh in tr. Lut Ohm cho thy mi quan h ca 3 tham s ny.
l mt nh lut cc k c bn ca mn in T Hc m ai hc
in cng phi bit tng tn.

Mt mch in thng 3 trng thi:

* Trng thi mch ang hot ng, lc ny trn cc ng mch c
mc p V, trn cc nhnh c dng chy I v cc linh kin chu tc
ng ca cng sut W.
* Trng thi mch ang tt. Lc ny trong mch vn cn c ngun
nhng khng c dng chy. Mch s hot ng li khi ng kha
in.
* Trng thi mch cht, mch tho pin.

Trong mt mch in c 2 tham s trng thi quan trng m chng

ta lun mun bit, l: Mc p V trn cc ng mch v cng
dng in I chy qua cc linh kin. o in p chng ta dng
Volt k cho mc song song vo hai im o bit p, do khi o p
dng cch mc song song nn my o t nh hng vo
hot ng ca mch Bn phi dng my o Volt c ni tr ln, cng
ln cng tt. Khi o dng chng ta dng Ampere k cho mc ni tip
vo mch, do khi o dng dng cch mc ni tip nn my o t
nh hng vo hot ng ca mch Bn phi dng my o Ampere
c ni tr nh, cng nh cng tt.

Trong mch ngi ta c th dng in tr gim dng chy qua

ti:

Cch 1: Cho mc ni tip, trong hnh, ngi ta dng mt in tr ni

tip hn dng, lm gim cng dng in chy qua Led.
Cch 2: Cho mc song song, trong hnh, ngi ta dng mt in tr
mc song song chia dng, lm gim cng dng in chy
qua bng n

Ty theo cch t ng masse, ng masse l ng c mc p

qui nh l 0V. Nu t ng masse im gia, chng ta s c
ngun i xng, +9V v -9V.
Vi cc bng n ging nhau cho mc ni tip, mc p s chia u
trn cc bng n

Cng c th dng cch mc cc in tr theo kiu ni tip hay theo

kiu song song to ra cc in tr ng hiu c tr s Ohm theo
mun:
Hnh 1 cho thy khi cho 2 in tr mc ni tip, chng ta s c mt
in tr ng hiu R = R1 + R2. Vy khi cho nhiu in tr mc
theo kiu ni tip, tr ca in tr ng hiu s bng tt c cc in
tr ny cng li. Nu mun c in tr ln, c th dng nhiu in
tr nh cho mc theo kiu ni tip.
Hnh 2 cho thy, khi cho mc 2 in tr song song, chng ta s c
mt in tr ng hiu R = R1xR2/ (R1+R2). Vy khi cho nhiu in
tr mc theo kiu song song, tr nghch o ca in tr ng hiu
s bng tng ca cc nghch o ca cc in tr song song. Nu
mun c in tr nh, c th dng nhiu in tr ln cho mc theo
kiu song song.

Cc hnh v ny cho thy cch mc cc bng n tim theo kiu

ni tip v theo kiu song song. Khi mc ni tip th dng chy qua
cc bng n s bng nhau v khi t mt bng th ton nhnh mt
dng, tt c cc bng khc u tt. Khi mc song song th mc p
trn cc bng n s bng nhau, v khi t mt bng th cc bng
khc vn c cp dng v vn sng. Vi cch mc ni tip

th mch b mt dng khi c mt linh kin b t, vi cch mc

song song th mch s b mt p khi c mt linh kin b chm.

Hnh ng trn cho thy: Cch mc cc kha in theo kiu ni tip

v theo kiu song song:
* kiu mc ni tip, th ch khi c 2 kha in cng kn, n mi
sng, ch cn cho h mt kha in th n s tt. Ngi ta nh
ngha cch mc ny l cch mc theo logic AND.
* kiu mc song song, th ch khi c 2 kha in cng h, n mi
tt, ch cn cho kn mt kha in l n s sng. Ngi ta gi cch
mc ny l cch mc theo logic OR.

Lut Ohm, mt nh lut cc k quan trng ca mn in T Hc

Lut Ohm cho thy mi quan h nh lng ca 3 tham s trn cc

in tr, l: in p V o trn hai u ca in tr, l cng
dng in I chy qua in tr v tr sc cng Ohm ca in tr.

nh mi quan h ca 3 tham s ny, Bn c th dng hnh v

trn. Nu bit trc 2 tham s th lun tnh c tham s th 3. Bn
ly ngn tay che ch V s thy IxR, Bn ly ngn tay che ch I
s thy V/R v Bn ly ngn tay che ch R s thy V/I.

H cc in tr:

Hnh v cho thy bin tr, chit p quay, chit p tinh chnh.
* Bin tr l mt in tr m tr s Ohm ca n c th thay i c.
* Chit p l mt vnh in tr than trn c mt im chy,
Bn dng chit p cho ly ra mt phn in p t mc p a
vo hai u ca chit p.
* Chit p tinh chnh cng hot ng nh chit p nhng n c
chnh "nhuyn hn", ng vi mt vng quay s Ohm thay i
tng ng rt nh.

Hnh v cho thy cc loi bng n tim. Bng n tim cng l cc

in tr, khi c dng chy qua tim n, tim n vn l cc si kim
loi s b nung nng, mc nng cao, cc si kim loi s pht ra
nh sng, trnh si tim tip xc vi dng kh nn ngi ta t
cc si tim trong cc v bc thy tinh trong khng c dng kh.

Hnh v cho thy nhit tr, quang tr, loa gm, loa in ng v ci
bo.

* Nhit tr l in tr c tr s Ohm thay i theo mc nng.

* Quang tr l in tr c tr s Ohm thay i theo mc sng.
* Cc loi loa dng chuyn i tn hiu in ra dng sng m.
Loa gm, ci thng dng pht tn hiu nhc, tn hiu ting h. Loa
in ng dng pht tn hiu li ca ting ni.
Dng trnh PSpice kho st vai tr ca cc in tr trong
mch:
Bn c th dng trnh PSpice phn tch cc mch in. trng
thi tnh, trnh PSpice s xc nh mc p DC trn cc ng mch
v xc nh cng dng in chy vo ra trn cc chn ca cc
linh kin.

Chng ta dng PSpice bit p v dng v ri tnh ra in tr ng

hiu:

* 2 in tr 10K mc ni tip s cho ra in tr tng ng l 20K

* 2 in tr 10K mc song song s cho ra in tr tng ng l 5K
Mt ng dng quan trng ca cc in tr l cu chia volt. Vi 2
in tr mc ni tip, chng ta c th ly ra mt phn mc p ca
ngun nui.

Trong mch: trn in tr R2, chng ta ly ra mc p 1.579V t

ngun nui 9V

 th cho thy, khi ngun vo cho bin i t 0V n 40V (ng

mu xanh), PSpice tnh ra cho chng ta ng bin i ca mc p
ly ra trn in tr R2 (ng mu ). Vi th ny, khi Bn cp
ngun cho mch, c mc p trong khong t 0V n 40V, Bn s
lun c th nhn thy c mc p ly ra trn R2. Ngc li, khi Bn
mun c mc p ly ra trn R2, dng th ny Bn s bit c

phi cp mc ngun cho mch l bao nhiu. Dng cch thit k theo
cc th nh trn, quen gi l cch thit k " tnh".

2. T in
Trong mch: T in l cc kho cha in nng theo mc p

T ha l loi t c in mi l mt lp oxid nhm rt mng, t ha

c in dung ln v thng c cc tnh m dng. Khi gn cc t
ha c cc tnh vo mch in, bn c mc p cao l cc dng v
bn c mc p thp l cc m, gn sai cc s to dng r ln v
dng r s lm nng t v s lm n t. Loi t ha Tantalum l t c
mc ting n rt nh nn thng c dng lm cc t lin lc cc
tng u ca cc mch khuch i. Khi cm trn tay mt t in
Bn phi bit 2 tham s:
* Sc cha in ca t, tnh theo n v Faraday.
* Sc chu p ca t tnh theo n v Volt. Thng ngi ta ghi trn
t mc p lm vic WV
V t l phn t kho dng cha in nng, nn khi lm vic n c
2 qu trnh: Qu trnh np v qu trnh x. Cc t trong mch khng
b t nng nh cc in tr. Khi r tay thy c t in b nng,
l du hiu "bt thng", phi tt ngun v kim tra mch in.

T thng l loi t khng c cc tnh m dng, in mi thng l

cc cht cch in, nh mica, gm, cht poly...in dung ca cc t
thng thng khng ln, nhng t thng c mc chu p cao.
Ngi ta thng dng t thng trong cc mch m tn s ngun
kch thch cao.

T xoay hay cc t tinh chnh l cc loi t in m in dung ca

n thay i c. Ngi ta thng dng cc t xoay trong cc mch
cng hng, chng ta bit khi t C kt hp vi ng dy L s to ra
dng mch cng hng dng to ra tn hiu dng Sin, c tn s
ly theo tr ca t C v tr ca cun cm L, mch cng hng LC cn
dng lm by sng, dng bt gi cc sng in c trong khng
gian.

Vi cc t dng mu ghi tr in dung, cch c tr in dung cng

tng t nh in tr.

Hnh v cho thy k hiu ca cc t in. n v ca t l Faraday,

nhng trong thc t thng l micro, nano v pico

T vn l cc kho cha in, cc h thc sau cho thy cch tnh

lng in cha trong t.

* Dng in chnh l s chy ca cc ht in, trn cc ht in n

mng mt lng in tch, vi h thc Q = C x V, chng ta c
th xc nh c lng in tch Q cha trong t C bng cch ly C
nhn cho mc p V hin c trn t.
* in nng cha trong t, tnh theo Joule, n l 1/2 ca tr in
dung C v bnh phng ca mc p V hin c trong t. H thc ny
cho thy, mc p trn t cng cao, cho bit t ang cha lng in
nng cng ln. Do vi cc t ha c tr in dung C ln, c mc
p WV lm vic cao, lng in nng cha trong cc t in ny s
rt ln, nn khi lm vic vi cc loi t in ny, Bn nn thn
trng, nn dng mt in tr ln Watt, vi trn Ohm cho x in
trnh s v t phng in c th gy ra chy da, chy tht.
Khi Bn cho kch thch t vi cc ngun in xoay chiu dng Sin, c
tn s f, lc t c tc dng cn dng, sc cn dng ca t C gi
l dung khng. H thc di y, cho thy cch tnh dung khng ca
t C vi ngun tn hiu dng Sin, c tn s f.

H thc cho thy: Vi ngun Sin c tn s f cng cao, dung khng Xc

ca t cng nh, hay dng xoay chiu dng Sin c tn s cng cao,
cng d chy qua t. V i vi ngun in DC, c tn s f = 0Hz,
dung khng ca t s v cng ln, chng ta ni t c tc dung "nh
h mch" i vi ngun DC. Do sc cn dng ca cc t in thay
i theo tn s, do ngi ta dng cc t in trong cc mch lc
tn. Trong mn in t cc mch lc tn ng vai tr rt quan trng.
C bn c 4 loi mch lc tn:
1. Mch lc thp qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn s
thp: "lc ly thp b cao"
2. Mch lc cao qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn s cao:
"lc ly cao b thp"
3. Mch lc di qua, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu khong gia,
b thp, b cao.
4. mch lc di chn, mch lc ny lc ly cc tn hiu c tn thp,
tn cao, b cc tn hiu c tn s khong gia.

Cng nh in tr, vi cc t in, chng ta cng c 2 cch mc t,

mc ni tip v cch mc t song song.
Hnh di y cho thy cch tnh t ng hiu ca cch mc t ni
tip v cch mc t song song.

* Khi mc cc t ni tip, tr in dung C ca t tng ng nh,

"nghch o ca t tng ng bng tng ngch o ca cc t
mc ni tip", nhng sc chu p ca t ng hiu tng.
* Khi mc cc t song song, tr in dung C ca t tng ng ln,
"in dung ca t tng ng bng tng tr in dung ca cc t
trong mch", nhng sc chu p ca t phi tnh theo sc chu p
nh nht.
Khi nim v thi hng (hng s thi gian)

Chng ta thy: Khi t in thi k np in, dng in tch I chy

vo t C v lc ny mc p Vc trn t in tng dn ln. Chng ta
c h thc dng xc nh cng dng in ang chy vo t.
* thi im khi u: Khi mc p trong t bng 0V. Lc ny dng
in chy vo t c bin ln nht. Io = Vs/R
* thi im lu: Khi mc p trn t ln cao bng mc p
ca ngun Vs, lc ny chng ta ni t np y v dng np Is =
0
* thi im ang np: Lc ny dng chy vo t s lm mc p
trn t dn cao dn v cng dng in cng gim dn.
y, qua php ton, ngi ta thy: Sau khong thi gian R x C, th
mc p trn t C ln n mc bng 63% mc p ca ngun.
Ngi ta gi R x C l hng s thi gian.

Hnh v cho thy: ng cong in p tng dn ln khi t C thi k

np in. V bng lit k mc p trn t theo thi hng R x C ca
mch np. C th thy sau 5 (RxC) th mc p trn t C gn bng
mc p ca ngun.

Hnh v cho thy: ng cong in p gim dn xung khi t thi

k x in. V sau 5 (RxC), co8 th36 xem nh[ tu9 0a7 xa6 g25n h38t
0i39n
Do sc cn dng ca t thay i theo tn s ca cc tn hiu dng
Sin, do tc dng ca cc t lin lc s c dung khng ln i vi
cc tn hiu c tn s thp. iu ny s gy mo i vi cc ngun
tn hiu "a hi" c dng xung vung. Chng ta bit: Cc tn hiu
tn s thp s kha qua t lin lc, u ny s to ra dng mo hnh
thanh hay dng mo xung nhn.

Dng trnh PSpice kho st vai tr ca cc t in trong

mch:
Qua phn tch trn Bn thy dung khng Xc ca t in thay i
theo tn s ca cc ngun tn hiu, do vy ngi ta c th dng cc
t in lm mch chia p AC. Trong mch, dng t C1 v in tr R1
rp thnh cu chia volt, qua phn tch ca trnh PSpice, chng ta
thy c mc p AC ly ra trn in tr R1, y t c tr in
dung cng nh, dung khng Xc ca t cng ln, mc p trn in tr
R1 s cng thp. Vi cc mch gim p bng t, t in cn gy ra
s lch pha gia tn hiu Sin trn t C v trn in tr R. Tm li khi
dng t lm mch gim p AC, chng ta dng PSpice bit:
* Mc p ly ra trn in tr R, v cng bit c mc p c trn t
in C.
* Tnh ra c gc lch pha gia ngun tn hiu Sin trn t C v trn
in tr R.

Khi kho st mch RC vi ngun tn hiu dng xung vung, lc

chng ta c 2 kiu mch: mch vi phn v mch tch phn.
Mch vi phn: Khi tn hiu ly ra trn in tr R, Bn xem hnh, lc
chng ta c quan h tn hiu ng ra v tn hiu ng vo qua mt

php ton vi phn, dng php ton ny, chng ta s thy, khi tn
hiu ng vo c dng xung vung th tn hiu ng ra s l 2 xung
nhn ngc du.

Mch tch phn: Khi tn hiu ly ra trn t C, Bn xem hnh, lc

quan h tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra s l php ton tch
phn. Lc ny nu t tn hiu xung vung ng vo, trn ng ra
chng ta s c xung tam gic cong.

 ngha ca mch vi phn v mch tch phn: Vi mt xung

vung, chng ta thy c 2 thnh phn rt r rt: Phn cnh
ng, hay b ln v b xung, y n cho thy c s thay
i bin rt t ngt, thay i rt nhanh, ngi ta
ni: " cc cnh ln xung, n tp trung rt nhiu cc tn
hiu c tn s cao" v ng vi phn nm ngang, hay mc
thp v mc cao, y n cho thy c s thay i bin
rt chm, ngi ta ni: "trong vng ny, n tp trung cc tn
hiu c tn s thp". Vy:
* mch vi phn: Chng ta thy, trong tn hiu ng ra, cc
b trc v b sau vn bo ton, phn bin mc cao v

phn mc thp b gim bin. Nn ngi ta ni: "mch vi

phn gi li vng tn cao v lc b vng tn thp".
* mch tch phn: Chng ta thy, trong tn hiu ng ra,
cc b dc trc v sau b bin mt, v tn hiu mc cao v
mc thp vn bo ton. Nn ngi ta ni: "mch tch phn
gi li vng tn thp v lc b vng tn cao".

Sau y, chng ta cho kho st cc dng mch lc tn c bn

thng dng trong cc mch in thc dng, mch lc c
rp vi t in C v cc in tr R. Khi kho st tc dng lc tn,
ngun tn hiu cho kch thch mch phi l ngun dng Sin.
Mch lc thp qua: th cho thy, ng ra bin cc tn hiu
c tn s cao b nn bin

Mch lc cao qua: th cho thy, bin cc tn hiu vng tn

s thp b nn bin.

Mch lc di qua: th cho thy, cc tn hiu nm trong vng

tn thp v vng tn cao b nn bin.

Mch lc di chn: th cho thy, cc tn hiu nm vng gia

b nn bin

3. My bin p v mch cp ngun 5V

My bin p l mt thit b in t, n rt thng dng trong cc
mch in. my bin p thng c 2 cng dng:
* N bin i mc p bn cun s cp ra mc p bn cun th cp
cho phhp vi ti. Th d: Bn dng my bin p chuyn i in
nh n 220V ra mc p 9V.
* N c chc nng to cch ly gia cc linh kin hn trn bo mch
vi ng ngun AC ca nh n. Nh c tnh cch ly, khi Bn cho

tay chm vo bo mch s khng b in git, tnh cch ly gia an

ton cho ngi s dng.

Hnh v sau cho thy cc thnh phn cn c trong mt mch ngun

nui DC. in vo 220V, cho qua bin p gim p v to tnh
cch ly. K dng 4 diode rp thnh mch cu nn dng ton k.
Dng nn ra c dng cn nhp nh dn sng, Bn phi dng t ha
ln lm kho cha in, n c tc dng lm gim dn sng ng ra,
v sau cng dng IC n p, n nh mc p ng ra v cho mc
ngun c tnh n p rt tt.

Hnh v cho thy mt my bin p vi mc p ng vo l in nh

n 220V v mc p ng ra trn cun th cp l 9V. in nh n
c dng Sin, tn s 50Hz. Chng ta thy khng c s "dnh nhau"
gia bn cun th v bn cun s, in ra trn cun th l do hin
tng cm ng in t. Mc p ra t l theo s vng qun, qun
cng nhiu vng, mc p ly ra cng cao.

Mch dng 4 diode rp theo dng cu, ngi ta dng 4 diode nn

dng xoay chiu ra dng dng xung mt chiu. y l kiu nn
dng ton k nn lng in cp cho ti s nhiu hn kiu nn dng
bn k. Hnh v cho thy mc p ng ra tuy l mt pha, y l
pha dng nhng mc dn sng cn rt ln, n cha c dng ging
nh in ca cc ngun pin, nn cha th dng cp in cho cc
mch in in t.

Hnh ng cho thy nguyn l hot ng ca cu nn dng dng 4

diode: Mi pha lun c 2 diode i din dn in, nh vy mch lun
cho in ra dng in xoay chiu ng vo lun i pha. Nh vy
mch nn dng ton k cho lng in ra nhiu hn l mch nn
dng bn k.

Ngi ta dng t ha ln lm kho cha in, t s np cc dng

xung nn ra t cu 4 diode v v l phn t kho nn t s gi in
trong t "c in thng xuyn cp cho ti". y t ha ln
c 3 chc nng:
* T ha ln s lm gim dn sng ca ngun, mc p t dn
sng hn.
* T ha ln s nng cao mc ngun DC, nng mc ngun DC ln
gn bng mc volt cc i ca tn hiu Sin
* T ha ln s lm kho cha in lun c in cp cho ti, d
in nh n c lc chuyn qua tr 0V.

Sau cng, ngi ta thng dng cc IC c chc nng n p to ra

ng ngun c mc p ng yu cu v c mc ngun rt thng
cp cho ti. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu IC n p. Vi
cc IC n p 3 chn h 78xx, nh: 7805, n cho ra mc p +5V v
IC n p 3 chn h 79xx, nh: 7905, n cho ra mc p -5V.

S trn cho thy mt mch ngun DC rt c bn, chng ta phi

hiu r hot ng ca cc loi mch ngun ny, h hng mch
ngun nui s lm cho thit b "chy chp chn" hay "cht my".

4. Diode, Led
Trong mch: diode dng nn dng, diode zener dng n p v
Led dng bin i dng in ra nh sng

Diode vn l van in, dng chy theo chiu thun th m cho dng
chy qua, dng chy theo chiu ngc th ng, ngn khng cho
dng chy qua. Vy dng diode c th nn dng in chy theo hai
chiu, quen gi l dng xoay chiu, thnh dng in chy theo mt
chiu. Do in nh n vn l dng xoay chiu, trong khi hu ht
cc dng thit b in t u dng ngun mt chiu, nn trong thit
b ngi ta thng dng diode nn dng. Mun c mch nn
dng ton k, ngi ta dng cu 4 diode. Hin nay trn th trng c
bn rt nhiu dng cu diode, n c 4 chn, trn ghi 2 chn l
xoay chiu v chn + cho ra volt dng v chn - cho ra volt m.
Khi cm trn tay mt diode, chng ta phi bit dng lm vic ca n
v phi bit mc p nghch ca diode. Mt diode khi dn in
thng ghim li mc p khong 0.6V, v khi nghch ngn dng
khng cho qua, th trn diode s chu mt in p nghch rt ln.

Diode zener c tnh n p. Trong mch diode zener lun trng thi
phn cc nghch v lm vic trng thi b nh thng. Khi diode
zener b nh thng, n s c tnh ghim p, lc ny mc p a vo
c thay i nhng mc p ly ra trn diode zener l khng i.
Trong mch diode zener lun dng vi mt in tr hn dng
trnh b qu cng sut. Trong nhiu mch in ngi ta dng diode
zener khng c in tr hn dng lm mch bo v trnh trng
hp thit b b qu p.

Trong mch ny, ngi ta dng diode cho mc ngang cun dy ca

relay bo v transistor. Bo v ra sao? Chng ta bit, khi
transistor dn in, n cp dng cho cun dy to ra sc ht
nam chm, ht l kim thay i v tr ca tip im. Nhng khi
transistor ngng dn, n ct dng cp cho cun dy ca relay,

chnh ngay lc ny, t cun dy ca relay s "bung ra in p ng",

mc p ny thng c bin rt cao v d nh thng lm h cc
mi ni bn dn. trnh iu tai hi ny, ngi ta mc ngang cuc
dy mt diode dng chng mc p nghch, diode s vo trng thi
dn in do c tnh ghim p, diode gi cho mc p ngang cun
dy khng th tng cao.
Led l linh kin bn dn dng bin i trc tip dng in nng ra
dng quang nng. Do Led l mt diode, do khi dng Led, Led
phi trng thi phn cc thun. Hin nay, Led rt c a dng
trong nhiu thit b.

Led c nhiu u im:

* Led c hiu sut cao, do chuyn i trc tip in ra quang nn
Led cho hiu sut rt cao.
* Led c qun tnh nh nn c ng tnh rt nhanh, ngi ta dng
Led trong cc bng n hin th hnh nh, con ch...
* Led c th lm vic mc p thp, n dng nh nn hin rt
thng dng trong cc my sch tay.
* Led cho ra dng nh sng nhiu mu, nn ngi ta dng Led trong
cc bng n qung co.

Trong mch, ngi ta thng dng mt in tr cho mc ni tip vi

Led nh mc dng lm vic ca Led. Bn c th dng lut Ohm
tnh c tr s Ohm ca in tr nh dng. Vi dng lm vic
ca cc Led l 10mA, Led c mc ghim p thng trn di 2V, Vy
vi mc ngun cp cho mch l 9V, in tr R trong mch s c
xc nh theo h thc: R = (9V - 2V) / 10mA = 0.7K hay ly in tr
680 Ohm

Hin nay Led i cho ra 3 chn cng rt thng dng (bn xem hnh),
vi Led i chng ta c th cho ra 3 mu, dng ch 3 trng thi ca
thit b. Nu ch cp ngun volt dng cho chn a1 th Led s pht
ra tia sng mu . Nu ch cp ngun volt dng cho chn a2 th
Led s pht ra tai sng mu xanh l, v nu c 2 Led u c
cp ngun, lc ny Led s pht ra tia sng mu vng (do tia kt
hp vi tia xanh l cho ra tia sng mu vng). Bn nh khi dng Led
i, mi Led phi dng mt in tr hn dng ring.

Hnh trn cho thy cch tnh in tr nh dng lm vic ca Led.

Vi cc Led mc ni tip, chng ta s cho cng tt c cc mc ghim
p ca tng led li ri dng lut Ohm tnh ra in tr nh dng,
dng lm vic ca cc Led thng ly trong khong t 5mA n
15mA l sng. Khng nn Led lm vic vi mc dng qu ln,
Led s d b h.
Sau y l bng tham kho, cho thy cc tham s thng dng ca
cc loi Led.

Ngi ta cn dng nhiu Led sp xp li to ra cc b hin th,

nh: Thanh Led, Led s dng m 7 on, Led ch, Led ma trn.

Bn xem cch cho hin hnh cc con s thp phn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9 trn n s Led m 7 on.

Bn thy c 7 Led to ra hnh ch nht , v mi Led c t tn

l a, b, c, d, e, f, g, vic tt m cc Led ny s lm hin ra cc con
s:
* hin ra s 0, chng ta tt Led g.
* hin ra s 1, chng ta cho sng Led b v Led c.
* hin ra s 2, chng ta cho sng cc Led, a, b, g, e, d.
* hin ra s 3, chng ta cho tt cc Led, e, f.
* hin ra s 4, chng ta cho sng cc Led, f, g, b, c.
* hin ra s 5, chng ta cho tt cc Led, b, e.
* cho hin ra s 6, chng ta cho tt Led b, hay tt Led a, Led b.
* cho hin ra s 7, chng ta cho sng cc Led, a, b, c.
* cho hin ra s 8, chng ta cho sng c 7 Led.
* cho hin ra s 9, chng ta tt Led e, hay tt Led d v Led e

5. Transistor npn v pnp

Transistor c nhiu loi, y chng ta ni n loi transistor 2 mi
ni, quen gi l Bi-Junction Transistor, hay BJT. Trong transistor ny

c 2 mi ni NP+PN hay PN+NP, hay NPN v PNP. Transistor c 3

chn:
* Chn E (Emitter) l chn dng phun ra cc ht mang in. Vi
transistor NPN, chn E phun ra dng in t v vi transistor PNP
chn E phun ra dng l (dng l l chuyn ng biu kin ca cc
ht in t chuyn di trn cc ni trng).
* Chn C (Collector) l chn dng thu gm cc ht in phun ra
t chn E. Vi transistor NPN, n thu gm cc ht in t v vi
transistor PNP n thu gm cc ht l.
* Chn B (Base) l chn dng iu khin dng in chy trong
transistor, chy t chn E vo chn C.
Khi dng transistor lm linh kin khuch i tn hiu, chng ta cho
phn cc thun mi ni B-E v phn cc nghch mi ni B-C. Lc ny
tn hiu a vo l mc p tng gim trn chn B, n s
tc ng vo dng chy trong transistor, tn hiu ly ra c th trn
chn E hay trn chn C.
Hnh v di y cho thy k hiu ca transistor, vi loi transistor
NPN, mi tn trn chn E ch ra v vi loi PNP mi tn trn chn B
ch vo.

Transistor BJT cng c nhiu chng loi, c nhiu kiu chn. Khi cm
mt transistor, chng ta phi bit:
* N l transistor cao tn hay m tn.
* Transistor khuch i analog hay transistor ng m digital hay
transistor kha switching
* Transistor cng sut nh hay cng sut trung bnh hay transistor
cng sut ln.
* Transistor c li dng ln hay nh.
* Transistor c mc p bo ho nh hay bnh thng...

C th xem mt transistor nh 2 diode (nhng khng th dng 2

diode ghp li to ra mt transistor). Do vy khi kim tra mt
transistor, chng ta thng dng Ohm k o tnh thut nghch ca 2
diode ny. Chng ta cn bit: Diode mi ni BE c tnh chu p
nghch thp thng khong di 10V, diode mi ni CB thng c
tnh chu p nghch cao, thng trn 60V n vi ngn volt.

Hnh v di y cho thy: Dng in bn chn B rt nh, n c th

iu khin dng in rt ln bn chn C, chnh l tnh khuch i
ca cc transistor. Chng ta a mt tn hiu c cng sut nh vo
chn B, chng ta c th nhn c mt tn hiu ln hn, mnh hn
trn chn C. Do , chn B gi l ng vo v chn C gi l ng ra.
Khi dng mt transistor lm tng khuch i, chng ta thng thit
k theo trnh t sau:
Th nht: Phi ly ng phn cc DC. Vi transistor NPN, mc volt
trn chn B cao hn E khong mt diode, mc volt chn C phi cao
hn chn B.
Th hai: Tm cch a tn hiu vo mch khuch i v tm cch
thu li tn hiu ng ra. C cc kiu vo ra nh sau:
* Cho tn hiu vo chn B v ly tn hiu ra trn chn C
* Cho tn hiu vo chn B v ly tn hiu ra trn chn E
* Cho tn hiu vo chn E v ly tn hiu ra trn chn C.
Vy chn B lun l ng vo v chn C lun l ng ra, ch c chn E
c th lc lm ng vo v lc lm ng ra.
Th ba: Dng k thut hi tip hon thin mch khuch i

Chng ta bit, trong ch to, mt transistor cho li dng ln th

cng sut khng ln, mt transistor cng sut ln th h s khuch
i dng nh. Vy c cc transistor va c cng sut ln, va c
li dng ln, ngi ta dng cch ghp phc hp cn gi l cch
ghp Darlington.

Transistor phc hp s cho h s khuch ai dng rt ln v c cng

sut ln.
Hnh v sau cho thy transistor BJT c th c dng nh mt mt
bin tr chnh theo mc p. Lc ny chn C khng phn cc, chn
CE xem nh mt bin tr, tn hiu c th qua li theo hai chiu, ni
tr CE s thay i theo mc p cao thp trn chn B. Ngi ta
thng dng transistor theo kiu ny mch ALC (Automatic Level
Control), n c tc dng n nh bin tn hiu lc my mode ghi
bng.

Ngi ta thng dng transistor theo kiu, tn hiu tc ng trn

chn B v ti t trn chn C.

Mch trn cho thy, ngi ta dng in p iu khin a vo chn

B v ng m dng chy ra trn chn C, dng dng ny kch
thch mt relay t trn chn C.
* Khi chn B c mc p cao hn 0.6V, khong 1V, th transistor s
vo trng thi bo ha, dng chy ra trn chn C s cp cho cun
dy trong relay, relay ht l kim xung v thay i v tr ca cc tip
im l kim.
* Khi chn B mt p, hay 0V th transistor s vo trng thi ngng
dn, lc ny s khng c dng chy ra trn chn C, cun dy trong
relay mt dng, tip im l kim b nh ra, n li thay i v tr ca
tip im l kim.
Do cun dy vn l mt kho cha in nng theo dng dng, nn
khi c dng in chy qua cun dy s c np in nng, v khi

cun dy b ct dng, lng in nng cha trong cun dy s hon

tr li cho mch, n hon tr in nng di dng pht ra in p
ng c bin rt cao, mc p ny c th lm h cc linh kin bn dn
trong mch, do ngang relay, ngi ta phi gn mt diode bo
v.

C th dng quang tr gn trn chn B ng m Led t trn

chn C.
* Trong hnh bn tri, khi quang tr b chiu sng, n cho ni tr
nh, lm gim mc p trn chn B, nn transistor vo trng thi tt
v khng c dng chy ra trn chn C, nn Led tt. V khi quang tr
b che sng Led s sng.
* Trong hnh bn phi th ngc li. Khi quang tr c chiu sng,
n s gim ni tr lm tng mc p trn chn B, transistor dn in,
Led sng v khi b che sng th Led tt.
Trong mch, chit p 10K dng chnh nhy ca mch.

6. Cc cng Logic

Logic l g?
Logic l mt kiu lun l, l mt kiu lp lun cho thy mi quan h
tt yu gia cc nguyn nhn a n mt kt qu xc nh. Logic
n gin nht l ng kha in th bng n sng, h kha in th

bng n tt. M 2 mt th thy ng, nhm mt mt cng cn

thy ng, ch khi nhm c 2 mt th mi khng thy ng. Trong
mch in c 3 logic c bn, l: Logic AND, logic OR v logic NOT.

Logic AND c th din t theo m hnh cc kha in cho mc ni

tip. Logic AND c th pht biu nh sau: C 4 kha in c ni
tip, ch khi c 4 kha in cng ng kn bng n mi sng v ch
cn mt kha in h l n s tt.
Logic OR c th din t theo m hnh cc kha in cho mc song
song. Logic OR c th pht biu nh sau: C 4 kha in mc song
song, ch khi c 4 kha in u h lc n mi tt, ch cn mt
kha in ng kn l n s sng.
Logic NOT c th din t theo m hnh kha in mc song song vi
bng n. Logic NOT c th pht biu nh sau: Khi kha n h th
n s sng v khi kha in ng kn th n mt p v s tt.
Bn bit ch cn c 3 dng logic n gin ny m ngi ta to ra
mt vng quc k thut s, vi bit bao thnh tu khng th tng
tng ni.

Bng chn gi cho thy: ch khi cc ng vo u bit 1 th ng ra

mi bit 1, ch cn mt ng vo bit 0 th ng ra s bit 0. Trong
mch in, bit 0 ng vi mc volt thp v bit 1 ng vi mc volt cao.
Hnh v sau cho thy k hiu ca 2 cng logic c bn l NOT v
AND, v khi kt hp 2 cng logic ny chng ta c th to ra mt
cng logic rt hu dng khc l logic NAND. Sau ny ngi ta dng
logic NAND lm logic nn, v n d ch to, gi thnh thp, do
ngi ta dng s kt hp ca cc cng logic NAND to ra cc
kiu dng logic thng dng khc.

T cc cng Logic c bn trn, ngi ta cn to ra cc cng Logic

thng dng khc. l Logic NOR, Logic Ex-OR hay D-OR

T bng chn tr ca cng logic D-OR, chng ta thy: Ch khi

2 ng vo trng thi bit khc nhau lu ng ra mi l bit
1, khi 2 ng vo trng thi bit ging nhau th ng ra l bit
0
Thm tng o ng ra ca cng D-OR, chng ta c cng D-NOR,
pht biu ca cng D-NOR ngc li vi cng D-OR.

Trong cng logic ny, A, B l ng vo ca cng logic NOR, B, C l

ng vo ca cng logic AND, D, E l ng vo ca cng logic OR v
bng chn tr cho thy trng thi ca cc ng vo ng ra ca cng
logic kt hp.
Hnh v di y cho thy ngi ta c th dng cng logic NAND
to ra cc kiu cng logic khc.

 c kiu cng logic kt hp ny, chng ta c th to ra t cng

logic NAND, bn xem hnh bn di.

Ni vi Bn: Trong cc mch in logic, d mch n gin hay

phc tp, tn hiu lun xut hin dng bit 0, v bit 1, qua cc quan
h qua cc kiu cng logic, chng ta lun xc nh c trng thi
bit trn cc ng vo ng ra, l mt c im ca loi mch logic.

Cc dng mch in ng dng c bn

Hnh chp di y cho thy cc dng c thit yu ca ngi chi

mn in t, cy hn, ch hn, cy ht ch, km ct km m nhn,
my khoan l.... D nhin khng th khng c my o VOM v cc bo
mch dng lp rp cc kiu mch in.

Hai dng my o lun c trn bn th: My o kim hin th cc i

lng theo dng analog v my o s hin th theo dng digital.

Cc dng bo dng rp mch: bo cm a nng, dng rp thc

nghim, bo l dng dy ni mch v bo mch in.

Gii thch cc mch in thc hnh c bn:

Vit n y, ti mun dng li "tm s" vi cc Bn thch chi mn
in t. Theo ti, chung quanh chng ta lun tn ti 2 th gii, l
th gii thng tin v th gii tht.
* Th gii thng tin, lin quan n thng tin c trong cc bi vit,
v lin quan n cc cch trnh by: vit bi trn giy, biu din bi
hc bng phim nh, nghe ging trong lp, trao i kinh nghim vi
cc Bn th...Vi cc phng tin ngy mt tin b, cc tng s
cng c din t hp dn hn, a dng hn, nhiu Bn xem v
c cm thy rt d hiu, rt tng minh...nhng n vn ch l
phm tr thuc th gii thng tin m thi. Ni nh vy c ngha l

khng th ch c c nghe hiu l c th lm c cc th mnh

mun.
* Th gii tht, n c lin quan n i tay, n cng vic lm,
n cc sn phm do chnh chng ta lm ra. N l thc t ca cuc
sng. Do vy, Bn phi lm v lm cho c cc th m mnh mun.
Nu cha lm c v khng c gng hc lm, th mi th cng ch
c trn "trang giy m thi". Ci bnh ni nhiu m lm khng xong
ny, ngy nay nhiu Bn tr d b dnh lm. Mt ln na ti mun
ni "hy bt tay vo lm cho ra ci mnh mun, mi l cuc sng
tht ca ngi chuyn vin in t vy".

Trong mch ny, ic 555 rp thnh mch dao ng to xung nhp, tn

s xung nhp ph thuc vo in tr 100K, bin tr 1M v t 10uF.
Vy khi Bn iu chnh bin tr s lm thay i tn s xung nhp. Tn
hiu dng xung ly ra trn chn s 3 a vo chn s 14 ca ic
4017. Chng ta bit ic 4017 l ic m h thp phn, mi ln c mt
xung vo trn chn s 14 th trn 1 trong 10 ng ra s nhy ln mc
p cao v lm sng Led. Cc mc p cao ln lt cho ra trn cc
chn: 3 (0), 2 (1), 4 (2), 7 (3), 10 (4), 1 (5), 5 (6), 6 (7), 9 (8), 11
(9). Trong bng Bn phn phi trng thi sng tt ca cc Led vng-xanh theo trnh t ca n giao thng v dng cc diode
1N4148 gn vo cc ng ra c trng thi sng theo bng. IC
4017 lm vic vi chn s 8 cho ni masse v chn 16 cho ni

ngun V+. Chn chng m 13 cho ni masse v trn chn 15 t

mch reset mi ln m in, ic m s khi u t tr s 0.

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch ny cng ging nh mch in trn,

mch dng ic timer 555 to xung nhp, vi tr ca t 0.01uF t trn
chn s 2, xung nhp s c tn s cao. Xung ny ly ra trn chn s
3 v cho vo trn chn 14 ca ic 4017 dng m h c 10. Chng ta
b tr 7 Led v cc diode 1N4148 to thnh hnh con xc xt, hay
ht x ngu, Bn xem hnh.
Bnh thng chn s 13 cho treo ln mc p cao vi in tr 10K,
nn n trng thi chng m, xung vo trn chn s 14 khng c
tc dng n cc ng ra, khi Bn bm nt nhn cho chn s 13 ni
masse, xung vo trn chn 14 s lm cho cc Led nhp nhy rt
nhanh, v ngay khi Bn b nt nhn ra th mch m dng nhy v
s cho hin ra mt trong 6 con s, l: Nht - Nh - Tam - T - Ng
- Lc. iu ny m phng tr chi nm ht x ngu trong a v mt
no hin ra hon ton c tnh ngu nhin.

Cng vi ic 555 to xung nhp, xung ra trn chn s 3 v cho vo

chn 14 ca ic 4017 dng m h c 10, chng ta s ln lt c
mc volt cao xut hin trn cc chn 3, 2, 1, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11.
Chng ta dng cc diode 1N4148 ly xung trn cc chn ra cho kch
thch chn B ca mt transistor v dng dng in chy ra trn chn
C kch sng mt bng n tim. Vi cch sp xp kiu nhp nhy
nh hnh trn, chng ta s c s chp sng ca mt n thp, c
th dng n ny lm n tn hiu dng trong m ti. Mch rt n
gin, c hi rp thnh cng gn nh 100%. Hy th xem!

C bn, mch ny cng l mch to xung nhp, cho mc p cao ln

lt xut hin trn cc ng ra 3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, ...Trn cc chn
ny chng ta gn cc Led vi in tr hn dng, trong mch dng 8
Led v sp theo hnh tri tim, v nh vy khi mch c cp in
cc Led ny s ln lt pht sng, v chng ta s c hnh tri tim
vi cc im sng nhp nhy quay vng. D nhin Bn cng c th
dng cc im Led ny sp xp theo cc hnh nh khc, v trn mt
chn ra ca ic 4017 cng c th dng nhiu Led. ch in t Nht
To, ngi ta dng mch ny lm cc n ho quang vi cc vng
Led nhp nhy rt p.

Mch dng ic 4060B m xung nhp theo kiu dn sng, do trong IC

ny c mch dao ng to xung nhp nn khng cn a xung
nhp t bn ngoi vo. Tn s xung nhp c th iu chnh vi bin
tr 47K. Chng ta c th dng xung ra trn cc chn 4, 5 v 6 c tn
s xung nhp khc nhau kch sng cc dy Led nhp nhy theo
nhp khc nhau, chng ta dng mc volt cao thp ra trn cc chn
ny kch thch cc n Led. Vi mc p cao, dy Led bn di s
sng v vi mc volt thp dy Led bn trn s sng. By gi Bn
cho b tr cc Led trn cc hnh nh, dng s nhp nhy ca cc Led
lm cho hnh sng ng hn, nht l v m.
Ghi nh: Nu dng ngun nui volt cao, trn cc dy Led Bn nn
thm in tr hn dng, khng dng qua Led qu ln, d lm h
Led hay h ic 4060B.

Mch ny cng dng ic 4060B lm vic nh mch trn, cc dy Led

c nhp nhp nhy nhanh chm khc nhau ly ra trn cc chn 4, 5,
6 cho b tr trn cy thng Ging sinh, n lm cho cy thng thm
phn sinh ng khi v m. D nhin, Bn cng c th b tr cc dy
n Led ny trn cc vt th khc, nh trang tr bn th, trang tr
trn hn non b, trang tr trn cc bng hiu...Mch dng t linh kin
nn rt tin dng, phi khng?

Ph lc

Sau y l cc bng tra, gip Bn bit chc nng, bit cng dng
ca cc IC logic thng dng

Tm kt
Bi vit ny dnh cho cc Bn mi thch chi mn in t, bi vit
qu di, ti tm dng y. Khi c dp chng ta s li tip tc
"ni v cch hc in t sao cho tht l th, sao cho c hiu qu cao
nht", Hn gp Bn trong cc bi vit khc.

Ngi son
Bn vo xem...

mi