Giáo Trình Tính Toán Thiết Kế Ôtô

ANG QUY
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT

THANH PHO HO CH MINH 2001
LU HANH NOI BO
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
LI NOI AU
Nen co ng nghiep che tao o to tren the gii ngay cang phat trien manh me. Viet
Nam, trong thi gian khong lau na t tnh tran g lap rap xe hien nay, chung ta se tien en
t che tao oto. Bi vay, viec ao tao oi ngu ky s co trnh o ap ng c nhng oi
hoi cua nganh che tao va sa cha o to la mot nhiem vu rat quan trong.
e phuc vu cho muc ch lau dai neu tren va trc mat e ap ng cho chng trnh
ao tao theo hoc che tn ch, Khoa C Kh ong Lc cua Trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky
Thuat a phan cong can bo giang day bien soan giao trnh: Tnh toa n thiet ke o to
dung cho he ai hoc.
Giao trnh nay co 14 chng, trnh bay ve bo tr chung tren o to, cac che o tai trong
khi xe hoat ong, cac he thong thuoc phan truyen lc, cac cau xe, cac he thong treo,
phanh, lai va khung vo cua o to.
giao trnh nay se khong e cap nhieu ve cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cac chi
tiet va bo phan tren o to. V phan nay sinh vien a c hoc ky cac monMhoc thc tap
HC
xng.
TP.
t
a
u
th
Tnh toan thiet ke o to la mon hoc chuyen nga
nKhy quan trong nam cuoi. Bi
m
a
h
Su cp cac mon sau: C ly thuyet, Sc
vay, trc khi hoc mon nay, sinh vien phai ho
c
tr
H
D
ng
Trunoly ong c ot trong va Ly thuyet o to.
ben vat lieu, Cau ta o o to , Nguye
n
uye
Giao trnh nay e capBe
annqnhn g van e c ban quan trong cua mon hoc, phu hp vi
chng trnh qui nh cua Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao oi vi nganh thiet ke che tao o to.
Noi dung kie n thc giao trnh nay nham trang b cho sinh vien nhng hie u biet vng
chac ve ong lc hoc va o ben chi tiet ap dung cho cac bo phan thuoc phan gam cua o
to. Tren c s o, sinh vien ra trng co the tnh toan, thiet ke c cac chi tiet va bo
phan cu the cua xe. T o, ho co the che tao mi hoac thiet ke cai tao e phuc vu cho
viec sa cha, phuc hoi va cai tao o to.
Do trnh o va thi gian co han, bi vay giao trnh nay chac se co cho cha hoan thie n
va thieu sot. Rat mong cac ong ch va ban oc gop y. Toi xin chan thanh cam n.
Ngi bien soan
ang Quy
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
CHNG I
BO TR CHUNG TREN OTO

Bo tr chung tre n o to bao gom bo tr ong c va he tho ng truyen lc. Tuy thuoc vao
muc ch s dung, co ng dung va tnh kinh te ma moi loai xe co cach bo tr rieng. Nhn
chung, khi chon phng phap bo tr chung cho xe, chung ta phai can nhac e chon ra
phng an toi u, nham ap ng cac yeu cau sau ay :
- Kch thc cua xe nho, bo tr h p ly phu hp vi cac ieu kien ng xa va kh hau.
- Xe phai am bao tnh tien nghi cho lai xe va hanh khach, am bao tam nhn thoang
va tot.
- Xe phai co tnh kinh te cao, c the hien qua he so s dung chieu dai cua xe.
Khi he so cang ln th tnh kinh te cua xe cang tang .
l
L
M
ay :
. HC
P
T
l Chieu dai thung cha hang (xe tai) hoac chieu da
huatng cha han h khach (xe
y itbuo
K
am
ch khach) .
u ph
S
H
L Chieu dai toan bo cua o to . uong D
Trtai xe de thao tac, ieu khien xe va cho ngoi phai
n
- am bao khon g gian can thie
t
cho
e
y
qu
Ban
am bao an toan.
- De sa cha, bao d ng ong c, he thong truyen lc va cac bo phan con lai .
- am bao s phan bo tai trong len cac cau xe hp ly, lam tang kha nan g keo , bam on
nh, em duv.v cua xe khi chuye n ong .
I.
BO TR ONG C TREN OTO.

Cac phng an sau ay thng c s dun g khi bo tr ong c tren oto :
1. ong c at ang trc.

Phng an nay s dung c cho tat ca cac loai xe. Khi bo tr ong c ang trc
chung ta lai co hai phng phap nh sau :
a) ong c at a ng trc va nam ngoai buong lai:
Khi ong c at ang trc va nam ngoai buo ng lai (Hnh 1.1a) se tao ieu kien cho
cong viec sa cha, bao dng c thuan tien hn. Khi ong c lam viec, nhiet nan g do
ong c toa ra va s rung cua on g c t anh hng en tai xe va hanh khach.
Nhng trong trng hp nay he so s dung chieu dai cua xe se giam xuong. Ngha
la the tch cha hang hoa hoac lng han h khach se giam. Mat khac, trong trng hp nay
tam nhn cua ngi lai b han che, anh hng xau en o an toan chung .
1
b) ong c at a ng trc va nam trong buong lai (Hnh 1.1b) :

Phng an nay a han che va khac phuc c nhng nhc iem cua phng an va
neu tren. Trong trng hp nay he so s dung chie u dai cua xe tang rat ang ke, tam
nhn ngi lai c thoang hn .
Nhng do ong c nam ben trong buong lai, nen the tch buong lai se giam va oi hoi
phai co bien phap cach nhiet va cach am tot, nham han che cac anh hng cua ong c
oi vi tai xe va hanh khach nh nong va tieng on do ong c phat ra.
Khi ong c nam trong buong lai se kho khan cho viec sa cha va bao dng ong
c. Bi vay trong trng hp nay ngi ta thng dung loai buong lai lat (Hnh 1.1h) e
de dang cham soc ong c .
Ngoai ra mot nhc iem can lu y na la phng an nay trong tam cua xe b nang
cao, lam cho o on nh cua xe b giam .
2. ong c at ang sau .
Phng an nay thn g s dung xe du lch va xe khach .
HCtaMng, bi vay the
Khi ong c at an g sau (Hnh 1.1d) th he so s dung chieaut T
daPi.
hu
yotn
K
tch phan cha khach cua xe se ln hn so vi trngah
p
g c at ang trc neu
h m
p
u
S
cung mot chieu dai L cua ca hai xe nh nhau, D
nh
H vay lng hanh khach se nhieu hn .
ng
o
u
r
Neu chung ta chon phng an o nTg c at ang sau, ong thi cau sau la cau chu
uyenng truyen lc se n gian hn v khong can s dung en
qtho
ong, cau trc b o ng, th
he
n
a
B
truyen o ng cac ang .
Ngoai ra, neu ong c nam sau xe, th ngi lai nhn rat thoan g, han h khach va
ngi lai hoan toan khong b anh hng bi tieng o n va sc nong cua ong c .
Nhc iem chu yeu cua phng an nay la van e ieu khien ong c, ly hp, hop so
v.vse phc tap hn v cac bo phan noi tren nam cach xa ngi lai .
3. ong c at gia buong lai va thung xe.
Phng an ong c nam gia buong lai va thung xe (Hnh 1.1c) co u iem la the tch
buong lai tang len, ngi lai nhn se thoang va thng ch s dung xe tai va mot so xe
chuyen du ng trong nganh xay dng .
Trng hp bo tr nay co nhc iem sau :
No lam giam he so s dung chieu dai va lam cho chieu cao trong tam xe tang len,
do o tnh on nh cua xe giam. e trong tam xe nam v tr thap, bat buoc phai thay oi
s bo tr thung xe va mot so chi tiet khac.
4. ong c at di san xe.
Phng an nay c s dung xe khach (Hnh 1.1e) va no co c nhng u iem nh
trng h p on g c at ang sau.
Nhc iem chnh cua phng an nay la khoang sang gam may b giam, han che
pham vi hoat ong cua xe va kho sa cha, cham soc ong c .
a)
d)
L
l
b)
e)
L
u
DH S
g
n
ruo h)
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
c)
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
Hnh 1.1 : Bo tr ong c tren oto

a) Nam trc buong lai ; b) Nam trong buong lai ; c) Nam gia buong lai va thung xe
d) Nam ang sau ; e) Nam di san xe ; h) Buo ng lai lat .
II. BO TR HE THONG TRUYEN LC TREN OTO.

He thong truye n lc cua oto bao gom cac bo phan va c cau nham thc hien nhiem vu
truyen momen xoan t ong c en cac banh xe chu ong. He thong truye n lc thng
bao gom cac bo phan sau :
3
Ly hp : ( viet tat LH) .

Hop so : (viet tat HS) .
Hop phan phoi : ( viet tat P) .
Truyen ong cac ang : (viet tat C) .
Truyen lc chnh : ( viet tat TC) .
Vi sai : (viet tat VS) .
Ban truc (Na truc) : ( viet tat N) .
tren xe mot cau chu ong se khong co hop phan phoi. Ngoai ra xe tai vi tai trong
ln th trong he tho ng truyen lc se co them truyen lc cuoi cung.
Mc o phc tap cua he thong truye n lc mot xe cu the c the hien qua cong thc
banh xe. Cong thc banh xe c ky hieu tong quat nh sau :
a xb
Trong o :
a la so lng banh xe .
b la so lng banh xe chu ong .
e n gian va khong b nham lan, vi ky hieu tren chung ta quy Mc oi vi banh
HC
kep cung ch coi la mot banh .
TP.
t
a
u
h
Th du cho cac trng hp sau :
Ky t
m
a
phtrong o co 2 banh xe la chu ong)
4 x 2 : xe co mot cau chu ong (co 4 ba
nhSuxe,
H
D
g
4 banh xe va ca 4 banh eu chu ong ) .
4 x 4 : xe co hai cau chu ongT(co
ruon
n
e ng, mot cau b ong (co 6 banh xe, trong o 4 banh xe
quyo
6 x 4 : xe co hai caaunchu
B
la chu ong) .
6 x 6 : xe co 3 cau chu o ng (co 6 banh xe va ca 6 banh eu chu ong) .
8 x 8 : xe co 4 cau chu o ng (co 8 banh xe va ca 8 banh eu chu ong) .
1. Bo tr he thong truyen lc theo cong thc 4 x 2.
a) ong c at trc, cau sau chu o ng (4 x 2) :
Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.2, thng c s dung xe du lch va xe
tai hang nhe. Phng an bo tr nay rat c ban va a xuat hien t lau .
HS
LH
TC
VS
N
Hnh 1.2 : ong c at trc, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)

b) ong c at sau, cau sau chu o ng (4 x 2) :
Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.3 thng c s dung mot so xe du lch va
xe khach. Trong trng hp nay he thong truyen lc se gon va n gian v khong can en
truyen ong cac ang. phng an nay co the bo tr ong c, ly hp, hop so, truyen lc
chnh gon thanh mot khoi .
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
u
DH S
g
n
rut osau, cau sau chu ong (4 x 2)
Hnh 1.3 : ongnc T
a
e
y
qu
Ban
Mot v du ien hnh cho phng an nay la he thong truyen lc cho xe du lch VW
1200 (cua CHDC c) hnh 1.4
Hnh 1.4 : He thong truyen lc xe VW 1200

1. Banh rang hnh chau
5
2. Vo bo vi sai
3. Banh rang ban truc
(Khong ve so lui tren hnh ve)
c) ong c at trc, cau trc chu o ng (4 x 2) :
Phng an nay c the hien hnh 1.5, thng c s dung mot so xe du lch san
xuat trong thi gian gan ay. Cach bo tr nay rat gon va he thong truyen lc n gian v
ong c nam ngang, nen cac banh rang cua truyen lc chnh la cac banh rang tru, che tao
n gian hn banh rang non cac bo truye n lc chnh tren cac xe khac.
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
u
DH S
g
n
Truo trc, cau trc chu ong
Hnh 1.5 : o
ng c
n
e
y
qu
Ban
Mot v du ien hnh cho phng an nay la cach bo tr he thong truyen lc cua xe du
lch TALBOT SOLARA (cua CH Phap ) :
Hnh 1.6 : He thong truyen lc cua xe du lch TALBOT SOLARA

1 va 2 : c cau sang so lui (khong the hien het hnh ve )
Phng an nay c s dung nhieu xe tai va mot so xe du lch. Tren hnh 1.7 trnh
bay he thong truye n lc cua xe du lch VAZ - 2121 (san xuat tai CHLB Nga). ben trong
hop phan phoi co bo vi sai gia hai cau va c cau khoa bo vi sai o khi can thiet .
LH
C
HS
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
1
T 2
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 1.7 : He thong truyen lc cua xe VAZ . 2121

1. C cau khoa vi sai gia hai cau
2. Vi sai gia hai cau
LH
C
TC
HS
TC
Hnh 1.8 : He thong truyen lc cua xe KAMAZ 5320

Phng an nay c s dung nhieu cac xe tai co tai trong ln. tren hnh 1.8 la he
thong truye n lc 6 x 4 cua xe tai KAMAZ 5320 (san xuat tai CHLB Nga). ac iem c
ban cua cach bo tr nay la khong s du ng hop phan phoi cho hai cau sau chu ong, ma ch
M
dung mot bo vi sai gia hai cau nen ket cau rat gon.
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
4. Bo tr he thong truyen lc theo cong thuc p6hxam
6.
S
DcH xe
Phng an nay c s dung hau hetongca
tai co tai trong ln va rat ln. Mot v
u
Tr n lc cua xe tai URAL 375 (san xuat tai CHLB
n
du cho trng hp nay la he tho
n
g
truye
e
y
qu
Ban
Nga) tren hnh 1.9 .
ac iem chnh cua he thong truyen lc nay la trong hop phan phoi co bo vi sai hnh
tru e chia cong suat en cac cau trc, cau gia va cau sau. Cong suat dan ra cau gia va
cau sau c phan phoi thong qua bo vi sai hnh non (Nh hnh 1.8) .
Ngoai ra co mot so he thong truyen lc mot so xe lai khong s dung bo vi sai gia
cac cau nh xe ZIL 131 ,ZIL 175 K
LH
C
Trc
HS
P
o
Sau Gia
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
Ban: He thong truyen lc cua xe URAL 375
Hnh 1.9
CHNG II
TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LEN CAC BO PHAN

VA CHI TIET CUA O TO
I.
KHAI NIEM VE CAC LOAI TAI TRONG.
Muc ch cua cong viec tnh toan thiet ke o to la xac nh kch thc toi u cua cac bo
phan va chi tiet cua xe. Trong khi o, kch thc cua mot chi tiet phu thuoc vao o ln va
ban chat cua ng suat sinh ra ben trong chi tiet o khi no lam viec. Ma ng suat sinh ra
trong cac chi tiet cua o to lai phu thuoc vao che o tai trong tac dung len chung trong cac
ieu kien s dung khac nhau. Nh vay, muo n xac nh kch thc cua cac chi tiet e u o
ben lam viec, can phai xac nh tai trong tac dung len chung khi xe lam viec.
Oto la mot he ong lc hoc rat phc tap, khi chuyen ong vi van toc khac nhau, tren
CMi. Khi tnh toan
cac loai ng khac nhau th tnh trang chu tai cua cac chi tiet set T
thay
P. Ho
a
thuchu
o ben cua cac bo phan va chi tiet cua oto, ngoai tai trongKytnh
ng ta phai xet en tai
am
h
p
u thi gian ngan, nhng gia tr cua no
trong ong. Tai trong ong tac dung len chi tietHtrong
D S
g
n
ln hn tai trong tnh rat nhieu.
uo
Tr
n
e
y
u
Tai trong ong xuat hienn qtrong
cac bo phan va chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc khi
Ba
ong ly hp ot ngot, khi gai so trong qua trnh tang toc, khi phanh ot ngot bang phanh
tay hoac khi phanh gap ma khong m ly hp Con oi vi cac bo phan khong c treo
va he thong lai, tai trong ong se xuat hien khi xe chuyen ong tren mat ng khong
bang phang.
Nh vay, e xac nh c kch thc cua cac chi tiet am bao u o ben lam viec, th
chung ta phai xac nh c tai trong ong tac dung len chi tiet o khi xe chuyen ong .
Xac nh chnh xac gia tr tai trong ong tac dung len cac chi tiet cua xe la mot bai
toan rat phc tap. Bi v, gia tr tai trong ong co the thay oi do ieu kien mat ng va
trang thai chuyen ong cua xe thay oi.
oi vi he thong truyen lc cua oto, tai trong tnh tac dung len chi tiet c tnh t
momen xoan cc ai cua ong c Memax. Con tai trong ong thng c xac nh theo
cong thc kinh nghiem nhan c t hang loat cac th nghiem .
Thong thng tai trong ong c ac trng bang he so tai trong ong k . He so nay
bang t so cua gia tr tai trong ong tren gia tr tai trong tnh :
gia tr tai trong ong
k
(2.1)
gia tr tai trong tnh
Thong qua s phan tch va tong hp gia tai trong tnh, he so an toan, thong ke xac
suat tai trong ong, chung ta se chon ra c mot che o tai trong hp ly e a vao tnh
toan thiet ke cac chi tiet cua o to.
9
Tiep theo sau ay chung ta se nghien cu mot so trng hp sinh ra tai trong ong
thng gap.
II.
CAC TRNG HP SINH RA TAI TRONG ONG.
1. ong ly hp ot ngot.
Khi khi ong xe, neu chung ta ong ly hp ot ngot (tha ban ap ly hp qua nhanh)
th se phat sinh tai trong ong rat ln, v van toc goc cua phan b ong tang len rat nhanh
va bien thien theo thi gian, bi vay se xuat hien gia toc goc va momen cua cac lc quan
tnh tac dung len truc b ong cua ly hp va cac chi tiet c noi vi truc b ong. Ket qua
cua viec ong ly hp ot ngot la xe b giat manh hoac ong c se tat may. Hien tai cha
co phng phap chnh xac e tnh toan tai trong ong sinh ra khi ong ly hp ot ngot, nen
chung ta chap nhan cong thc kinh nghiem sau ay e tnh he so tai trong o ng cho trng
hp nay :
k
i8
i
(2.2) . HCM
P
uat T
h
t
y
K
ham
p
u
S
III) .
ay : He so d tr cua ly hp (xem chng
H
ng D
o
u
r
i T so truyen chung cua T
ca he thong truyen lc ng vi tay so ang tnh
yen
u
q
toan.
Ban
Qua th nghiem, ngi ta nhan thay rang khi ong ly hp ot ngot th momen quay
sinh ra tren truc s cap cua hop so co the ln gap 33,5 lan momen quay cc ai cua ong
c va banh xe chu ong momen xoan co the gap hai lan so vi momen xoan t ong c
truyen xuong.
bang 2-1 va 2-2 cho thay he so tai trong ong oi vi he thong truye n lc cua mot
so xe trong cac ieu kien tai trong khac nhau :
Bang 2-1: He so tai trong ong cua he tho ng truyen lc khi ong ly hp ot ngot
Hieu o to
He so tai
trong ong
GAZ 51
So
truyen
mot
Ly thuyet
Thc nghiem 1,99
2,2
ZIN - 150
So lui
1,55
So
truyen
mot
1,94
2,75
MAZ 200
So lui
1,78
So
truyen
mot
2,17
2,14
10
So lui
1,97
Bang 2 2 : He so tai trong ong oi vi he thong truye n lc cua xe GAZ - 51 cac

ieu kien tai trong khac nhau.
Cac thong so
He so tai trong ong

T so momen ong
tren momen tnh cua
ly hp
Khi ong tai cho

So
So
So
truyen 2 truyen 3 truyen 4
3,0
3,35
0,66
1,67
1,82
2,03
Tha ban ap ly h p e phanh bang

ong c khi chuyen ong xuon g doc.
So truyen So truyen So truyen
2
3
4
2,93
3,55
4,05
1,62
1,98
2,25
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Khi phanh ma kho ng m ly hp th ca
c
chi
tie
t
quay cua ong c (ang ke nhat la
uong
r
T
i dng lai trong khoang thi gian rat ngan t va vi
)n pha
banh a vi mo men quan tnh Jb
quye
n
a
dB b
gia toc cham dan rat ln
.
dt
( b - van toc goc cua banh a).
2. Khong m ly hp khi phanh.
Luc nay momen cac lc quan tnh Mj cua banh a se truyen qua ly hp tac dung len
he thong truyen lc, gay nen tai trong on g theo s o tren hnh 2.1.
M j J b
d b
dt
(2.3)
Khi cac banh xe a dng han lai th banh a con quay them mot goc b va se lam cho
cac truc cua he thong truyen lc b xoan vi cac goc xoan lien quan vi nhau theo bieu
thc sau:
b = c.ih + n.i0.ih
(2.4)
ay :
c goc xoan cua truc cac ang (rad).
n goc xoan cua mot ban truc (rad).
11
J b
c i h + n i 0 i h
Mj
c + n i0
Ham
M j .i h
ih
n .i
Jc , l c
n
Jn , l n
Ham
Jn
Jc
Mj
i0 M .i
j .ih 0
2
M j .ih .i 0
2
M j .i h
lc
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
M
. HCbx
P
T
uat
Ky t
l
m
n
a
ph
T
yen
u
q
an
B
Hnh 2.1 : S o tnh toan tai trong ong khi phanh ma ly hp van ong
Cac goc xoan c, n c tnh theo sach Sc ben vat lieu :

M j.i h .l c
c
J c .G
M j.i h .i 0 .l n
2.J n .G
ay :
lc, ln chieu dai truc cac ang va ban truc (m).
Jc, Jn mo men quan tnh oc cc cua tiet dien truc cac ang va ban truc (m4).
G mouyn an hoi dch chuyen (khi xoan ).
G = 8.104 MN/m2
Thay cac gia tr c, n vao bieu thc (2.4) ta co:
i 2 .l
i 2 .i 2 .l
b M j ( h c 0 h n )
J c .G 2J n .G
(2.5)
12
Neu chung ta at:

C
1
i .l c i 20 .i 2h .l n
J c .G 2 J n .G
2
h
la o cng chong xoan cua he thon g truyen lc (Nmrad-1) khi cac banh xe cun g b ham, se
nhan c mot bieu thc khac bieu dien momen cac lc quan tnh:
Mj = C.b
(2.6)
T 2 bieu thc (2.3) va (2.6) chu ng ta co :
d
Jb b = C.b
(2.7)
dt
Mat khac ta co :
d b
db
d
d
J b
J b b b J b b
dt
d b
dt d b
Bi vay:
M
(2.8)
C.b.db = Jb. b.d b
. HC
P
T
uat
Lay tch phan bieu thc (2.8) vi cac gii han sau : khi ba
y tthau phanh b = 0 va
K
am
b = o en thi iem cuoi cung cua qua trnh phanh
u ph b = max va b = 0
S
H
max
D
0
uong
r
T
0 C b d bquyenJ b b .d b
0
Ban
V chung ta can gia tr tuyet oi nen :
C. 2max = J b. 02 va
max 0
va sau cung gia tr Mjmax la gia tr chung ta can tm:

Mjmax = C max o J b .C
J b
C
(2.9)
Momen cua cac lc quan tnh tac dung len he thong truyen lc cua xe co gia tr cc
ai khi phanh gap so truyen thang cua hop so ( ih=1 ), v luc o o cng C cua he thong
truyen lc se co gia tr cc ai. Trng hp nay thng xay ra trong thc te.
Neu chung ta phanh gap xe ang chay van toc ln (so vong quay truc khuyu khoang
2000 2500 vong/phut) ma kho ng m ly hp th momen cua cac lc quan tnh Mj se ln
hn momen cc ai cua ong c khoang 15 20 lan. Momen nay se truyen t banh a
qua ly hp en he thong truyen lc. V Mjmax > Ml la momen ma sat cua ly hp, nen luc
nay ly hp se trt va momen xoan ma banh a truyen xuon g he thong truyen lc ch co
the bang momen xoan cc ai ma ly hp co the truyen c. Nh vay trong trng hp
nay ly hp lam nhiem vu cua c cau an toan, nham giup cho he thong truyen lc tranh
khong b tac dung bi tai trong qua ln.
13
3. Phanh ot ngot khi xe ang chay bang phanh tay.

Chung ta xet trng hp c cau phanh tay bo tr truc th cap cua hop so. Khi xe
ang chuye n ong, ngi lai kho ng s dung phanh chan e dng xe, ma s dung phanh
tay cho en luc xe dng han lai. Khi truc th cap cua hop so b ham chat, nhng do quan
tnh, banh xe con quay i mot goc bx roi mi dng han lai. ay la chuyen ong quay
dbx
cham dan vi gia toc goc
, bi vay lam xuat hien momen cua lc quan tnh :
dt
dbx
M j J bx
(2.10)
dt
Momen nay truyen ngc tr lai tac dung len he thong truye n lc theo s o hnh
2.2 va gay nen xoan.
Ham
2M j
io
HS
Jc, lc
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
ph
yc t
am K
P. HC
uat T
c
io
c
io n
io
bx
HS
j bx
Jn
Jc
2M j
io
Mj
Mj
ln
lc
BX
J bx
Hnh 2.2 : S o tnh toan tai trong ong khi s dung phanh tay ot ngot
T s o 2.2 chu ng ta co quan he gia cac goc xoan :
bx
c
n
io
(2.11)
ay:
14
2M j l c
io Jc G
M j ln
Jn G
Thay cac gia tr n , c vao bieu thc (2.11) ta co :
2 lc
l
n
bx M j 2
io Jc G Jn G
Neu chung ta goi:
1
2 lc
l
n
i Jc G Jn G
2
o
la o cng chong xoan cua he thong truyen lc khi phanh ot ngot bang phanh tay, chung
ta nhan c mot bieu thc khac cung bieu th mom en cac lc quan tnh
M
. HC
(2.12)
Mj = C.bx
P
T
huant sau ay:
T bieu thc (2.10) va (2.12) ta nhan c phng trnhKvi
y tpha
am
u ph
d bx
S
H
D
Jbx .
= C.bx
(2.13)
uong
r
dt
T
n
quye
n
a
B
Giai phng trnh nay bang phng phap tng t nh muc (II 2 ) ta co:
J
bx max = bx0 bx
(2.14)
C
Bi vay:
M j max bx 0 J bx C
(2.15)
ay:
bx0 : van toc goc cua banh xe khi bat au phanh.
Thong thng tai trong tac dung len he thong truyen lc khi phanh bang phanh chan
ln hn khi phanh bang phanh tay. Khi tnh toan momen cac lc quan tnh theo cong thc
(2.9) va (2.15) can chu y rang o cng thc te cua he thong truyen lc se nho hn khi tnh
toan, bi v khi momen phanh tac dung th nhp se bie n dang, do o vo cau sau cung b
quay i mot t.
4. Xe chuye n o ng tren ng khong bang phang.
Khi xe chuyen ong tren mat ng khong bang phang, hien tng dao ong cua xe
se lam xuat hien them tai trong phu. Thng th tai trong ong nay c can nhac va xet
en khi tnh toan bo phan van hanh va he thong lai. tren hnh 2.3 la mot mo hnh n
gian ve dao ong cua xe va phng phap tnh toan tai trong cho trng hp nay.
15
ay chu ng ta co the xem toan bo xe nh mot he ong lc hoc va moi thanh phan
cua he eu co gia toc dao ong, do o no se chu them tai trong on g:
P m a
Trong o : m - khoi lng
a - gia toc dao ong
..
Xo
Mo, Jo
M2
M1
..
X1
..
X2
K
pham
u
DH S L2
g
n
ruo
L1
T
yen
u
q
an
P. HC
uat T
y th
Hnh 2.3 : Mo hnh dao ong cua o to

x Gia toc , M Khoi lng
- Gia toc goc , J Momen quan tnh
Theo (hnh 2.3) th tai trong ong oi vi cac cau xe c tnh nh sau :
L
o 2 J o M 1x 1
P1 M o x
L
L
L1
P2 M o x o
J o M 2 x 2
L
L
ay :
P1 Tai trong ong tac len dung len cau trc
P2 Tai trong ong tac len dung len cau sau
III. TAI TRONG TNH TOAN DU NG TRONG THIET KE O TO.
1.
Tai trong tnh toa n dung cho he thong truyen lc.
16
Qua phan tch muc I, chung ta thay rang, e am bao u o ben lam viec, cac bo
phan va chi tiet cua o to phai c tnh toan thiet ke theo che o tai trong ong. Nhng
viec tnh toan gia tr tai trong ong theo ly thuyet la rat phc tap va kho chnh xac, v no
thay oi tuy theo ieu kien mat ng va ieu kie n s dung. Bi vay, hien tai cac bo phan
va chi tiet cua o to c tnh theo tai trong tnh va co tnh en tai trong ong bang cach
chon he so an toan phu hp hoac a vao he so tai trong ong c rut ra t thc nghiem.
Sau ay se trnh bay phng phap tnh toan sc ben cac chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc
theo tai trong tnh :
Khi tnh toan sc ben cac chi tiet, trc het can tnh momen t ong c va momen
theo s bam gia banh xe va mat ng truye n en cac chi tiet o, sau o lay gia tr
momen nho hn t hai gia tr momen va tm c e a vao tnh toan. Muc ch cua
cong viec nay la e chon ra knh thc toi u cho chi tiet o, tranh trng hp tha kch
thc, ton nhieu vat lieu che tao, kho ng kinh te. Neu mom en truyen t ong c en chi
tiet tnh toan ln hn momen tnh theo ieu kie n bam, th chi tiet ay se chu momen co gia
tr bang momen tnh theo bam ma thoi, luc nay momen cua ong c thMa ch lam quay
P. HnCtac dung len chi
trn cac banh xe chu ong, ma khong lam tang them gia tr momaen
Txoa
t
u
h
tiet ay .
Ky t
m
a
h
Sumpln hn momen cua ong c truyen
Ngc lai, neu momen tnh theo ieu kieD
nHba
ng
xuong chi tiet ang tnh toan, th chi tie
Trtuoay se chu momen xoan co gia tr bang momen
n
qnugyec truyen xuong. Bi v, thc chat cac tai trong sinh ra
tnh theo momen xoan cuaao
B n
trong cac chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc la do momen xoan cua ong c truyen xuong
gay nen.
Momen xoan truye n t ong c xuong chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc trong trng
hp tnh theo ong c la :
(2.16)
M X M e max .i.
ay:
Me max Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (N.m)
i
T so truyen t ong c en chi tiet ang tnh toan.

Hieu suat truyen lc t ong c en chi tiet tnh toan .
Momen tnh theo ieu kien bam ngc len chi tiet c xac nh nh sau :
Mb
x.Z bx . .rbx
i
(2.17)
17
ay : x So l ng cac banh xe chu ong

Zbx Tai trong thang ng tac dung len banh xe chu o ng (N)
He so bam ( = 0,7 0,8)
rbx Ban knh lan cua banh xe chu ong (m)
i Ty so truyen gia chi tiet ang tnh va banh chu on g.
Hieu suat truyen lc t chi tiet ang tnh en banh xe chu ong.
2. Tai trong tnh toa n dung cho cac he thong khac.

a) Tai trong tac dung len he thong phanh :
Khi chon che o tnh toan cho c cau phanh, chung ta phai chon cho trng hp phanh
xe vi cng o phanh va hieu suat cc ai, ngha la lc phanh bang lc bam cc ai cua
banh xe vi mat ng. Luc o mom en phanh Mp cua banh xe co gia tr la :
Mp = Zbx . .rbx
Trng hp xe co hai cau va c cau phanh at trc tiep tat ca cac ba
nh xe, luc o
HCM
.
P
momen phanh moi c cau phanh cua cau trc se co gia tr la M
p1T
huat
t
y
K
G
G
M p1 1 .m 1 . .rbx =
(b + .hg)
.rabxm
(2.18)
ph
u
S
2
2L
H
D
ng
ruoM
va momen phanh moi c cau cau nsau
Tla
p2 :
e
y
u
q
G Ban
G
M p2 2 .m
(a - .hg) .rbx
(2.19)
2 . .rbx =
2
2L
ay :
G
Trong lng toan bo cua xe khi tai ay
G1,G2 Tai trong tac dung len cau trc va sau trang thai tnh tren mat
ng nam ngang .
m1, m2 he so phan bo tai trong le n cau trc va cau sau khi phanh
a, b
khoang cach t trong tam xe en cau trc va sau
L
chieu dai c s cua xe
he so bam doc gia lop va ng ( = 0,7 0,8)

Cac he so m1, m2 c xac nh bi ly thuyet oto:
' h g
j max h g
m1 1
1
gb
b
' h g
jmax h g
1
m2 1
a
g a
ay:
hg chieu cao trong tam cua xe
g gia toc trong trng
jmax gia toc cham dan cc ai khi phanh
18
j
he so ac trng cng o phanh ' max
g
Khi xac nh o ben cac chi tiet cua c cau phanh va dan ong phanh loai khong t
ong th ng chon :
Lc ap chan cua ngi lai xe khoang 1500 N, lc tay keo khoan g 800 N, oi vi xe
du lch ch nen chon trong khoang 40 50% cac gia tr neu tren.
oi vi loai dan ong t ong : lc tac dung len cac chi tiet dan ong chon theo tr so
cc ai tng ng vi ap suat kh nen hoac chat long trong cac xilanh lc.
b) Tai trong tac dung len he thong treo va cau :
Cac chi tiet cua he thong treo va dam cau c tnh toan ben theo tai trong cc ai
Pmax khi xe chuyen ong thong qua tai trong tnh Pt a biet va he so tai trong ong k :
P
k max max
Pt
t
ay :
M
max , t ng suat cc ai va ng suat tnh trong cac chi tiet cu
. HaChe thong treo.
P
T
t
Thc nghiem chng to rang k tang khi o cng cua heytho
thunag treo va van toc cua xe
K
am
tang.
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
n n bnh thng th tai trong ong cc ai t khi xuat
Khi xe hoat ong trong euuykie
q e
n
a
B
hien.
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng ban g phang, tai trong tac du ng len dam cau va vo cau
chu yeu la t khoi lng c treo. Khi mat ng khong bang phang, tai trong tac dung
len dam cau va vo cau chu yeu la tai trong ong t cac khoi lng khong c treo.
Nham muc ch xac nh tai trong do chnh trong lng ban than cua cau xe sinh ra,
chung ta chia cau xe ra lam nhieu phan ( thong thng khoang 8 12 phan) va xac nh
khoi lng cua moi phan. Khi xe dao ong th tai trong ong cua moi phan c xac nh :
Pi m i
dv
dt
(2.20)
ay:
mi khoi lng cua tng phan
dv
gia toc dao ong thang ng cua cau xe
dt
c) Tai trong tac dung len he thong lai :
Khi tnh toan ben cho cac chi tiet cua he tho ng lai, chu ng ta co the tnh theo cac che
o tai trong sau :
19
* Momen cc ai cua ngi lai tac dung len vo lang :

Ml = Plmax .R
ay :
Plmax Lc cc ai tac dung len vo lang, oi vi xe tai nang va trung bnh
vao
khoang 400 en 500 N, con oi vi xe du lch vao khoang 150 en 200
N.
R ban knh cua vo lang.
* Lc phanh cc ai tac dung len hai banh xe dan hng khi phanh xe tren ng co
he so bam = 0,8
Cac lc P1, P2 tac dung len cac on dan ong cua he thong lai c xac nh theo s
o (hnh 2.4)
m
P1 Z bx
n
m
M
P2 Z bx
. HC
P
c
T
t
thua
Ky da
* Tnh theo lc va ap cua mat n g len cac baanm
h xe
n hng khi chuyen ong
u pthcua he thong lai phu thuoc vao van
Stie
tren ng go ghe . Gia tr lc va ap len cacDchi
H
ng
toc cua xe.
Truo
n
quye
Ban
Pp
Pp
P2
n
P1
P1
20
Hnh 2.4
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
21
CHNG III
LY HP
I.
CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI VA YEU CAU.
1. Cong dung.
Ly hp dung e noi cot may vi he thong truyen lc, nham e truye n momen quay
mot cach em du va e cat truyen ong en he thong truyen lc c nhanh va dt khoat
trong nh ng trng h p can thiet.
2. Phan loai.
a) Theo cach truyen momen xoan t cot may en truc cua he thong truyen lc, chung
ta co :
Ly hp ma sat : loai mot a va nhieu a, loai lo xo nen bien, loai lo xo nen
M
trung tam, loai cang tach ly tam va na ly tam.
. HC
P
T
uat
Ly hp thuy lc : loai thuy tnh va thuy ong.
y th
K
am
Ly hp nam cham ien.
u ph
S
H
D
Ly hp lien h p.
uong
r
T
n
quye
n
a
b) Theo cach ieu khieBn, chun g ta co :
ieu khien do lai xe ( loai ap chan, loai co tr lc thuy lc hoac kh)
Loai t ong.
Hien nay tren oto c s dung nhieu la loai ly hp ma sat. Ly hp thuy lc cung
ang c phat trien oto v no co u iem can ban la giam c tai trong va ap len he
thong truye n lc.
3. Yeu cau.
Ly hp phai truyen c momen xoan l n nhat cua ong c ma kho ng b trt
trong moi ieu kie n, bi vay ma sat cua ly hp phai ln hn momen xoan cua ong c.
Khi ket noi phai em du e kho ng gay ra va ap he thong truyen lc.
Khi tach phai nhanh va dt khoat e de gai so va tranh gay tai trong ong cho
hop so.
Momen quan tnh cua phan b on g phai nho .
Ly hp phai lam nhiem vu cua bo phan an toan do o he so d tr phai nam
trong gii han .
ieu khien de dang .
Ket cau n gian va gon .
am bao thoat nhiet tot khi ly hp trt .
21
II.
ANH HNG CUA LY HP EN S GAI SO.
Sau ay chung ta xet anh h ng cua ly hp en s gai so trong ca hai trng hp :

trng hp ly hp ong va trng hp ly h p m. o to s gai so c thc hien ngay khi
xe ang chuyen ong va ong c van ang lam viec.V vay ma xuat hien lc va ap khi
cac banh rang khong co cung chung mot van toc goc gai vao nhau. Trang thai ly hp ang
noi hoac tach se co anh hng ln en gia tr lc va ap. e thay ro anh hng cua ly hp
en cac lc va ap, chung ta se xet qua trnh gai so hop so theo s o n gian nh
hnh 3.1. Tren s o nay, cac banh rang kho ng chu tai trong se khon g c ve .
Jm
M
m
Jl
B
2
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
E
h
DeH Su p
ng
3
P.
uat T
h
t
y
am K
Ja
M
HC
B
Hnh 3.1 : S o e xet anh hng cua ly hp en s gai so
ay :
Jm Momen quan tnh cua cac chi tiet chuyen ong cua ong c va cua phan
chu
ong cua ly hp [Nms2]
Jl Momen quan tnh cua phan b ong cua ly hp va cua cac chi tiet hop so co
lien he ong hoc vi phan b ong cua ly hp c quy dan ve truc cua ly
hp [Nms2] .
Ja Momen quan tnh cua banh a tng trng at tren truc th cap hop so
tng
ng vi trong khoi chuyen ong tnh tien cua xe [Nms2] .
Momen quan tnh nay c xac nh theo ieu kien can bang ong nang cua oto
chuyen o ng tnh tien va ong nang cua banh a tng trng chuyen ong quay :
2
G 2 J a a
v
2
2g
22
V a
v
.i o
rbx
G rbx2
2
[Nms2]
Cho nen
(3.1)
g io
a Van toc goc cua truc A [rad/s]
G Trong lng toan bo cua xe [N]
v Van toc chuyen ong cua xe [m/s]
io Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh
rbx Ban knh lan cua banh xe [m]
g Gia toc trong trng [9,81 m/s2]
Neu co tnh en anh hng cua trong khoi chuyen ong quay cua cac banh xe th can
thay vao cong thc (3.1) trong lng G bang G(1 + ), vi :
Ja
'
g J bx
2
G rbx
(3.2)
ay :
M
. HC
Jbx Momen quan tnh cua banh xe [Nms2]
P
T
uat
Trc het ta xet trng hp gai so khi ly hp van ongKt
y cthla m = b .
am
u pphvao gai vi banh rang 3 truc trung
Khi chung ta a banh rang 4 tren truc th
ca
S
H
D
ngxua
gian, lap tc gia cac banh rang 3 vaTr4uose
t hien lc va ap. Ap dung phng trnh
n
e
y
momen xung l ng cho chuye
qnuong quay cua truc A trong thi gian gai hai banh ran g 3
Ban
va 4 chung ta co :
P4 .r4 .t J a .a a
(3.3)
ay :
P4 Lc tac dung len rang cua banh rang 4 trong thi gian gai so
r4 Ban knh vong tron lan cua banh rang 4
t Thi gian lc P4 tac dung ,trong thi gian o truc A thay oi van toc goc t
a en a
a Toc o goc cua truc A trc khi gai so
a Toc o goc cua truc A sau khi gai so
b Toc o goc cua truc B
Lap luan tng t, chung ta cung lap c phng trnh mo men xung lng cho truc
trung gian E :
r
P3 r3 t J m J l 2
r1
e ' e
(3.4)
ay:
P3 Lc tac dung len rang cua banh rang 3 trong thi gian gai so
r1, r2, r3 Ban knh vong tro n lan cua cac banh rang 1, 2, 3
23
e Van toc goc cua truc E trc khi gai so

e Van toc goc cua truc E sau khi gai so
Khi thanh lap cac phng trnh (3.3) va (3.4) chung ta a bo qua momen cua ong c
va momen can chuyen ong cua xe la v khi gai cng (khong tach ly hp ) cac banh rang
th thi gian t rat nho va mo men xung kch rat ln, nen anh hng cua mom en o ng c va
momen can chuyen ong la khon g ang ke .
Phng trnh (3.4) co the viet lai nh sau :
2
r
r
r
(3.5)
P3 .r3 .t J m J l . 2 . b 1 a 4
r3
r1 r2
De dang thay rang lc P3, P4 tac dung gia cac rang la bang nhau va thi gian gai so t
la thi gian chung .
Khi gai banh rang 4 vao an khp vi banh rang 3 th ty so truyen cua hop so ih se la:
r r
ih 2 4
r1 r3
T hai phng trnh (3.3) va (3.5) chung ta se xac nh c toc o goc a .Trc het
M
. HC
P
r4
T
uat
ta nhan hai ve phng trnh (3.5) vi
:
y th
K
r3
am
u ph
2
S
H
r g D
r
r r
r
P3 .r3 .t 4 J m JTl r.uon2 . b 1 a 4 . 4
r3 r3
r3 uyen
r1 r2
q
a
B n
(3.6)
P3 .r4 .t J m J l .b .i h J m J l .a .i 2h
V P3 = P4 cho nen P3.r4 .t = P4.r4 .t . Bi vay t phng trnh (3.3) va (3.6) ta co :
J a a a J m J l . b .i h J m J l .a .i 2h
Suy ra :
a
J m J l . b .i h J a .a
J m J l .i 2h J a
(3.7)
Thay gia tr a vao (3.3) ta co :
J J l .b .i h J a .a
P4 .r4 .t J a m
a
2
J m J l .i h Ja
J a J m J l .i h b a .i h
(3.8)
J m J l .i 2h J a
Theo phng trnh (3.8) ta thay lc xung kch tac dung len cap banh rang khi gai so
phu thuoc vao tong so momen quan tnh (Jm + Jl ). Lc nay co the giam bang cach giam
tong (Jm + Jl), muon vay khi gai so ta can m ly hp e gia tr Jm khong con anh hng
en o ln cua P 4.
V momen quan tnh Jm ln hn J l rat nhieu, nen khi ly hp tach trong qua trnh gai so
th lc P4 se giam rat nhieu.
P4 .r4 .t
24
Bay gi chung ta xet trng hp gai so khi ly hp m. Luc o anh hng cua Jm
khong con na, bi vay Jm se khong xuat hien trong cac phng trnh va phng trnh
(3.8) luc nay se nh sau:
J .J .i . a .i h
P4 .r4 .t a l h 2 b
(3.9)
J l .i h J a
ay :
P4 Lc tac dung len cap banh rang c gai khi tach ly hp.
T phng trnh (3.9) chung ta thay ran g lc P4 phu thuoc momen quan tnh Jl. e
cho P4 giam, can phai giam Jl, bi vay khi thiet ke ly hp can phai giam momen quan
tnh phan b ong xuong mc nho nhat co the c.
T phng trnh (3.8) va (3.9) suy ra rang gia tr P4 hoac P4 ty le thuan vi hieu so
( b - a.ih ).
Neu trong hop so co at bo ong toc th se tranh c lc va ap gia cac banh rang
khi gai so. e van toc goc co the ong eu nhanh cho ng th ly hp phai am bao m dt
khoat.
M
HCma
So sanh phng trnh (3.8) va (3.9) ta co the ket luan rang khi ga
i .so
ly hp m th
P
T
at
u
h
t
momen xung lng hoac lc xung kch se giam ang ke neKuy hieu so ( b - a.ih) nh nhau.
ham
Ty so cac xung lng P4 .t va P4.t c xac nh nh
:
u psau
S
H
D
g
2
n
J rJuoi h J a
P4 .t J a J l i h b a i h
uyenm T l
2
P4 .t
J l i h J a Ban Jqa J m J l i h b a i h
J
J
1 l i 2 h a
(3.10)
J
l
Jm
Jm
J l J m J l i 2 h J a
J l i 2 h J a J m J l
J
J l i 2 h J a 1 l
Jm
J
V momen quan tnh Jm ln hn Jl rat nhieu, nen co the xem l co gia tr rat nho,
Jm
luc o chung ta co :
Ja
P4 t
Jm
J
P4 t
i 2h a
Jl
i 2h
(3.11)
Xet trng hp cu the xe URAL 355 khi gai so truyen III vi cac so lieu biet
trc nh sau :
ih3= 1,84
Jm =1,5 Nms2
Ja =10,2 Nms2
Jl =0,022 Nms2
25
Thay cac so lieu tren vao phng trnh (3.11) ta co :

P4 .t
0,022
P4 .t
Nh vay nh ly hp trang thai m nen momen xung ln g giam c gan 50 lan khi
gai so, do o tang c tuoi tho cua banh ran g hop so.
III. TAC DUNG CUA LY HP KHI PHANH OTO.
Jm
Ml
ih
i0
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
bx
u
DH S
g
n
uo
Hnh 3.2: S o he thong truye
Tnr lc e xet tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh
n
e
y
qu
Ban
Chung ta se nghien cu tac dung cua ly hp khi phanh xe nh s o (hnh 3.9).
Chung ta xet tr ng hp phanh gap e dng xe ma ly hp van ong.
dv
Khi phanh xe se co gia toc am
va do ly hp ong nen truc khuy u chuye n ong
dt
d m
cham dan vi gia toc goc
dt
Do truc khuyu chuyen ong co gia toc goc, cho nen se xuat hien momen cac lc
quan tnh Mj truyen t ong c qua ly hp:
M j Jm
d m
dt
(3.12)
Momen nay se tac dung len he thong truyen lc, neu trong qua trnh phanh ma ly hp
van ong va khong b trt, tc la: Mj < Ml
ay:
m -Van toc goc cua truc khuyu.
bx - Van toc goc cua banh xe
v - Van toc cua xe
i0 - Ty so truyen cua truye n lc chnh.
Ml - Momen masat cua ly hp.
26
Gia toc goc cua truc khuyu ong c c tnh nh sau:
dm d bx
i h io
dt
dt
Trong o
d bx
dt
la gia toc goc cua banh xe:
d bx
d v

dt
dt rbx
1 dv

r
dt
bx
Cuoi cung ta co:

d m i 0 .i h dv
dt
rbx dt
d m
Thay gia tr
va tm c vao (3.12) ta co :
dt
i .i dv
(3.13)
Mj = J m 0 h
rbx dt
M
. HC
P
T
t
dv
De dang thay rang Mj phu thuoc vao
, cho nen : Ky thua
dt
am
u ph
S
H
ng D
Tru o
i 0 .ieh n dv
(3.14)
Mj max = Jmquy
Ban rbx dt max
Lc phanh cc ai Pp max chung ta co the xac nh theo nh luat Niutn nh sau :
Pp max
G dv
g dt max
(3.15)
ay :
Pp max - Tong cac lc phanh cc ai cac banh xe.
G - Trong l ng toan bo cua xe.
g
- Gia toc trong trng.
- He so tnh en anh hn g cua cac trong khoi quay cua xe ( xem Ly

thuyet oto")
1
J m i 2h i 2o. tl
g
J bx
2
G rbx
G bx .rbx2
(3.16)
Trong o :
t1 - Hieu suat c hoc cua he thong truyen lc.
J bx - Tong so momen quan tnh cua cac banh xe.
Gbx - Trong l ng cua banh xe.
27
Lc phanh cc ai oi vi xe co bo tr c cau phanh tat ca cac banh xe se bang tch

so gia trong lng toan bo cua xe G vi he so bam
Pp max = .G
(3.17)
T phng trnh (3.15) va (3.17) chung ta co :
.g
dv
(3.18)

dt max
dv
Thay gia tr (3.18) vao phng trnh (3.14) chung ta xac nh c
dt max
momen cc ai cua cac lc quan tnh truyen qua ly hp:
i h i 0 g
.
(3.19)
rbx
Momen nay se truyen qua ly hp, neu mom en ma sat Ml cua ly hp ln hn no. Neu
ngc lai th ly hp b trt va he tho ng truyen lc se chu tai trong vi gia tr ch bang
M
momen ma sat Ml cua ly hp.
. HC
P
T
uat
Neu ly hp co momen ma sat Ml bang hoac ln hn gia
ytrthMj max , th he thon g truyen
K
lc se chu tai trong co gia tr ung bang Mj max. Su pham
DHng qua ln cho he thong truyen lc, chung
nigtro
Bi vay khi phanh gap, e tranh garyuta
o
T
ta can tach ly hp.
yen
u
q
Ban
M j max J m .
IV. CONG TRT SINH RA TRONG QUA TRNH ONG LY HP.

1. Qua trnh ong ly h p.
Qua trnh ong ly hp xay ra khi phan chu ong cua ly hp quay vi van toc goc m,
va phan b ong quay vi van toc goc a. Do co s khac biet ve van toc goc m a nen
gia cac a chu ong va b ong cua ly hp se sinh ra s trt. S trt nay cham dt khi
cac a chu ong va b ong c noi lien thanh mot khoi, tc la m = a. Khi khi ong
xe tai cho, do a =0 nen s trt se rat ln.
S trt se sinh ra cong ma sat, cong nay se bien thanh nhiet nang lam nung nong cac
chi tiet cua ly hp, dan en hau qua la he so ma sat cua ly hp giam va cac lo xo co the
mat kha nang ep.
Qua trnh ong ly hp co the co hai trng hp sau :
a) ong ly hp nhanh :
Luc nay ong c quay vi van toc cao va tai xe ot ngot tha ban ap ly hp. Khi
ong nh vay se co s giat ln, nhat la nhng ly hp co he so d tr ln.
28
ong ly hp theo phng phap nay khong co li, v no sinh ra tai trong ong ln cho
cac chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc, nhng trong thc te mot vai tr ng h p ngi ta van
s dung.
b) ong ly hp t t :
trng hp nay tai xe tha t t ban ap cua ly hp cho xe chuye n on g t t. Do o
thi gian ong ly h p va cong trt trong trng hp nay se tang.
e xac nh cong trt trong qua trnh ong ly hp, chung ta khao sat o th hnh
3.3:
A
m M m
Ml
Jm
B
0
a
u
Ja
DH S
g
n
Ma Truo
n
quye
n
a
B
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
to
Trt
ly hp
a)
Tang
toc
Toc o
on nh
b)
Hnh 3.3: S o e tnh toan cong trt
a. Mo hnh tnh toan
b.o th bien thien van toc goc
m, a Van toc goc cua truc khuyu va truc ly hp

Jm Momen quan tnh cua banh a va cua cac chi tiet ong c quy dan ve banh
a.
Ja Momen quan tnh cua xe va rmooc quy dan ve truc cua ly hp .
G G m r 2 bx
J a o

2
g
i h i p i o
ay:
G0 Trong lng toan bo cua xe
Gm Trong lng toan bo cua rmooc.
ih, ip, io Ty so truyen cua hop so, hop so phu va truyen lc chnh.
29
Ma Momen can chuyen ong quy dan ve truc ly hp:

rbx
M a G o G m KFv 2
(3.20)
i h i p i o tl
ay :
- He so can tong cong cua ng.
K He so can cua khong kh
tl Hieu suat cua he thong truyen lc.
0 Van toc goc cua khoi lng co momen quan tnh Jm va Ja sau khi ly hp va
ket thuc s trt.
F Dien tch mat chnh dien cua xe
v Van toc cua xe
rbx Banh knh lan cua banh xe.
Cong trt cua ly hp c xac nh theo phng trnh :
L M l d
(3.21)
M
Trong o: Ml Momen masat cua ly hp.
. HC
P
T
uat
Goc trt cua ly hp.
y th
K
am
Do co hai qua trnh ong ly hp khac nhau : So
u npgh ly hp nhanh va ong ly hp t t,
H
Dc nh cong trt.
ngxa
bi vay se co hai phng phap khac nhau
uoe
r
T
n
quye
n
a
2. Tnh toan xac nhB cong trt.
a) Phng phap th nhat :
Chung ta gia thiet qua trnh ong ly hp die n ra rat nhanh ( ot ngot). Bi vay trong
thi gian ong ly hp, cac gia tr Mm, Ma, Ml khong oi va luc o phng trnh cua he chu
ong gom ong c, ly hp (Phan A) la :
J m m o M m t o M l t o 0
(3.22)
oi vi phan b ong gom ly hp va he thong truyen lc (Phan B) chu ng ta co :
M l t o J a o a M a .t 0 0
(3.23)
T hai phng trnh (3.22) va (3.23) chung ta xac nh c gia tr o cuoi thi ky
trt :
J M M a J a a M l M m
o m m l
(3.24)
J m M l M a J a M l M m
Trong o : m, a, o la cac gia tr van toc goc c trnh bay hnh 3b
Cung t hai phng trnh tren ta xac nh c thi gian trt cua ly hp t0 :
J m J a m a
(3.25)
to
Goc trt c xac nh :
30
= tb.to
Trong o :
tb van toc goc trt trung bnh:
a 0
tb m
2
Thay gia tr t0 va tb vao bieu thc ta co :
2
0,5J m J a m a
Cong trt sinh ra khi ong ly hp ot ngot la :
2
M l J m J a m a
L Ml
2J m M l M a J a M l M m
(3.26)
(3.27)
Cong trt L va goc trt tnh theo cac cong thc tren se co gia tr nho hn thc te
bi v thi gian trt ly hp khi ong ly hp ot ngot se nho.
b) Phng phap th hai:
M ong ly hp
phng phap nay ngi ta xet en hai giai oan thc te cua qua
trnh
. HC
P
T
uat
t t :
y th
K
am
+ Giai oan 1: Tang momen ma sat cua lySh
u pphMl t 0 en gia tr bang Ma. Luc o
H
D
xe bat au khi ong tai cho.
uong
r
T
n cua ly hp Ml en gia tr khong con to n tai s trt
+ Giai oan 2: Tang mo
yeen
qum
n
a
B
cua
ly hp.
giai oan 1, ly hp b trt hoan toan, bi vay cong cua ong c giai oan nay
vi thi gian t1 se tieu hao cho s trt va nung nong ly hp. Cong trt cua giai oan nay
c tnh :
a
L1 M l m
t1
2
giai oan 2, cong cua ong c vi thi gian t2 dung e tang toc truc b ong cua ly
hp va e thang cac sc can chuyen ong cua xe.
Gia tr cong trt cua giai oan nay la :
1
2
2
L 2 J a m a M a m a t 2
2
3
Cong trt toan bo L cua ly hp la:
t 2 1
2
L L1 L 2 M a m a 1 t 2 J a m a (3.28)
2 3 2
Thi gian t1 va t2 c tnh nh sau:
31
Ma
k
A
t2
k
t1
Trong o :
k He so t le, ac trng cho nhp o tang momen cua a ly hp Ml khi ong
ly hp.
k = 50 150 Nm/s oi vi xe du lch
k = 150 750 Nm/s oi vi xe tai
Lay gia tr k ln oi vi xe co cong suat rieng ln.
Gia tr cua A c xac nh theo cong thc :
A 2J a m a
Van toc goc cua truc khuyu khi ong ly hp co the coi la khon g oi va ban g van toc
goc ng vi momen cc ai cua ong c.
Qua cac cong thc tren ta thay rang cong trt se tang, neu gia tr cua hieu so
m - a tang. e giam cong suat trt (ngha la giam s mai mon cua. ca
HCcMtam ma sat cua
P
T
atn nhat khi khi on g xe
ly hp), tai xe can giam gia tr cua hieu so m - a . Hieu so ynathyul
K
am
tai cho, luc o a = 0. Neu tang khoi lng cua xe hoa
u phc cua ca oan xe th cong trt cung
S
H
gD
tang. Khi khi ong xe tai cho, e giam co
ng
trt tai xe phai khi o ng so truye n thap,
uon
r
T
n
nh o se giam c gia tr mom
en can quy dan ve truc ly hp.
quye
Ban
V.
XAC NH KCH THC C BAN, TNH TOAN HAO MON VA NHIET O

CUA LY HP.
1. Xac nh kch thc c ba n cua ly hp.

C s e xac nh kch thc cua ly hp la ly hp phai co kha nang truyen c
momen xoan ln hn momen cc ai cua ong c mot t.
Momen ma sat cua ly hp phai bang momen xoan ln nhat can truyen qua ly hp :
M l M e max
(3.29)
ay :
Ml - Momen ma sat cua ly hp (Nm)
Me max - Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm)
- He so d tr cua ly h p
Xe du lch : = 1,3 1,75
Xe tai khong co mooc = 1,6 2,25
Xe tai co mooc 2 3.
Phng trnh (3.29) cu ng co the viet di dang sau :
M l M e max P R tb p
(3.30)
ay :
32
- He so ma sat cua ly hp.

p - So lng oi be mat ma sat.
p m n 1
m - So lng a chu ong.
n - So lng a b ong.
P - Lc ep len cac a ma sat.
Rtb - ban knh ma sat trung bnh ( ban knh cua iem at lc ma sat tong
hp).
T phng trnh (3.30) xac nh c lc ep can thiet len cac a e truyen c
momen Memax :
Ml
M emax
(3.31)
P
R tb p R tb p
Ban knh Rtb c xac nh theo cong thc sau :
2 R 3 2 R 31
R tb 2
3 R 2 R 21
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph dR
S
H
ng D
DT
2 ruo
n
R
quye
n
a
O
B
R1
R2
Hnh 3.4 : S o xac nh Rtb

Gia tr Rtb c xac nh nh sau :
Tren hnh 3.4 la mot tam ma sat cua ly hp. Chung ta xet trn g hp ly hp co mot
oi be mat ma sat (p = 1).
Gia thiet co lc P tac dung len tam ma sat vi ban knh trong la R1, ban knh ngoai R2
bi vay ap suat sinh ra tren be mat tam ma sat se la :
P
P
q
2
S R 2 R 21
Bay gi ta hay xet mot vo ng phan t nam cach tam O, ban knh R va co chieu day dR.
Momen do cac lc ma sat tac dung tren vong phan t o la :
dM l q 2R dR R 2qR 2 dR
33
Momen cac lc ma sat tac dung tren toan vong ma sat la

R2
R2
R1
R1
M l dM l 2qR 2 dR
(3.32)
R2
2 R 32 R 13
2 P
2
2
R dR P 2
3 R 2 R 12
R 2 R 12 R1
Mat khac momen cac lc ma sat tac dung tren toan vong ma sat cung bang lc ma sat
tong hp P nhan vi Rtb, tc la :
M l P R tb
(3.33)
T cong thc (3.32) va (3.33) ta suy ra ;

2 R 3 R 13
R tb 22
3 R 2 R 12
(3.34)
Trong trn g hp khong can o chnh xac cao th Rtb co the xac nh theo cong thc
gan ung sau:
R R2
(3.35)
R tb 1
2
ng knh ngoai D2 cua vong ma sat b khong che bi ng knh. Hngoa
CM i cua banh a
P
T
t c kinh nghiem sau :
ong c. Co the chon ng knh ngoai cua tam ma sat theo ycoth
nguath
K
am
M e max
u ph
S
D 2 2 R 2 3,16
(3.36)
H
D
C Truong
n
Trong o :
quye
n
a
B i cua tam ma sat (cm).
D ng knh ngoa
2
Me max Mo men xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm).

C He so kinh nghiem:
oi vi xe du lch C = 4,7
oi vi xe tai s dung trong ieu kie n bnh thng C = 3,6
oi vi xe tai o hang va xe tai s dung trong ieu kien nang nhoc C = 1,9.
Ban knh trong R1 cua tam ma sat co the chon s bo nh sau :
R1 = (0,53 0,75 )R2
Gii han di (0,53 R2 ) dung cho ong c co so vong quay thap . Con gii han tren
(0,75R2) du ng cho cac ong c co so von g quay cao.
He so ma sat phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat lieu, tnh trang be mat, toc o trt va
nhiet o cua tam ma sat. Khi tnh toan, co the tha nhan he so ma sat ch phu thuoc vao
tnh chat vat lieu ( xem bang 3.1)
Bang 3.1 : Vat lieu che tao tam ma sat cua ly hp.
Nguye n lieu cua cac be
mat masat
He so masat
Kho
Trong dau
34
Ap suat cho phep

( kN/m2 )
Thep vi gang
Thep vi thep
Thep vi pherao
Gang vi pherao
Thep vi pherao caosu
0,15 0,18
0,15 0,20
0,25 0,35
0,2
0,4 0,5
150 300
250 400
100 250
100 250
100 250
0,03 0,07
0,07 0,15
0,07 0,15
So lng oi be mat ma sat p co the t chon da vao ket cau hien co, sau o tm lc
ep P can thiet theo cong thc (3.31), sau o can kiem tra ap suat len be mat ma sat theo
cong thc sau:
P
P
q
q
(3.37)
2
S R 2 R 12
ay :
[q] Ap suat cho phep lay theo bang 3.1
Trong trn g hp kho ng the d kien trc c so lng oi be mat ma sat p th co
the xac nh thong qua cong thc sau:
M
. HC
P
T
uat
M l .M e max 2 R 2tb b..q.p
y th
K
am
u ph
Trong o :
S
H
D
oni gcua ong c (Nm)
Memax Momen xoan cTcrua
n
b Chieu ro ngn cu
quayetam ma sat : b = R2 R1
a
B
q Ap suat cho phep lay theo ban g 3.1 (N/m2)
T o co the xac nh so lng oi be mat ma sat:
.M e max
2..q..b.R 2tb
(3.38)
2. Tnh toan o hao mon cua ly hp.

Hien tng trt cua ly hp khi ong ly hp se lam cho cac tam ma sat b hao mon.
Va khi b trt se xuat hien cong trt. Nhng chung ta khong the an h gia mc o hao
mon thong qua co ng trt, bi v neu 2 ly hp co cu ng gia tr co ng trt, nhng ly hp nao
co dien tch be mat cac tam ma sat nho hn se b mon nhieu hn. Cho nen e xet mc o
hao mon cua ly hp, chung ta phai tnh co ng trt tren n v dien tch be mat cac tam ma
sat. o chnh la cong trt rieng L0:
Lo
L
L o
S.p
(3.39)
Trong o :
Lo Cong trt rieng (J/m2)
35
L Cong trt sinh ra khi ly hp trt (J)

S Dien tch be mat tam ma sat (m2), S . R 22 R 12
p - So lng oi be mat ma sat
[Lo] Con g trt rieng cho phe p tra theo bang 3.2
Bang 3.2:
Loai oto
[L0]
O to tai co trong tai en 50 kN

O to tai co trong tai tren 50 kN
O to du lch
150.000 250.000 J/m2

400.000 600.000 J/m2
1.000.000 1.200.000 J/m2
3. Tnh toan nhiet o cua ly hp.

Moi lan ong ly hp, cong trt sinh ra bien thanh nhiet nan g va lam nung nong cac
CM
chi tiet cua ly hp. Bi vay, ngoai viec kiem tra cong trt riengt T
coPn. Hcan phai kiem tra
ua
y th
nhiet o cua cac chi tiet b nung nong trong qua trnh tr
t
.
K
ham
u pl
Sse
Khi khi hanh xe tai cho, cong trt sinhDra
n nhat. Bi vay, tnh toan nhiet o
H
g
n
o
cua ly hp can phai kiem tra luc khi ha
Trnuh.
n
e
y
u t tiep xuc trc tiep vi tam ma sat trong thi gian ly hp
Nhiet o tang le n cua chi
qtie
Ban
b trt c xac nh theo cong thc :
L
T
(3.40)
cm
ay:
T Nhiet o tang len cua chi tiet (0K)
He so xac nh phan cong trt dung e nung nong chi tiet can tnh,
c xac nh nh sau:
1
: oi vi a ep (n so lng a b ong)
2n
1
: oi vi a chu ong trung gian

n
L Cong trt sinh ra toan bo khi ong ly hp (J)
c Nhiet dung rie ng cua cac chi tiet b nung nong, oi vi thep va gang
c 500J/kg.o
m Khoi lng cua chi tiet b nung nong (kg).
Moi lan khi hanh oto tai cho trong ieu kie n s dung n g pho T khong c vt
qua 100K.
VI.
TNH TOAN CAC CHI TIET CHU YEU CUA LY HP.

36
Trong phan nay, chung ta ch tnh toan cac chi tiet chu yeu cua ly hp gom co : lo xo
ep, on m va c cau ieu khien ly hp. Cac chi tiet con lai cua ly hp nh : a b ong,
vong ma sat, moay a b ong, giam chan va truc ly hp, a ep va a ep trung gian
chung ta co the tham khao them cac tai lieu khac.
1. Lo xo e p cua ly hp.
Nham tao ra lc nen P, chung ta co the s dung mot lo xo hnh co n trung tam hoac
nhieu lo xo hnh tru bo tr tren mot vong tron co ban knh bang Rtb.
C s e thiet ke lo xo e p la gia tr lc nen Nmax
Gia thiet co nl lo xo, e tao ra mot lc nen tong cong P len cac a cua ly hp th ban
than moi lo xo phai chu mot lc nen N = P/nl va b ep i mot oan la f (xem hnh 3.5).
Khi tach ly hp a ep dch ra mot oan s va nen tiep cac lo xo, do o tai trong dung
e tnh toan thiet ke la :
1,2.P
N max
(N)
(3.41)
nl
M
. HC
P
T
ay :
uat
y th
K
P Lc nen tong cong tnh theo co ng thcha(3.31)
m
up
S
H
nl - So lng lo xo
D
ong
1,2 He so tnh en lo nxo T
brunen them khi tach ly hp.
uye
Lo xo c tnh toanBtheo
an q giao trnh Chi tiet may.
N max
P
n1
io
0,2P
n1
Hnh 3.5: Lo xo ep cua ly hp

37
2. on m cua ly hp .
Khi chung ta muon m ly hp, can thiet phai tac dung le n cac on m mot lc ln hn
lc nen to ng con g cua cac lo xo trong trng hp a e p dch chuyen mot oan la S. Gia
thiet co n on m, th moi o n m chu 1 lc la:
1,2.P
Q
(N)
(3.42)
i.n
Di tac dung cua lc Q se xuat hie n momen uon Q.l tai tiet dien nguy hiem A A.
e
C s e thiet ke on m la t so truyen i phai thoa man ieu kien ie u khien va
f
ieu kien be n tai tiet dien A A (hnh 3.6):
Q.l
u
u
(3.43)
Wu
ay:
Wu Momen chong uon tai tiet dien A A
[] = 300 400 MN/m2
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
n
f
quye
n
a
B
e
l
Q
Hnh 3.6:
S o lc tac dung len on m
3. C cau ieu khie n ly hp.

Tren oto th ng s dun g hai dang o la : ieu khien ly hp bang c kh va ieu khien
ly hp bang thu y lc (xem hnh 3.7 va hnh 3.8).
Sau khi a quyet nh chon c cau ieu khien la dang c kh hay thuy lc, chung ta
tnh toan t so truyen i cua c cau thoa man cac yeu cau sau ay:
38
Co cho e bo tr cac he on bay.

Han che e so l ng cac khp noi ma sat la t nhat, nham e nang cao hieu suat
truyen lc.
Lc tac dung len ban ap va hanh trnh ban ap ly hp phai nam trong gii han
cho phep.
Lc tac dung len tng chi tiet cang nho cang tot.
Tnh toan t so truye n :
oi vi c cau ieu khien bang c kh :
a c e
ic
b d f
oi vi c cau ieu khien bang thuy lc :
a c ed
i t 2
b d f d1
(3.45)
M
d1, d2 : ng knh cua cac xilanh thuy lc.
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
S
Pb
uong
r
T
Pmax
n
e
y
qu
Ban
f
ay:
(3.44)
a)
Hnh 3.7:
C cau ieu khien ly hp bang c kh
39
f
e
d1
Pmax
d2
Pb
M
. HC
P
T
Hnh 3.8:
C cau ieu khien ly hpthba
uantg thuy lc.
y
K
b) Kiem tra va ieu chnh ly hp:
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
b1) Hanh trnh cua baynena p ly hp:
qu
ieu khie
Bannbang c kh:
a c
Sb S i c S S i c
(3.46)
b d
ieu khien bang thuy lc:
Sb
a c d
S i t S S i t 2
b d d1
(3.47)
ay:
Sb Hanh trnh tong con g cua ban ap ( khoang 150 180 mm)
S Hanh trnh t do cua ban ap (khoang 35 60 mm)
- Khe h gia au on m va bac m (khoang 2 4 mm)
S Hanh trnh dch chuyen cua cac a ep. e am bao cho ly hp c m
mot cach dt khoat, moi oi be mat ma sat phai co khoang cach
0,75 1 mm, do o
S = (0,75 1)p
(Trong o p la so lng oi be mat masat)
b2) Lc tac dung len ban ap ly hp:
40
Pb
1,2.P
200 N
i.
(3.48)
ay :
P Lc nen tong cong tac dung len cac a cua ly hp tnh theo cong thc (3.31)
1, 2 He so tnh en cac lo xo ep cua ly hp b nen them khi tach m ly hp
i T so truyen theo cong thc (3.44) hoac (3.45)
- Hieu suat truye n lc
oi vi c cau ieu khien bang c kh :
= c = 0,7 0,8
oi vi c cau ieu khien bang thuy lc:
= t = 0,8 0,9
b3) Cong m ly h p:
A
P 1,2P S 30
J
(3.49)
2
Neu A > 30 J th phai thiet ke va bo tr thch hp bo phan tr lc cho ly hpM
.
HC
.
P
T
huat
t
y
K
pham
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
yen
u
q
Ban
41
CHNG IV
HOP SO C KH
I.
CONG DUNG, YEU CAU, PHAN LOAI.
1. Cong dung.
Nham thay oi ty so truyen va momen xoan t ong c en cac banh xe chu ong
phu hp vi momen can luon thay oi va nham tan dung toi a cong suat cua ong c.
Giup cho xe thay oi c chieu chuyen ong.
am bao cho xe d ng tai cho ma khong can tat may hoac khong can tach ly hp.
Dan ong mom en xoan ra ngoai cho cac bo phan ac biet oi vi cac xe chuyen
dung.
2. Yeu cau.
Mc va tnh nang
Co day ty so truyen phu hp nham nang cao tnh nang ong Pl. H
c Cho
T
uat
kinh te cua o to.
y th
K
ham
Phai co hieu suat truyen lc cao, khong Sco
ng on khi lam viec, sang so nhe
u ptie
H
D
g ng khi gai so.
nhang, khong sinh ra lc va ap cac barunohnra
T
n
e c, de ieu khien, de bao dng hoac kiem tra va sa
Phai co ket cau gon beqnuycha
n
a
B
cha khi co h hong.
3. Phan loai.
Theo phng phap thay oi ty so truyen, hop so c chia thanh: hop so co cap va hop
so vo cap.
a) Hop so co ca p c chia theo :
+ S o o ng hoc gom co:
- Loai co truc co nh (hop so hai truc, ho p so ba truc).
- Loai co truc khong co nh (hop so hanh tinh mot cap, hai cap).
+ Day so truyen gom co:
- Mot day ty so truyen (3 so, 4 so, 5 so).
- Hai day ty so truyen.
+ Phng phap sang so gom co:
- Hop so ieu khien bang tay.
- Hop so t o ng.
b) Hop so vo ca p c chia theo :
+ Hop so thuy lc (hop so thuy tnh, ho p so thuy ong ).
+ Hop so ien.
41
+ Hop so ma sat.
II. TRNH T TNH TOAN HOP SO CO CAP CUA O TO.
Cong viec tnh toan thiet ke ho p so o to co hai bc chnh nh sau:
+ Xac nh ty so truyen am bao tnh chat keo va tnh kinh te theo ieu kien lam viec
a cho trc.
+ Xac nh kch thc cac chi tiet cua hop so.
Hai bc ln tren c cu the hoa bi cac bc cu the sau:
1. Tren c s cua ieu kien s dung va ieu kien ky thuat cho trc, cung vi
ieu kien che tao, chun g ta chon s o on g hoc va d kie n so cap cua hop so.
2. Tnh toan lc keo cua oto, xac nh t so truyen chung cua ca he tho ng truyen
lc khi gai cac so khac nhau.
3. Phan chia phu hp t so truyen cua he thong truyen lc theo tng cum (hop so,
hop so phu, truyen lc chnh, truyen lc cuoi cung).
4. Tnh toan xac nh t so truyen cua hop so .
5. Xac nh kch thc cua cac chi tiet, bo tr cac chi tiet cua hopMso va kiem tra
HC
s lien quan lam viec gia cac chi tiet vi nhau.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
u ph
P SSO
CUA O TO.
III. S O ONG HOC MOT SO LOAI HO
H
D
ng
o
u
r
T
yen
u
q
1. S o o ng hoc hoBpanso hai truc.
Tren hnh 4.1 la s o ong hoc hop so hai truc bo n cap (khong ke so lui). Khi gai cac
so tien eu s dung bo ong toc, khi gai so lui th dch chuyen banh rang thang 2 tao nen
s an khp 1-2 va 2-3.
Hnh 4.1 : S o ong hoc hop so hai truc

42
Hop so xe SKODA 100 MB (Cong hoa Czech)

2. S o o ng hoc ho p so ba truc.
Tren hnh 4.2 la s o ong hoc cua mot so hop so ba truc co t 3 en 6 so tien. Khi so
cap cua hop so tang th mc o phc tap ve mat ket cau cung tang theo. hnh 4.2 c
thong nhat cac ky hieu nh sau:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 : v tr gai cac so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
L (hoac R) : v tr gai so lui.
I- truc s cap.
II- truc th cap.
III- truc trung gian.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Banh rang lap co nh tren truc,

rang ngoai
Banh rang lap co nh tren truc,

rang trong
Banh rang lap vi truc bang then hoa

va trt tren truc.
Banh rang quay trn tren truc.
Hnh 4.2 : S o ong hoc hop so ba truc
43
3. S o o ng hoc ho p so hanh tinh (xem chng V) :

IV. CHON TY SO TRUYEN CUA HOP SO.
T so truyen cua hop so o to c xac nh tren c s tnh toan lc keo cac tay so.
Trong o quan trong nhat la t so truyen tay so I. T so truyen ih1 c xac nh theo
cong thc cua vien s Chuacop:
G.rbx . max
i h1
(4.1)
M emax i o tl
ay :
G Trong lng toan bo cua xe (N)
max - He so can chuyen ong ln nhat
rbx Ban knh lan cua banh xe co tnh en s bien dang cua lop (m)
io Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh
tl Hieu suat cua he thong truyen lc
Ty so truyen cua truyen lc chnh c xac nh :
M
. HC
P
T
r
uat
i o bx
y th (4.2)
K
2,65
am
u ph
S
H
D
ay :
uong
r
T
- He so vong quay cua yo
nng c
qu e
n
a
B : = 30 40
oi vi xe du lch
oi vi xe tai : = 40 50
Neu ho p so co 3 cap vi so III la so truyen thang th :
ih3 =1 ; ih2 = i h1
Neu ho p so co 4 cap vi so IV la so truyen thang th :
ih4 = 1 ; i h 3 3 i h1 ; i h2 3 i 2 h1
Neu ho p so co 5 cap vi so V la so truyen thang th :
ih5 = 1 ; ih4 =
i h1 ; ih3 = 4 i h1 2 ; ih2 =
i h13
Neu ho p so co 5 cap vi so V la so truyen tang va so IV la so truyen thang th:

ih5 =
1
; ih4 = 1 ; ih3 =
i hi
i h1 ; ih3 =
i h1
44
So truyen cao nhat cua hop so nen lam so truyen thang hay so truyen tang la tuy
thuoc vao thi gian s dung. Nen chon so truye n lam viec nhieu nhat e lam so truyen
thang e giam tieu hao khi truye n lc va tang tuoi tho cua hop so.
V. TNH TOAN CAC CHI TIET CUA HOP SO.
1. Banh ra ng cu a hop so.
a) Tnh toan thiet ke tong the:
Khi thiet ke s bo hop so va banh rang hop so ngi ta chon trc khoang cach gia
cac truc va mouyn banh rang. Da vao cac thong so o se xac nh so rang cua cac banh
rang e am bao ty so truyen can thiet cua hop so.
a1) Chon khoang cach gia ca c truc:
Khoang cach A gia cac truc c chon theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
A= C3 M e max (mm)
(4.3)
M
ay :
. HC
P
T
Memax - Momen xoan cc ai cua ong c (Nm)thuat
y
am K
C - He so kinh nghiem:
h
p
Su
oi vi xe du lchon:gCD=H 1316
u
iT:rC =1719
oi viyxe
ta
n
e
qu
Bainvi xe dung ong c diezel: C =2021
o
m[mm]
a2) Chon mouyn phap tuyen cu a ba nh ra ng :

Chung ta co hai phng phap la chon:
Co the chon theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
m = (0.0320.040).A
Hoac co the s dung o th kinh nghiem nh hnh 4.3
(4.4)
a
b
M [kN.m]
45
Hnh 4.3 : o th e chon mouyn phap tuyen cua banh rang

a/ Dung cho banh rang co rang thang
b/ Dung cho banh rang co ran g xien
ay :
m - Mouyn phap tuyen
M - Momen xoan c tnh :
M= Memax.ih1.0,96
a3) Xac nh so rang cua ca c banh ra ng:
+ oi vi hop so hai truc :
hnh 4.4 la s o hop so hai truc e xac nh so rang :
Z1
Z2
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
Zi
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th A
T
yen
u
q
an
Z' 1
Z' 2
Z' i
Banh rang lap vi truc bang then hoa va trt tren truc khi can gai so
Hnh 4.4 : S o tnh toan so rang cua banh rang ho p so 2 truc
hop so hai truc co the xac nh khoang cach A theo cong thc sau :
m (z z i )
m (z z1 ) m 2 (z 2 z 2 )
A= 1 1
.... i i
2 cos i
2 cos 1
2 cos 2
46
(4.5)
z1
z1
z
ih2= 2
z2
Sau o thay :
ih1=
.
z
ihi= i
zi
vao bieu thc tnh A, chung ta nhan c cong thc tong quat e xac nh zi va zi/:
2Acos i
(4.6)
zi =
m i (1 i h1 )
zi = zi .ihi
(4.7)
ay:
z1,z2, zi so rang cua cac banh rang truc s cap.
z1 , z2 zi - so rang cac banh rang truc th cap.
M
. HC
P
T
A khoang cach gia hai truc .
t
thua
i goc nghieng cua cap banh rang thhi.am Ky
Snuhprang th i.
H
p
ba
mi mouyn phap tuye n cua ca
D
ng
Truo
n
quye
+ oi vi hop so ba tru
Bacn:
tren hnh 4.5 la s o hop so ba truc e xac nh so rang
Za
Z'2
Z'1
Z'i
Z'a
Z2
Z1
Zi
Hnh 4.5 : S o tnh toan so rang cua banh rang ho p so 3 truc

1- Truc s cap
2- Truc trung gian
47
3- Truc th cap
A- Khoan g cach gia cac truc
za , za so rang cua cap banh rang luon an khp
z1, z2,, zi so rang cua cac banh rang tren truc trung gian
z1 , z2 ,, zi so rang cua cac banh rang tren truc th cap
Khoang cach A c tnh nh sau:
m (z za ) m a .z a (1 i a )
A= a a
(4.8)
2 cos a
2 cos a
2A.cos a
1
(4.9)
Bi vay :
ia =
m a .z a
ay :
ia ty so truyen cua cap banh rang luon an khp.
ma mo uyn phap tuyen cua cap banh rang luo n an khp.
a goc nghieng cua rang cua cap banh rang luon an khp.
So rang za cua banh rang b ong cap banh rang luon an khp se c xac nh:
M
. HC
P
za = za. ia
T
uat
y th
K
Ty so truyen cua cac cap banh rang c gai igi sehla
:
am
up
S
H
i hi
D
igi=
uong
r
T
i a yen
qu
a
B nng tren truc trung gian va th cap c xac nh :
So rang cua cac banh ra
2 A cos i
zi =
(4.10)
m i (1 i gi )
zi = zi .igi
(4.11)
Trong o :
zi - So rang cua banh rang th i tren truc trung gian.
zi - So rang cua banh rang th i tren truc th cap.
i goc nghieng cua rang cua cap banh rang th i.
mi- mo uyn phap tuyen cua cap banh rang th i .
b) Tnh toan kiem tra ba nh rang :
Banh rang cua hop so oto tnh toan theo uon va tiep xuc .
b1) Tnh toan kiem tra theo ng suat uon :
ng suat uon tai tiet dien nguy hiem cua rang c xac nh theo cong thc Lewis:
P.K
u
(MN/m2)
(4.12)
b.t n .y
Trong o :
48
P Lc vong tac dung le n rang tai tam an khp (MN).

bBe rong rang cua banh rang
(m)
tn Bc rang phap tuyen (m)
y He so dang rang (xem bang 4.1)
k He so bo sung : tnh en s tap trung ng suat rang, o trung khp khi
cac rang an khp, ma sat be mat tiep xuc, bien dang cac o va truc
- Lc vong P tac dung len rang c xac nh :
M
P=
r
ay :
M Momen xoan tac dung len banh ran g ang tnh
M = Memax.i.
i Ty so truyen t on g c en banh rang ang tnh .
Hieu suat truyen lc ke t ong c en banh rang ang tnh.
- Be rong b cua rang oi vi rang thang chon nh sau :
b = (4,47)m, oi vi rang xien cho n trong khoang b = (78,6)m
n.
M
. HC
P
T
t
Trong o: m mouyn cua banh ran g tru rang thang;
thua
y
K
mn mouyn phap tuyen cua banh ranhgam
tru rang xien .
up
S
H
c
thay
ba
n
g
t
va chung ta co :
- Trong trng hp rang thang th tn
ng D
o
u
r
t= T.m
yen
u
q
(4.13)
tn=.mn
Ban
- He so dang rang y oi vi cap ban h rang khong ieu chnh c chon theo bang 4.1
:
oi vi rang thang lay so rang Z thc te e chon, con oi vi rang xien chon theo so
rang tng ng Zt
Z
Zt=
(4.14)
cos 3
Trong o :
Z - so rang thc te cua banh rang
- goc nghieng ng rang cua banh rang tru rang xien
Neu cap banh rang co ieu chnh , he so dang rang c tnh :
yieu chnh = y.
1
f0
(4.15)
Trong o :
y He so dang rang tieu chuan (bang 4.1)
He so tra bang 4.1 theo Z hoac Zt
He so ieu chnh rang
fo He so chieu cao au rang.
49
Neu goc an khp 20 0 va chieu cao cua rang khac 2,25m th he so dang rang phai
nhan them he so hieu nh a :
a= a .ah
Trong o:
ah - he so chieu cao,
ah =
2,25m
h
a - he so goc an khp
h - chieu cao rang
m - moduyn
Neu :
th
a = 0,75
= 14050/
0 /
=17 30
th
a = 0,89
0 /
th
a = 1,1
= 22 30
th
a = 1,23
= 250
Cho banh rang cut co chieu cao au rang h= 0,8 m th he so dang rang y tm ra theo
cach tren ay con phai nhan them 1,14.
M
. HC
P
T
ng suat uon cho phep [u] trnh bay bang 4.2
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
Bang 4.1:
H
D
uong
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
He so dang rang y
Z
Cat bang dao phay Cat bang dao phay
He so
hoac
a hoac dao phay lan rang hoac dao soc Mai bang a mai a
Zt
ngon
thanh rang
12
_
0,098
0,084
1,13
14
_
0,105
0,093
0,97
16
0,101
0,113
0,100
0,75
17
0,102
0,117
0,104
0,68
18
0,104
0,120
0,107
0,62
19
0,105
0,122
0,109
0,56
20
0,106
0,124
0,112
0,53
21
0,108
0,126
0,115
0,48
22
0,110
0,128
0,117
0,44
24
0,112
0,132
0,122
0,36
26
0,114
0,136
0,126
0,32
28
0,117
0,138
0,129
0,29
30
0,120
0,140
0,132
0,27
32
0,123
0,142
0,135
0,25
50
35
37
40
45
50
60
80
0,128
0,131
0,136
0,142
0,145
0,150
0,158
0,144
0,146
0,148
0,150
0,152
0,156
0,159
0,137
0,140
0,143
0,146
0,149
0,153
0,159
0,23
0,22
0,21
0,20
0,19
0,17
0,14
Bang 4.2
1
2
Loai banh rang

Banh rang tru thang cho so 1 va so lui
Banh rang tru nghie ng dung cho Xe tai
cac so cao va cap banh rang luon
Xe du lch
an khp
[u]
400850
100250
180350
(MN/m2)
CM
. Hra
P
T
He so bo sung K cho banh rang tru ran g thang la 1.12 va cho
ba
n
h
ng tru rang xien
huat
t
y
K
la 0.75
pham
u
S
Thay cac gia tr K tre n va bc ran gg D
tH
hoac tnt cong thc (4.13) vao cong thc
n
o
u
r
co
(4.12) e tnh u, sau khi n gian ta
T:
yen
u
q
Cho banh ran g tru rangBatha
n ng :
P
(MN/m2)
(4.16)
u = 0.36
b.m.y
Cho banh ran g tru rang xie n:
P
u = 0.24
(MN/m2)
(4.17)
b.m n .y
Trong o :
n v cua cac ai lng la :
P (MN)
b, m, mn: (m)
b2) Tnh toan kiem tra theo ng suat tiep xuc :

Mc o hao mon rang cua cac banh rang phu thuoc vao gia tr ng suat tiep xuc tai
tam an khp. ng suat tiep xuc c tnh theo cong thc Hert - Beliaev:
tx = 0,418
NE 1
1
b o 1 2
(4.18)
Trong o :
N - Lc tac dung vuo ng goc len mat tiep xuc gia cac rang an khp (MN)
tx - Co n v la MN/m2
bo - Chieu dai ng tiep xuc cua cac rang (m)
51
E - Mouyn an hoi. (E = 2,1.105 MN/m2 )

1,2 - Ban knh cong cua cac be mat rang chu ong va b ong tai iem tiep
xuc (m).
Neu hai banh rang an khp ngoai se lay dau + , neu an khp trong lay dau - .
oi vi banh rang tru thang :
N=
P
;
cos
b0 =b
(4.19)
ay:
P Lc vong tac dung le n banh rang (MN)
b Be rong banh rang (m)
oi vi banh rang tru rang nghieng ; vi goc nghien g ng rang la :
N=
P
b
; bo =
cos . cos
cos
(4.20)
Thay cac gia tr (4.19) va(4.20) vao (4.18) ta co cong thc chung cho banh rang tru
M
rang thang va rang nghieng:
. HC
P
T
t
thua
P.E 1
1
ham Ky
(4.21)
tx = 0,418
b. cos 1 H Su2 p
gD
ruonng ta phai lay 1, 2 tai tam an khp .
Muon xac nh tx tai tam an khpTchu
yen
Cho banh ran g tru rangBatha
n qnug:
1= r1sin ; 2= r2sin
(4.22)
Cho banh ran g tru rang nghieng:
sin
sin
1= r1
; 2= r2
(4.23)
2
cos
cos 2
ay:
r1,r2 - ban knh vong tron lan cua banh chu ong va b ong.
ng suat tiep xuc thong th ng c xac nh theo che o tai trong trung bnh.
Lc vong P c tnh bang con g thc:
.M e max .i
P=
(4.24)
r
Trong o xac nh theo o th kinh nghiem.
1
Thong th ng xe ch s dung Memax, nen thng chon = 0,5.
2
ng suat tiep xuc cho phep [tx ] tren be mat rang khi che o tai trong truc s cap
hop so la 0,5 Memax c trnh bay bang 4.3:
52
Bang 4.3
[tx ]
(MN/m2)
Xementit hoa
Loai banh rang

1.
2.
Banh rang dun g cho so 1 va so lui 19002000

Banh rang luon an khp va cac 13001400
banh rang cac so cao
Xianuya hoa
9501000
650700
Cac banh rang cua hop so xe du lch va xe tai vi tai trong en 20 kN thng c
xianuya hoa, ngoai ra cac banh rang cua o to tai vi tai trong hn 20 kN va cua xe buyt
thng c xementit hoa.
2. Truc cua ho p so.
a) Chon s bo kch thc cua truc:
M
Chung ta co the tnh kch thc s bo theo cac cong thc kinh nghie. m
HCsau:
P
T
uat
oi vi truc s cap:
y th
K
d1 = 5,3 3 M e max Su pham
(4.25)
H
D
ng
Trong o:
Truo
n
ye cua truc s cap.
d1 (mm) -
ngquknh
Ban
Memax (Nm) - Mo men xoan cc ai cua ong c.
oi vi truc trung gian:
d2 0,45.A ;
d2
= 0,160,18
l2
(4.26)
Trong o:
d2 , l2 (mm) - ng knh va chieu dai truc trung gian.
A (mm) - khoang cach gia cac truc hop so.
oi vi xe du lch:
A = 12,1 3 M e max (mm)
oi vi xe tai:
A = 18,7 3 M e max
(mm)
oi vi truc th cap:
d3 0,45.A ;
d3
= 0,180,21
l3
(4.27)
d3, l3 (mm) la n g knh va chieu dai cua truc th cap.
53
Khi a co s bo kch thc cac truc va ve s o bo tr hop so chung ta xac nh cac lc

tac dung len cac truc hop so. Cuoi cung tien hanh tnh toan truc theo cng vng va tnh
sc ben cua truc .
b) Tnh toan cac lc tac dung len truc :
Lc tac dung len truc gom co hai nhom :
- Nhom 1: cac lc t cac banh rang ang lam viec.
- Nhom 2 : cac lc t cac o cua truc ( phan lc )
Muon xac nh c phan lc cac o, trc het phai xac nh lc tac dung len truc t
cac banh rang.
S o chu lc cua cac truc c trnh bay hnh 4.6. Lay v tr an kh p cua banh rang
mot tay so nao o lam v du .
Gia tr cac lc vong, lc hng knh, lc chieu truc c tnh nh sau (xet trng hp
tong quat banh rang tru rang nghieng) :
Lc vong:
P =
M
r
M.tg.
K
r. cos .
pham
u
S
M.tg. g DH
n
Lc chieu truc: Q =
Trruo
n
quye
Ban
M = Memax .i
i ty so truyen t ong c en truc ang tnh
- Goc an kh p cua cac cap banh rang
- Goc nghieng cua rang
r ban knh vo ng tron lan cua banh rang.
Lc hng knh: R =
ay:
(4.28)
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th (4.29)
(4.30)
54
a1
b1
z
a2
y
b2
x
a3
c
b3
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
u
DH S
g
n
o
Truca
o
Hnh 4.6 :eS
c lc tac dung len truc
n
y
u
q
n
a
Trong tr ng h p la baBnh rang tru rang than g, cac cong thc tren van co gia tr vi
=0.
Cac phan lc cac o cua truc c xac nh t cac phng trnh can bang lc va mo
men (xem lai mon C hoc ly thuyet)
c) Tnh toan kiem tra o cn g vng :
55
1
Z
X
12
a)
f2
'12
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
T
yen
u
q
an
b)
f1
P. HC
uat T
y th
f 2'
f 1'
'2
'1
Hnh 4.7 : A nh hng cua o cng vn g cua cac truc en s an khp cua cac banh rang .
a) Trong mat phang ZOX doc
b) Trong mat phang YOX ngang
f o vong ; goc xoay ; 12 = 1 + 2 .
o cng vng cua moi iem tre n truc c ac trng bang o vong va goc xoay tai
iem o cua truc trong 2 mat phang vuong goc vi nhau.
o vong va goc xoay xac nh tai v tr at banh rang .
Tren c s s o chu lc, ve cac s o noi lc trong cac mat phang ngang va doc, tien
hanh tnh o vo ng va goc xoay l n nhat cung nh cac tiet dien co banh rang an khp.
Quan tro ng nhat la o cng vng trong mat phang ngang, v no anh hn g rat xau en
s an khp cua cac cap banh rang ( hnh 4.7).
56
Phng phap tnh o vong va goc xoay theo sach Sc ben vat lieu. o vong cho
phep trong mat phang doc (ZOX) 0,2 mm. Goc xoay cho phep cua cac truc trong mat
phang ngang (YOZ) 0,002 rad.
Cong viec tnh toan se c lap lai cho cac tay so, e tm ra trng hp yeu nhat, e
kiem tra cac truc mot cach toan dien.
d) Tnh toan sc ben cu a truc :
Truc cua hop so tnh theo uon va xoan, phan co then hoa cua truc tnh theo dap va cat.
Khi tnh sc ben phai tien hanh cho tng tay so:
ng suat uon u c tnh:
Mu
u =
(MN/m2)
(4.31)
3
0,1 .d
ng suat xoan c tnh :
Mx
(MN/m2)
(4.32)
=
3
0,2 .d
Neu truc lam viec ong thi va chu uon va xoan, th ng suat to
ngM hp c tnh
. HC
P
T
theo ly thuyet sc ben vat lieu:
uat
y th2
K
2
m
M u Su pha M x
H
th = u2 4 2 g D
4
0,2.d 3
n,1.d 3
o
0
u
r
T
n
e
y
qu
Bi v:
Ban
Mth = M 2u M 2x
Nen ta co :
th=
M th
0,1d 3
(MN/m2)
(4.33)
Trong o :
Mth Momen tong hp tac dung len truc ( MNm)
th ng suat tong hp ma truc phai chu (MN/m2)
d ng knh truc tai tiet dien nguy hiem (m)
Neu tren truc co then hoa th lay n g knh trung bnh e tnh (dtb):
d dt
dtb = n
2
dn ng knh ngoai cua truc then hoa (m)
dt ng knh trong cua truc then hoa (m)
Neu truc che tao lien vi banh rang th truc cung bang cac loai thep banh rang. Khi
truc che tao rieng vi banh rang th co the dung thep 40, 40X va 50. oi khi truc con che
tao bang cac loai thep sau 18XHBA, 40XHMA,45,15XA.
ng suat tong hp cho phep la 5070 MN/m2 .
57
Phan then hoa cua truc khi lam viec chu ng suat dap va cat. Qua thc te s dung
cha co trng hp then hoa b hong do ng suat cat. V vay, then hoa thng tnh theo
ng suat dap, luc that can thiet mi kiem tra them ng suat cat.
ng suat dap d cua then hoa c xac nh :
d
2M .i
Q
F 0,75.z.h.l.d tb
(4.34)
Trong o:
Q Lc vong tac dung le n cac then hoa
F Tong so be mat tiep xuc cua then vi moay banh rang
M Momen xoan cua ong c
i T so truyen t ong c en truc ang tnh
z So lng then hoa
h Chieu cao then hoa
l Chieu dai tiep xuc cua then vi moay banh rang
M
. HC
P
T
0,75 He so tnh en s phan bo tai trong khong e
tu len cac then hoa
thua
y
K
dtb ng knh trung bnh cua truc then
m
ahoa.
u ph
S
H
ng D
Truo ng suat dap cho phep
oi vi loai then hoa noi ghep n
co nh,
uy2 e
[d] = 50100 BMN/m
an q
oi vi loai then hoa noi ghep khong co nh th:
[d] = 30 MN/m2
4. Cac c cau ieu khie n quan trong cua hop so.
a) C cau ieu khie n gai so(xem lai mon Cau tao o to )
b) Bo ong toc:
Khi sang so, cho du a tach ly hp,nhng do quan tnh nen cac banh rang van con
quay vi cac van toc goc khac nhau, neu gai vao nhau th sinh lc va ap. e khac phuc
hien tng tren va n gian hoa cac qua trnh thao tac cua tai xe, ngi ta dung bo ong
toc.
Xet trn g hp chuyen t so cao ve so thap e tm hie u nguyen ly va phan tch lc
(hnh 4.8).
58
Hnh 4.8 : Cau tao cua bo ong toc

1,4. Banh rang; 2. Chot ; 3. On g rang; 5. Bi;
6. Ong gat ; 7. Ong long ; 8. Truc
b1) Giai oan dch chuyen t do (luc mat con cua ong long 7 cha
tiep xuc vi
HCM
.
P
T
mat con cua banh rang 4).
huat
t
y
Ky lai lien ket an hoi vi ong
V vong gat 6 lien ket cng vi o ng ran g 3 va ohnagmna
p
u
S
long 7, cho nen khi gat 6 ve pha banh rang g4,Dca
H khoi chi tiet 6-2-3-5-7 eu dch chuyen.
n
o
u
r
Tm thi dng lai va bat au giai oan hai.
Khi hai mat con tiep xuc vi nhau th
ta
yen
u
q
Ban
b2) Giai oan cha ong to c:
Do tac dung cua a quan tnh nen ong ran g 3 van con quay vi toc o goc cua so cu:
3 =
m
ic
Trong o:
3 Van toc goc cua ong rang.
m Van toc goc cua truc.
ic T so truyen so cao.
Trong khi o banh ran g 4 luon luon an kh p vi banh rang cua truc trung gian va bi
vay:
4 =
m
it
4 Van toc goc cua banh rang 4.

it T so truyen so thap.
Bi v: ic < it nen
3 > 4
Ong lo ng 7 va co lien he vi banh rang 4 va co lien he vi ong ran g 3 nen toc o
goc cua no la 7 nam trong gii han:
4 < 7 < 3
59
Ket qua la chot 2 b ham trong hoc cua ong 7 va ong rang 3 khon g dch chuyen c
na.
Sau ay chung ta phan tch lc e thay c v sao chot 2 b ham :
Di tac dung cua lc ep chieu truc Q1 (lc tac dung cua ngi lai thong qua c cau
on bay chuyen en ) tnh trang chu lc cua 3 chi tiet nh hnh 4.9
Q1
Q
N
r
r1
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
Q1
Hnh 4.9 : S o chu lc cua cac chi tiet 2,4,7

Trong giai oan cha ong toc mat con cua ong lo ng 7 trt tre n mat con cua banh
rang 4, ne n gia chung co lc ma sat .N, trong o :
N=
Q1
sin
(4.35)
ay :
- goc nghieng cua mat con.
N phan lc .
Lc ma sat se can bang vi lc vong P tac dung tng ho gia chi tiet 7 va 2 theo ieu
kien sau:
P.r1 = .N.r P=
.N.r
r1
60
Trong o :
He so ma sat
r, r1 Ban knh iem at lc .
Thay N bang bieu thc (4.35) ta co :
P=
.Q 1 .r
r1 . sin
(4.36)
Tai mat xien goc cua co vuong chot 2 tac dung mot phan lc Q phan tch t P:
Q=
P
tg
(4.37)
Lc Q chnh la lc ham co vuong B cua chot 2 trong hoc A cua ong long 7, do o Q
phai thoa man ieu kien ham sau ay:
.Q 1 .r
Q1
Q > Q1
r1 .sin.tg
Tc la :
HC
TP.
t
(4.38)
a
u
h
.r
tg <
r1. sin
Ky t
m
a
ph ham chot 2 va gi khong cho ong
Su e
Bieu thc (4.38) la c s e thiet ke gocDH u
ng
rang 3 dch chuye n khi cha ong toc .Truo
n
quye
Ban
b3) Giai oan o ng toc :
Do ma sat nen a quan tnh dan dan b triet tieu va cuoi cung
3 = 7 = 4
Khi a ong toc th lc ma sat N cung khong con na va do o lc ham bang khong.
Tay cua ngi lai ch tac dung nhe la u e thang nh v lo xo bi 5 va gat ong rang 3 an
khp vi van h rang cua banh rang 4 mot cach em du v chung a ong e u van toc goc.
Khi thiet ke thng chon he so ma sat = 0,050,1 , goc nghien g = 70 120 ,
Q1=(49).(50100)N, ty so truyen cua can so :49, lc tac dung len can so : 50100 N.
61
CHNG V
HOP SO T ONG
I.
CONG DUNG, YEU CAU, PHAN LOAI.
1. Cong dung.
Hop so t ong cho phep n gian hoa viec ieu khien hop so. Qua trnh chuyen so
em du, khong can cat cong suat truyen t ong c xuong khi sang so. Hop so t ong t
chon t so truyen phu hp vi ieu kien chuyen ong, do o tao ieu kien s dung gan nh
toi u cong suat cua ong c.
2. Yeu cau.
Hop so t ong phai am bao cac yeu cau sau:
Thao tac ieu khien hop so n gian, nhe nhang.

M
am bao chat lng ong lc ke o cao.

. HC
P
T
uat
Hieu suat truyen ong phai tng oi ln.

y th
K
am
o tin cay ln, t h hong,tuoi tho cao.

u ph
S
H
g D.
Ket cau phai gon, tron g lrnugonnho

T
n
quye
n
a
B
3. Phan loai.
Hien nay, s dun g tren xe co hai loai hop so t ong:
a. Hop so t ong co cap.
b. Hop so t ong vo cap.
Hop so t ong co cap gom co ba bo phan chnh:
Truyen ong thu y ong (ly hp thuy lc hoac bien momen thuy lc).
Hop so hanh tinh.
He thong ieu khien.
Hop so t ong vo cap t c s dung hn do co ng nghe che tao phc tap, gia thanh
cao.
V du: Hop so vo cap t ong FORD CTX gom co ba bo phan chnh:
Bo banh rang han h tinh e thay oi chieu quay truc s cap.
Truyen ong vo cap c kh (Truyen on g nh ai truyen kep gia cac be mat
ma sat hnh con).
He thong ieu khien.
Cho en nay, hop so t ong co cap c s dung rong rai hn nhieu so vi hop so t
ong vo cap. Bi vay, trong chng nay chung ta ch nghien cu ve hop so t ong co
cap. Con hop so t o ng vo cap, chung ta tham khao them cac chuyen e .
61
Sau ay, chung ta se lan lt nghien cu cac bo phan chnh cua hop so t ong co
cap.
II. LY HP THUY ONG.
1. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec.
a) Cau tao: (Hnh 5.1)
Ly hp thuy on g gom a bm 1 va a tuoc bin 2. Chun g c at vao mot vo chung
co cha dau. ia B gan tren truc chu ong cua ly hp va noi vi truc ong c, a T gan
tren truc b ong cua ly hp. Gia B va T ( cung nh gia truc chu ong va b ong cua ly
hp) khong co s noi cng nao ca. Cong suat truye n t B sang T nh nang lng cua dong
chat long. Tren B va T co gan cac canh cong, xep theo chieu hn g knh. Cac canh nay
hp vi cac mat cong trong va ngoai cua a tao thanh cac ranh cong. Chat long c tuan
hoan trong cac ranh theo hng mui ten hnh 5.1.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
B Mb
n b b
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
t n t M t
Hnh 5.1
b) Nguyen ly lam viec:
Xet qua trnh lam viec khi khi o ng xe:
Khi ong c lam viec, a B se quay va chat long hai a bat au chuyen ong.
Gia cac canh cua B chat long chuyen ong t trong ra ngoai ra di tac dung cua lc ly
tam. Van toc cua dong chat long khi chuyen ong gia cac canh cua B dan dan tang len
do nang lng ma dong chat long nhan t ong c cun g dan dan tang len. Khi chuyen
62
ong t cac canh cua B sang cac canh cuaT, chat long ban vao cac canh cua T, tao thanh
lc ep len
cac canh cua T. Sau o chat long oi hng chuyen ong, van toc giam xuong va chuyen
ong t ngoai vao tam gia cac canh cua T.
Lc va ap cua chat long tao ra momen quay bat a T phai quay cung chieu vi a
B. Sau o chat long lai t a T tr ve a B va chu ky chuyen ong cua chat long lai lap
lai neu ong c van lam viec.
Khi tang so vong quay cua ong c, lc li tam cua chat long a B cang tang, do
o lam tang lc ep cua chat long len cac canh cua T va lam tang momen quay cua a T.
Khi momen quay cua T bang hoac ln hn momen can chuyen ong cua n g quy dan
ve truc cua a T th xe bat au chuyen ong.
Khi tai trong len truc cua a T co s thay oi, lap tc van toc goc cua T se thay oi
theo, do o lam thay oi s tuan hoan chat long va ket qua la momen cua T se thay oi
can bang vi gia tr cua momen can chuyen ong. Bi vay , ly hp thuy ong la loai
truyen o ng t o ng ieu chnh mo men xoan.
u tao oto).
Cac u iem va nhc iem cua ly hp thuy o ng (Xem lai mon CaM
HC
.
P
T
huat
t
y
K
2. Tnh toan ly h p thuy ong.
pham
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
u2
T
yen
u
q
2
Ban
v2
w2
v1
Mb
w1
u1
r2
r1
Hnh 5.2 : Qu ao chuyen ong

63
Khi chuyen ong gia cac canh cua B va T, cac phan t chat long tham gia ong thi
hai chuyen ong : Chuyen on g tng oi gia cac phan t chat long va cac canh cua B
va T, vi van toc tng oi la w .
Chuyen ong theo s quay cua B va T vi van toc theo la u .
Bi vay, phan t chat long se chuyen ong theo vec t van toc tuyet oi v :

v w u
(5.1)
hnh 5.2 la quy ao chuye n ong cua phan t chat long gia cac canh cua B. iem
1 la iem phan t chat long i vao cac canh cua B vi van toc tuyet oi v 1 , iem 2 la
iem i ra khoi cac canh cua B vi van toc tuyet oi la v 2 .V khe h gia B va T vo cung
nho, ne n ton that nang lng cua do ng chay khi i qua khe h nay la khong ang ke.
Bi vay, van toc khi i vao va i ra khoi B cua phan t chat long bang van toc khi i
ra va i vao cua a T. Cho nen ch can xet cac thanh phan van toc tai ie
mM1 va 2:
. HC
P
T
u1 = b.r1
uat
y th
K
am
u2 = b.r2
(5.2)
u ph
S
H
D
ng
Truo
n
Momen quay cua a bmqM
ybebang hieu so cua cac momen ong lng trong tng
n u
a
B
giay cua chat long khi i ra va i vao a B. Momen M nam trong mat phang vuo ng goc
b
vi truc ly hp:
M b m.u 2 .r2 u 1 .r1
G
.u 2 .r2 u 1 .r1
g
(5.3)
T hnh (5.2) ta thay:

u 2 v 2 . cos 2
u 1 v 1 . cos 1
Cho nen :
Mb
G
.r2 .v 2 . cos 2 r1 .v 1 . cos 1
g
(5.4)
ay:
m Khoi lng cua chat long chay qua cac canh cua B trong mot giay.
Momen quay cua tuoc bin Mt cung c tnh nh tren:
G
G
M t .u1 .r1 u 2 .r2 .u 2 .r2 u 1 .r1 M b
g
g
(5.5)
Neu ch quan tam en gia tr tuyet oi th:

64
(5.6)
Mt Mb
Khi chat long chuyen ong gia cac canh cua ly hp th mot phan cong suat se mat
mat do ma sat trong dong chay, ma sat gia chat long va cac canh va do va ap khi
chuyen t B sang T va t T sang B Bi vay:
(5.7)
Nb Nt N r
Trong o:
N b Cong suat cua B.

N t Cong suat cua T.
N r Cong suat mat mat do ma sat.
Hieu suat cua ly hp:
Nt
M .
M n
t t t. t
N b M b . b M b n b
(5.8)
ay:
n b , n t So vong quay cua a B va a T.

V
P. HC
uat T
M t M b nen :
h
n nt
nt
Ky t
1 b
1 S
(5.9)
m
a
u ph
nb
nb
S
H
D
uong
r
nb nt
T
t cua a T so vi a B.
ntr
Gia tr S
goi lauo
q ye
n
nb
a
B
Trong thi gian lay a, so vong quay n t cua a T tang len va tien dan en so vong
quay n b cua a B, do o S cang giam. so vong quay ln S= 2 3 , cho nen hieu

suat cua ly hp at ti 98 .
Kch thc cua ly hp thuy ong c tnh toan tren c s xac nh ng knh ln
nhat D.
Tren c s cua ly thuyet cac may co canh, ta co moi lien he gia momen quay c
truyen bi ly hp vi cac thong so cua ly hp.
( Xem lai monThuy lc va may thuy lc)
3. ng ac tnh cu a ly hp thuy o ng.
o th bieu dien s phu thuoc cua momen quay M, hieu suat va o trt S theo t so
nt
(vi nb = const) goi la ng ac tnh ngoai cua ly hp thuy ong.
nb
65
nt
la ng thang nghieng vi truc hoanh mot goc la 450 do
nb
ng ac tnh theo
hieu suat
nt
.
nb
Khi hieu suat at ti max = 98 th no giam ot ngot theo ng net t va gia tr

so
nt
=1 th = 0. Do o hieu suat khong the bang 1.
nb
M, S
98
75
S
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
K
pham
u
S
H
50
ng D
0,25
25
0,75
0.5
P. HC
uat T
y th
nt
nb
Hnh 5.3 : ng at tnh ngoai cua ly hp vi nb = const
S d co hien t ng nay la do khi nt tang en gia tr gan bang nb th momen quay cua
ly hp se giam nhieu en mc no ch u e thang ma sat c hoc ly hp, do o momen co
ch truc b ong cua ly hp se bang khong va = 0.
ng ac tnh o trt S cun g la ng thang va c xay dng theo co ng thc:
S 1 1
ng ac tnh momen quay M theo
nt
nb
(5.10)
nt
c xay dng t thc nghiem.
nb
66
T o th ta thay:
Khi nt giam (va S tang) th M tang.Khi nt = 0 (tc la S = 1) th momen quay truyen bi
ly hp at gia tr cc ai.
Momen quay truyen bi ly h p khi nt = 0 goi la momen quay khi on g.
III. BIEN MOMEN THUY LC.

1. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec.
Bien momen thuy lc co ba bo phan chnh: (Hnh 5.4)
n
quye
n
a
B
n b b M b
uo
Tr
H Su
ng D
pham
P. HC
ntt huatt TM
t
Ky
Hnh 5.4 : Cac bo phan chnh cua bien momen thuy lc
a bm (B) c noi vi truc 1 la truc chu ong. Truc nay noi trc tiep vi truc
khuyu ong c.
a tuoc bin (T) c noi vi truc 2 la truc b ong cua bien mom en thuy lc.
a phan xa (P) con c goi la bo phan dan h ng. a P ong vai tro trong viec lam
tang momen xoan.
tren hnh 5.4 la trng hp a P noi cng vi vo cua bien momen.
Tat ca c at trong vo co nh,ben trong c nap ay chat long.
Gia B, T va P la cac khe h vo cung nho . Tren cac a B, T va P co gan cac canh
c uon cong, tao thanh cac ranh, ma trong chung dong chat long se chuyen ong tuan
hoan.
67
Bien momen thuy lc co hai chc nan g: tang momen xoan cua ong c va t ong
ieu chnh momen xoan.
Khi ong c lam viec, a B quay. Chat long gia cac canh cua B nhan c nang
lng se chuyen ong t tam en ra a B, van toc cang ra xa tam cang tang. Khi ri B,
dong chat long vi van toc ln va ap vao cac canh cua T. Cac lc va ap nay tao thanh
momen xoan tac dung len a T, tc la momen Mt .
e momen xoan M t ln hn momen M b cua a B, th phai tang van toc cua dong
chat long khi ra khoi a B va phai hng c cac dong chay vao cac canh cua T vi goc
o thch hp e tao thanh cac lc ep ln.
a phan xa P (hay bo phan dan hng) am nhan nhiem vu quan trong nay:
Khi dong chat long i qua a P, th no nhan momen xoan va truyen en vo co nh
(iem ta). Neu a P quay t do th momen xoan cung khong tang len c. Nh vay
ieu quan trong la a phan xa phai co nh. Van toc do ng chat long qua a P se tang dan
nh cac canh a P lam hep dong chay. Hng cua dong chat long cung c thay oi tot
hn nh canh cua a P c uon cong vi goc o yeu cau.
Bi vay, sau khi i qua P dong chat long i vao a T se co van toc lCnMhn (nen ong
H
nang tang len) va i vao vi goc o thch hp hn. Nh vay lucatepTPle. n a T se tang va
y thn cua a B.
Kxoa
ket qua la lam tang momen xoan cua a T so vi mohmen
m
a
p
H nSgu chay tang va ap nan g cua dong chay
Khi chuyen ong qua P, ong nang cuga Ddo
ruoynvan khong oi va bang ton g nang lng cua
giam nen tong nang lng cua donng T
cha
quye
dong chay chuyen on g Ba
an bm.
Kha nang th hai cua bien momen thuy lc la t ong ieu chnh lien tuc momen
xoan va so vong quay cua a T theo gia tr momen can ben ngoai tac dung len truc a
T:
che o lam viec on nh: momen xoan M t va momen can tac dung len truc a T
luon bang nhau ve tr so. Khi momen can tang len ln hn M t th a T quay cham lai (ma
cong suat tren truc N = M., do o khi N khong oi th giam dan en M tang). Momen
xoan cua T se tang cho en khi bang mom en can, luc o se khong giam na.
Neu momen can giam xuong (tai trong ben ngoai giam), qua trnh se bien oi ngc
lai.
2. Tnh toan bo bien momen thuy lc.
Khi cac phan t chat long chuyen on g qua cac cach cua B, T va P van toc tuyet oi
v bao gom van toc tng oi w va van toc theo u :

v wu
Khi i vao a B, don g chat long co cac van toc vb1, wb1, ub1( hnh 5.5). Khi ra khoi
a B cac van toc cua dong chat long la vb2 , wb2, ub2.
68
G
la khoi lng cua chat long i qua cac canh a B trong mot
g
giay, th momen xoan cua truc a B se la: (Theo monMay thuy lc)
G
M b .(v b2 .rb 2 . cos b 2 v b1 .rb1 . cos b1 )
g
G
= .(v b 2 .OB v b1 .OA)
(5.11)
g
Chung ta k hieu m
Cac gia tr OA, OB, rb1, rb2, b1, b2 c bieu th tren hnh (5.5).
vb2
wb2
b2
Hb1Su
ng D
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
u b2
K
pham
b1
y th
v b1
b2
A
O
P. HC
uat T
b1
u b1
rb1
rb2
b
Hnh 5.5 : S o van toc cua chat long khi chuyen o ng theo canh cua bm (B)
Dong chat long sau khi i ra khoi B tai iem 2 lap tc i vao T tai iem1. V khe h
gia B va T vo cung nho nen momen ong lng cua dong chat long ra khoi B bang
momen ong lng cua do ng chat long i vao T:
G
G
.v b 2 .OB .v t1 .OC
(5.12)
g
g
69
V van toc vt2 ngc chieu quay cua T, nen vt2 co h ng am. Bi vay, momen tren truc
T se la:
Mt
G
( v t 2 .OD v t1 .OC)
g
G
( v .OD v b 2 .OB)
g t2
(5.13)
Cac gia tr OC, OD, rt1, rt2, t1, t2 bieu th tren hnh 5.6.
u t1
1
t1
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
'
t2
wt2
t2
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
v t1
wt1
u t2
vt2
D
t1
t2
rt1
r t2
Hnh 5.6 : S o van toc cua chat long khi chuyen o ng theo canh cua tuoc bin (T)
70
Do momen ong lng cua dong chat long ra khoi T bang mom en ong lng i
vao P va mo men ong l ng ra khoi P bang momen ong lng i vao B, nen momen
cua a P la:
G
v .OA (v t 2 .OD )
g b1
G
= ( v b1 .OA v t 2 .OD)
g
Mp
(5.14)
T cac bieu thc (5.11); (5.13); (5.14) suy ra:

-Mt = Mb + Mp
(5.15)
Dau tr gia tr Mt the hien tuocbin nhan momen cua do ng chat long.
Bieu thc (5.15) chng to momen xoan cua tuocbin tang len c la nh co a phan
xa.
e ac trng cho kha nang tang momen xoan cua bien momen thuy lc, ngi ta a
M
ra he so bien momen K:
. HC
P
T
uat
M
y th (5.16)
K
K t
am
Mb
u ph
S
H
ngDgia tr K = K khi a tuoc bin ng ye n:
Kha nang tang momen xoan ln nha
rut ola
0
T
yennt = 0.
u
q
Ban
Hieu suat cua bien momen thuy lc c tnh:
n
M .
b t t K t K.i tb K(1 S)
nb
M b . b
Trong o:
itb ty so vong quay cua T so vi B.
S= 1
nt
nb
(5.18)
(5.17)
o trt cua a T so vi a B.
3. ng ac tnh va nhng thong so c ba n cua bien mo men thuy lc.

a) ng ac tnh cu a bien momen thuy lc:
So vi ly hp thu y lc, ng ac tnh cua bien momen thuy lc co s khac biet. Bi
v, bien momen thu y lc chat long c nap ay va co mot ap suat d nhat nh, do bien
momen thuy lc ch lam viec on nh trong ieu kien chat long khong co bot kh.
71
ng ac tnh cua bien mo men thuy lc co a phan xa co nh c xac nh bang

thc nghiem (hnh 5.7).
T ng ac tnh cho thay, khi nt tang dan en gan gia tr nb th Mt va K giam xuong.
ben trai iem C gia tr Mp 0 nen Mt = Mb + Mp bi vay Mt Mb va K 1.
Tai iem C gia tr
Mp = 0 nen Mt = Mb va K = 1.
ben phai iem C (ng vi nt ntc ) a phan xa P tr thanh bo phan ham. Nguyen
nhan la t so vong quay nt ntc cac phan t chat long b oi hng va ap vao sau lng
cac canh cua a P, nen luc nay momen Mp oi chieu va co gia tr am (xem hnh 5.8), Mp
0 nen Mt = Mb - Mp va K 1.
Hieu suat cua bien momen thuy lc b bien thien theo ng cong bac hai va
b = bmax tai iem A ng vi so vo ng quay nt = ntA . e tien so sanh, tren ng ac tnh
co ve them n g hieu suat cua ly hp thuy lc l. Vi 0 nt ntc th b>t va k>1.
ng vi ntc nt ntD do s mat mat trong a P nen b giam nhanh va ke
t qua lab<l.
CM
H
.
P
T hnh 5.7 chung ta thay: khi a P co nh th t so vong quay
nTt ntc tr i Mt Mb.
huat
t
y
K
pham
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
en
y
u
q
an
BM,K,
Mt
Mp
b
K
(+)
C
()
Mb
K=1
n tA
nt
ntC
nt D
72
Hnh 5.7 : ng ac tnh ngoai cua bien momen thu y lc

co a phan xa co nh (khi nb = const)
ay la nhc iem ln can khac phuc. Bi vay khi at a P tren kh p quay mot chieu
th se khac phuc c nhc iem tren (hnh 5.8). Ben di hnh 5.8 bieu dien phng,
chieu cua cac phan t chat long ap vao cac canh cua a P cac thi iem nt khac
nhau.Vi so vong quay nt ntc tr i cac phan t chat long ap vao sau lng cac canh cua
P. Neu luc nay a P quay t do th no khong con la bo phan ham na. Luc nay bien
momen thuy lc lam viec theo nguyen ly cua ly hp thuy lc.
M,K,
Mp
n
quyKe
n
a
B
uo
Tr
Bu
S
H
D
ng
(+)
K
pham
Mb
y th
M t = Mb
C
K=1
n tA
P. HC
uat T
Mt
nt
n tC
n tD
Canh cua a P
Hnh 5.8 : ng ac tnh ngoai cua bien momen thu y lc
73
co a phan xa at tren khp quay 1 chieu (khi nb = const)
b) Nhng thong so c ba n cua bien momen thuy lc:

Cac thong so c ban cua bien momen thuy lc bao gom bien momen K (khi nt = 0), he
so o nhay va ng knh mat ben D.
M
He so bien momen K0 t khi nt = 0 la gia tr ln nhat cua K. e tang K0 chung ta
Mb
phai tang Mt.
He so o nhay bieu th s thay oi momen xoan tren truc chu ong cua bien
momen thuy lc phu thuoc vao nt
M khi i tb 0
b
M b (khi K 1)
He so o nhay co the la: 1; = 1 hoac 1.
Da vao gia tr cua ngi ta phan ra cac loai bien momen thuy lc. H
nh
CMsau:
P
T
uat
Bien momen thuy lc khong nhay: = 1.
y th
K
Bien momen thuy lc co o nhay thuan: u1.pham
D: H S 1.
Bien momen thuy lc co o nhay uthua
n
g
n
r o
n y T
Trong mon hoc Thuy lc vauyma
thuy lc, chung ta a chng minh c moi quan
e
q
he gia momen quay truyeBnanqua may thuy lc co canh vi cac thong so cua a may nh
sau:
Mb= b..nb2.D5
(5.20)
2 5
Mt = t..nb .D
(5.21)
Trong o:
- Trong l ng rien g cua chat long N/m3.
nb - So vo ng quay cua a bm vg/ph.
D - ng knh ln nhat tren a bm m.
b, t - Cac ham so phc tap cua itb, c goi la he so mo men xoan va phu thuoc
vao ket cau cua a.Thong thng b, t thay oi theo o trt va co th nguye n
1
(vg/ph) 2 m
T (5.20) chung ta suy ra ng knh can thiet ke cua bien momen thuy lc se la:
D5
IV.
Mb
b ..n 2b
(5.22)
HOP SO HANH TINH.

74
Hop so hanh tinh dung hop so t ong co cap va ho p so na t ong. No co nhng

u iem chnh sau ay so vi hop so th ng:
Lam viec khong on, khon g can bo ong toc.
Viec gai so thc hien nh ly hp va phanh, nen tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec
t ong qua trnh gai so.
Ket cau gon gang nh an kh p ben trong.
Khi co cung kch thc ng knh banh ran g, hop so hanh tinh se co t so truyen
ln hn.
Co the sang so ma khong can cat cong suat truyen t ong c xuong,do o thi
gian va hanh trnh gia toc ngan hn.
Co hieu suat cao hn hop so thng .
Khuyet iem cua ho p so hanh tinh la ket cau phc tap, che tao kho, gia thanh cao.
Tren o to th ng s dung hop so hanh tinh hai hoac ba cap.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 5.9 : Hop so hanh tinh
Tren hnh 5.9 la hop so hanh tinh phc tap gom co hai cum banh rang hanh tinh n
gian. C cau ieu khien e gai so bao gom hai ly hp ma sat LH1, LH2 , ba phanh dai T1,
T2, T3, cac khp noi mot chieu M1, M2.
Hop so nay gom ba so:
Phanh T2 lap trc tiep len truc cua banh rang trung tam1 cua day ben trai, con phanh
T3 qua khp noi mot chieu M2 lien ket vi truc cua banh rang trung tam3.
75
So 1 c gai bang cach ham hai phanh T2 , T3 e gai cng khp M2 va banh ran g 3.
Cong suat c truyen th t qua hai day hanh tinh, nen hieu suat cao (0,97).
So 2 c gai bang cach ong ly hp LH2 roi nha phanh T1, con T2 van b ham. Khp
mot chieu M1 c lap sao cho khon g can tr s quay cua truc banh rang1. Do ong ly
hp LH2 nen cac banh rang day trai b gai cng, ch co day phai hoat ong, hieu suat at
ti 0,985.
So 3 (truyen thang) c gai bang cach ong ly hp LH1.
So lui c gai bang cach ham phanh T1 , banh rang bao 4 an kh p trong b gi lai, day
trai lam viec nh mot bo truyen hanh tinh n gian. Cong suat truyen t banh rang 1 qua
khp noi M1 en banh rang trung tam day phai va dan ra ngoai. Hieu suat truyen lc cua
so lui kha thap .
Trong thc te co nhie u s o hop so hanh tinh khac nhau. Hop so hanh tinh n gian
ch co mot day banh rang hanh tinh. Hop so hanh tinh phc tap (nhieu cap) co t hai day
banh rang hanh tinh tr le n.
M
. HC
P
1. Phng phap chon so ra ng cho hop so hanh tinh.
T
uat
y th
So rang hop so hanh tinh c chon theo cong thc sau:
K
am
u ph z 1
S
z1 z2
z1
H
z1 : z h : z 2 :
z 1 : o(nKg D1) : z1 K : (K 1) (5.23)
u
x
x
Tzr 2
n
e
y
u
q
Trong o:
Ban
z1,z2 - So rang cua banh rang trung tam va banh rang bao.
zh - So rang cua banh rang hanh tinh.
x -So lng banh rang hanh tinh.
z
K= 2 -Thong so cua c cau(t so truyen ben trong).
z1
Bang cach chon trc so lng ran g cua banh rang nho nhat theo kch thc e tranh
hien tng cat chan rang va theo kha nang bo tr tren truc cung nh bang cach chon trc
so lng banh rang hanh tinh va thong so K, chu ng ta xac nh c so lng rang cua
banh rang con lai.
So rang va tnh c phan tren can quy tro n thanh so nguyen va kiem tra e am
bao ieu kien ong truc, ie u kien lap ghe p va ieu kien ke.
ieu kien ong truc c the hien theo cong thc:
(5.24)
z 2 - z1 = 2 z h
e am bao au rang cua banh rang hanh tinh trung vi chan rang cua banh rang
trung tam va banh rang bao, chung ta phai tuan theo ieu kien lap ghep sau:
z1 + z2 = nx
(5.25)
ay: n - so nguye n bat ky.
76
ieu kien ke am bao co khe h gia cac rang cua cac banh rang lan can. Muon vay
phai thoa man bat phng trnh sau:
z1sin z h (1 sin ) 0
(5.26)
x
x
Neu so rang nhan c khong thoa man ieu kien on g truc th phai dung phng phap
dch chnh.
2. Phng phap xa c nh t so truyen.
Trc het chung ta xac nh t so truyen cua hop so han h tinh n gian (c cau hanh
tinh mot day).
Cac phan t cua c cau hanh tinh bao gom:
Banh rang trung tam co van toc goc 1 va so rang z1.
Banh rang bao co van toc goc 2 va so rang z2.
Banh rang hanh tinh co van toc goc h va so rang zh.
Long rang (can dan) co van toc goc c.
Khi mot phan t nao o cua c cau hanh tinh c noi vi truc s cap cu
a hop so th
CM
H
.
P
van toc goc cua phan t o bang van toc goc au vao v.
uat T
h
t
y
Khi mot phan t nao o cua c cau hanh tinh c no
i v
K i truc th cap cua hop so th
ham
p
u
S
van toc goc cua phan t o bang van toc goc a
u ra R.
H
ng iDnao o c xac nh bi t so:
o
u
T so truyen cua hop so mot tay so
th
r
T
yen
u
q
Bani hi v
(5.27)
R
e xac nh c t so tren, chung ta phai da vao cong thc Willys:
z
1 c
2
(5.28)
2 c
z1
Hoac nh phng trnh ong hoc cua c cau hanh tinh mot day:
(5.29)
1z1 + 2z2 = c(z1 + z2)
Thong th ng ch vi phng trnh ong hoc th cha u e tm c ihi. Chung ta phai
ket hp vi cac phng trnh bieu dien moi lien ket gia cac phan t cua c cau hanh tinh
vi cac phan t cua c cau ieu khien (cac ly hp ma sat hoac cac phanh dai).
Cac phng trnh tren lap thanh mot he phng trnh. Giai he phng trnh o, chung
ta se xac nh c t so truyen.
Nguye n tac chung e viet cac phng trnh lien ket:
Khi hai phan t c noi vi nhau th van toc goc cua chung phai bang nhau.
Khi mot phan t b ham lai th van toc goc cua no bang khong.
oi vi hop so hanh tinh phc tap cha n - c cau hanh tinh mot day (n 2) th chung
ta se lap c n - phng trnh ong hoc cho tn g c cau hanh tinh mot day. Ngoai ra ket
77
hp vi cac phng trnh bieu dien s lien ket gia cac phan t cua cac c cau hanh tinh
vi nhau va gia cac phan t cua c cau hanh tinh vi cac phan t ieu khien. T o,
chung ta se nhan c mot he trnh. Giai he phng trnh o, ta nhan c t so truyen
hop so hanh tinh phc tap mot tay so nhat nh.
cac tay so khac nhau, chung ta se lap c cac he phng trnh khac nhau.
T so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh phc tap tay so th i nao o van c xac nh
theo cong thc (5.27).
Khi i tm t so truyen cua hop so hanh tinh chung ta phai biet trc so rang cua cac
banh rang trung tam va banh rang bao.
Hop so hanh tinh n gian c goi la hop so hanh tinh mot cap.
Hop so hanh tinh phc tap co n - c cau hanh tinh mot day c goi la hop so hanh
tinh nhieu cap.
hnh 5.10 la cau tao nhng bo phan chnh cua mot hop so t ong co cap.
Phan He thong ieu khien hop so t ong a c trnh bay giao trnh Cau tao o
to nen ay chun g toi khon g trnh bay na.
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
8
9
10
1
6
16
5
7
4
11
11
T
B
12
13
P
2
14
12
15
P
T
78
17
1.Canh bm .
2.Truc s cap hop so .
3.Tang trong chu ong .
4.a chu on g bang thep .
5.a b ong .
6.Phanh dai trc .
7.Tang trong b ong .
8.Phanh dai sau .
9.Tang trong b ong .

10.Long rang .
11.Banh ran g ve tinh .
12.Truc cua banh rang ve tinh .
13. Banh ran g trung tam .
14;16. Vong ran g .
15.Banh ran g trung tam .
17.Truc th cap cua hop so .
Hnh 5.10 : Cac bo phan chnh cua ho p so t ong co cap
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
79
CHNG VI
TRUYEN ONG CAC ANG

I. CONG DUNG, YEU CAU, PHAN LOAI:
1. Cong dung:
Truyen ong cac ang dung e truyen momen xoan gia cac truc khong thang hang.
Cac truc nay lech nhau mot goc > 00 va gia tr cua thng thay oi.
2. Yeu cau:
a. Vi bat ky so vong quay nao cua truc cac ang khong c phep co cac va ap
va dao ong, khong phat sinh ra tai trong ong qua ln do momen quan tnh gay nen.
b. Cac truc cac ang phai quay eu va khong xuat hien tai troTnPg. H
oCnMg.
hunatphai bao am ln.
c. Ngay ca khi goc lech ln th hieu suat truyen oKnygtva
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
3. Phan loai:
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
a. Theo cong du ng, truye n o ng cac ang chia ra 4 loai:
Loai truyen momen xoan t hop so hoac hop phan phoi en cac cau chu ong
(goc t 15o 20o).
Loai truyen momen xoan en cac banh xe chu ong cau dan hn g (
max t
o
30 40o ) hoac he tho ng treo oc lap (max = 20o).
o
o
Loai truyen momen xoan en cac bo phan at tren khung (
maxt 3 5 ).
o
o
Loai truyen momen xoan en cac cum phu (
maxt 15 20 ).
b. Theo so khp cac ang chia 3 loai:

Loai n (co 1 khp noi cac ang).
Loai kep (co 2 khp noi cac ang).
Loai nhieu khp cac ang.
c. Theo tnh chat ong hoc cu a cac ang chia ra:
Loai cac ang khac toc

Loai cac ang ong toc.
79
d. Theo ket cau cac ang chia ra:

Loai khac toc gom loai cng va loai mem.
Loai ong toc gom co: ong toc kep, ong toc cam, ong toc bi vi cac ranh
phan chia, ong toc bi vi o n phan chia.
II. O NG HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG:
1. C cau cac ang n:
Khi can truye n chuye n ong t truc 1 (chu ong) sang truc 2 (b ong) vi goc lech
gia hai truc la > o, bat buoc phai s dung c cau cac ang.
Tren hnh 6.1 la c cau cac ang n khac toc. Khi cac truc quay th chot ch thap se
quay luc lac trong gii han goc . Bi vay se sinh ra s quay kho ng e u cua truc 2 khi truc
1 quay eu. giao trnh nguye n ly may a chng minh moi quan he gia 1 va 2 :
M
. HC
P
T
uatc b ong 2.
tru
Trong o: 1 va2 la cac goc quay cua truc chu ong 1 va
y th
K
m
phtagia
Theo (6.1), neu biet gia tr goc th ng vSi umo
tr 1 ta co mot gia tr 2 tng
H
D
ng
ng.
Truo
n
quye
Ban
1
(6.1)
tg 1 =tg 2 cos
Hnh 6.1: C cau cac ang n.

hnh (6.2) cho thay s thay oi hie u so goc ( 1 - 2 ) sau na vong quay cua
truc 1. Ba ng cong n g vi cac goc =10o, =20 o, =30o .
T o th bien thien cua hieu ( 1 - 2 ) ta thay sau mot vong quay cua truc 1 se co hai
lan truc 2 vt nhanh hn truc 1 va hai lan cham hn truc 1. Neu truc 1 quay eu th van
toc goc 1 la hang so.
80
4
3
2
1
30
60
90
-1
-2
-3
-4
120
150
180
Hnh 6.2: S thay oi hieu so goc quay gia 1 va 2

e biet c van toc goc 2 cua truc 2 thay oi the nao, ta ao ham M
bieu thc (6.1):
HC
.
P
d 2
d1
uat T
h
t
.
(6.2)
=
cos
y
mK
cos 2 1
cos 2
2pha
u
S
H
Chia hai ve (6.2) cho dt va lu y: uong D
r
T
d 2
yedn1
u
q
va 2 =
Ban1 =
dt
dt
Chung ta co:
2
=
1
cos 2 2
cos . cos 2 1
(6.3)
T (6.1) chung ta thay co the thay the cos2 2 bang bieu thc co 1 va . Bnh
phng 2 ve bie u thc (6.1) va qua bien oi lng giac ta co:
cos 2
cos 2 = 2
tg 1 cos 2
2
(6.4)
Ket hp bie u thc (6.4) vi (6.3) ta se co moi quan he gia 1 va 2:

2
cos
=
(6.5)
2
1 sin 1 cos . cos 2 1
V
cos
const cho nen 2 const, trong khi o 1 = const,
2
2
1
sin 1 cos . cos 1
2
bi vay suy ra 2 const. Nh vay c cau cac ang n nay khong am bao c s ong
toc gia truc 1 va truc 2, nen c goi la c cau cac ang n khac toc.
81
2
ac trng cho s quay khon g e u cua truc 2 se ng vi
1
gia tr nho nhat cua mau so khi 1 =00, 1800, 3600.. (k). Luc o ta co:
Gia tr ln nhat cua ty so
Gia tr nho nhat cua
2
1
) max =
1
cos
(6.6)
2
ng vi cac gia tr:
1
1 =900, 2700 , (2k+1)
(
, luc o ta co:
2
2
) min = cos
1
(6.7)
T (6.5) chung ta lap c bieu thc (6.8) sau ay:
P. HC
uat T
y t2h1 cos
1 2 sin 2 1 cos 2 m
. K
cos
a
2 Su ph
1
sin
1 cos 2 cos 2 1
H
D
g
n
Truo
n
quye
B1an
2
Quan he cua ty so
oi vi goc quay 1 ng vi =100, =200, =300 c
trnh bay hnh (6.3)
0,15
0,10
0,05
0
-0,05
-0,10
-0,15
30
60
90
120
150 180
Hnh 6.3: o th bien thien cua 2.
82
2. C cau cac ang ke p:
K1
2
2
K2
Hnh 6.4: C cau cac ang kep.

Xet trng hp chung ta can truyen chuyen ong t truc 1 en truc 2 thong qua truc
3 va goc lech gia cac truc 1 >0va 2>0. Cac truc c noi vi nhau bi hai kh p cac
ang n khac toc k1 va k2. Truc 1 co goc quay 1 va van toc goc 1. Truc 2 co goc quay
M
2 va van toc goc 2. Truc 3 co goc quay 3 va van toc goc 3.
. HC
P
T
uat
Gia thiet khi bat au chuyen ong, nang chu ong (no
y tihvi truc 1) nam trong mat
K
am
phang thang n g, ne u chung ta ap dun g trc tiepSco
u pnhg thc (6.1) cho goc quay 1 va 3:
H
(6.9)
tg1 = tg3.cos 1 uong D
Tr
n
Neu khi bat au chuyen qo
uyneg, ca hai nang cac ang cua truc 3 cung nam trong mot
an
B
mat phang nam ngang th ta khong the ap dung cong thc (6.1) e tm moi quan he gia
3 va 2, v cong thc nay chng minh cho nang chu ong nam trong mat phang thang
ng.
Muon ap dung (6.1) vao khp cac ang K2, ta phai gia thiet ca he thong a quay i mot
goc va luc o chung ta co:

2
tg(3 + ) = tg(2 + ).cos 2 .

2
2
Qua bien oi tr thanh:
tg2 = tg3.cos 2 .
(6.10)
T (6.9) va (6.10) chung ta nhan c:
cos 1
(6.11)
tg1 = tg2
cos 2
T bieu thc (6.1) ta thay ngay: Neu 1 = 2 th 1=2, tc la 1 =2. Trng hp
nay c goi la c cau cac ang kep ong toc.
Neu 1 2 th 1 2, tc la 1 2. Trng hp nay c goi la c cau cac
ang kep khac toc. Trng hp th nhat la mot trong cac bien phap e giai quyet van e
ong toc truyen on g cac ang.
83
Hien nay tre n xe co 2 cach bo tr c cau cac ang kep am bao ieu kie n on g toc
1 = 2 (Hnh 6.5a va 6.5b)
K1
K1
1'
K2
2'
K2
3
Hnh 6.5 a: 1 = 2
Hnh 6.5 b: 1 = 2
M
. HC
P
Phng an a: Truc 1 va truc 3 song song vi nhau.
T
uat
y th
K
Phng an b: Truc 1 va truc 3 giao nhau.
ham
u pla
Sm
Phng an nao lam cho goc lech 1 (2)Dgia
cach bo tr tot. V khi nho th s
H
ng
o
u
r
quay khon g eu cua truc cac ang ntrung
T gian 2 se giam, do o tai trong tac dung len truc
ye
u
q
giam, ieu o cho phep tanBgantuoi tho cua cac truc cac ang.
3. Khp cac ang kep ong toc:
AB
1
Hnh 6.6: Khp cac ang kep on g toc.

Tren hnh 6.6 la s o khp cac ang kep ong toc da tren nguyen ly ong toc
(hnh 6.5). e co c khp cac ang kep ong toc ngi ta a rut ngan truc 2 thanh oan
AB va tong hp hai nang cac ang cua truc 3 thanh mot nang cac ang kep. Ngoai ra phai
them mot c cau chnh tam e bao am ieu kien 1 = 2.
84
4. Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi:

a) ong hoc khp cac a ng ong toc loai bi:
Khp cac ang noi gia hai truc va luon am bao 1 = 2 c goi la khp cac ang
ong toc. Loai nay thng dung cac xe co cau trc va la cau dan hng va la cau
chu ong.
Nguye n tac c ban cua no la iem truyen lc luon luon nam tren mat phang phan
giac cua goc giao nhau gia hai truc.
Tren hnh 6.7 la s o ong hoc kh p cac ang loai bi.
Hai truc cac ang thc te c the hien bi truc 1 va 5, thong qua c cau cac nang
va cac vien bi chung tiep xuc vi nhau tai P (tam vien bi). Khi truc 1 quay mot goc 1 th
truc 5 quay mot goc 2, luc o iem P se chuyen en v tr mi la P1. iem cuoi cua truc 1
la A se ket noi vi nang cac ang. iem bat au cua truc 5 la C se ket noi vi nang cac
ang. Khi tnh toan ta at: AP1 = x, CP1 = y.
P1
x
T
yen
u
q
R
an
2
S
y th
1 1
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
C
a
P. HC
uat T
2
2
5
Hnh 6.7: S o ong hoc khp cac ang loai bi.

T P1 ha ng vuong goc P1Q xuon g mat phang APC. T Q ha tiep cac ng
vuong goc QR va QS xuong cac truc 1 va 5.
T cac tam giac vuong tren hnh 6.7:
P1QR suy ra P1Q = P1Rsin 1.
P1QS suy ra P1 Q = P1 Ssin 2.
AP1R suy ra P1R = xsin 1.
85
CP1S suy ra P1S = ysin 2.

Bi vay:
P1Q = x sin 1 sin 1.
P1Q = y sin 1 sin 2.
Tc la:
sin2 = sin1.
x. sin 1
y.sin 2
(6.12)
at OP1= z, OA = a, OC = b va ap dung nh ly cosin cho cac tam giac AOP1 va

COP1 ta co:
z2 = x2 + a2 -2ax cos 1.
z2 = y2 + b2 -2by cos 2.
Giai hai phng trnh bac hai tren e tm x va y ( ay chung ta ch lay gia tr dng
v x> 0 va y > 0)
x= z 2 a 2 sin 2 1 a. cos 1
(6.13)
y= z 2 b 2 sin 2 2 b. cos 2
(6.14)
P. HC
uat T
Thay (6.13) va (6.14) vao (6.12) ta co:
( z 2 a 2 . sin 2 1 a.Kcos
y th1 ).sin 1
sin 2 sin 1
m
a
2 ph
( z 2 b 2D. sin
H Su 2 b. cos 2 ) sin 2
ng
Tru2o 1 = 2 tc la 1 = 2, nh vay ieu kien
Neu 1 = 2 va a= b th sin1en
= sin
quy
ong toc gia truc 1 va truBca5n c thc hien.
b) Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Weiss (Vay x):
4
5
n
01
02
n
6
Hnh 6.8: Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Weiss .

1 va 5: Cac truc cac ang.
2 va 4: Cac ranh.
3 va 6: Cac vien bi.
86
Truc 1 noi vi truc 5 bang 4 vien bi 3 va mot vien bi 6. Cac vien bi 3 chuyen ong
trong cac ranh cong 2 va 4 nam oi xng trong truc 1, truc 5 va trong cac mat phang
vuong goc vi nhau. ng tam cua cac ranh la vong tron co ban knh bang nhau vi tam
O1 va O2. ong thi oan OO1 bang oan OO2. Khi quay, ng tam cua cac ranh tao
thanh hai mat cau, co giao tuyen la n n o la qu ao chuyen ong cua vien bi 3. Do cac
ranh nam oi xng trong hai truc, nen khi cac truc dch chuyen i mot goc th tam cac vien
bi luon nam tren cac mat phang phan giac gia hai truc (am bao ieu kien 1 = 2).
Ngoai ra ieu kien a = b c am bao bang vien bi 6 co chot ngang luon qua e
nh v.
c) Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Rzepp (Rzipp):
Loai khp cac ang nay c s dung nhieu tren xe v co o ben lau va o tin cay
cao. Cau tao cua no c the hien hnh 6.9.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 6.9: Khp cac ang ong toc loai bi Rzepp.

1. Lo xo.
6. Bi.
2. Chot.
7. Ong long.
3. Chom cau.
8. Mui kha.
4. Chup.
9. Truc.
5. Nang.
87
Nang 5 co ranh a, mui kha 8 co ranh a/, cac hon bi truyen lc 6 c at vao gia
hai ranh a va a/ va c gi bang ong long 7. Lo xo 1, chot 2, chom cau 3, chup 4 la c
cau chnh tam. Truc 9 lap vi mui 8 bang then hoa.
Tren hnh 6.10 la s o khai quat cua khp cac ang ong toc Rzepp, chung ta s
dung no e khao sat ong hoc cua khp cac ang nay:
P
C
C
A
D
B
S
D
B
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
Su
DHkha
g
n
Hnh 6. 10:
S
o
o sat ong hoc.
Truo
n
uye
an q
B
Hai truc A va B cat nhau tao O, goc AOB > 900, PC va PD la hai ranh cua hai nang
A va B oi xn g vi nhau qua OP.
Do tac dung cua c cau chnh tam nen P luon luon nam tren mat phang phan giac
cua goc AOB.
Khi che tao, ngi ta a tnh toan sao cho goc PCO = PDO ( = ) va OC = OD nen
goc CPO = DPO.
Ky hieu Q la hnh chieu cua P tren mat phang AOB.
T Q ve cac ng than g QR OC; QS OD, sau o noi PR, PS th ta cung chng
minh c PR OC va PS OD, bi vay goc PRQ va PSQ chnh la goc quay cua A va B.
Nh vay, khp cac ang nay a thoa man ieu kie n ong toc a = b va1 = 2 a noi muc
a. Bi the, vi moi thi iem hai goc quay cua hai truc luon luon bang nhau, tc la khp
cac ang Rzepp a am bao c s ong toc cho hai truc A va B.
III. ONG LC HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG:
Xet trng hp truc 1 va 2 noi bi khp cac ang n khac toc K.
Van toc goc cua cac truc c noi bi khp cac ang khac toc thay oi rat nhanh va
lam xuat hien gia toc goc rat ln. Gia toc goc ln se lam xuat hien lc quan tnh ln. Neu
88
ta coi he thong cac ang cng tuyet oi th theo phng trnh nang l ng co the xac nh
momen quan tnh sinh ra do s quay khong eu cua truc b o ng.
J1
J2
2
Hnh 6.11: S o truye n ong e khao sat ong lc cua c cau cac ang.
Cac momen quan tnh cua cac chi tiet gan lien vi truc 1 va truc 2 c ve tng
d1
d
va 2 la gia toc goc cua truc 1 va truc 2.
trng bi J 1 va J2. Chung ta goi
dt
dt
Tren c s can bang cac momen quan tnh xuat hien tren truc 1 va truc 2 chung ta
co:
M
. HC
d1
d2
P
T
J1 .
J2.
(6.15)
uat
y th
K
dt
dt
ham
Sun ptm t so gia toc goc 1 va 2 cua truc
e tm c gia tr momen quan tnhMj, D
taHca
ng
1 va 2.
Truo
n
quye thi gian t nhan c:
ao ham bieu thc (6.5)
theo
Ban
d
d 2
cos
. 1
2
2
2
dt
sin 1 cos . cos 1 dt
cos (2 sin 1 . cos 1 2 cos 1 .sin 1 . cos 2 ) d1

1 .
.
dt
(sin 2 1 cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
Tc la:
2
cos
2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos . sin
.
.
2 =
1
1
sin 2 1 cos 2 . cos 2 1
(sin 2 1 cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
Thay vao bieu thc tren hai bieu thc sau:

1 =
J2
n
2
. 2 va 1 ( ) 2
J1
30
Chung ta co:
J2
. cos
J1
n 2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos .sin 2 1
2 (1
)
(
) .
30
sin 2 1 cos 2 1 . cos 2
(sin 2 1 cos 2 . cos 2 1 ) 2
89
Ket hp phng trnh tren vi bieu thc (6.15) ta co bieu thc e xac nh momen
quan tnh Mj:
Mj = J2. (
n 2 2 sin 1 . cos 1 . cos . sin 2

1
)
.
30
sin 2 1 cos 2 1 . cos 2 J 2
. cos cos 2 . cos 2 1 sin 2 1
J1
(6.16)
Chung ta tha nhan:

J1 la momen quan tnh cac chi tiet quay cua ong c.
J2 la momen quan tnh tng ng vi ong nang cua xe ang chuyen ong tnh
tien.
Khi tnh toan tren chung ta a bo qua sai so he thong truc cac ang va coi khp la
tuyet oi ran.
Ham so Mj at cc ai khi 1 = 450, 1350, va tr ve tr so 0 khi 1 = 00, 900,
M
IV. SO VONG QUAY NGUY HIEM CUA TRUC CAC ANG: TP. HC
uat
y th
K
am
Khi che tao truc cac ang, do sai so va vieHc S
cau nphbang thieu chnh xac nen khoi lng
gD
cua truc phan bo khong eu va trongTta
a no b lech i mot oan la e so vi ng
umoncu
r
n
e
y
tam cua truc. Bi vay khi trunc qquay
se xuat hien lc ly tam tac dung len truc lam cho truc
u
Ba
co o vong y (hnh 6.12). Trong khi o truc ang quay nen lam phat sinh dao ong ngang
cua truc.
PJ
e
y
P
l
Hnh 6.12: S o truc khi b vo ng.
Khi so vong quay cua truc at en mot gia tr nao o th nhng dao ong nay co the
cong hng vi tan so rieng cua he thong .Khi xay ra cong hn g th o vong y , cho
nen truc se gay. Gia tr so vong quay cua truc khi xay ra cong h ng c goi la so vong
quay nguy hiem (hoac la so vong quay ti han).
Neu ky hieu PJ la lc quan tnh ly tam, ta co:
PJ = m(y+e). 2
(6.17)
ay:
m-khoi lng cua truc cac ang.
90
-van toc goc cua truc.

Lc PJ se c can bang vi lc an hoi P cua truc. Lc P ty le thuan vi o vong y
E.J
P= cy 3
(6.18)
l
Trong o:
E - mouyn an hoi khi keo.
l - chieu dai truc cac ang.
J - momen quan tnh oc cua tiet dien truc.
C - He so phu thuoc tnh chat tai trong va loai iem ta:
oi vi truc co tai trong phan bo eu tren suot chieu dai va co the bien dang t do
trong cac iem ta th c= 384/5.
oi vi truc kho ng the bien dang t do trong cac iem ta th c = 384.
T ieu kien can bang he lc suy ra:
2
PJ =P m(y e ) cy
EJ
l3
Do o:
y=
P. HC
uat T
m e
h
(6.19)
Ky t
m
EJ
a
h
c. 3 m2
Su p
H
D
g
l
ruon
T
EJ
ye, n
qu
ngha la xay ra hien tng cong hng, khi o van toc
Neu m c 3 thByan
l
2
goc cua truc at en gia tr nguy hiem t:
CEJ
ml 3
(6.20)
Hoac la luc nay so vong quay n c goi la so vong quay nguy hiem nt:
nt =
30t 30
CEJ
ml 3
(6.21)
e tang gia tr so vo ng quay nguy hiem, nham tang van toc cc ai cua xe, chung ta
can giam chieu dai l ban g cach phan truc dai than h cac oan cac ang trung gian va cac
ang chnh, con truc cac ang c che tao ro ng.
oi vi loai truc cac ang h nam t do cac goi ta, chieu dai l c tha nhan la
khoang cach gia cac tam iem cua khp cac ang.
Khi chon kch thc cua truc cac ang, can tnh en he so d tr theo so vong quay
nguy hiem.
nt
1,2 2
n max
(6.22)
ay:
nmax so vong quay cc ai cua truc cac ang ng vi van toc ln nhat cua xe.
91
V du: Tm nt cua truc tron ac co ng knh D at t do trong cac goi :

J=
D 4
64
2
G D .l.
m= 4
g
g
6
0.78.10 N / m 3 (trong ln g rieng cua thep)
E= 2,1.1011N/m2
C= 384/5
Thay cac gia tr tren vao (6.21) ta co:
nt =12.104
D
l2
(6.23)
Sau ay chung ta se lap bang tnh nt [v/ph] cho mot so trng hp thng gap:
Loai iem ta
at t do trong cac iem
ta
Ngam cac iem ta
Truc ac D
12.104
D
l2
Truc rong D va d
2
27,5.104 2 H Su ph
D
uongl
r
T
uyen
an q
am K
D d
12.104P. HCM2
l
uat T
y th
27,5.104
D2 d2
l2
Bang 6.1: Co ng thc tnh so vong quay nguy hiem nt.

V. TNH TOAN THIET KE TRUYEN ONG CAC ANG:
1. Xac nh kch thc truc theo so vong quay nguy hiem nt:
Trc het phai xac nh so vong quay cc ai nmax cua truc cac ang ng vi toc o
ln nhat cua xe:
nmax=
n e max
i h .i p
[v/ph] (6.24)
ay:
nemax So vong quay cc cua ong c [v/ph].
ih - T so truyen so cao nhat cua hop so chnh (1)
ip - T so truyen so cao nhat cua hop so phu.
Tiep theo xac nh so vong quay nguy hiem nt cua truc:
nt = (1,22) .nmax [v/ph].
92
Gia thiet be day thanh truc rong = 1,85 2,5 mm, chung ta se xac nh gia tr
ng knh D:
Theo bang (6.1) ta co, oi vi cac truc rong at t do trong cac cac goi ta ta co:
4
nt = 12.10
D2 d2
l2
(6.25)
Thay d = D - 2 vao (6.25) ta nhan c phng trnh bac hai oi vi D:
n t 2 .l 4
)=0
2D - 4.D + (4 1,44.1010
2
(6.26)
Giai phng trnh nay ta xac nh c ng knh D.

2. Tnh toan kiem tra truc ca c ang:
n
quye
n
a
B
uo
Tr
H Su
ng D
. HC
P
T
thuat
Ky
pham
Hnh 6.13
Tren hnh 6.13 la truyen ong cac ang t truc 1 sang truc 2 vi goc > 0 neu coi
cong suat mat mat khp cac ang K la khon g ang ke th cong suat cua truc 1 la N1 se
bang cong suat cua truc 2 la N2.
N1 = N2 M1. 1 = M2. 2 (6.26)
Neu K la khp cac ang ong toc th 1 = 2 M1 = M2
Neu K la khp cac ang khac toc th 1 2 M1 M2
T (6.26) ta co:
M2 = M1.
1
M1
2
( 2)
1
(6.27)
M2 = M2max khi (
Theo (6.7) th:
2
) ( 2 ) min
1
1
2
) cos
1 min
Bi vay:
93
M2max =
M1
cos
(6.28)
Vi > 0 th cos <1 M2max > M1

Vay neu K la khp cac ang khac toc th truc 2 se chu momen xoan ln hn trng
hp K la kh p cac ang ong toc. Cho nen chung ta se tnh toan truc b ong 2 ng vi
trng h p K la khp cac ang khac toc.
Khi lam viec truc 2 se chu xoan, uon, keo (hoac nen). Trong o ng suat xoan la rat
ln so vi cac ng suat con lai, cho nen chung ta ch can tap trung tnh truc theo gia tr
M2max:
M2max =
M e max .i h1 .i p1
M1
cos
cos
(6.29)
ng suat xoan cc ai cua truc cac ang la
M 2 max M e max .i h1 .i p1
WX
WX . cos
[MN/m2] (6.30)
Trong o:
M
WX Momen chong xoan nho nhat cua truc cac antg.TP. HC
thua
y
K
D 2
WX
1.57Du2 pham
(6.31)
2 ng DH S
uo
Dd
Tr
n
e
y
:
Be
da
y
cu
a
truc cac ang.
Vi =
qu
2 Ban
D, d ng knh ngoai va trong cua truc cac ang.
Gia tr cho phep:
[] = 100 300 MN/m2
Gia tr goc xoan cua truc cac ang la:
=
180 M e max i h 1 .i p1 .l
.
G.J X . cos
[0]
(6.32)
ay:
JX Mo men quan tnh cua tiet dien khi xoan.
G Mo uyn an hoi khi xoan.
G = 80 GN/m2 = 8.105 kG/cm2
Goc cho phep:
[ ]=3090 tren mot met chieu dai cua truc.
Khi tnh theo xoan th he so ben d tr theo gii han chay khi dch chuyen lay
khoang 33,5.
Khi xe chuyen ong, do cau xe dao ong, nen khoang cach l gia hai tam cua hai
khp cac ang se thay oi do s trt trong ranh then hoa. Luc nay truc cac ang se chu
lc chieu truc Q;
94
4M e max .i h1 .i p1
Q=
Dt d t
(6.33)
Trong o:
Dt va dt ng knh ngoai va trong cua then hoa.
- He so ma sat cac then hoa.
Khi boi trn tot: = 0.040.06.
Khi boi trn kem: = 0.11 0.12.
Ranh then hoa truc cac ang c kiem tra theo cat va chen dap. V then hoa lap
ghep long nen ng suat cat c tha nhan bang:
[ ] = 30 MN/m2.
ng suat chen dap c tha nhan bang:
cd [cd] = 65MN/m2.
3. Tnh toan chot ch thap:
u
DH S
g
c
d
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
Ban
l
A
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
Tren hnh 6.14 la s o lc tac dung len chot ch thap.
y th
P
A
R
P
Hnh 6.14: S o lc tac dung len chot ch thap.
95
V M2max >M1 nen lc P c tnh theo M2max

M e max .i h1 .i p1
M
P= 2 max
(6.34)
2R
2 R cos
Di tac dung cua lc P, tai mat cat nguy hiem A-A se xuat hie n ng suat uon va
cat. Ngoai ra tren be mat cua co chot ch thap con chu ng suat chen dap.
a. ng suat uon:
u =
P.l
[ u = 350MN/m2
2Wu
ay:
Wu- mo men chong uon cua mat cat A-A.
b. ng suat cat
P
[] 170 MN / m 2 .
S
P. HC
uat T
ay:
h
S Dien tch cua tiet dien mat cat A_A.
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
c. ng suat chen dap:
Truo
n
quye
Ban
P
cd
[ cd ] 80MN / m 2
ay:
F la dien tch tiet dien cua co chot (F= l.dc).
Trng hp co o bi kim boc ngoai phan lam viec cua co chot th lc Pb cho phep ln
nhat c tnh:
P Pb 7800
3
l t .d t .i t
nn
.tg
i h1
[MN]
(6.35)
Trong o:
it - so thanh lan hay so kim trong o bi.
lt , dt - chieu dai lam viec va ng knh cua thanh lan hay cua kim [cm].
nn - so vong quay cua ong c ng vi gia tr Memax.
He so ben d tr k =
Pb
phai ln hn 1.
P
96
4. Tnh toan nang cac ang:

Lc tac dung len nang cung c xac nh theo bieu thc (6.34). Tiet dien nguy
hiem la tai mat cat A-A.
e
B
P
B
M
. HC
P
T
atng.
Hnh 6.15: S o lc tac dung len nangKy
catchua
am
u ph
S
H
Di tac dung cua lc P, tai tiet dierunoA-A
ng Dse xuat hien n g suat uon va xoan:
T
n
quye
n
a
a. ng suat uon: B
P.e
[ u ] 50 80MN / m 2 .
Wu
ay:
Wu- momen chong uon cua tiet dien tai A-A.
Neu tiet dien la hnh ch nhat th: (xem hnh 6.15)
Wu = bh2/6.
Neu tiet dien la hnh elip:
Wu bh2/10.
(h: ng knh dai; b: ng knh ngan cua elip).
b. ng suat xoan:
=
P.a
[] 80 160 MN / m 2 .
WX
ay:
WX momen chong xoan cua tiet dien tai A-A.
Neu tiet dien la hnh ch nhat th:
WX = K .b2.h
97
K c chon theo ty le h/b theo bang sau:

h/b
K
1
0,208
1,5
0,231
1,75
0,239
2
0,246
2,5
0,258
3
0,267
4
0,282
Neu tiet dien A-A la hnh elip th:

WX .b2.h /16.
5. Vat lieu che tao cac chi tiet truyen o ng ca c ang:
Truc cac ang c che tao bang thep ong:
Thep 15A hoac 20, phan then hoa bang thep 30, 40X hoac 45 2.
Chot ch thap lam bang thep: 20X, 13XT, 20XHTP. Hai loai thep au phai tham
cacbon, loai sau tham nit.
Nang cac ang che tao bang thep 30X, 40, 45 hoac thep 35 toi cao tan.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
98
CHNG VII
TRUYEN LC CHNH
1. Cong dung:
Truyen lc chnh e tang momen xoan va e oi hng truyen momen xoan t
chieu doc xe thanh chieu ngang cua cac na truc trong trng hp ong c at doc.
1. Yeu cau:
am bao t so truyen can thiet, kch thc va trong lng nho, khoang sang gam
xe at yeu cau tnh nang thong qua cua xe.
M
Co hieu xuat cao khi van toc goc va nhiet o thay oi.
. HC
P
T
uat
am bao van hanh em dieu , kho ng on, co tuoi tho cao.
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
2. Phan loai:
uong
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B n lc chnh co cac loai sau:
a) Da theo loai truye
Loai banh rang non (banh rang non rang thang, banh rang non ran g cong, loai
hipot).
Loai banh rang tru.
Loai truc vt.
b) Da theo so cap banh rang a n khp gom co:
Loai n (io = 3 7)
Loai kep (io = 5 12)
c) Da theo so cap truyen gom co:
Loai 1 cap.
Loai 2 cap.
99
II. CAC PHNG AN KET CAU CUA TRUYEN LC CHNH:

1. Truyen lc chnh loai n:
Truyen lc chnh loai n thng la 1 cap banh rang non (rang thang hoac rang
xoan), hoac mot cap banh rang hypot, hoac la 1 cap truc vt banh vt e tang momen
xoan (t so truyen io >1) va thong qua bo vi sai truyen momen xoan en hai ban truc (na
truc) cua xe. tre n hnh 7.1 la cac loai truyen lc chnh loai n. u iem va nhc iem
cua tng loai xin xem lai mon Chi tiet may.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
a)
T
yen
u
q
an
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
b)
c)
Hnh 7.1: Truyen lc chnh loai n

a) Cap banh rang no n.
b) Cap banh rang hypot.
c) Truc vt va banh vt.
2. Truyen lc chnh loai kep:
Truyen lc chnh loai kep co 2 cap banh rang (1 cap banh rang no n, 1 cap banh rang
tru).
Tuy theo cach bo tr 2 cap banh rang ma ngi ta lai chia truyen lc chnh loai kep
thanh 2 dang: kieu tap trung va kieu phan tan.
a) Truyen lc chnh loai kep kieu tap trung (hnh 7.2):
Gom 2 cap banh rang lap rap chung vao mot ho p giam toc nam gia cau chu ong.
100
Hnh 7.2: Truyen lc chnh loai kep kieu tap trung.

a) 2 truc nam trong mat phang ngang.
CM
b) 2 truc nam trong mat phang than g ng. at TP. H
u
y th
K
am
u ph 7.3):
taHn S(hnh
b) Truyen lc chnh loai kep kieu pha n D
ng
Truo
n
quye
Ban
Hop giam toc

cuoi cung
Hop giam toc trung tam
Hnh 7.3: Truyen lc chnh kieu phan tan loai kep.

Phan chia cap banh rang non va ban h rang tru thanh 2 hop giam toc:
Hop giam toc trung tam c goi la truyen lc trung ng hay truyen lc gia.
Hop giam toc th 2 at banh xe chu ong c goi la truyen lc canh hay truyen
lc cuoi cung.
Truyen lc cuoi cung co nhieu dang:
101
hnh 7.4 la mot so phng an ket cau truyen lc cuoi cung kieu banh rang tru.
a)
b)
M
. HC
P
T
unagt tru.
Hnh 7.4: Truyen lc cuoi cung kieu banh tra
y h
K
a) Banh rang an khuppngoa
hami.
S
H
b) Banh raunon
ggaD
n khp trong.
r
T
n
quye
n
a
Tren hnh 7.5 la truyenBlc cuoi cung kieu bo banh rang hanh tinh xe MAZ-500.
1
2
3
Hnh 7.5: Truyen lc cuoi cung kieu bo banh rang hanh tinh.
1.Vong rang.
2.Banh rang hanh tinh.
3.Banh rang trung tam.
102
Ngoai ra mot so xe s dung bo banh rang hanh tinh non cho truyen lc cuoi cung
(hnh 7.6)
M
. HC
P
T
uat
yngthhanh tinh non.
Hnh 7.6: Truyen lc cuoi cung kieu bo banm
h ra
K
a
u ph
S
H
ng D
3. Truyen lc chnh hai cap: Truo
n
quye
n
a
B
Truyen lc chnh hai cap cho phep thay oi t so truyen cua truye n lc chnh (i01
i02). Qua o cho phe p xe cai thien ng ac tnh keo phu hp vi tng loai n g.
Tren hnh 7.7 la mot trng hp ve truyen lc chnh hai cap.
Hnh 7.7: Nguyen ly cau tao truyen lc chnh hai cap .
103
III. THIET KE CAC KCH THC CUA TRUYEN LC CHNH:

Thiet ke cac kch thc cua truyen lc chnh bao gom: tnh toan ng sinh L, chon
cac so rang z1, z2, tnh toan mouyn phap tuyen mn ay rang, chon chieu xoan va goc
xoan.
Cac bc thiet ke truyen lc chnh c tien hanh nh sau:
1. Chon t so truyen i0:
(Xem lai giao trnh Ly thuyet o to).
2. Can c vao i0 chon z1 va z2 sao cho t so
z2
khong khac biet so vi i 0.
z1
-Co the chon z1 theo kinh nghiem bang 7.1.

i0
2,5
3
4
z1
15
12
9
5
7 . HCM
TP
huat
68
6
Ky t
m
a
Bang 7.1: Dung eSucho
phn z1.
H
D
ng
Truo
n
3. Tnh ng sinh L theo
yeng thc kinh nghiem:
quco
Ban
L=14 3 M e max .i 0
(7.1)
Trong o:
L - chieu dai ng sinh [mm].
Memax - momen xoan cc ai cua ong c [Nm]
i0 - Ty so truyen cua truye n lc chnh.
4. Tnh toan va chon mouyn phap tuyen:
V cac ban knh vong tron c s cua cac banh rang chu o ng va b ong ay la:
z .m
r1 1 n
2 cos
z .m
r2 2 n
2 cos
Cho nen theo kch thc hnh hoc cua banh rang ta co:
L cos
mn
(7.2)
0,5 z 12 z 22
104
ay:
- goc nghieng ng xoan cua rang.
z1, z2 -so rang banh rang chu ong va b ong cua truyen lc chnh.
e1
r1
rtb1
1
2
rtb2 r2 Re2
L
M
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
H aSucap banh rang non.
Hnh 7.8: Cac thong so hnh hogcDcu
n
Truo
n
quye
5. Thng chon:
Ban
n = 200 (goc an khp tiet dien phap tuyen cho xe tai).

= 350 450
n = 17 030 hoac 160 hoac 140 (goc an khp tiet dien phap tuyen cho xe du
lch).
6. Xac nh mouyn phap tuyen tiet dien trung bnh:
m ntb m n .
L 0,5b
L
(7.3).
ay:
b-chieu rong cua rang.
oi vi banh rang chu on g:
b=(0,250,3).L cho xe du lch.
b= (0,30,4).L cho xe tai.
oi vi ban h rang b o ng cung chon nh oi vi banh ran g chu ong hoac ngan hn
34
mm.
Cac thong so con lai cua rang nh: chieu cao rang cua banh rang chu ong (thng la
105
banh rang nho) va banh rang b ong (th ng la banh rang ln), chieu cao nh rang, chan
rang, he so dang rang va cac thong so khac chung ta tra trong cac bang sach Chi tiet
may.
Chieu xoan cua banh rang non c chon sao cho e lc chieu truc cua banh rang
chu ong hng t nh xuon g ay non e ay banh rang non chu ong ra khoi banh rang
b ong (tranh b ket rang). Muon vay khi xe chuyen ong tien banh rang non quay theo
chieu kim ong ho, neu ng t pha ong c hay t pha ay ln cua banh rang non chu
ong th chieu xoan phai la xoan trai (tc la rang cang i xa ta cang i ve pha tay trai).
Ngha la chieu quay va chieu xoan phai ngc chieu nhau.
IV. TNH TOAN TRUYEN LC CHNH:
Chung ta xet tr ng hp truyen lc chnh vi mot cap banh rang non rang xoan.
1. Phan tch lc tac dung:
rtb
P2
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
MP
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
A
S
P1
P2
P1
Hnh 7.9: Phan tch lc tac dung len cap banh rang no n.
Gia thiet iem at lc (iem A) nam tren ban knh trung bnh rtb. Chung ta se phan
tch lc tac dung tng ho N gia hai banh rang thanh ba lc thanh phan:
Lc vong P.
106
Lc chieu truc Q.
Lc hng knh R.
Tren hnh 7.9: Trong mat phang vuong goc vi n g xoan cua rang, lc N phan tch

thanh hai lc P1 va P2 (goc gia N va P1 la va P1 P2 ). Lc P1 lai c phan tch thanh
hai lc: P va S, trong o lc S theo phng ng sinh va lc P theo phng tiep tuyen vi

vong tron lan (goc gia P va P1 la va PS ).
Gia tr cac lc thanh phan c tnh nh sau:
M
P
(7.4)
rtb
S P.tg
(7.5)
P.tg
(7.6)
P2 = P1.tg =
cos
Trong o M la momen tnh toan tac dung len banh rang ang xet (xem lai chng 2).
S.sin
K
pham
S.cos
u
S
H
ng D
P. HC
uat T
y txh
uo P
P2n.cos
Tr 2
e
y
u
an q
P2 .sin
Hnh 7.10: Phan tch cac lc P2 va S thanh cac lc thanh phan.

Trong 3 lc thanh phan tren ay, neu chung ta tiep tuc phan tch S va P2 thanh cac
lc thanh phan theo chieu x (chieu doc truc) va theo chieu y (chie u hng knh) (hnh
7.10)
Sau o tong hp cac thanh phan nay lai theo chieu x va y, chung ta nhan c lc
chieu truc Q va lc hng knh R:
Q X i P2 . sin S. cos
(7.7)
R Yi P2 . cos S. sin
(7.8)
Thay gia tr P2 va S t (7.5) va (7.6) vao (7.7) va (7.8) va trong trng hp tong quat
ta co:
Q
P
tg. sin sin . cos
cos
(7.9)
107
P
tg. cos sin . sin (7.10)
cos
Qui nh chon dau trong bieu thc (7.9) va (7.10) theo bang (7.2)
R
Chieu cua M
Rang xoan
Phai
Trai
Phai
Trai
Dng ( + )
Am ( )
Lc Q (7.9)
+
+
Lc R (7.10)
+
Bang 7.2: Dung e chon dau cho (7.9) va (7.10)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
b)
a)
Hnh 7.11: Qui nh chie u xoan cua rang.

a) Xoan phai.
b) Xoan trai.
Chieu xoan cua rang c qui nh hnh (7.11). Khi nhn vao ay nho cua banh
rang non rang xoan, neu thay ng rang i khoi ay nho (hoac cang i xa ta) theo chieu
thuan kim ong ho goi la chieu xoan phai, theo chieu ngc kim ong ho la chieu xoan
trai.
Khi nhn vao ay l n thay banh rang quay theo chieu thuan kim ong ho la momen
M dng, chieu ngc kim ong ho la momen M am.
Chieu dng cua lc chieu truc la hng ve ay ln va cua lc hng knh la hng
vao tam.
Truyen lc chnh oto c tnh toan theo ng suat uon va tiep xuc.
108
2. Tnh toan kiem tra ng suat uon:

u
P
u
0,85.b.m n tb .y
(7.11)
ay:
m n tb moun phap tuyen tiet dien trung bnh, c tnh theo (7.3)
y he so dang rang c tra bang (xem lai mon Chi tiet may ) theo so
rang tng ng.
So rang tng ng c xac nh nh sau:
oi vi banh rang non chu ong:
Z1
Z1t
(7.12)
cos 1 cos 2
oi vi banh rang non b ong:
Z2
M
Z 2 t
(7.13)
. HC
P
cos 2 cos 2
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
3. Tnh toan kiem tra ng suat tiep xu
cD
:
uong
r
T
en
quytheo
n
ng suat tiep xuc
c
tnh
cong thc cua giao trnh Chi tiet may:
a
B
2
i0 1
P.E
tx
tx
(7.14)
b cos L 0,5b .i 0 sin
Trong o:
E = 2,15.105 MN/m2 mouyn an hoi cua vat lieu banh rang
1,15 1,35 : chon theo gia tr ln hoac nho cua goc xoan
- goc an khp.
4. Tnh toan cap ba nh rang hypoit:
oi vi banh rang hypoit can chu y phan tch lc rieng cho tng banh rang chu
ong (1) va banh rang b ong (2).
a. Banh ra ng chu ong:
P1
ay:
M
rtb1
M momen xoan tac dung len banh rang [Nm]
109
rtb1 ban knh vong tron lan trung bnh cua banh rang chu on g.
P
Q1 1 tg sin 1 sin 1 cos 1
cos 1
p
R1 1 tg cos 1 sin 1 sin 1
cos 1
Trong o:
- goc an khp cua banh rang.
1 - goc nghieng rang cua banh rang chu ong.
1 - na goc nh cua banh rang chu ong.
b. Banh ra ng b ong:
cos 2
cos 1
P
1 tg sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
M
cos 1
. HC
P
T
huat
p1
tg cos 2 sin 2 sinham2 Ky t
cos 1
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
n
Gonc nghie
quye ng rang cua banh rang b ong.
Ba
Na goc nh cua banh ran g b ong.
P2 P1
Q2
R2
Trong o:
2 2 -
V. CAC BIEN PHAP TANG CNG O CNG V NG CUA TRUYEN LC

CHNH:
1. Banh ra ng va truc chu o ng:
Thng co hai cach bo tr goi banh rang no n chu ong: bo tr cong xon (hnh
7.12a) va bo tr hai pha (hnh 7.12b)
a)
b)
Hnh 7.12: S o o truc chu ong.
110
Phng an bo tr goi hai pha co o cng vng cao nhng cong nghe che tao vo
cua truyen lc chnh se phc tap. Loai nay thng dung trong trng hp momen xoan
truyen qua truyen lc chnh qua ln, co kha nang gay bien dang ang ke.
Phng an bo tr kieu cong xon kha pho bien oto. Trong trng hp nay thng
dung bac an thanh lan non nh quay vao e giam o cong xon a, do o giam c
momen uon au cong xon (hnh 7.13).
a)
u
DH SA
g
n
ruo
b)
B
T
yen
u
q
an
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
Hnh 7.13: Cach bo tr truc chu ong.

a) S o bie n dang truc chu ong.
b) o th bien dang.
1; 2: Cac lo xo.
e tang o cng vng ket cau theo chieu truc, cac bac an thanh lan non c lap
ghep vi gan g ban au. Thc chat cua o gang ban au la khi ieu chnh o lan khong
nhng hoan toan khac phuc khoang h gia cac vien thanh lan, ma con gay ra s bien
dang an hoi nao o trong cac chi tiet cua o lan. Ban chat cua o gang ban au, the hien
bang s o (hnh 7.13) thay o bien dan g an hoi bang hai lo xo 1 va 2. Neu khong co o
nen ban au, quan he gia lc chieu truc Q va o nen cua lo xo la:
Q = c.f [N]
ay:
c- o cng cua lo xo
f o bien dan g cua lo xo (tren o th la ng net t)
Neu o nen ban au, lc Q c tnh nh sau:
Q = 2.c.f
[N]
111
Tren o th la ng net lien OA. Nh vay khi co o gang ban au, trong cun g 1
gia tr lc chieu truc Q, s bien dang co giam. Do o can phai khac phuc cac khe h trong
au bac an.
o gang ban au co anh hng en tuoi tho cua truyen lc chnh, o gang nay
tang s an khp gia cac banh rang non c on nh hn, nhng lam cac chi tiet chong
mon.
2. Banh ra ng va truc b ong:
e tang ty so truyen, banh rang b ong thng co n g knh rat ln so vi banh
rang chu ong. Trong nhieu ket cau co nh ng iem ta e gii han s dch chuyen cua
banh rang b on g do lc nhie u truc sinh ra (hnh 7.14)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 7.14: S o cac loai iem ta.

Khi at iem ta phai tnh toan sau o e banh rang b ong dch chuyen qua gii
han cho phep (0,25 mm) mi cham vao iem ta.
Co loai iem ta khong ieu chnh (hnh7.14a) mu ban g ong thau va loai iem ta
con lan (hnh 7.14b) bang cach thay chot 1 bang bulong.
Cac bac an truc b ong la cac o thanh lan non nh quay ve hai pha, muc ch
e giam khoang cach a, c do o giam c momen uon, tang o cng vng cho truc b
ong (hnh 7.15).
112
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 7.15
VI. VAT LIEU CHE TAO TRUYEN LC CHNH:
oi vi banh rang chu tai nho: c lam bang thep hp kim crom mangan 20 XGP.
oi vi banh rang chu tai ln va truc lam bang thep h p kim 20XH2M; 15X.
Vo truye n lc chnh uc bang gang ren K435- 10,K435-12,K435-13.
113
CHNG VIII
VI SAI
1. Cong dung:
Vi sai at gia cac banh xe chu ong cua mot cau nham bao am cho cac banh xe
o quay vi van toc khac nhau khi xe vong, hoac chuyen ong tren ng khong bang
phang, hoac co s khac nhau gia ban knh lan cua hai banh xe, ong thi phan phoi lai
momen xoan cho hai na truc trong cac trng h p neu tren.
Vi sai at gia cac cau chu ong co cong dung phan phoi momen xoan cho cac cau
theo yeu cau thiet ke nham nan g cao tnh nang keo cua xe co nhieu cau.
P. HC
uat T
2. Yeu cau:
h
Ky t
m
a
Phan phoi momen xoan t ong c cho Sca
u cphbanh xe hay cac cau theo t le cho
H
D
trc, phu hp vi momen bam cua ba
nnhgxe (hay cau xe) vi mat ng.
Truo
n
e c nhau gia cac banh xe chu ong khi xe quay vong,
am bao so vong quay
uykha
an q
B
hoac xe chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, hoac khi ban knh lan cua hai
banh xe chu ong cun g mot cau khong bang nhau.
Ket cau gon
3. Phan loai:
a) Theo cong du ng chia tha nh 3 loai:
Vi sai gia cac banh xe.
Vi sai gia cac cau.
Vi sai gia cac truyen lc canh.
b) Theo mc o t ong chia thanh 3 loai:
Vi sai khong co ham.
Vi sai co ham bang tay.
Vi sai ham t ong.
c) Theo ket cau chia thanh:
114
Vi sai banh rang non.

Vi sai banh rang tru.
Vi sai cam.
Vi sai truc vt.
Vi sai ma sat thuy lc.
Vi sai co t so truyen thay oi.
Vi sai co hanh trnh t do.
d) Theo gia tr he so ham chia tha nh:

Vi sai ma sat trong nho (k = 0 0,2)
Vi sai ma sat trong ln (k = 0,21 0,7)
Vi sai ham cng (k > 0,7)
II. ONG HOC VA ONG LC HOC CUA VI SAI :
M
. HC
P
T
uat
yratnhg non oi xng (hnh 8.1)
K
Chung ta xet tr ng hp thng gap o la: Vi sai ba
n
h
am
u ph
S
Cac bo phan chnh gom co:
H
gD
uono
Vo vi sai 1 gan lien vi banh nranTgrb
ng 5 cua truyen lc chnh va luon co van toc
e
y
u
q
goc nh nhau. Cac banh raBnan
g han h tinh 2 co truc gan len vo vi sai 1. So l ng banh rang
hanh tinh phu thuoc o ln momen xoan can truye n.
ono Mo
5
'
n'
"
M'
3
n" M"
2
3
2
Hnh 8.1: S o vi sai non at gia cac banh xe chu ong.
115
Thng gap la 2 hoac 3, hoac co khi la 4 banh rang hanh tinh. Cac banh rang hanh
tinh quay t do quanh truc cua no va luon an khp vi cac banh rang na truc 3, o ng thi
cac banh rang 2 cung quay vi vo 1. Cac banh ran g 3 noi cn g vi cac na truc 4.
Bi vay khi cac banh rang 3 quay se lam cho cac banh xe quay theo. V cac banh
rang 2 co the tham gia mot luc 2 chuyen o ng ne n vi sai la c cau hai bac t do.
1. ong hoc cu a vi sai:
Trong phan nay chung ta se xet moi quan he gia so vong quay (hoac van toc goc)
cua na truc ben trai va ben phai.
Khi xe chuyen ong thang, mat ng ban g phang, ban knh lan cua cac banh xe chu
ong ban g nhau th sc can tac dung le n hai banh xe chu ong ban g nhau. Luc nay banh
rang hanh tinh khong quay quanh truc cua no (do tong momen tac dung len truc cua no
bang khong), cho nen cac banh rang na truc co cung so vong quay vi vo vi sai no.
n = n = no
ay:
M
. HC
P
n; so vong quay va van toc goc na truc ben atra
i
.
T
hu t
yc tbe
n; so vong quay va van toc goc namtru
n phai.
K
ha
p
u
S
no; o so vong quay va van toDcHgoc cua vo vi sai.
ng
Khi xe bat au quay von g va chuye
Trunoon g tren n g cong, luc nay sc can tac dung
n
ye cho nen tong momen tac dung len truc cua cac banh
len hai banh xe chu ong kha
cqunhau,
Ban
rang hanh tinh khac kho ng, bi vay cac banh rang hanh tinh se quay.
Gia thiet xe quay vong sang trai th na truc ben trai se giam so vong quay i mot
lng la n:
Z
n = n 2 2
Z'
Trong o:
n2 so vong quay cua banh rang hanh tinh.
Z2 so rang cua banh rang hanh tinh.
Z so rang cua banh rang na truc ben trai.
Neu trc khi quay vong n = n = no th khi ang quay vong sang trai so vong quay
cua ban truc ben trai giam i con lai la:
Z
n' n o n 2 2
(8.1)
Z'
Luc o so vong quay cua na truc ben phai se tang len la:
Z
n" n n 2 2
(8.2)
Z"
Cho trn g hp vi sai oi xng th Z/ = Z// va t (8.1) va (8.2) suy ra:
n/= n//= 2no
(8.3)
116
Nh vay tong so vong quay cua cac na truc khi xe chay thang cung nh khi xe quay
vong e u bang hai lan so vong quay cua vo vi sai.
T (8.3) ta thay: neu ham hoan toan mot na truc, v du n= 0 th suy ra n// = 2no. Luc
nay banh rang han h tinh quay xung quanh truc cua no va lan tren banh rang na truc trai
ang ng yen.
Trng hp th hai gia thiet vo vi sai ng yen, tc la no = 0 th ta suy ra t (8.3):
n/= -n// ngha la neu quay banh rang trai theo mot chie u va ham vo vi sai lai th banh phai
se quay ngc chieu vi so vong quay bang nhau. Trn g hp nay xay ra trong thc te khi
phanh ot ngot bang phanh tay (neu c cau phanh nay nam truc th cap cua hop so).
Luc nay truc cac ang dng lai va dan en vo vi sai cung dng lai. Do hai banh xe co he
so bam vi ng khong bang nhau nen co the quay vi van toc bang nhau, nhng ve hai
hng ngc nhau.
.n
Nh chung ta a biet
va ket hp vi (8.3) chu ng ta suy ra:
30
' " 2o
(8.4)
P. HC
uat T
2. ong lc hoc cua vi sai:
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
Su mo
H
phan nay chun g ta se khao sat viec pha
n
bo
men en cac na truc khi co tnh
D
ng
o
u
r
en ma sat ben trong c cau vi sai.
T
yen
u
q
Gia thiet xe ang chuye
Bann ong on nh, chung ta se co phng trnh can bang
momen:
M o M' M"
(8.5)
ay:
Mo momen truyen en vo vi sai ang xet
M/ momen truyen en na truc ben trai
M// momen truyen en na truc ben phai.
e tnh en mat mat trong vi sai do ma sat gia cac chi tiet khi vi sai hoat ong,
chung ta tha nhan momen ma sat Mr khi van toc goc cua cac truc khac nhau.
Luc nay gia thiet xe ang quay vong sang phai ' " th cong suat mat mat do ma
sat Nr se la:
' "
(8.6)
Nr Mr
2
Trong trng hp nay tong co ng suat truyen en cac na truc phai bang cong suat
truyen e n vo vi sai tr i cong suat mat mat Nr :
N + N = No Nr
Tc la:
M/./ + M// .// = Mo. o Nr
(8.7)
Trong o:
117
N/ cong suat truyen qua na truc trai.

N// cong suat truyen qua na truc phai.
No cong suat truyen qua vo vi sai.
T (8.6) en (8.7) ta co:
' "
M'.' M"." M o o M r
2
Thay (8.4) va (8.5) vao (8.8) ta co:
M/ = 0,5(M0 - Mr)
M// = 0,5(M0 + Mr)
Lay (8.10) chia cho (8.9) ta c:
M" M o M r
M' M o M r
(8.8)
(8.9)
(8.10)
(8.11)
Bieu thc (8.11) cho thay ty so momen phan bo tren cac na truc phu thuoc vao
momen ma sat Mr ben trong vi sai. De dang thay rang M// > M/ va s phan bo lai
momen nay phu hp vi s thay oi momen can tac dung len hai banh xe trai va phai. Bi
v khi xe quay vong sang phai (nh gia thuyet a neu) th momen can HtaCcMdung len banh
P.
xe ben phai ln hn momen tac dung len banh xe ben trai. thuat T
y
Neu xe quay vong sang trai th mom en can tapchdu
amngK len banh xe ben phai se nho
u
Di HvaS chng minh tng t nh tren ta lai co
hn momen can tac dung len banh xe benntra
g
uo
Tr
M// < M/.
n
e
y
n cquna truc va cac banh rang na truc, chung ta phai lay gia
Nh vay khi tnh toanBaca
tr momen bang mot na momen truyen en vi sai nhan vi he so d tr k > 1.
III. ANH HNG CUA VI SAI EN TNH CHAT KEO CUA XE:
Tnh chat keo cua xe c the hien qua tong lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong. Nh
chung ta a biet lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong b gii han bi cac lc bam gia cac
banh xe vi mat ng. Nh vay, cac lc bam gia cac banh xe vi mat ng xac nh
tnh chat keo ti han cua xe.
Trong khi o, cac lc bam vi mat ng thay oi ro ret khi trong he thong truyen
lc co vi sai hoac khong co vi sai. Va neu co vi sai th mc o hoat ong cua cac vi sai se
anh hng en gia tr cac lc bam, tc la co anh hng en tnh chat keo cua xe.
Vay trc khi xet en an h h ng cua vi sai en tnh chat keo cua xe, chung ta phai
lam quen vi hai he so sau ay ac trng cho mc o hoat ong cua vi sai:
1. He so ham cua vi sai:
kh
M r M" M'
M o M" M'
(8.12)
118
Khi ma sat ben trong vi sai Mr = 0 th kh = 0.

Khi ma sat ben trong tang dan len th gia tr kh cung tang dan len va khi Mr = Mo th
kh=1, luc nay vi sai b ham hoan toan (khong hoat ong c).
Nh vay khi kh nhan mot gia tr bat ky trong khoang < 0,1 >, th gia tr o cho thay
mc o hoat ong cua vi sai nhieu hay t.
e tang kha nang bam cua cac banh xe chu ong, ngi ta thng ham cac bo vi sai
lai.
Tuy nhien e s dung triet e lc bam cua cac banh xe chu ong vi mat ng,
ngay ca khi he so bam di moi banh xe rat khac nhau, cung khong nhat thiet phai ham
vi sai hoan toan vi kh = 1.
T (8.12) chung ta co the tm c gia tr toi u cua kh , neu ta thay the M, M bang
cac gia tr khac nhau ln nhat, co the co c trong thc te do s khac nhau cua di
moi banh xe.
Gia thiet ta co loai xe bo tr theo cong thc 4x2, tai trong len hai banh xe chu ong
eu bang nhau.
Trong nhieu trn g hp mot trong hai banh xe b trt quay (do M
he so bam cua
C
H
.
P
ng di hai ban h xe khac nhau) va xe kho ng chuyen ong act.TGia thiet mot banh xe
thung co he so bam . Luc
v tr cua ng co he so bam max va mot banh xe vmtrKy
min
ha
u pchu
nay goi 0,5Z2 la phan lc tac dung len mot baDnHh Sxe
ong cau sau va rbx la ban knh
ng
o
u
lan cua banh xe ,ta co:
r
nT
ye0,5.Z
u
q
M
=
2. min.rbx
Ban
M = 0,5.Z2.max.rbx
Trng hp xau nhat la khi max = 0,8 va min = 0,1 thay cac gia tr tren vao (8.12) ta
co:
0,5 .Z 2 .rbx max min 0,8 0,1
kh
0,78
(8.13)
0,5.Z 2 .rbx max min 0,8 0,1
Thc te cho thay vi cac gia tr kh > 0,78 khong lam cho tnh chat keo cua xe tot
hn.
Thong th ng cac gia tr max va min di cac banh xe chenh lech nhau khong nhieu
nen kh = 0,3 0,5.
Neu kh cang ln th xe se rat kho ieu khien, vo xe mon nhanh va khi gap ng
trn co the co hien t ng xe trt ngang.
Trong tr ng h p momen ma sat Mr t sinh ra ben trong vi sai khi vi sai lam viec th
kh c goi la he so t ham.
Trng hp ne u momen ma sat Mr sinh ra do c cau ham vi sai th kh c goi la he
so ham cng bc.
oi vi vi sai hnh non he so t ham kh 0,1.
2. He so gai vi sai kg:
119
kg la t so gia momen truyen en ban h quay cham va banh quay nhanh:

M"
(8.14)
kg
M'
Trong o:
M/ momen truyen en banh xe quay nhanh.
M// momen truyen en banh xe quay cham.
T (8.12) va (8.14) ta co moi quan he gia kh va kg:
kg
1 kh
1 kh
(8.15)
Nh vay khi kh thay oi t 0 en 1 th kg se thay oi tng ng t 1 en .

3. Anh hng cua vi sai e n tnh chat keo cu a xe nhieu cau:
M n ong
a) Gia thiet xe co n cau chu ong, khong co vi sai gia cac cau. H(Ctruye
P
T
uat
cng) va ca c vi sai gia cac banh xe a b ha m cng:
y th
K
Chung ta ky hieu: Z1, Z1, Z2, Z2 , , Zn , pZhnamla cac phan lc thang ng cua
Su
D
ng tac dung le n banh xe chu ong ton
ng
nHg vi cac cau 1; 2; ; n va 1, 1, 2,
g
u
Tarcac banh xe tng ng.
mn cu
2, , n, n la gia tr he so ba
e
y
u
ncqke
Trong trng hp nayBal
o moi banh xe at gia tr cc ai va bang lc bam cua
banh xe o vi mat ng. Luc nay lc keo gii han cua xe theo ieu kien bam se la:
n
X gh Z1 ' 1 ' Z1 ' ' 1 ' '... Z n ' n ' Z n ' ' n ' ' Z i ' i ' Z i ' ' i ' '
(8.16)
i 1
b) Xet trng hp xe co n cau chu ong nh muc a nhng luc nay vi sai gia
cac ba nh xe hoat ong t do ( hoan toan khong b ham):
Gia thiet ma sat ben trong cac vi sai vo cung nho Mr 0 nen kh coi nh bang
khong, luc nay vi sai se phan bo eu momen cho hai banh xe trai va phai: Mi = Mi
Luc nay lc keo gii han cua xe theo ie u kien bam se la:
n
X gh Z11 min Z2 2 min ... Zn n min Z i i min
(8.17)
i 1
Trong o:
Z1, Z2, , Zn - la phan lc thang ng cua ng len cau th 1; 2; ; n
1min, 2min, , nmin - la he so bam nho chon t hai he so bam cua banh xe
trai va phai cua cau th 1; 2; ; n.
c) Xet xe co 2 cau chu ong (4 4), co vi sai gia cac cau va vi sai gia cac banh
xe eu la loai oi xng:
120
Tat ca cac vi sai eu khong b ham (gia thiet Mr 0 nen kh 0). Luc nay lc keo
gii han cua xe theo ieu kie n bam se la:
X gh Z1 Z 2 min
(8.17)
ay:
min he so bam nho nhat trong tat ca cac he so bam cua cac banh xe chu ong
vi mat ng.
Nh vay neu trong he thon g truyen lc co s dung cac bo vi sai va chung trang thai
hoat ong t do (khong b ham) va neu he so bam di cua cac banh xe khac nhau th tnh
chat keo cua xe se kem i (tc la tong cac lc keo cua cac banh xe chu ong se giam).
d) Quan he gia lc keo va he so ham vi sai:
d1) Trng hp 1: he so bam di 2 banh xe trai va phai chenh lenh nhau
khong nhieu
- oi vi banh xe quay nhanh:
M
. HC
P
T
t
M' 0,5( M o M r ) M o
1 kmh K y thua (8.18)
X'
2rbx u pha
rbx
rbx
DH S
g
n
uo
Tr
n
e
- oi v
i
ba
n
h
xe
quay cham:
y
qu
Ban
X"
M" 0,5( M o M r ) M o
1 k h
2 rbx
rbx
rbx
(8.19)
Trong o:
X, X Lc keo cua banh xe quay nhanh va quay cham.
M, M Momen xoan truye n en banh xe quay nhanh va quay cham.
Ta thay X va X la ham so bat nhat cua kh. Khi bieu dien tren o th th:
Mo
Mo
X + X =
const . Tai gia tr kh = 0 th X = X =
(hnh 8.2)
2rxb
rxb
Khi kh bien thien t 0 en 1 th X giam dan va X tang dan; Phan ben phai o th ta
ve ng cham cham v oan nay bieu dien cac gia tr cua lc keo vi > 0,75 qua ln.
121
X' X"
Mo
X'+ X"
rbx
X"
Mo
2rbx
X'
Kh
0
0.5
0.78
Hnh 8.2: o th bieu dien moi quan he cua X, X vi Kh khi he so bam chenh lech
nhau khong nhieu.
M
. HC
P
T
t
thua
y va
K
d2) Trng hp 2: He so bam di hai banh hxe
tra
i
pha
i chenh lech nhau rat
p am
u
S
H
nhieu (hnh 8.3)
ng D
o
u
r
X' X"en T
quy
Ban
X'+ X"
X"
X'
Kh
0
0.5
0.78
Hnh 8.3: Moi quan he cua X, X vi Kh khi he so bam chenh lech nhau rat nhieu.
Theo bieu thc (8.14) ta co:
M"
M" rbx X" 1 k h
kg
M' M' X' 1 k h

rbx
(8.20)
122
Suy ra:
X = X
1 kh
1 kh
Z
va X c tnh nh sau : X' 2 . min
2
ay:
min = 0,1; max = 0,75.
Z2 phan lc thang ng cua ng len cau sau chu ong.
IV. KET CAU VA TNH TOAN MOT SO BO VI SAI:
1. Vi sai at gia hai banh xe chu ong:
Thng gap cac bo vi sai nay thuoc loai oi xng. S dung thong duCnM
g hien nay la vi
.H
P
T
sai banh rang non, vi sai banh rang tru, vi sai cam va vi sai truc vt.
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
a) Vi sai oi xng kieu ba nh rang no
nD
:
uong
r
T
uyen
a c trnh bay Bpha
an qn II cua chng nay.
b) Vi sai oi xng kieu ba nh rang tru:
Tren hnh (8.4) la vi sai oi xng kieu banh rang tru c s dung tren xe Tatra 111
cua cong hoa CZECH.
123
3'
P. HC
uat T
ynthh rang tru

Hnh 8.4: Cau tao bo vi sai oi xng hkie
uK
ba
m
a
up
C. Can danng(lo
DHngS rang).
uo
1 va 2:
Ca
Tcrbanh rang trung tam.
n
e
y
qu /
Ban3 va 3 : Cac banh rang hanh tinh.
Qua trnh phat trien ve ket cau e i en mot phng an oc ao c phan tch nh
sau:
T mot c cau vi sai khong oi xng kieu banh rang tru (hnh 8.5a) lap them banh
rang hanh tinh 3 se thu c ket cau mi (hnh 8.5b).
Che tao banh rang 3 vi be rong ln hn va do o co the thay banh ran g trung tam
2 an khp trong thanh an khp ngoai (hnh 8.5c).
C cau nay van cha phai la vi sai oi xn g. Neu m ro ng dan can c thanh khung va
lap ghep banh rang 3, 3 sao cho cac iem an khp khong cung nam tren mot mat phang,
ong thi bao am ieu kien Z1 = Z2 va Z3 = Z3(hnh 8.5d) chung ta nhan c vi sai oi
xng kieu banh rang tru.
124
3'
b)
a)
3'
1
1
c)
d)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y Cth
3'
T
yen
u
q
Ban
Hnh 8.5: Phan tch qua trnh phat trien ket cau phng an bo vi sai oi xng kieu ban h
rang tru.
a) Vi sai khong oi xng an khp trong 1 can.
b) Vi sai khong oi xng an khp trong 2 can.
c) Vi sai khong oi xng an khp ngoai.
d) Vi sai oi xng.
c) Vi sai cam:
e tang ma sat trong; nang cao kha nang t ham, ngi ta a che tao cac loai vi sai
cam at hng
knh va vi sai cam at
hng tam. tre n hnh (8.6) la vi sai
cam at hng
tam.
125
1 -
+
M
. HC
P
T
huat
Ky t +2
pham
H Su -2 R
gD
ruon
T
yen
u
q
an
c)
Kh
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2

b)
d)
20 40 60
Hnh 8.6: Vi sai cam at hng tam.

a) Ket cau vi sai cam.
b) S o lc tac dung.
c) Tam giac lc.
d) o th moi quan he Kh 2.
Ket cau va nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:
Momen xoan t banh ran g non b ong truyen qua vong ngan 1 co cha cac con chay
2. au ngoai cua cac con chay ty len mat cam trong cua vo ngoai 3, au trong ty len mat
cam ngoai cua vo trong 4. Hai vo 3 va 4 noi cng vi cac na truc bang then hoa. Khi xe
126
quay vong, cac con chay trt tren cac mat cam, phan phoi en cac na truc nhng toc o
goc khac nhau. Loai vi sai nay co ket cau n gian, gon va nhe.
Gia tr he so ham kh cua vi sai cam phu thuoc vao he so ma sat gia cac con chay vi
cac mat cam va phu thuoc vao goc nh cam . Khi = 35o th kh = 0,3 ,khi = 6o th kh =
1
Gia tr trung bnh cua kh la : kh = 0,4 0,5.
S o cac lc tac dung len cac con chay c bieu dien hnh 8.6b:
N1, N2, R la cac hp lc tac dung len con chay t pha vo ngoai, vo trong va vong
ngan. Gia tr la goc ma sat.
T tam giac lc (hnh 8.6c) ta co:
N1
N2
(8.21)
o
o
sin 90 2 2 sin 90 1 2
Suy ra:
cos 1 2
N2 N1
cos 2 2
M
Momen vo trong (n g vi banh xe quay cham hoac dng)
. HC
P
T
uat
M = N2sin( 2 + ).r2
y th
K
am
Momen vo ngoai (ng vi banh xe quay nhanh)
u ph
S
H
M = N1sin( 1 - ).r1ong D
u
Tr
He so ham vi sai kh c tnh:
n
e
y
n"quM' N sin( )r N (sin ) r
BaM
2
2
1
1
1
kh
2
M" M' N 2 sin( 2 )r2 N1 (sin 1 ) r1
cos(1 2) sin( 2 ) r2 cos( 2 2)(sin 1 ) r1
(8.22)
cos(1 2) sin( 2 )r2 cos( 2 2)(sin 1 ) r1
Khi = 6o; r1 = 2r2, quan he gia he so ham kh va goc 2 c bieu th hnh 8.6d.
Gia tr cc tieu cua kh la 0,3 khi 2 = 25o 30o
T bieu thc (8.22) ta thay neu 1 = th kh = 1, tc la vi sai hoan toan b ham cng.
ng suat tiep cua con chay va vo cam khi xe chuyen ong thang la:
1 0,418
2 0,418
N1 E 1
1

l 1 2
N2 E 1
1

l 1 2
ay:
1 ng suat tiep gia con chay va vo cam ngoai.
2 ng suat tiep gia con chay va vo cam trong.
E Mo un an hoi.
127
(8.23)
1,2 Cac ban knh cong cua con chay cac tiep iem. Neu tam n g
cong hai ben tiep iem lay dau (+) ,neu tam mot ben lay dau ().
[] = 2,5 3 MN/m2
l chieu dai tiep xuc gia con chay va cac cam.
d) Vi sai truc vt:
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 8.7: Vi sai truc vt

1;5: Cac banh vt.
2; 3; 4 : Cac truc vt hanh tinh.
Hai banh vt na truc 1 va 5 an khp vi cac truc vt hanh tinh 2 va 4. Cac truc vt
hanh tinh nay lai an khp vi truc vt hanh tinh 3. Tng quan ong hoc gia 2 na truc
c thc hien qua 5 truc vt tao thanh 4 cap an kh p theo th t. e vi sai co kha nang
ham can thiet nhng khong co hie n tng t ham, th goc nghieng cua n g xoan truc
128
vt phai ln hn goc ma sat rat nhieu. Th ng chon = 20o 30o. . Loai vi sai nay co ket
cau phc tap hn vi sai cam. Momen phan phoi gia 2 truc thong qua 4 cap hanh tinh:
M = M.1.2.3.4
(8.24)
ay:
1;2;3;4 hieu suat truyen ong theo th t cua tng cap truc vt, banh
vt.
He so ham kh c tnh:
kh
M' ' M' 1 1.2 .34
M '' M ' 1 1.2 .34
(8.25)
o nht cua dau boi trn co anh hng e n he so ham theo ty le thuan.
P. HC
uat T
2. Vi sai at gia cac cau chu o ng:
y th
Ke
Vi sai gia cac cau dung e phan phoi mom en truye
n
n cac cau.
m
a
u ph
S
H
Thong th ng gia tr momen phan phonige
Dn cau trc va sau ( oi vi xe hai cau) t
uo
r
T
le vi trong lng bam cua cac caeun.
uy
n qca
c momen phan phoi t vi sai ra cac cau tng ng th ta
Neu ta ky hieu M1, MB2ala
co:
1
i0
1
M 2 Z 2 ..rbx .
i0
M1 Z1 ..rbx .
(8.26)
S dung loai vi sai nay co the giam c tac hai cua momen phu trong truyen lc
hoac neu vi loai vi sai co ma sat trong nho th co the khac phuc c anh hng nay . Do
o cac chi tiet cua he thong truyen lc oto nhieu cau khong b qua tai.
Trong vi sai loai oi xng, momen truyen en vo vi sai c chia eu lam oi neu
ta bo qua ma sat trong c cau vi sai. Vi sai loai oi xng c at gia cac cau chu ong
chu tai gan bang nhau.
Trong vi sai loai khong oi xng momen truyen en vo vi sai chia ra cac cau khong
eu nhau ma theo mot ty so nhat nh thng la ty le vi trong lng bam cua cac cau chu
ong.
129
Xe Ural 375 kieu (6 x 6) co cach bo tr cac bo vi sai gia cac cau mot cach hp ly
nh hnh 8.8, nham at c hieu qua tan dung lc bam (momen xoan phan bo en tn g
cau t le thuan vi phan lc thang ng Z).
MK
Vi sai
Vi sai
MSG
MG
ZT
MS
ZG
ZS
Hnh 8.8: S o bo tr cac bo vi sai gia cac cau cua xe Ural 375.
T. Cau trc, G. Cau gia, S. Cau sau
HCM
M. Momen xoan; Z. Phan lc thang ng. uat TP.
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su pco ket cau kieu khong oi xn g banh
Bo vi sai at gia cau trc va hai cau pha
sau
H
D
ong n phoi (hnh 8.9).
Trpupha
rang hnh tru. Bo vi sai nay at trong
ho
n
quye
MK
Ban
3
MT
MSG
Hnh 8.9: Nguyen ly cau tao bo vi sai khong oi x ng kieu banh rang tru at gia cau
trc va hai cau pha sau xe Ural - 375.
V. VAT LIEU CHE TAO CAC CHI TIET CUA VI SAI:
130
Vo vi sai che tao bang gang ren hoac thep 40. Th thap vi sai che tao bang thep hp
kim nhan hieu 12XHA, 18XH, 30XH co nhiet luyen.
Vi loai vi sai cam: vanh gia va phan cam che tao bang thep xemangtt 18HBA vi
o cng be mat HRC 60 65. Con chay che tao bang thep UX 15, o cng HRC 6065.
oi vi vi sai truc vt: truc vt che tao bang thep 12X2H4A. xemangtt o sau
0,81,2mm, o cng be mat HRC 58 52, trong loi HRC 30 42.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
131
CHNG IX
TRUYEN ONG EN CAC BANH XE CHU ONG

1. Cong dung:
Dung e truyen momen xoan t truyen lc chnh en cac banh xe chu ong. Neu
cau chu ong la loai cau lien (i kem vi he thong treo phu thuoc) th truyen ong en
cac banh xe nh cac na truc. Neu cau chu ong la cau ri (i kem vi he thong treo oc
lap) hoac truyen momen en cac banh dan hn g la banh chu ong th co them khp cac
ang ong toc.
2. Yeu cau:
M
. HC
P
T
uact banh xe chu ong phai
Vi bat ky loai he thong treo nao , truye n ong eynthca
K
am
am bao truyen ket mom en xoan.
u ph
S
H
D
Khi truyen momen xoan, vanrto
uocnggoc cua cac banh xe chu ong hoac banh xe
T
dan hng va la chu ong euqukho

yenng thay oi.
n
a
B
3. Phan loai:
a) Theo ket cau cu a cau chia ra 2 loai:
Cau lien.
Cau ri.
b) Theo mc o chu lc hng knh va lc chieu truc chia ra 4 loai:
Loai na truc khong giam tai ( Hnh 9.1-a). loai nay bac an trong va ngoai
eu at trc tiep len na truc. Luc nay na truc chu toan bo cac lc, cac phan lc t
pha ng va lc vong cua banh rang chau.
Loai na truc khong giam tai cac xe hien ai khong du ng.
Loai na truc giam tai mot na (Hnh 9.1-b). loai nay bac an trong at tren
vo vi sai, con bac an ngoai at ngay tren na truc.
Loai na truc giam tai ba phan t (hnh 9.1-c). loai nay bac an trong at len
vo vi sai, con bac an ngoai at tren vo cau va long vao trong moay cua banh xe.
Loai na truc giam tai hoan toan (Hnh 9.1-d). loai nay bac an trong at len
vo vi sai, con ben ngoai gom co hai bac an at gan nhau (co the la mot bac an con,
mot bac an cau). Chung c at len dam cau va long vao trong moay cua banh xe.
132
a)
m2 G2
R1
rbx
O
R'1
Y1
X1k
B/2
X1p
Z1
Z1
Y
m2 G2
b)
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
m
a
R2
R1Su ph
b
a ng DH
uo
Tr
n
e
y
u
an q
rbx
O
hg
b
R'2
R'
Y1
X1k
X1p
Z1
Y2
B/2
B/2
Z1
Z2
Hnh 9.1: S o cac loai na truc va cac lc tac dung.

a) Na truc khong giam tai.
b) Na truc giam tai mot na.
133
m2 G2
c)
c
R1
rbx
R2
hg
c
a
O
R'2
X1k
Y2
R'
Y1
B/2
X1p
Z1
B/2
Z1
Z2
Y
m2 G2
d)
l n
ruo
rbx
T
yen
u
q
an
y th
R'1
X1k
mK
RS1u pha
H
ng D
X1p
Z1
R''1
Y1
Z1
P. HC
uat T
B/2
Hnh 9.1: S o cac loai na truc va cac lc tac dung.

c) Na truc giam tai ba phan t.
d) Na truc giam tai hoan toan.
134
II. TNH TOAN NA TRUC THEO O BEN:

1. Xac nh cac lc tac dung len na truc:
e tnh toan cac na truc, trc het phai xac nh o ln cua cac lc tac dung len
na truc. Tuy theo tng trng hp, cac na truc co the chu toan bo hay mot phan lc tac
dung len cac banh xe cua cau chu ong.
S o cac lc tac dung len cau sau chu ong tren hnh 9.2 . Y ngha cac ky hieu tren
hnh ve nh sau:
Z1, Z2 Phan lc thang ng tac dung len banh xe trai va phai.
Y1,Y2 Phan lc ngang tac dung len banh xe trai va phai.
X1, X2 Phan lc cua lc vong truyen qua cac banh xe chu ong. Lc X1,X2 se thay
oi chieu phu thuoc vao banh xe ang chu lc keo hay lc phanh ( Xk hay Xp). lc X=
Xmax ng vi luc xe chay thang.
m2G2 Lc thang n g tac dung len cau sau.
Y
m2G2
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
E'
y th
hg
F'
g bx
rbx
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
g bx
B/2
Y1
Y2
B
Z1
F
Z2
X1
X2
Hnh 9.2: S o cac lc tac dung len cau sau chu ong
G2 phan trong lng cua xe tac dung le n cau sau khi xe ng yen tren mat phang
nam ngang.
m2 he so thay oi trong lng tac dung len cau sau phu thuoc vao ieu kien
chuyen o ng.
Trng hp ang truye n lc keo: m2 = m2k va co the lay theo gia tr trung bnh
sau:
Cho xe du lch: m2k = 1,2 1,4

Cho xe tai: m2k = 1,1 1,2
135
Trng hp xe ang phanh: m2 = m2p va co the lay theo gia tr trung bnh sau :
Cho xe du lch: m2p = 0,8 0,85
Cho xe tai: m2p = 0,9 0,95
Y Lc quan tnh phat sinh khi xe chuyen ong tre n ng nghie ng hoac ang quay
vong. Lc nay at o cao cua trong tam xe. trang thai can bang ta co:
Y = Y1 + Y2
Ngoai cac lc ke tren, na truc con chu uon bi lc sinh ra do ma phanh ep len
trong phanh. Khi lc ep trong phanh ben trai va ben phai khong eu nhau se sinh ra lc
phu lam tang them (hoac giam) momen uon phu len na truc. Khi tnh toan ta bo qua lc
nay v gia tr nho.
B chieu rong c s cua xe (m)
gbx trong l ng cua banh xe (N)
hg chieu cao cua trong tam xe (m)
rbx ban knh ban h xe co tnh ca o bien dang (m)
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng than g, mat ng khong nghien g va vi gia thiet
hang hoa tren xe chat e u ca ben trai va phai, ta co:
M
. HC
P
m 2 G2
T
uat
(9.1)
Z1 Z 2
y th
K
2
ham
u tp
S
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng cong hoa
c
ma
ng nghieng, lap tc xuat hien lc
H
ng D
o
u
r
T u viet phng trnh can bang momen tai F va E ta
Y va luc nay Z1 Z2. Theo hnh 9.2,
ne
yen
u
q
co:
Ban
hg
m 2 G2
Y
2
B
hg
m G
Z2 2 2 Y
2
B
Z1
(9.2)
Na truc ben trai tai E ch chu lc: Z1t = Z1 - gbx

Na truc ben phai tai F ch chu lc: Z2t = Z2 - gbx
Trong o:
B chieu rong c s cua xe. Neu banh xe la banh oi 1 ben th B se la
khoang cach gia hai banh xe ngoai.
e tang d tr ben co the tnh gan ung:
Z1t = Z1; Z2t = Z2
(9.3)
Z1 at gia tr cc ai khi Y at gia tr Ymax, tc la khi xe b trt ngang:
Ymax = m2G21
(9.4)
Trong o:
1 he so bam ngang gia lop va ng, co the lay 1 = 1 khi tnh toan
Thay (9.4) vao (9.2) ta co:
136
2h
1 g 1
B
m G 2h g 1
Z 2 2 2 1
B
2
Z1
m 2 G2
2
(9.5)
Khi xuat hien lc Y, ac biet khi Y = Ymax (xe trt ngang) th cac banh xe khong
the truyen c lc vong X ln . S phan bo lai trong lng xe len cac cau theo he so
m21 se xay ra khi cac banh xe co lc vong kha ln . Cho nen khi Y Ymax chu ng ta co
the tha nhan m2 =1 e tnh Z1 va Z2:
2h
1 g 1
B
2 hg1
G
Z 2 2 1
B
2
Z1
G2
2
(9.6)
M
Cac lc Y1, Y2 t le thuan vi Z1, Z2 va phu thuoc vao he so bamPngang
. HC 1:
T
t
2h g 1Ky thua
G 2 1
1 ham
Y1 Z 1 1
2 DH Su p B
ng
(9.7)
Truo
2
h
n
G 2 1
g 1
uye
1
Y2B
anZq2 1
B
2
Cac lc vong X1, X2 ch at gia tr cc ai khi Y= 0. Cac lc vong X1, X2 at gia tr

X1max, X2max khi cau ang truyen lc keo hoac ang phanh.
Khi ang truyen lc keo ta co:
x1 k max x 2 k max
M e max i h i 0
2rbx
(9.8)
Khi ang truyen lc phanh:

X1 p max X 2 p max
m 2p G 2
(9.9)
2
Cac gia tr Ximax (9.8) va (9.9) c tnh trong trng hp xe chuyen ong thang va
trong lng phan bo eu tren 2 banh xe.
ng suat cc ai trong cac na truc cua cau chu ong sinh ra do cac lc vong tren
cac banh xe khi truyen lc ke o hoac khi phanh.
Khi phanh xe cac phan lc X1p va X2p rat ln. Khi phanh ot ngot banh xe co the b
siet cng va trt let tre n ng (luc nay he so bam doc co the coi gan bang 1). Khi
truyen lc ke o, ca khi truyen so truyen thap nhat cua hop so chnh va phu lc X1k va X2k
van nho hn X1p va X2p. Khi tnh na truc khi phanh ch tnh vi X1 , X2 , Z1 , Z2.
137
Sau cung ng suat trong na truc se tang len khi xe i qua cac o ga va khi mat ng
loi, lom khong bang phang. Khi o Z1 , Z2 se at gia tr Z1max, Z2.max.
Nh vay, khi xe chuyen ong, cac na truc, dam cau va vo cau co the gap 1 trong 3
che o tai trong ac biet sau. o la c s e tnh toan cac na truc, dam cau va vo cau:
a/ Trng hp 1:
Xi = Ximax ; Y=0 ,. Z1 = Z2.
Khi truyen lc keo cc ai:

X1 X 2
M e max i h i 0
2 rbx
(9.10)
Y1=Y2 = 0
m 2k G 2
Z1 Z 2
2
Khi ang phanh vi lc phanh cc ai:
m 2p G 2
X1 X 2
2
Y1=Y2 = 0
(9.11)
M
m 2p G 2
. HC
P
Z1 Z 2
T
uat
2
y th
K
am
ay:
u ph
S
H
gD
- he so bam doc : 0,7
uon0,8
r
T
n p so
ih t so truyen cuuyaeho
q
n
a
B hop so chnh th: ih = ih1
Neu xe ch co
Neu xe va co hop so chnh va co hop so phu th ih = ih1. ip1
b/ Trng hp 2 :
Xi= 0, Y=Ymax = m2G2 1 ;
Z1 Z2 (xe b trt ngang )
X1= X2 = 0
2h
1 g 1
B
G 2h g 1
Z 2 2 1
2
B
2h g 1
G
Y1 2 1 1
2
B
2h g 1
1
B
Z1
G2
2
G
Y2 2 1
2
(9.12)
(9.13)
ay:
138
1 he so bam ngang, co the lay 1 1

m2 =1 khi xe b trt ngang.
c / Trng h p 3:
Xi = 0, Y=0, Zi = Zimax
X1= X2 =0
Y1=Y2 = 0
G
Z1 max Z 2 max k 2
(9.14)
2
Trong o:
k he so ong khi xe chuyen ong tren n g loi lom va xe b xoc manh
Vi xe du lch va xe buyt: k 2
Vi xe tai: k = 3 4
Tat ca cac lc a neu tren se gay ra ng suat uon, xoan, nen, va cat trong cac na
truc. Nhng v ng suat nen va cat kha nho nen chung ta bo qua khi tnh toan.
2. Tnh toan na truc giam tai mot na:
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su bp
S o na truc giam tai mot na hnhD9.1
H
g
uon0;
a/ Trng hp 1:
Xi = Ximax
Z1=Z2
T; rY=
n
e
y
u
q
Momen uonBdo
an X1, X2 gay nen trong mat phan g ngang:
Mux 1 =Mux 2 = X1b = X2b
Momen xoan do X1, X2 gay nen:
Mx 1 =Mx 2 = X1rbx = X2rbx
Neu at gia ben ngoai na truc va vo cau khong phai 1 ma la 2 bac an canh nhau
th khoang cach b se lay en gia o bi ngoai.
Momen uon do Z 1, Z2 gay len trong mat phang thang ng.
Muz1 =Muz 2 = Z1b = Z2b
ng suat uon tai tiet dien at bac an ngoai vi tac dung ong thi cac lc X1 va
Z2 (tng t nh vay cho na truc ben phai)
u
b X1 2 Z 2 1
b X22 Z 22
M 2 ux1 M 2 uz1
Wu
0,1d 3
0,1d 3
(9.15)
Trong o:
d ng knh cua na truc tai tiet dien tnh [m]
X1, X2, Z1, Z2 tnh bang MN
Thay cac gia tr X1, X2, Z1, Z2 t (9.10) vao bieu thc tren ta co :
139
m 2 k G 2 M e maxi h i o [MN/m2]
rbx
ng suat tong hp ca uon va xoan la:

M th
1
2
2
2
M ux1 M uz1 M k1
th
3
3
0,1d
0,1d
[MN/m2]
2
2
m 2 k G 2 2 M e maxi h i o M e maxi h i o
3
0, 2d
rbx
b

b
u
0,2d 3
(9.16)
(9.17)
oi vi na truc ben phai cung tnh tng t nh na truc ben trai

Khi truyen lc phanh cc ai:
ng suat uon c xac nh theo phng trnh (9.15). Thay cac gia tr t (9.11) vao
(9.15) ta co:
bm 2 p G 2
0,2d
1 2
[MN/m2]
(9.18)
P. HC
uat T
b/ Trng hp 2 :
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p m2 = 1; 1 1)
H
t
ngang;
Xi = 0; Y = Ymax = m2G21 (xe b tr
D
ong
ruke
Luc nay na truc chu uon, ene
n T
va
o. Nhng v ng suat nen, keo tng oi nho,
n
y
u
q
nen khi tnh toan ta bo qua.
BanNa truc ben phai se chu tong so hai momen uon sinh ra do
lc Z2, Y2. Na truc ben trai se chu hieu so hai momen uon sinh ra do Z1 va Y1
Mu1 = Y1rbx Z1b
(9.19)
(9.20)
Mu2 = Y1rbx + Z2b
Trong o:
Mu1 Momen uon cua na truc ben trai tai v tr at bac an ngoai.
Mu2 Momen uon cua na truc ben phai tai v tr at bac an ngoai.
Thay cac gia tr Y1, Y2, Z1, Z2 t cac bieu thc (9.12) va (9.13) vao (9.19) va (9.20).
Sau o lap t so
M u1
e tm xem Mu1 > Mu2 hay Mu1 < Mu2
M u2
Neu Mu1 > Mu2 th na truc se tnh toan theo Mu1. Ngc lai neu Mu1 < Mu2 th na
truc se tnh theo Mu2.
M u 1 B 2 h g 1 1 rbx b
M u 2 B 2 h g 1 1rbx b
V 1 1 nen:
M u1 B 2h g rbx b
M u 2 B 2 h g rbx b
Trong thc te b rat nho so vi rbx va hg . Bi vay de dang thay rang:
140
M
M
u1
1 M
u1
u2
u2
Cho nen trn g hp nay ta tnh theo Mu1:

M
Y r Z b Z r b
u u1 1 bx 3 1 1 1 bx3
Wu
0,1d
0,1d
G2
0,2d 3
2h
1 g 1 1 r bx b
B
(MN/m2)
(9.21)
c/ Trng h p 3:
Xi = 0; Y = 0; Zi = Zimax = k
G2
2
Luc nay cac na truc ch chu uon:

Mu1 = Mu2 = Z1max.b = k
G2
b
2
ng suat uon tai tiet dien at bac an ngoai:
y
M u1
G2 b
m2 K
a
h
p
[MN/m ]
u
k
3 H Su
D
0,2
d
0,1d 3
g
n
o
(9.22)
M
. HC
P
T
uat
th
(9.23)
u
Tr
n
e
y
n qu
3. Tnh toan na truBcagiam tai ba phan t:
S o na truc giam tai ba phan t (hnh 9.1 c)

Trng hp nay tiet dien nguy hiem cua na truc au ngoai gan vi moay banh
xe. Khoang cac h t tiet dien nay en iem at phan lc R1 , R2 cua bac an trong la c.
a/ Trng hp 1:
Xi = Ximax ; Y = 0 ; Yi = 0; Z1 = Z2
Luc nay cac lc tac dung len banh xe ben trai va phai la nh nhau, nen chung ta ch
can tnh toan cho na truc ben trai.
Momen uon tai tiet dien nguy hiem ben trai Mu1 do R1 gay nen. Vay trc het phai
tnh R1. Lc R1 c tnh nh ie u kien can bang momen tai v tr at bac an ngoai:
2
R1a X 1 Z1 .b R1
b
2
2
X1 Z1
a
[MN]
bc
2
2
X1 Z1
a
ng suat uon tai tiet dien nguy hiem:
M u1 R 1c
141
M u1
bc
X12 Z12
3
3
0,1d
0,1d a
(9.24)
Thay cac gia tr X1, X2 (9.10) vao (9.24) ta co:

2
M e max i h i o
m 2 k G 2 2
[MN/m2]
(9.25)
rbx
Tai tiet dien nguy hiem va chu ng suat uon va chu ng suat xoan, nen ng suat
tong hp th se la:
bc
u
0,2d 3 a
M u1 2 M k1 2
R 1 c 2 X1k rbx 2
M th
th
0,1d 3
0,1d 3
0,1d 3
Thay cac gia tr X1,Z1 (9.10) vao bieu thc tnh th ta co :
2
m 2 k G 2 M e maxi h i o M e maxi h i o a [MN/m2] (9.26)

rbx
bc

M
Khi truyen lc phanh cc ai:
. HC
P
T
ng suat uon luc nay van c tnh theo cong thc (9.24),
nhng
uat X1 va Z1 c thay
y th
K
bang cac gia tr tnh theo bieu thc (9.11):
am
u ph
S
H
D
bcm 2 p G 2
uo2ng
u
1
[MN/m2]
(9.27)
r
T
3
n
0,2duyae
q
Ban
bc
th
0,2d 3 a
b/ Trng hp 2:
Xi = 0; Y = Ymax = m2G21; Z1 Z2 (xe b trt ngang ; m2 = 1; 1 1)
Luc nay momen uo n tai tiet dien nguy hiem ben trai do R1 gay nen, con ben phai do
R2 gay nen. e quyet nh cac na truc tnh toan theo R1 hay R2 , chung ta phai xac nh
c R1 > R2 hay R1 < R2, R1 c xac nh nh ieu kien can ban g momen tai v tr at
bac an ngoai ben trai:
R1a Y1 rbx Z1 b R1
Y1 rbx Z1 b
a
Tng t nh vay cho be n phai:

R 2 a Y2 rbx Z 2 b R 2
Y2 rbx Z 2 b
a
Chung ta lap ty so:

B 2 h g 1 1 rbx b
R1
Y r Z1 b
1 bx
R2
Y2 rbx Z 2 b B 2 h g 1 1 rbx b
De thay rang
R1
M u1
co gia tr nh
trng hp na truc giam tai mot na.
R2
M u2
142
Lap luan nh trc ta co
R1
1 tc la R1 > R2
R2
Vay ng suat uon c tnh theo R1

Mu
R c Y r Z b c
1 3 1 bx 3 1
(9.28)
Wu 0,1d
0,1d a
Thay cac gia tr Y1,Z1 t (9.12) va (9.13) vao (9.28) ta co :
u
G 2 c 2h g 1
1
1rbx b
B
0,2d 3 a
[MN/m2]
(9.29)
Khi moi ben la banh n, th iem at cua cac phan lc t mat ng gia be
mat tiep xuc gia banh xe vi ng.
Trng hp moi be n la banh oi, th iem at cua cac phan lc se gia be mat tiep
xuc cua banh xe ben ngoai vi mat ng.
P. HC
uat T
4. Tnh toan na truc giam tai hoa n toan:
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
Su d.
S o na truc giam tai hoan toan hnhD9.1
H
g
Trng hp nay cac na truc ch T
chu
ruonmomen xoan Mk1 = X1krbx va Mk2 = X2krbx
n
ng suat xoan se la:an quye
B
M k1 M k 2 X1k rbx M e max i h max i o
Wx
Wx
0,2d 3
0, 4d 3
[MN/m2]
(9.30)
He so d tr ben cua cac na truc trong ieu kien chuyen ong tay so 1 va vi
Memax cua ong c lay t 2 en 3.
Cac tnh toan tren ay eu tnh vi ieu kien tai trong tnh khong thay oi theo ai
lng va chieu.
Trong thc te ch co mom en xoan la ung vi ieu kien tren. Con mom en do lc keo
Xik va mo men do lc ngang Yi cung nh do tai trong cua xe gay ra trong na truc ng suat
oi chieu. Cho nen, khi tnh vi momen tnh thng phai lay d tr ben ln.
Ve phng die n thiet ke che tao phai tranh nh ng cho co the tap trung ng suat oi
chieu.
5. Vat lieu che tao cac na truc:
Na truc c lam bang thep thanh hay thep ren. Vat lieu thng la thep cacbon,
thep hp kim cacbon trung bnh, thep 40X, 40XHM hay thep cacbon 35; 40. Sau khi
143
thng hoa phoi c toi trong dau roi ram. o cn g cua na truc che tao bang thep hp
kim phai bao am HB 350 420, cua thep hp kim cao cap crom molipen phai co HB
440 va cac na truc nay c gia cong tren cac may cong cu.
ng suat cho phep cua cac na truc nh sau:
Khi na truc chu uon va xoan, th ng suat tong hp cho phep se la:
[th] = 600 750 MN/m2
Khi na truc ch chu xoan th ng suat xoan cho phep la:
[] = 500 650 MN/m2
Goc xoan tren 1m chieu dai cua na truc la = 9o 15o.
III. BANH XE VA LOP CUA OTO:
1. Banh xe oto:
Banh xe e truyen cac lc va cac momen tac dung gia cau xe va n g, am bao
hng chuyen ong, giam tai trong cho xe khi chuye n on g tren ng khoM
ng bang phang.
C
H
.
P
Banh xe theo co ng dung co the chia ra cac loai sau:
T
huat
t
y
K
- Banh xe chu ong.
pham
u
S
- Banh xe b o ng.
H
ng D
o
u
r
- Banh xe dan hng.
T
en
y
u
q
Yeu cau chu yeu oBian
vi banh xe la
chi ph nang lng cho lan la t nhat va gi
c hng chuye n ong cua o to.
Cau tao cua vanh banh xe phai am
bao lap va gi c lop. Vanh banh xe
(hnh 9.3) co khoa 3 nham thao lap lop
c de dang. Vanh ban h xe va trong phanh
c noi ghe p vi moay ban g cac bu long
va a banh xe. cac xe tai hang nang, a
banh xe c thay the bang cac nan hoa,
nh the trong lng banh xe c giam i
khoang 1015so vi loai banh xe co a
banh xe.
Hnh 9.3: Ban h xe o to.
2. Lop o to:
Theo phng phap bao kn lop xe co hai loai:
144
Lop thng va lop khong xam. Theo hnh dang ngoai co cac loai nh lop thng, lop
rong ban, lo p vong cung, lop kieu con lan, lop co hoa, lop thao ri PC. Cac yeu cau c ban
cua lop o to la phai bao am chat lng bam cao (gia o to va ng) ap suat tren nen at
nho, co tnh chong mon va chu nhiet o cao.
a. Lop thng: (loai lop co xam)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 9.4: Lo p dang toroit

a, loai co sam; b, loai khong sam
1. Mat lop , 2. Phan giam chan , 3. Khung lo p , 4. Phan ben
5. Thanh lop, 6. Tanh lo p,
7. Lp bao kn ,
8. Lp cao su bao kn,
9. Vanh , 10. Van.
Con goi la loai toroit, c s dung rong rai hien nay. Theo hnh 9.4a cau tao cua
loai lop nay co phan chay 1, che tao bang cao su co tnh ben va tnh cho ng mo n cao. Tren
mat lop co hoa lop nham tang o bam cua lop vi mat ng.
145
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 9.5: Hoa lop

a. Hoa lop nho, b. hoa lop va,
P. HC
uat T
c. hoa lop to.
146
Loai hoa lop nho (hnh 9.5a) s dung cho xe chay tren cac loai ng phu cng. Loai
hoa lop (hnh 9.5b) s dung cho xe chay ng hon hp. Loai hoa lop to (hnh 9.5c) s
dung cho xe chay tren ng at xau. Phan khung lop 3 (hnh 9.4a) lam bang vai lp vai
boc cao su , moi lp day khoang 1,01,5 mm, xep an cheo nhau. oi vi lop du ng cho xe
con co khoang 46 lop , con trong lop dung cho xe tai va xe khach co khoan g 614 lp.
Khung lop la phan chu tai trong chnh cua lop va chat lng cua no phu thuoc vao o
ben, o an hoi, o chong mon va cac chat lng khac cua lop.
Cac si vai cua khung lop lam bang vai bong hoac vai tong hp (Kapron , perlo n)
Phan giam chan 2 day khoang 37mm co tac dung giam va ap le n khung lop.Trong
qua trnh xe chay, nhiet o cua phan nay co the ti 1101200C, do o no c che tao
bang vat lieu chu nhiet, phan be n 4 bao ve cho khung lop. Trong thanh 5 co tanh 6.
b. Lop khong xam:
Lop khong xam ngay cang c s dung nhieu v ket cau n gian va an toan cao.
8 lap tren vanh
Lp bao kn 7 (hnh 9.4 b) day 1,53mm c boc ngoai bang l p cao su M
C
H
.
P
xe 9 co then 10.Lp bao kn c che tao ban g cac hp chat cao su
co
T chat lng cao. Che
huat
t
y
o nhiet cua loai lop nay thap, do o no co tuoi tho cao. m K
a
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
c. Lop loai PC:
T
n
quye
n
a
B
ay la loai lop co hoa lop 2 (hnh 9.6a) thao ri, khi hoa lop b mon co the thay the
c.Trong phan khung lop 1 cac si vai bo tr theo hn g knh vi mot vai lp mong lam
tang tnh an hoi cua lop.Ket qua th nghiem cho thay loai lop nay co can lan thap va chi
ph nhien lieu thap (giam c 812%) v che o nhiet thap(20300C).
147
Hnh 9.6: Cac loai lop

a. Lop PC, b. Lop rong ban , c. Lop vong cung,
d. Lop con lan.
d. Lop ro ng ban: (hnh 9.6b)

Dung e thay the cho hai lop sau cua xe tai nham tang chat lng s dung cua lop
va cua xe. So vi lop bnh thng, tro ng lng cua lop rong ban giam khoang 1015%.
S dung loai lop nay se giam c he so can lan, giam chi ph nhien lieu, tnh c
ong tang len cho phep tang toc o trung bnh cua o to.
e. Lop vong cung:(hnh 9.6c)
Thng c dung cho cac loai o to co tnh c ong cao, chieu cao cua gan hoa lop
khoang 3060 mm, khoang cach gia cac gan hoa lop khoang 100200 mm, ap suat trong
cua lop vong cung thap.
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
f. Lop kieu con lan :(hnh 9.6d)
am
u ph
S
H
ng D
ruocha
Dung cho o to co tnh c ong cao,
y tren n g at t. Ap suat trong cua lop
T
en
y
2
u
q
thap (2070 kN/m ) am ba
Baon cho lo p bam ng rat tot.
148
E6CHNG X
DAM CAU VO CAU

1. Cong dung:
Dam cau (hoac vo cau) dung e toan bo tro ng lng phan c treo (bao gom:
ong c, ly hp, hop so, khung, than xe, he thong treo, thung ch hang va buong lai).
Ngoai ra vo cau con co chc nang bao ve cac chi tiet ben trong (gom co: truyen lc chnh,
vi sai, cac ban truc)
2. Phan loai:
a. Theo loai cau co the chia ra:
Cau khong dan hng, khong chu ong.Su

H
Cau dan hng, kho ng chu ornug.ong D
T
en ong.
Cau khong dan hnqg,uychu
an
Cau dan hng, Bchu o ng.
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
b. Theo phng phap che tao vo cau chia ra:
Loai dap va han.

Loai che tao bang phng phap chon.
Loai uc.
Loai lien hp.
c. Theo ket cau chia ra:

Loai cau lien.
Loai cau ri.
3. Yeu cau:
Phai co hnh dang va tiet dien am bao chu c lc thang ng, lc nam ngang,
lc chieu truc va momen xoan khi lam viec.
Co o cng l n va trong lng nho.
149
Co o kn tot e ngan khong cho nc, bui, at lot vao lam hong cac chi tiet ben
trong.
oi vi cau dan hng con phai am bao at banh dan hng ung goc o quy
nh.
II. TNH VO CAU CHU ONG KHO NG DAN HNG:
Chung ta xet tr ng hp vo cau cau sau.
1. Tnh vo cau sau chu ong khong dan hng theo ben:
hg
S2
A S 1 Y'1
Y'2
C
C'
B/2
Y1
Z1
rbx
A'
Vo cau se chu uon va xoan do tac dung cua cac ngoai lc. S o cac lc tac dung
c bieu dien hnh 10.1.
Cac phan lc X1, X2, Y1, Y2 , Z1, Z2 va cac lc Y, m 2.G2 a c xac nh chng
IX. S1 va S2 la cac lc tac dung thang ng t than xe thong qua nhp len vo cau tai cac
/
/
iem A va C. Y1/ va Y2/ la cac lc ngang tac dung gia nhp va vo cau (YM
1 + Y2 =Y1+Y2).
C
H
.
Cac lc nay nam sat vo cau nen momen uon do chung gay nenuakho
t TPng ang ke. Bi vay
h
t
y
khi tnh toan co the bo qua.
am K
h
p
u
Y
DH S
g
n
uo
Tr
n
e
y
qu
Ban m2G2
Y2
B
Z2
X1
X2
Hnh 10.1: S o cac lc tac dung len cau sau chu ong khong dan hn g.
Khi tnh phan lc thang ng Z1 va Z2 ngi ta khon g tnh trong l ng banh xe va
moay v phan trong lng nay truyen len at ma khong e le n cau.
Ngoai cac lc ke tren con co momen xoan tac dung len vo cau khi phanh hoac khi
truyen lc keo .
150
Theo (hnh 10.1): cac phan lc Z1, Z2 lam cau b keo phan di va b nen phan
tren. Cac phan lc Y1 va Y2 tac dung khac nhau pha trai va phai cua cau. Lc phanh
X1, X2 lam mat trc vo cau b keo va mat sau b nen.
Th t tnh toan co the lam rieng vi tng lc va phan lc.Sau o co ng cac ng suat
tng tiet dien nguy hiem lai vi nhau.
Tuy theo ket cau, cach bo tr cac ban truc va cac o bi ben trong vo cau ma ng
suat sinh ra trong vo cau se khac nhau.
Trng hp ban truc ben trong bo tr theo kieu giam tai mot na th vo cau ch chu
mot phan momen uon do cac lc va cac phan lc X1, X2, Z1, Z2 va chu hoan toan momen
uon do Y1, Y2 gay nen .
Trng hp ban truc ben trong bo tr theo kieu giam tai ba phan t va giam tai hoan
toan th cac lc X1, X2 , Y1 , Y2, Z1, Z2 truyen trc tiep t banh xe len vo cau va gay uon vo
cau trong mat phang thang ng va trong mat phang nam ngang.
S o lc hnh 10.1 ng vi lc ngang Y tac dung t phai sang trai. Neu lc Y tac
dung theo chieu ngc lai th cac phep tnh se van nh cu, nhng ta lay ket qua tnh cua
na cau ben phai chuyen sang na cau ben trai va ngc lai.
M
. HC
P
1 2
T
3 4
5
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong N
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
N
l
l1
l2
Hnh 10.2: S o cau sau chu ong chu momen xoan.

Hnh 10.2 la hnh chieu bang cua cau sau chu ong. Trong banh xe 1 co c cau
phanh. Khi banh xe 1 b phanh, momen phanh Mp1 tac dung le n mat bch 2 (v chot cua ma
phanh gan tren mat bch 2). Mat khac do mat bch 2 gan lien vi vo cau, bi vay momen
phanh se truyen len vo cau va lam cho vo cau b xoan.
Trong trng hp nhp 3 chu mom en Mp1, th phan vo cau nam gia mat bch 2 va
nhp 3 se b xoan.
Trng hp neu nhp 3 khong chu momen Mp1, th ong boc truc cac ang 5 se chu
,
lu
c
o phan vo cau t mat bch 2 en tiet dien N-N se b xoan.
Mp1
151
Gia tr momen xoan khi phanh chnh la gia tr momen phanh Mp1:
m 2 p .G 2
M p1 X p1 max .rbx
..rbx (10.1)
2
Khi xe ang truye n lc keo en cau sau (cung vi ket cau nh hnh 10.2). Neu nhp
3 chu momen xoan Mk1, th phan vo cau t gia cau cho en nhp 3 se b xoan.
Trong trn g hp cau xe co ong boc truc cac ang hoac mot thanh chu xoan rieng
(thanh 4), th vo cau khong chu momen xoan Mk1 na.
Gia tr momen xoan khi ang truyen lc keo la:
M i .i
(10.2)
M k1 X k1 .rbx e max h 0
2
V hai na cau xe oi x ng qua mat phang oi xng cua xe. Cho nen oi vi na cau
ben phai con lai chung ta cung xet tng t nh na ben trai.
Khi tnh toan vo cau sau theo be n, chu ng ta cun g gia thiet la cau xe chu cac lc, cac
phan lc va cung tnh lan lt cac trng hp cau chu tai nh chng IX.
a. Tnh vo cau sau theo be n khi na truc ben trong bo tr theo kie
u giam tai
HCM
.
P
3
T
hoac giam tai hoan toan.
huat
t
y
K
4
pham
u
S
H
a1). Trng hp 1:
ng D
o
u
r
Xi =X
imax
T ; Y = 0 (Yi = 0) ; Z1 =Z2 .
yen
u
q
n c keo:
Khi ang truyeB
nal
Theo hnh 10.1: momen uon do Z1, Z2 gay nen at gia tr cc ai taiA va C.
m G
(10.3)
MuzA = MuzC = Z1 .l = Z2 .l = 2 k 2 .l
2
Neu moi ben la banh oi th l se tnh t gia nhp (iem A hoac iem C) en gia
banh xe be n ngoai. Bieu o momen uon tnh Muz xem bieu o 1 hnh 10.3.
Momen uon do X1, X2 gay nen tai A va C co gia tr:
M .i .i
MuxA=MuxC = X1.l = X2.l = e max h 0 .l (10.4)
2rbx
Bieu o momen uon cua Mux trong trng hp nay la ng net lien bieu o 2 hnh
10.3.
Trng hp ne u lc keo truyen t cau sau len khung nh ong boc truc cac ang 5 th
tiet dien nguy hiem se la N-N. Luc o gia tr momen uon se la:
M .i .i
MuxN = e max h 0 .l 2
(10.5)
2 rbx
V l2 ln hn l nhieu nen momen uon tai N-N co gia tr rat ln (ng net t bieu
o 2, (hnh 10.3). Cho nen, e giam bt Mux, tren mot so xe ngi ta lam them thanh giam
tai 4 (xem hnh 10.2). Trong trng hp nay Mux c tnh tiet dien i qua than thanh 4:
152
M e max .i h .i 0
.l1
(10.6)
2rbx
Momen chong uon cang vao gia cau cang tang, nen tiet dien nguy hiem thng
chon la tai A va C ( cho at nhp). Momen chong uon hoac chong xoan cua vo cau sau
c xac nh tren c s tiet dien vo cau cho san. Ket hp vi gia tr momen uon hoac
xoan tnh c, chung ta se xac nh c ng suat uon hoac xoan trong tat ca cac tiet
dien cua vo cau.
ng suat tong hp uon va xoan ch xac nh trong trng hp vo cau co tiet dien
tron rong. Neu vo cau co tiet dien ch nhat rong th ng suat do M uzva Mux se cong so hoc
vi nhau, con ng suat xoan th tnh rieng.
Khi xe ang phanh vi lc phanh cc ai:

Khi phanh gia tr momen uon tai A va C la:
Mux =
MuZA =MuZC = Z1.l=Z2.l =
m 2 p .G 2
2
.l
(10.7)
m 2 P .G 2
(10.8)
.l
M
2
. HC
P
T
t t ngang (m =1; 1)
a2). Trng hp 2: Xi=0; Y=Ymax=m2.G2 . 1 ; Z1 Z 2 ; yxethbuatr
2
1
K
m
a
ph ng la Z1, Y1 (ben trai); Z2, Y2 ( ben
Khi xe b trt ngang, cac phan lc cua maStu
H
D
ng
phai) ( xem hnh 10.1).
Truo
n
Cac momen uon do Z1 qva
uyeY1 tac dung len cau ngc chieu nhau, trong khi o
an
B
momen do Z2 vaY2 gay nen lai cung chieu vi nhau. Bi vay, momen uon ln nhat co the
cac tiet dien khac nhau.
Momen uon tong co ng tiet dien A va C la:
(10.9)
MuA= Z1.l Y1.rbx
(10.10)
MuC= Z2.l +Y2.rbx
Thay cac gia tr Z1, Y1, Z2, Y2 a tnh chng IX vao(10.9) va (10.10) ta co :
MuXA =MuXC =X1.l = X2.l =
2h g 1
G2
(1
)(l 1 .rbx )
2
B
2 h g 1
G
2 (1
)(l 1 .rbx )
2
B
M uA
(10.11)
M uC
(10.12).
Neu xet ve gia tr tuyet oi cua momen th MuA ai gia tr cc ai khi l=0 (tai iem
A/ ).
2 h g .1
G2
(1
)1 .rbx
(10.13)
2
B
Trong tr ng h p ac biet: neu l = 1.rbx th MuA = 0 va neu B = 2hg.1 th MuC = 0.
MuA/ =Y1.rbx =
153
C'
A'
Z1
Z2
X1
X2
l
3
Z1
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
l y thZ2
K
pham
Y1
P. HC
uat T
Y2
Hnh 10.3: Cac bieu o momen uon cua cau sau chu ong khong dan hng trong
nhng trng hp cau chu tai khac nhau.
154
Tren hnh 10.3 trnh bay cac bieu o momen do cac lc Z1, Z2 (bieu o 3) va do cac
lc Y1, Y2 (bieu o 4). Bie u o momen phoi hp ca hai lc Z1 vi Y1; Z2 vi Y2 bieu
o 5.
trng hp nay mom en uon at gia tr cc ai mat ta banh xe vi vo cau (ben
trai), con na ben phai la tiet dien i qua C.
G
a3) Trng hp 3: Xi = 0;Y = 0;Yi = 0; Zi = Zimax = k. 2 .
2
Momen uon do Z 1max va Z2max gay nen at gia tr cc ai tai A va C:
G
MuzA = MuzC = Z1max.l = k. 2 .l
(10.14)
2
phan tre n, ng suat sinh ra do trong lng cua chnh ban than cau xe chung ta
cha xet en, ma se e cap thanh mot muc rieng.
b. Tnh vo cau sau theo be n khi na truc ben trong bo tr theo kieu giam tai
mot na.
b1). Trng hp 1:
XI = Ximax,Y = 0 (YI = 0);Z1 = Z2.
e xac nh ung cac lc tac dung len vo cau, chung ta phai xem laiM
hnh 9.1-b la s
/
/ . HC
P
o na truc giam tai mot na: gia vo cau va na truc co lc R1 va
R
T2 , cac lc nay se lam
huat
t
y
vo cau b uon.
K
ham
p
u
S
tren hnh 10.4 ta thay cac banh xe coDta
c dung cac lc Z1, Y1 , Z2, Y2, X1, X2 . Cac
g H
n
/
/
o
u
r
va
R
ta
c
du
n
g
va
o
a
u
vo cau.
lc nay sinh ra cac lc R1
2
T
n
e
y
u
Y Ban q
m2G2
a
R'2
R'1
Y' 2
hg
S1 Y'1
R2
R1
S2
l
Z1
A
B/2
Y1
rbx
O
Y2
Z2
X1
Hnh 10.4: S o lc tac dung len cau sau vi na truc giam tai mot na.
155
X2
Cac lc R1, R2 truyen t banh rang na truc qua vo vi sai tac dung len vo cau. Trong
trng h p 1 nay cau sau b uon cac tiet dien A va C do cac lc X1, X2, Z1 , Z2 (v luc nay
Y1 = Y2 = 0).
Luc nay cac lc tac dung len ben trai va phai cua cau la nh nhau, nen ta ch can
tnh cho mot ben:
Momen uon tai A cua lc Z1:
(10.15)
Muz = R/1z(l b)
ay:
R/1z - phan lc xuat hien do tac dung cua lc Z1.
Theo s o hnh 10.4 ta tm c gia tr R/1z:
a b
R/1z = Z1
a
Thay vao (10.15) ta co:
(a b)
Muz =Z1.
(l b )
a
Qua bien oi ta nhan c:
M
. HC
b
P
T
(10.16).
Muz = Z1.l Z1 (a b l)
uat
y th
a
K
ham
u pX
Chng minh tng t ta co momen uon tai HASdo
1 gay nen la:
D
g
n
bTruo
MuX = X1.l eX
(10.17)
1 (a b l)
n
y
qu
a
n
a
B
Momen xoan sinh ra do X1,X2 trong trn g hp nay van tnh theo cac cong thc
(10.1) va (10.2).
Neu chung ta so sanh cac gia tr Muz cong thc (10.16) vi (10.3) va MuX cong
thc (10.17) vi (10.4), chung ta se thay chung khong khac nhau bao nhieu, v gia tr b rat
nho.
V vay khi tnh vo cau sau co na truc giam tai mot na trng hp 1 nay co the s
dung cac cong thc khi tnh vo cau sau co na truc giam tai ba phan t va giam tai hoan
toan.
b2). Trng hp 2:
Xi= 0;Y = Ymax = m2.G2.1; Z1Z2
Xe b trt ngang (m2 = 1, 1 1 ).
Momen uon MuA tac dung tiet dien A do cac phan lc Y1 va Z1 gay nen (lu y
momen uon do Z1 va Y1 sinh ra se ngc dau):
MuA = R/1YZ.(l b )
(10.18)
ay:
R/1YZ la lc R/1 (h.10.4) tac dung len cau.
R/1YZ c tnh nh sau:
a b
r
R/1YZ = Z1
Y1 bx
(10.19)
a
a
Thay R/1YZ vao (10.18) ta co:
156
MuA = Z1
r
ab
(l b) Y1 bx (l b)
a
a
(10.20)
V Y1 = Z1.1 nen suy ra:

(a b 1 rbx )
a
2 h g 1
G
( a b 1 rbx )
= 2 (1
(10.21)
)(l b )
2
B
a
Momen uon MuC tac dung tai C do Z2 va Y2 gay nen se la tong momen cua hai lc
MuA = Z1 (l b)
nay.
Chng minh tng t trng hp tren ta co:
( a b 1rbx )
MuC = Z2 (l b )
a
2
h
G
( a b 1 rbx )
g 1
= 2 (1
(10.22)
)(l b)
2
B
a
Bieu o momen uon cua tr ng hp 2 la bieu o 6 tren hnh 10.3.
G
CM
b3). Trng hp 3: Xi = 0;Y = 0;Yi = 0;Zi = Zimax = k. 2 .TP. H(10.23)
u2at
y th
K
Trong tr ng h p nay momen uon tnh theo conpghth
am c ( 10.16 ) nhng thay Z1 = Z1max
u
S
H
D
= k G 2 .
uong
r
T
2
uyen
q
n
a
Vay ta se co cong thBc gan giong cong thc (10.14).Bi vay co the dung ( 10.14 ) e
tnh cho trng hp nay.
Luc nay Z1max = Z2max nen MuA = MuC.
Trong cac cong thc tren he so ben d tr lay gan bang 2.
2. Tnh vo cau sau theo tai trong ong do trong lng ba n than cu a cau:
Khi xe chuyen ong tren ng khon g bang phang, lc thang ng truyen t nhp
len cau luon thay oi va chnh trong lng cua cau cung bat au gay tac dung ln. Phan
lc thang ng gia banh xe va mat ng khi qua cho map mo co the ln hn nhieu so
vi tai trong tnh.
Khi xe i qua cac cho map mo, cau sau co the co gia toc rat ln, nen trong mot so
trng h p chnh trong lng cua ban than cau a lam gay vo cau.
e tm o ln ng suat do trong lng ban than cau gay ra, ta chia cau ra i phan
(thong thng i = 812) va xac nh khoi lng cua tng phan mi. Tiep theo cho gia toc co
nh oi vi cau khi i qua cho map mo, ta co the xac nh momen uon sinh ra do tai trong
ong cua chnh cau sau.
Tren hnh 10.5-a la s o lc tac dung le n vo cau trong mat phang than g ng khi xe
chuyen o ng thang tren mat ng khong ban g phang.
157
Cac hnh 10.5-b, 10.5-c, 10.5-d trnh bay bieu o momen uon, momen quan tnh
chong uon va ng suat uon.
l3
l
a)
l3
Mu =S3.l3
S3
Mu =S1.l
S4
C S2
S1 A
zbx P1 P2 P3 P4
P6 P7 P8
P5
P9
zbx
M uon
b)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
W uon
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
c)
B
uon
d)
Hnh 10.5: S o lc tac dung len vo cau chu o ng trong mat phang thang ng.
a S o lc tac dung .
b Bieu o momen uon .
c Bieu o momen cho ng uo n .
d Bieu o ng suat uon .
Trong mat phang thang ng vo cau chu tac dung cua cac lc ong S1, S2 (gia thiet
hang hoa c chat eu ben trai va ben phai, nen S1 = S2), do trong lng phan c treo
158
gay nen c truyen qua nhp en vo cau. Ngoai ra vo cau con chu tac du ng cua lc quan
tnh do trong l ng ban than cau gay ra khi xe chuyen ong tren ng map mo.
Cac lc ong S1, S2 clay vi trng hp khi nhp va cham vao u cao su
(khong va ap).
Tan so dao ong cua phan c treo cua xe phu thuoc vao loai trong tai cua o to : t
1 3 Hz.
Tan so dao ong cua phan kho ng c treo (cac cau) t 8 10 Hz.
Tai trong ong do moi phan mi cua cau gay ra co gia tr:
dv
Pi = m i
(10.24)
dt
ay:
mi khoi lng cua phan t th i cua cau.
dv
- gia toc thang ng cua cau sau.
dt
ng suat cao trong mat phang thang ng la luc u cao su ap vao cau, lam xuat
hien cac lc S3,S4.
M
. HC
P
Gia tr cc ai cua he so ong k c tnh nh sau:
T
uat
t z x
y th
K
K =
(10.25)
am
u ph
S
t
H
D
uong
r
Trong o:
T
yen
t ng suaBtatnh.
n qu
z ng suat ong do dao ong cua phan c treo.
x ng suat ong do dao ong cua ban than cau.
Khi xe chuyen ong tren n g ban g phang, phan c treo anh h ng nhieu en
ng suat vo cau.
Khi xe chuyen o ng tren n g map mo, phan khong c treo an h hng nhieu en
gia tr ng suat cua vo cau.
ng suat tong hp cua vo cau che tao bang gang ren khon g c qua 300 kN/m2 va
khi che tao t thep ong khong c qua 500kN/m2 .
III. TNH DAM CAU TRC DAN HNG THEO BEN:
Chung ta xet cau trc vi loai dam cau lien. S o lc tac dung len cau trc
hnh 10.6. Cau trc dan hn g c tnh toan tren c s cac cong thc c tnh cau
sau. Phan tai trong tac dung len cau trc m1.G1 gom hai thanh phan:
G1 Tai trong tac dung len cau trc khi xe n g yen tren mat phang nam ngang.
m1 He so phan bo lai tai trong tac dung len cau trc, m1 phu thuoc vao ieu kien
chuyen o ng. Khi xe ang truyen lc keo en cau sau chu ong th m1 se la m1k < 1.
Khi xe ang phanh th m1 se la m1p > 1.
159
Cac phan lc X1, X2, Y1, Y2 , Z1, Z2 la cac phan lc tiep tuyen, phan lc can trt
ngang va phan lc thang ng cua mat ng.
S1, S2: Cac lc thang ng tac dung t nhp len dam cau.
Y/1, Y/2: cac lc ngang tac dung gia nhp vadam cau.
Khi tnh toan chung ta bo qua tro ng ln g cua banh xe gbx, v gbx rat nho so vi Z1, Z2 .
Y
m1G1
hg
A'
S1
Y'1
Z1
S2
Y'2
C'
Z2
rbx
Y2
B/2
Y1
P. HC
uat T
X1
X2
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Sump cau trc dan hng.
Hnh 10.6: S o lc tac dungg le
nH da
D
n
Truo
n
ye
cau trc dan hBnagn qtu au cau en cho at nhp cau chu uon va xoan do lc
phanh (v cau b ong nen khong xuat hien lc keo).
oan gia hai nhp cau chu uon trong mat phang thang ng do Z1 , Z2, Y1 va Y2
(hnh 10.6). Ngoai ra cau con b uon trong mat phang nam ngang do X1p va X2p.
Do momen uon trong mat phang thang ng ln hn momen uon trong mat phang
nam ngang nen dam cau co tiet dien ch I. Bi v tiet die n ch I co kha nang chong uon
trong mat phang thang ng tot hn trong mat phang nam ngang.
Cau trc b ong dan hn g cung c tnh theo ba che o tai trong ac biet nh
cau sau. Cac cong thc xac nh mo men uon va xoan cau sau eu ng dung c cho
cau trc, ch can thay m2G2 bang m1G1 .
1. Trng h p 1:
Xi=Ximax; Y= 0; Yi= 0; Z1= Z2.
Momen uon do Z 1, Z2 gay nen trong mat phang thang ng:
m 1p .G 1
MuZA= MuZC =Z1l=
.l
(10.26)
2
Momen uon do X1p, X2p gay nen trong mat phang nam ngang:
160
MuXA =MuXC= X1p.l =
m1p .G1
..l
(10.27)
2
Tiet dien nguy hiem hoac la cho at nhp hoac la gia cau (v gia cau thng
che tao mong hn hai au). Do ngay cho at nhp thng co tiet dien kha ln, nen tiet
dien kiem tra ng suat uon th ng lay ben canh nhp.
Mo men xoan do X1p va X2p gay ne n :
m 1p .G 1
..rbx
(10.28)
Mp1=Mp2=X1p.rbx=
2
Tiet dien e kiem tra ng suat xoan se lay tai ni co mo men quan tnh chon g xoan
nho nhat tnh t cam quay en cho at nhp.
2. Trng h p 2:
Xi=0; Y= Ymax =m1G11; Z1Z2.
Xe b trt ngang (m1=1, 11).
Luc nay cac phan lc cua mat ng se la:
2h g 1
G1
(1
)
am
2
B
u ph
S
H
2h g 1 ong D
G
Z2 = 1 (1 n Tru )
2 quye B
Ban
2h g 1
G1
(1
) .1
Y1= Z1.1=
2
B
Z1 =
Y2= Z2.1=
HC
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t (10.29)
(10.30)
(10.31)
2h g 1
G1
(1
) .1
2
B
(10.32)
Momen uon trong mat phang thang ng oi vi na cau ben trai se at gia tr tuyet
oi ln nhat tai v tr A/ (xem hnh 10.3 5 va cong thc 10.13).
MuA/= Y1.rbx=
2h g 1
G1
(1
) .1.rbx
2
B
(10.33).
oi vi na cau ben phai, momen uon trong mat phang thang ng se at gia tr cc
ai tai v tr C (xem hnh 10.3 5va cong thc 10.12):
MuC =
2h g 1
G1
(1
)( l 1 .rbx )
2
B
(10.34)
Trong trn g hp nay, tiet dien nguy hiem e kiem tra ng suat uon cho na cau
ben phai la canh nhp (iem C) va oi vi na cau ben trai la tiet dien canh cam quay
( au ngoai cung cua dam cau canh iem A/).
161
3. Trng h p 3:
G1
.
2
Momen uon trong mat phang thang ng tai A va C se la:
Xi=0;Y= 0; Yi = 0; Zi=Zimax= k
MuZA =MuZC = Z1maxl=Z2maxl = k
G1
l
2
oi vi dam cau trc k nam trong khoangt 2 en 3. Ne u k chon bang 2 ta se

co:
MuZA =MuZC =G1l
(10.35)
Tiet dien nguy hiem e kiem tra n g suat uon trong trng hp nay la cho at nhp
(ben canh iem A va iem C) va can kiem tra them gia cau. e tm c ng suat
trong tng tiet dien cua dam cau, can phai biet gia tr momen chong uon C
vaMchong xoan.
.H
P
T
B
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
2
H
b/2 g b/
D
uon
r
T
h H
t
yen
u
q
t
Ban
Hnh 10.7: S o tiet dien dam cau ch I.
Neu dam cau trc co tiet dien hnh ch I th cac gia tr Wu va WX c tnh nh
sau:
Momen chong uo n trong mat phang than g n g:
BH 3 bh 3
Wu =
6H
Momen chong uo n trong mat phang nam ngang:
(H h)B3 h(B b) 3
Wun =
6H
Momen chong xoan co the xac nh gan ung nh sau:
162
Wx
2 2
t (H 2 b )
9
ng suat uon va xoan cc ai xuat hien tai cac v tr khac nhau cua dam cau co tiet
dien ch I ne n khong the cong chung lai vi nhau c.
Trng hp neu dam cau co tiet dien elip, th co the co ng ng suat uo n vi xoan va
chung ta tnh ng suat tong hp.
Ngoai cac lc a neu tren, dam cau dan hng con b cac lc quan tnh cua chnh
ban than cau khi i qua cho map mo tac dung len. Co the tnh lc quan tnh nh cau sau
chu ong. Nhng v trong lng cau trc dan hng b ong tng oi nho, nhat la
phan gia cau nen co the khong can tnh cac lc nay.
Dam cau dan hng thng c che tao bang thep cacbon trung bnh 30, 35, 40,
30X vi che o nhiet luyen toi va ram.
ng suat uon tong hp trong mat phang ng va ngang khong c qua 300kN/m2.
ng suat xoan khong c qua 125kN/m2.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
163
CHNG XI
HE THONG TREO
I. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU.
1. Cong dung.
Cac bo phan cua he thong treo dung e noi khung hay than xe vi cac cau (banh xe)
o to va tng bo phan thc hien cac nhiem vu sau ay:
- Bo phan an hoi lam giam nhe cac tai trong ong tac dung t banh xe len khung,
am bao o em du can thiet khi di chuyen va truyen lc, momen t ng len khung xe.
- Bo phan dan hng e truyen lc doc, ngang va momen t ng len khung xe.
ong hoc cua bo phan dan hng xac nh tnh chat dch chuyen tng oi cua banh xe oi
vi khung.
- Bo phan giam chan e dap tat cac dao ong cua phan c treo va khong c
treo cua o to.
chng IX ta a nghien cu lc phat sinh gia banh xe va ng co the gop lai thanh
ba phan lc chnh: lc thang ng Z, lc doc X va lc ngang Y (hnh 11.1).
Z1
M 1z
bx
bx
Z2
M 2x
Y1
Y2
Y
X
bx
y
M 1z
a)
X1
X2
Y2
Y1
M 1y
M 2z
b)
M2y
Hnh 11.1: Lc tac dung len cac banh xe trong mat phang tiep xuc vi mat ta.
a) Cac phan lc thanh phan tac dung t ng len banh xe.
b) Lc va momen truyen t banh xe len khung.
164
Cac momen do cac lc X, Y, Z gay nen momen MX, MY, MZ, co the co gia tr khac
nhau oi vi banh xe ben trai hoac ben phai. Cac chi tiet cua he thong treo truyen nhng
phan lc va momen tren len khung. ng map mo phat sinh lc ong Z va momen ong
MX truyen len thung xe nh bo phan an hoi cua he thong treo. Lc doc X, lc ngang Y va
cac momen MY, MZ truyen qua bo phan dan hng cua he thong treo.
2. Phan loai.
a) Theo bo phan an hoi chia ra:
- Loai bang kim loai (gom co nhp la, lo xo xoan oc, thanh xoan).
- Loai kh (gom loai boc bang cao su si, loai boc bang mang, loai ong).
- Loai thuy lc (loai ong).
- Loai cao su (gom loai chu nen va loai chu xoan ).
b) Theo s o bo phan dan hng chia ra:
-Loai phu thuoc vi cau lien (gom co loai rieng, loai thang bang).
-Loai oc lap vi cau cat (gom loai dch chuyen banh xe trong mat phang doc, loai
dch chuyen banh xe trong mat phang ngang, loai nen vi banh xe dch chuyen trong mat
phang thang ng ).
c) Theo phng phap dap tat chan ong chia ra:
chieu).
- Loai giam chan thuy lc (gom loai tac dung mot chieu va loai tac dung hai
- Loai ma sat c (gom ma sat trong bo phan an hoi va trong bo phan dan hng ).
3. Yeu cau.
a) o vong tnh ft (o vong sinh ra do tac dung cua tai trong tnh) phai nam trong
gii han u am bao c cac tan so dao ong rieng cua vo xe va o vong ong f (o
vong sinh ra khi o to chuyen ong) phai u e am bao van toc chuyen ong cua o to tren
ng xau nam trong gii han cho phep. gii han nay khong co s va ap len bo phan
han che.
b) ong hoc cua cac banh xe dan hng van gi ung khi cac banh xe dan hng
dch chuyen trong mat phang thang ng (ngha la khoang cach hai vet banh trc va cac
goc at tru ng va banh dan hng khong thay oi).
c) Dap tat nhanh cac dao ong cua vo va cac banh xe.
d) Giam tai trong ong khi o to qua nhng ng go ghe.
165
II. PHAN TCH KET CAU CUA HE THONG TREO.

1. He thong treo phu thuoc:
a) Nhp at doc:
Tren hnh 11.2 trnh bay s o ket cau cac loai he thong treo phu thuoc. a) Nhp doc
1
na elp, b) loai
elp lac qua lac lai tren iem ta 1 va noi vi khung nh quang nhp 2
4
va noi vi cau nh quang nhp 3.
1
3
b)
a)
Hnh 11.2: S o ket cau he thong treo phu thuoc.

a) Nhp doc na elp.
1
b) Nhp elp.
4
Nhp la mot dam ghep cac tam thep la mong e co o an hoi cao. Hnh 11.3 trnh
bay nhp trong dang ri va dang ghep.
2
1
4
Hnh 11.3 : Dang tong quat cua nhp.

Kch thc cac la nhp nho dan t la ln nhat goi la la nhp chnh hay la nhp goc. Hai
au la nhp chnh c uon thanh hai tai 1 e noi vi khung. Phan gia nhp co bulong cang
166
4 e siet cac la nhp lai vi nhau. Cac quang nhp 3 gi cho nhp khong b xo lech ve hai
ben.
b) Nhp at ngang:
Trong he thong treo phu thuoc vi nhp at doc thng nhp lam nhiem vu dan hng,
truyen lc ay hoac lc phanh len khung. o to co cau trc loai lien nhp c bo tr
ngang (hnh 11.4 ).
Hnh 11.4: Nhp at ngang .

Trng hp nay khung ch noi vi cau co ba iem: mot iem cau trc va hai iem
cau sau. V vay phan c treo cua o to se khong chuyen ong on nh va toc o o to b
han che. Mot nhc iem na la nhp ngang khong the lam nhiem vu truyen lc ay t
khung xuong en cau trc c. Muon truyen lc ay, trong trng hp nay phai lam cac
thanh rieng.
2. He thong treo oc lap:
Tren hnh 11.5 la ket cau he thong treo oc lap thng c s dung tren xe du lch.
he thong treo nay bo phan dan hng gom on tren 1 va on di 4, chung ket noi
vi on ng va dam cau dan hng 5 bang cac khp quay. Trong trng hp nay lo xo 3
la bo phan an hoi con giam chan ong 2 c luon vao ben trong lo xo 3 nen ket cau rat
gon.
Do cac on co hnh nang, nen lc tac dung len khp quay khi co lc ngang va
momen cua ban than lc ngang se giam.
167
Hnh 11.5: He thong treo oc lap.

1.on tren; 2. Giam chan; 3. Lo xo; 4. on di;
5. Dam cau dan hng ; 6. U cao su han che hanh trnh dao ong.
A.BO PHAN DAN HNG

I. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU.
1. Cong dung.
Bo phan dan hng cua he thong treo co muc ch: xac nh tch chat chuyen ong
(ong hoc) cua banh xe oi vi mat ta va vo xe, ong thi gop phan vao viec truyen lc
va momen gia banh xe va vo.
2. Phan loai.
a) He thong treo phu thuoc:
Trong he thong treo phu thuoc hai banh xe trai va phai c noi nhau bang mot dam
cng nen khi dch chuyen mot banh xe trong mat phang ngang th banh xe con lai cung
dch chuyen. He thong treo phu thuoc khong the am bao ung hoan toan ong hoc cua
banh xe dan hng.
b) He thong treo oc lap:
Trong he thong treo oc lap hai banh xe trai va phai khong co quan he trc tiep vi
nhau. V vay trong khi dch chuyen banh xe nay trong mat phang ngang, banh xe kia van
168
ng nguyen. Do o ong hoc cua banh xe dan hng gi ung hn. Nhng khong phai
tat ca cac loai he thong treo oc lap ong hoc cua banh xe dan hng eu ung.
Bo phan hng va phan t an hoi khong phu thuoc vao nhau. V du nh he thong
treo phu thuoc co the la loai nhp, loai thanh xoan, loai treo kh. Ngc lai he thong treo
loai thanh xoan co the la oc lap hoac phu thuoc.
3. Yeu cau.
Cac yeu cau c ban ma bo phan hng phai thoa man cu the nh sau:
a) Gi nguyen ong hoc cua cac banh xe khi o to chuyen ong. ieu nay co ngha
la khi banh xe dch chuyen thang ng cac goc at banh xe, cac chieu rong, chieu dai c
s phai gi nguyen. Dch chuyen banh xe theo chieu ngang Ybx (thay oi chieu rong c s)
se lam lop mon nhanh va tang sc can chuyen ong o to tren cac loai at mem. Dch
chuyen banh xe theo chieu doc Xbx tuy co gia tr th yeu nhng cung gay nen s thay oi
ong hoc cua truyen ong lai. Thay oi goc doang cua banh xe dan hng la ieu nen
tranh nhat v no kem theo hien tng momen do hieu ng con quay lam cho lop b vay
(lac qua lac lai nhanh). Ngoai ra khi banh xe lan vi goc nghieng ln se lam mon lop, sinh
ra phan lc ngang Y ln va lam o to kho bam vi ng.
b) oi vi cac banh dan hng nen tranh s thay oi goc nghieng , v thay oi la
lam tru ng nghieng ve pha sau nen o on nh cua o to se kem i. Khi banh xe dch
chuyen thang ng cung lam thay oi o chum A-B ( thay oi goc ). Goc thay oi se
lam thay oi qu ao chuyen ong cua o to lam cho o to khong bam ung ng.
c) am bao truyen cac lc X, Y va cac momen My, Mz t banh xe len khung ma
khong gay nen bien dang ro ret, hay khong lam dch chuyen cac chi tiet cua he thong treo.
d) Gi c ung ong hoc cua truyen ong lai. ong hoc cua truyen ong lai c
gi ung neu s dch chuyen thang ng va s quay quanh tru ng cua banh xe khong
phu thuoc vao nhau.
e) o nghieng cua thung xe trong mat phang ngang phai be. Bo phan hng co anh
hng en khoang cach gia cac phan t an hoi (goi tat la khoang cach nhp). Do bo phan
hng ta co khoang cach nay ln hay be. Bo phan hng con anh hng en v tr tam cua
o nghieng ben.
f) Bo phan hng phai am bao bo tr he thong treo tren oto thuan tien va khong
ngan can viec dch chuyen ong c ve pha trc. Nh the co the s dung khoang khong
gian trong khung xe. Bo phan hng co the tang o em du chuyen ong neu bo tr lai cac
phan c treo mot cach hp l th lam tang momen quan tnh oi vi truc ngang i qua
trong tam phan c treo. Loai bo phan hng cung anh hng en s dch chuyen truc
cac ang chnh oi vi san o to va chieu rong cua san gia cac vanh chan bun.
g) Bo phan hng phai co ket cau n gian va de s dung. ieu nay phu thuoc
nhieu so khp, so iem phai boi trn cua he thong treo va so cacang (oi vi banh chu
ong).
169
h) Trong lng bo phan hng va ac biet la phan khong c treo phai be.
II. KET CAU CUA BO PHAN DAN HNG.
1. Ket cau bo phan hng trong he thong treo phu thuoc:
S o n gian nhat cua he thong treo phu thuoc la hai nhp co dang na elip (hnh
11.2a). Tnh chat dch chuyen cua cau oi vi vo phu thuoc vao thong so cua nhp, ngha la
nhp khong phai ch la bo phan an hoi ma con la mot thanh phan cua bo phan hng.
He thong treo phu thuoc, loai thng thay hien nay (hnh 11.2a) co u iem la ket
cau n gian va re tien: nhp va lam ca nhiem vu an hoi, dan hng va giam chan. He
thong treo phu thuoc de cham soc, nhat la khi so khp quay ngay cang t va s dung rong
rai loai cao su trong khp quay v cao su khong can phai boi trn. S dung loai he thong
treo phu thuoc lop cung t mon v khi o to quay vong ch co thung xe nghieng con cau van
thang bang.
He thong treo phu thuoc co mot loat nhc iem. Khi nang mot ben banh xe len, vet
banh xe se thay oi (B tren hnh 11.6) phat sinh lc ngang Y lam tnh chat bam ng
cua o to kem i va o to de b trt ngang. He thong treo cac banh xe, ac biet la banh xe
chu ong co trong lng phan khong c treo rat ln.
bx
Hnh 11.6: Anh hng tac ong he thong treo len o dch chuyen goc cua cac banh xe.
2. Ket cau bo phan hng trong he thong treo oc lap mot on.
S o he thong treo oc lap vi s dch chuyen banh xe trong mat phang ngang va co
bo phan hng tren mot on c trnh bay tren hnh 11.7.
170
o
b
B/2
h
B
Hnh 11.7: He thong treo oc lap mot on.

Khi banh xe dch chuyen ve pha tren hay pha di th goc nghieng cua banh xe
thay oi nhieu do o phat sinh momen hieu ng con quay.
Nhc iem ve ong hoc cua cau cat loai he thong treo oc lap la chieu dai cau
ngan v vay s thay oi chieu rong c s B va goc nghieng tng oi ln (hnh 11.7).
Neu at he thong treo nay banh dan hng th cac nhc iem cua no cang ro. V vay
trong nhng nam gan ay t khi ngi ta at bo phan hng loai nay tren banh dan hng .
3. Ket cau bo phan hng trong he thong treo oc lap vi c cau hng hai on.
S o c cau hng cua he thong treo oc lap co hai on ngang co chieu dai bang
nhau (c cau hng hnh bnh hanh), co hai on ngang co chieu dai khac nhau (c cau
hng hnh thang) c trnh bay tren hnh 11.8 a,b.
Khi s dung loai c cau hng hnh bnh hanh, luc ta nang hay ha banh xe mot oan h
th mat phang quay cua banh xe se chuyen dch nhng luon song song vi nhau (do tnh
chat cua hnh bnh hanh). Do o khac phuc hoan toan s phat sinh momen hieu ng con
quay va triet tieu c s rung cua banh xe oi vi truc ng cua he thong lai. Trng hp
nay co the hoan toan khac phuc c s thay oi o nghieng mat phang quay cua banh xe,
nhng s thay oi B tng oi ln. Do o lop chong mon va o on nh ngang cua banh
xe se kem i.
Theo cac ket cau hien co he thong treo oc lap co c cau hng hnh thang, khi nang,
ha banh xe mot oan h goc quay cua banh xe se gii han trong khoang 5o6o (hnh
11.8b).
171
r3
r2
a.
b.
h
Z bx
r1
h
Z bx
a)
b)
Hnh 11.8: S o ong hoc he thong treo oc lap cua banh xe vi c cau hng
hai on hnh bnh hanh va hnh thang.
Vi tr so nh vay momen hieu ng con quay se t triet tieu do lc ma sat trong he
thong. ong thi s thay oi chieu rong vet banh xe se c bu lai do o an hoi cua lop,
nen lop khong b trt tren mat ta. oi vi cac lop hien nay B khong nen vt qua 4
r
5mm. Thng lay 3 = 0,55 0,65 (hnh 11.8 b).
r1
4. C cau hng trong he thong treo oc lap loai nen.
C cau hng loai nen am bao khi dch chuyen
banh xe khong lam thay oi cac goc at banhxe , , .
Chieu rong c s B co the se thay oi mot t nhng nh
o nghieng ngang cua banh dan hng bu lai nen coi
nh khong oi. Trong lng phan khong c treo loai
nay be nhat. (hnh 11.9). Bo phan hng loai nen cung
lam triet tieu hoan toan s lac cua banh xe (hien tng
vay banh xe) oi vi tru ng; v vay se lam mat kha
nang phat sinh momen hieu ng con quay khi cac banh
xe dch chuyen thang ng.
Hnh 11.9: S o he thong

treo loai nen
Nhc iem cua bo phan hng loai nen la:

1.V thu gon ket cau cua bo phan hng nen lc ngang va momen do lc ngang
banh xe tac dung len c cau on co gia tr ln, nen tuoi tho cua c cau giam.
172
2. o dch chuyen tnh tien hai chieu cua bo phan hng ln nen kho giam ma sat
trong bo phan hng cung nh kho am bao o kn.
3. Kho bo tr c he thong treo len o to ac biet la khi banh xe co o dch chuyen
ln, nhat la oi vi phan t an hoi la loai lo xo xoan oc. Lo xo xoan oc se lam tang o dai
cua nen.
5. Ket cau bo phan hng trong he thong treo loai thang bang.
Trong cac o to ba cau, cau th hai va th ba thng at gan nhau. He thong treo cua
hai cau nay thng lam loai thang bang e am bao tai trong thang ng bang nhau hai
banh xe gia va banh xe sau ben trai cung nh ben phai. He thong treo tng t nh vay
oi khi cung ng dung tren o to bon cau va nhieu rmooc. He thong treo trong trng hp
nay co the la loai he thong treo phu thuoc hay oc lap ma ta a khao sat tren.
Trong nhieu trng hp, he thong treo thang bang thng la loai nhp. Nh vay ch
can dung mot nhp cho ca hai banh xe cung mot pha (hnh 11.10).
2
1
Hnh 11.10: He thong treo thang bang.

1. Bo nhp. 2, 3. on dan hng. 4. Truc.
Nhp ong vai tro on thang bang, no khong chu cac lc doc va cac momen phan lc.
Cac cau c noi vi khung bang he on dan hng 2 va 3 (thng mot on 2 va hai on 3
cho mot cau). Cac lc doc va momen phan lc truyen len khung qua cac on nay. ac tnh
dch chuyen cua cac banh xe trong mat phang doc se phu thuoc vao bon khau ban le tao
bi tam cac khp noi cua cac on dan hng. Phan gia cua nhp noi vi khung bang truc
lac 4, hai au nhp ty len hai dam cau.
Trong trng hp khoang cach hai cau gia va sau ln ma trong san xuat ch co loai
nhp ngan co the treo rieng tng cau va lam on noi gia hai nhp, ta cung bien he thong
treo thanh he thong treo thang bang. V du tren hnh 11.1 co cac on 1, 3 va thanh 2 co tnh
chat nh on thang bang cng, ngha la neu nang mot banh xe cua cau sau len th banh xe
cau gia se ha xuong va ngc lai. ieu khac nhau so vi loai cau thang bang trc ay la
momen phan lc tac dung len cac banh xe se bang nhau. Nh vay o dch chuyen cua cau
173
di tac dung cua momen phan lc se be i. Nhng he thong treo thang bang kieu ghep
nay ch nen dung ng bang phang.
v
1
Hnh 11.11: He thong treo thang bang am bao can bang cac momen phan lc.
III. TNH TOAN BO PHAN DAN HNG
phan ln ket cau cua he thong treo oc lap, bo phan an hoi ch chu tai trong
thang ng con lc ben va tiep tuyen la do cac chi tiet cua bo phan dan hng chu.
Khi tnh o ben cac chi tiet cua bo phan dan hng co the lay he so ong tng
ng nh khi tnh toan cau o to.
He thong treo oc lap vi c cau hng hai on ( hnh 11.5) c s dung o to du
lch va o to tai nhieu cau co tnh nang thong qua cao.
e xac nh cac kch thc c ban cua bo phan dan hng ta tnh toan tai trong theo
ba trng hp a tnh vi na truc va cau chu ong.
Trng hp I: Lc keo hay lc phanh cc ai : Xi = Xi max
X1 max =Z1. ; =0,7 0,8: he so bam doc. Lc ngang Y = 0.
Trng hp II: Lc ngang cc ai : Y= Ymax = m1 G1 1; 1 = 1 he so bam ngang,
he so m1 = 1. Lc doc Xi = 0.
Trng hp III: Lc thang ng cc ai : Zi = Zi max
G
Zi max = K 1 ; K : he so tai trong ong.
2
K = 2 3 oi vi o to co tnh nang thong qua thap;
K = 3 4 oi vi o to co tnh nang thong qua cao.
Sau ay la tnh toan cac trng hp cu the:
1. Trng hp I:
Co tac dung ong thi cua cac lc: Z1p = Z1t = Z1 va X1p = X1t = X1 (hnh 11.12)
174
m1P .G 1
m .G .
m .G
g bx ; X1 = 1P 1 ; co the tnh Z1 = 1P 1 .
2
2
2
Z1 t cam cua tru quay tac dung len thanh ng cua bo phan dan hng (hnh 11.12a).
Tren oan canh tay oan (b1 r1) lc nay se gay momen Z1 (b1 r1) can bang vi momen
Fr2.
Lay momen oi vi iem A 1, ta co Fr2 = Z1 (b1 r1)
b r
Do o: F = Z1 1 1
r2
Z1 =
Lc phanh X1 gay nen tai trong len khp tren va di: Xt va Xd

b
a
va X d = X1
X t = X1
r2
r2
Momen phanh Mp = X1rbx qua a t cua phanh co khuynh hng quay thanh ng cua
bo phan dan hng. Trong mat phang cha banh xe Mp can bang vi momen Sr2. Nh o ta
tnh c gia tr cua S;
r
S = X1 bx
r2
Do o hp lc cua khp quay tren va khp quay di ta co:
r b
r +a
S X t = X 1 bx
S + X d = X1 bx
;
r2
r2
l
do lc X1 gay ra trong thanh keo ngang cua hnh thang lai (hnh
Lc do U = X 1
l1
11.12a)
l - khoang cach t gia vet banh xe en tru ng;
l1 - khoang cach t co ngong quay en truc thanh keo ngang.
U sinh ra cac lc Ut va Ud ; bang cach lan lt lay momen vi iem A1 va B1 cua lc
U ta co:
l b
l a
; U d = X1 .
U t = X1 .
l1 r2
l1 r2
Nh vay trong trng hp nay on tren chu nen hay keo do lc (F -Ut ) va uon do lc
(S Xt). on di chu uon trong mat phang vuong goc vi truc o to do lc Z2, Z1 (Z2 lc
r
nen lo xo pha trai: Z 2 = Z1 1 ) va uon trong mat phang nam song song vi khung do lc
a1
(S+Xd) cung nh chu keo do cac lc (F + Ud).
175
T1
m 1G1
Ut A1 F
C r2
B1 r1
Z1
E
Z1
X1
Xd
S
Z2
hg
rbx
X1
b1
Z1
Xt
b B1
Ud F
X1
S A1
Z1
a)
l1
Hnh thang lai

Y
T1
m1G1
Qt
F1 t
F1 p
Qp
hg
Qt
Y1t F1t
rbx-b
Z 1t
Y1t
F1 p
Z 2p
Z2t
B/2
Z 1t
Qp Y1p
Z 1p
Y1p
Z 1p
b)
Hnh 11.12: S o tnh toan e chon cac kch thc c ban cua bo phan hng
he thong treo oc lap.
2. Trng hp II:
Tren hnh 11-12b cac lc Z1p va Z1t c tnh theo cac cong thc:
Z1t =
G1 2h g 1
1 +
g bx
2
B
176
Z1p =
G1 2h g 1
1
g bx
2
B
e tang o d tr ben, co the tnh Z1p , Z1t khong tr i trong lng gbx:
G 2h
Z1t = 1 1 + g 1
2
B
G 2h
Z1p = 1 1 g 1
2
B
Con cac lc:
G1 2h g 1
1 +
1
2
B
G 2h
Y1p = 1 1 g 1 1
2
B
Phan lc trt ngang Y1 tac dung len canh tay on (rbx b) sinh ra momen Y1(rbx b)
can bang vi mo men do lc Q tac dung len on di cua bo phan hng. ay la lc ch
chung cho ca hai ben trai va phai. Do o:
r b
r b
Q t = Y1t bx
; Q p = Y1p bx
r2
r2
Y1t =
Trong trng hp II, tai trong tac dung len on tren cua ngong quay ben phai lam on
tren chu nen hay uon doc do lc (F1p+Qp). on di ngong quay phai chu uon do lc Z1p,
Z2p va chu keo do lc (F1p+ Qp + Y1p).
on tren cua ngong quay ben trai chu nen hay chu keo do lc (F1t Qt). on di
ngong quay trai chu nen hay chu keo do lc (Y1t + Qt F1t ) vab uon do lc Z1t, Z2t .
3. Trng hp III:
Lc F1t = F1p = F c xac nh khi:
G
G r
Z1t = Z1p = K 1 Z2t =Z2p = K 1 . 1
2
2 a1
G (b r )
Do o: F = K 1 1 1
2
r2
Lc Z1t = Z1p nen lo xo va neu trong trng hp II. on tren trong trng hp nay
chu nen hay uon doc do lc F. on di trai chu uon do lc Z2t, on di phai chu uon do
Z2p; ca hai on chu keo do lc F.
Trng hp cac on cua he thong treo at nghieng theo mat phang ngang hay mat
phang doc khi tnh phai ke en cac goc nghieng.
Cac on cua he thong treo thng che tao bang thep 30, 35 hay 40. oi khi thanh
ng gia che tao bang thep 30X hay 40X, cac on cua he thong treo oi khi dap t thep
t cacbon 10 hay 15.
177
B.BO PHAN AN HOI

I. PHAN LOAI.
1. Phan t an hoi bang kim loai:
a) Nhp: s dung he thong treo oc lap va phu thuoc.
b) Lo xo xoan oc: s dung he thong treo oc lap.
c) Thanh xoan: s dung he thong treo oc lap.
2. Phan t an hoi phi kim loai:
a) Loai an hoi bang cao su
b) Loai an hoi nh kh ep
c) Loai thuy lc
Li dung u iem cua tng loai ngi ta s dung loai bo phan an hoi lien hp
gom hai hay nhieu loai phan t an hoi.
II. NG AC TNH AN HOI CUA HE THONG TREO.
Nh ng ac tnh an hoi ta anh gia c c cau an hoi cua he thong treo.
ng ac tnh an hoi bieu th quan he gia lc Z thang ng tac dung len banh xe va o
bien dang cua he thong treo f o ngay tren truc banh xe.
Tren hnh 11.13 trnh bay hai loai ng ac tnh cua he thong treo: ng thang 1
ng vi he thong treo co o cng khong oi con ng cong 2 ng vi loai he thong treo
co o cng thay oi. Truc hoanh bieu dien o vong f, truc tung bieu dien lc Z thang ng
tac dung len banh xe. Muon co o vong ft cua mot iem bat ky tren ng cong (v du
iem D) ta ve ng tiep tuyen tai iem o (iem D) va ha ng thang goc vi truc
hoanh.
Hoanh o AB la o vong tnh ft cua he thong treo co o cng thay oi (ng cong 2)
va hoanh o OB se la o vong tnh cua he thong treo co o cng khong oi (ng thang
1).
Tan so dao ong rieng cac bien o be c xac nh bang o vong hieu dung (hay
o vong tnh) ng vi tai trong tnh Zt = G. Tuy cung mot o vong tong quat OC nhng he
thong treo co o cng thay oi co o vong hieu dung AB ln hn o vong hieu dung cua
he thong treo co o cng khong thay oi (oan OB).
178
Zmax
Tai trong
The tch
ong nang
Zt
1
A
Hnh 11.13: Cac dang ng ac tnh cua he thong treo.

The tch ong nang goi tat la the ong ngha la the nang ln nhat cua he thong treo
khi o to qua cho loi lom c bieu th bang dien tch co gach EKD ng vi he thong treo
co o cng thay oi va bieu th bang dien tch HKD ng vi he thong treo co o cng
khong oi. Vi nhng o vong han che the ong can thiet cua he thong treo co ng ac
Z
tnh phi tuyen co the the hien bang he so ong K = max ma ta se khao sat ky hn sau ay.
G
Tren hnh 11.14 la dang ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo khi chat tai va khi
giam tai. Tren truc hoanh ta co iem O la iem ta cua bo phan han che di, iem C la
iem ta cua bo phan han che tren, nen ta goi BO la gia tr cua o vong ong di fd, BC
la gia tr cua o vong ong tren ft. Ngoai ra ta con co iem L la iem ta cua vu cao su
pha di, iem M la iem ta cua vu cao su pha tren va tng ng vi hai iem L, M ta
co o vong f1, f2 . Khi chat tai va giam tai cac thong so cua bo phan an hoi la o vong tnh
ft , o vong ong tren ft va o vong ong di fd ng vi hanh trnh ong en gii han
cua bo phan han che pha tren va bo phan han che pha di, o cng Ct cua he thong
treo, he so ong K va lc ma sat 2F . ng cong chat tai va giam tai khong trung nhau
do ma sat trong he thong treo. Ngi ta qui c lay ng ac tnh an hoi cua nhp la
ng trung bnh (ng net t) (ngha la co tnh en lc ma sat 2F) .
179
Zmax
chat tai
0
ft
f1
iem ta cua
u cao su tren
Z1
co tai
f2
giam tai
L Gai bo phan han che

f d
B
Tra
M C
f t
iem ta cua bo phan han che tren
iem ta cua u cao su di
iem ta cua bo phan han che di
Tai trong
f
o vong
Nen
Hnh 11.14: ng ac tnh an hoi cua he thong treo.

Khi tnh o em du chuyen ong (cac dao ong) tan so dao ong rieng can thiet n
phai o o vong tnh hieu dung ft quyet nh. Quan he gia ft va n theo cong thc tan so
300
va the hien tren gian o (hnh 11.15).
dao ong rieng cua he thong treo n
ft
Nh vay co the xac nh o vong tnh theo tan so dao ong rieng n cua he thong treo.
o vong tnh ft ve gia tr khac vi o vong ong fd.
Noi chung ft khong nen t hn 150300mm oi vi oto du lch va ft khong be hn
100200mm oi vi oto buyt.
Ca hai loai nay co tan so dao ong rieng n = 6085 lan/ph. Trong oto tai ft khong nen
be hn 60120mm ng vi tan so dao ong rieng n = 80100 lan/ph.
e am bao o em du chuyen ong th t so o vong tnh fts cua he thong treo sau va
o vong tnh ftt cua he thong treo trc phai nam trong cac gii han sau:
f
-Trong o to du lch ts = 0,8 0,9
f tt
f
-Trong o to tai va o to buyt ts = 1 1,2 .
f tt
180
n (lan/phut)
o cng Ct cua he thong treo bang tang goc

nghieng cua tiep tuyen cua ng trung bnh
(ng net t) Ct = tg. Trng hp tong quat
ng ac tnh cua he thong treo khong phai la
ng thang va o cng Ct thay oi.
dz
Ct =
df
e anh gia s bo ngi ta thng tnh o
cng he thong treo chu tai trong tnh:
G Z
Ct = = t
ft ft
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
10
5
15 20
25 f (cm)
T ay ta thay o cng va o vong tnh la
cac ai lng co quan he vi nhau, nhng o vong
tnh cho ta hnh dung ay u ve he thong treo hn
Hnh 11.15: Quan he cua tan so
la o cng v no noi len tai trong tnh Zt = G tac
tan so dao ong rieng cua phan
dung len he thong treo.
c treo h vi o vong hieu dung f
He so ong lc hoc goi tat la he so ong
la ty so gia tai trong ln nhat Zmax co the truyen qua he thong treo vi tai trong tnh.
Z
Z
K = max = max
G
Zt
Khi K be th se co s va ap lien tuc len bo phan han che cua nhp, lam cho nhp b
uon ngc lai va b go. Khi K qua ln, trong trng hp dao ong vi bien o ln va
gii han gia tr f, he thong treo se rat cng. Thc te chng to rang chon K thch hp th
khi oto chuyen ong tren ng khong bang phang, tai trong ong truyen qua he thong
treo se gay va ap rat t len bo phan han che. Khi tnh he thong treo co the chon K =
1,71,8. CHLB Nga vi cac o to co kha nang thong qua thap chon K = 23 va oto co
kha nang thong qua cao chon K = 34.
o vong ong f cua he thong treo (gom ca o bien dang cua cac vu cao su) phu
thuoc vao ng ac tnh cua he thong treo va vao o vong tnh ft.
-Trong o to du lch f = (0,50,6).ft
- Trong o to buyt f = (0,70,8).ft
-Trong o to tai
f = 1,0.ft
o vong ong f quan he chat che vi he so ong K. o vong ong f cang ln th o
em du chuyen ong tang va de phoi hp vi he so ong K ln, am bao s tiep xuc cua
lop vi mat ng tot. Tuy nhien luc ay o dch chuyen tng oi cua thung xe vi lop lai
ln lam cho tnh on nh kem, va yeu cau oi vi bo phan hng cua he thong treo co chat
lng cao hn, lam phc tap them dan ong lai cac banh trc, va tang gii han khoang
sang gam xe trong he thong treo oc lap.
181
ng cang map mo va van toc cang ln th hanh trnh ong cua he thong treo cang
phai ln. oi vi o to co kha nang thong qua thap th o cng cua he thong treo thay oi t
ft = 70140mm. oi vi o to co kha nang thong qua cao ft = 120160mm.
III. TNH TOAN PHAN T AN HOI KIM LOAI:
1. Tnh toan nhp at doc:
Khi tnh toan nhp ta phan biet ra:
a) Tnh toan kiem tra:
Trong tnh toan kiem tra ta a biet tat ca kch thc cua nhp can phai tm ng suat va
o vong xem co phu hp vi ng suat va o vong cho phep hay khong.
b) Tnh toan thiet ke:
Khi can phai chon cac kch thc cua nhp v du nh so la nhp, o day cua la va va
cac thong so khac e am bao cac gia tr cua o vong va ng suat a cho.
Chon cac kch thc cua nhp xuat phat t o vong tnh ft va ng suat tnh t (o vong
va ng suat ng vi tai trong tnh) vi o vong ong f va ng suat ong (o vong va
ng suat ng vi tai trong ong). Nhp co the coi gan ung la mot cai dam co tnh chong
uon eu. Thc ra muon dam co tnh chong uon eu phai cat la nhp thanh cac mau co
b
chieu rong , chieu cao h va sap xep nh hnh11.16 a,b. Nhng nh vay th la nhp chnh
2
se co au hnh tam giac ma khong co tai nhp e truyen lc len khung. V the e am bao
truyen c lc len khung, am bao o ben cua tai khi la nhp chnh co o vong tnh cc
ai phai lam la nhp chnh kha day va mot so lng ln cac la co chieu cao h giam dan khi
cang xa la nhp chnh.
Khi tnh toan o ben cac la nhp thong thng ngi ta tnh uon cho gan chat nhp.
ay rat kho tnh chnh xac v khi siet chat cac la nhp lai vi nhau va lap vao oto th
trong nhp a phat sinh cac ng suat ban au. La nhp chnh nam tren cung chu lc uon s
bo be nhat, cac la nhp th hai, th ba do c ngan dan nen chu uon cang ln. Co khi tren
mot la nhp ngi ta che tao co nhng cung cong khac nhau.
Khi nhp b keo cang cac la nhp se b uon thang ra. Luc ay la nhp tren chu ng suat
s bo ngc lai vi ng suat luc la nhp lam viec chu tai. Cac ban knh cong cua tng la
nhp rieng re can chon the nao e ng suat trong cac la nhp o gan bang nhau khi nhp
chu tai trong.
e n gian trong tnh toan ngi ta gia thiet la momen uon se phan phoi eu theo
cac la nhp neu chieu cao cac la nhp bang nhau.
182
Z/2
l1
l2
Z/2
c)
6
45
1 2 3
b/2 B
1 23
45
6
12
1 23
45
6
d)
a)
5
34
b)
Hnh 11.16: Nhp c coi nh mot dam co tnh chong uon eu:
a), b) - Loai na elp;
c), d), ) - S o cac au la nhp.
Di ay ta se khao sat quan he gia o vong tnh cua nhp va lc tac dung len nhp.
Lc tac dung len nhp Zn bang hieu so cua lc tac dung len cac banh xe Zbx va trong
lng phan khong c treo g gom co cau va cac banh xe.
g
2
Di tac dung cua lc Zn hai chot nhp se phat sinh hai phan lc NB hng theo
chieu moc treo nhp va NA theo hng AO e am bao a giac lc ong qui (ieu kien he
lc can bang, hnh 11.17a). Muon he lc can bang th X = 0 ngha la XA =XB. Z = 0
ngha la ZA + ZB = Zn. Moc nhp sinh ra lc doc X B = Z B tg (: goc nghieng cua moc
Z n = Z bx
nhp). Muon cho lc doc ban au XB khong ln th phai chon nho, nhng nho qua se de
lam cho moc nhp quay theo chieu ngc lai khi oto chuyen ong khong tai, v luc ay oto
b xoc nhieu hn. V vay khong chon be qua 5o.
au la nhp thng lam theo goc vuong (h.11.16c), hnh thang (h. 11.16d) va theo
hnh trai xoan (h 11.16).
183
l.O
.l2
.l2h
.l1
.l1h
a)
XA
NA
Zn
Z n=Z bx-g/2
lo
NA
Z B=Z n.l1 / (l1+l2)
XB
B
XA
NB
ZB
ZA
Z A=Z n.l2/ (l1+l2)
b)
XB
NB
l.2
l.1
Zn
l.
Zn
c)
M =Z n.lx
lo
Zn
l.x
m1G1
B
d)
ZA
l.1
lo
l.
l.2
ZB
l.
Hnh 11.17: S o cac loai nhp:

a) Nhp na elp; b) Nhp congxon; c) Nhp mot phan t elp.
d) Nhp at ngang; ) Nhp na elp vi nhp phu.
e tang o an hoi au la nhp thng lam mong hn than. Nh vay ng suat trong
nhp se phan bo eu hn va ma sat gia cac la nhp t i. La nhp lam theo au vuong de
san xuat nhng ng suat tiep au se rat ln. Khi tnh toan nhp ngi ta bo qua anh hng
cua lc doc XA , XB.
184
Theo cong thc cua sc ben vat lieu, trong trng hp nhp la khong oi xng di
tac dung cua lc Zn, o vong tnh ft se c tnh gan ung theo cong thc:
Z n .l12h .l 22 h
ft =
(11.1)
3EJ 0 l h
Trong o: l h = l-lo - la chieu dai hieu dung cua nhp (m);
l - chieu dai toan bo cua nhp (m);
lo - khoang cach gia cac quang nhp (m);
E =2,15.105 MN/m2 - moun an hoi theo chieu doc;
l1h ,l2h - chieu dai hieu dung tnh t hai quang nhp en chot nhp (m).
b
b
(11.2)
Jo =
h 13 =
( h 13 + h 32 + ... + h 3m )
12
12
Trong o: Jo - tong so momen quan tnh cua nhp tiet dien trung bnh nam sat
ben tiet dien bat quang nhp (m4 );
h1 - chieu day cua la nhp th nhat (m);
h2 - chieu day cua la nhp th hai (m);
hm - chieu day cua la nhp th m (m);
b - chieu rong cua la nhp. Chieu rong cua la nhp thng chon theo chieu rong
b cua cac la nhp co ban tren th trng (m);
- he so bien dang cua la nhp.
Thng nhp c chia nhom theo chieu day va so nhom khong qua ba. T so cua
b
chieu rong la nhp b tren chieu day h tot nhat nam trong gii han 6 <
< 10. La nhp co
h
chieu rong ln qua khong li v luc thung xe b nghieng ng suat xoan la nhp chnh va
mot so la nhp tiep theo se tang len.
He so bien dang oi vi nhp co tnh chong uon eu (nhp l tng ) = 1,5. Trong
thc te = 1,45 1,25 phu thuoc theo dang au la nhp va so la nhp co cung o dai. Khi
au nhp c cat theo hnh thang (h.11.16d) va la nhp th hai ngan hn la nhp chnh
nhieu (h.11.18a) ta lay =1,4, khi la th hai dung e cng hoa la nhp chnh (h.11.18b,c) ta
lay = 1,2.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 11.18: S o cac tai nhp.

Khi dat mong au nhp va cat au nhp theo hnh trai soan (hnh 11.14) nhp se mem
hn v vay se tang. Ngoai ra he so se phu thuoc ket cau cua quang nhp va khoang cach
gia cac quang nhp.
185
Trong trng hp ac biet l1h = l 2 h =

dang:
ft =
lh
nhp oi xng th cong thc (11.1) se co
2
Z n l 3h
48EJ 0
(11.3)
oi vi nhp loai congxon (h.11.15b).

2
l
l l
l1 o + 1 l 2 o
4
4 l2
f t = Z n
3EJ o
oi vi nhp loai mot phan t elip (h 11.15c).

3
lo
l1
4
f t = Z n
3EJ o
(11.4)
(11.5)
Chieu dai cua cac la nhp phu thuoc chieu dai c s L cua oto. oi vi oto du lch
lh =(0,35 0,5)L, oto tai lh =(0,250,3)L.
T cong thc (11.1), (11.3), (11.4), (11.5) ta co the tm c momen quan tnh Jo cua
tiet dien nam tai quang sat ben tiet dien gia nhp:
Vi nhp na elip khong oi xng:
Z l2 l2
(11.6)
J o = n 1h 2 h
3El h f t
Vi nhp na elip oi xng:
Z l3
Jo = n h
48Ef t
(11.7)
Vi nhp loai congxon:

3
l l
l
l1 o + 1 l 2 0
4 l2
4
J o = Z n
3Ef t
Vi nhp loai mot phan t elip

3
lo
l1
4
J o = Z n
3Ef t
(11.8)
(11.9)
e so sanh o cng cua cac loai nhp co ket cau khac nhau thng ngi ta khong
phai qua lc Zn ma qua ng suat cc ai trong cac la nhp, v nh the co the va anh gia
anh hng cua Zn va cua ket cau nhp.
oi vi la nhp chnh co chieu rong b va chieu cao hc th:
186
uc =
Muhc
2J c
(11.10)
l1
Trng hp nhp na elip khong oi xng ta co:

M u = Z A l1 = Z B l 2
Mu =
Z n l1h l 2 h
thay vao phng trnh 11.1 ta co:
l1h + l 2 h
3f EJ
M uc = c c
(11.11)
l1h l 2 h
Thay the gia tr Muc vao (11.10) ta co ng vi

trng hp nhp khong oi xng la nhp chnh
ng suat uon tnh se la:
3f Eh
utc = tc c
(11.12)
2l1h l 2 h
Vi trng hp nhp oi xng, la nhp chnh
ta co ng suat uon tnh la:
6Eh c f tc
utc =
(11.13)
l 2h
Cung tng t nh vay oi vi o vong ong f ta
co the xac nh ng suat uon trong trng hp ong
vi nhp na elip khong oi xng:
3 Eh f
u = . c c
2 l1h l 2 h
Vi nhp na elip loai oi xng:
6Eh c f c
u =
l 2h
l2
l
a)
l2
l1
Z
b)
l
c)
b) S o loai nhp congxon

c) S o loai nhp 1/4 elp.
(11.14)
Vi loai nhp congxon:
187
Hnh 11.19:
a) S o loai nhp 1/2 elp
(11.15)
l
3Eh c l o f t
4
ut =
3
3
l 0 l1
l0
2 l1 + l 2
4 l 2
4
l
3Eh c l o f
4
u =
3
3
l 0 l1
l0
2 l1 + l 2
4 l 2
4
Vi loai nhp mot phan t elip:
(11.16)
(11.17)
ut =
3Ef t h c
l
2 l1 0
4
3Ef h c
(11.18)
(11.19)
2
l0
2 l1
4
Nh vay ng suat trong la nhp chnh (t o suy ra cac la nhp khac) t le vi o day
va o vong (o vong tnh va ong noi chung). Khi chat cac loai hang ri len oto trong nhp
thng phat sinh tai trong ong. e e phong hong nhp, trong trng hp nay ngi ta
thng lam c cau ham nhp luc chat tai.
Trong la nhp chnh ng suat ln thng la hanh trnh tra cua nhp vi tai trong
ong. Neu hanh trnh tra khong c han che th thng e giam tai cho la nhp chnh
ngi ta at mot la ngc tren la nhp chnh.
Theo Packhilopxki quan he ve l thuyet gia trong lng can thiet cua nhp gn va ng
suat tnh t cua nhp co the bieu th nh sau:
Zf
g n = 5,0.10 4 t 2 t
(11.20)
t
u =
ay: Zt - tai trong tnh thang ng (G) tac dung len nhp ( MN );
ft - o vong tnh cua nhp ( m) di tac dung cua trong tai tnh Zt ;
t - ng suat uon tnh tng ng trong nhp (MN/m2);
Nh vay ng suat tnh cua nhp cang ln th trong lng cua nhp cang be i.
ng suat ng vi tai trong tnh cho phep la:
ft (mm) be hn
t (MN/m2) be hn
80
400
80150
400 500
150250
500 700
Ngoai ra phai kiem tra ng suat trong nhp oi vi o vong ong f (khi ca u nhp
bang cao su cung hoan toan bien dang). Luc ay khong c ln hn 1000MN/m2.
oi vi toan bo cac la nhp ke ca la nhp chnh ta co ng suat uon va o vong trong
bang (11.1).
* Chu y: Trong bang 11.1 tha nhan cac ky hieu sau:
lh = l-lo - chieu dai lam viec co ch cua la nhp (m);
b
- chieu rong cua la nhp (m);
hi
- tong so chieu day cua cac la nhp phu (m);
ho
- tong so chieu day cua la nhp chnh va cac la co chieu dai bang la
nhp chnh (m);
- he so bien dang cua la nhp
188
Bang 11.1
Cac cong thc e tnh nhp.

ng suat(MN/m2)
S o
l1
l1h
XA
l2
l2h
lo
ho
XB
Bien dang (m)
0,6.Z n .l1h .l 2 h
bl. h i2
hi
f =
(11.21)
0,04.Z n .l12h .l 22 h
b.lE( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
(11.25)
Zn
l1
lo
l1h
XA
l2
l2h
ho
XB
0,15.Z n .l1h
bl h i2
f=
0,04.Z n .l1h
b.E( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
hi
(11.22)
Zn
(11.26)
Zn
Zn
l1
0,6.Z n (l1
bl h 3i
l0
l0
)
4
l0 3
)
4
f =
b.E( h 3i + 0,5. h 30 )
0,04.Z n (l1
(11.23)
Zn
l1
1+ 2
l2
l2
XB
0,6.Z n (l1
l0
l
Z n l1
l2
bl h i2
l0
)
4
(11.24)
XB
Zn
(11.27)
l0 3
l
l
) + ( 1 ) 2 (l 2 0 ) 3 ]
4
l2
4
3
3
b.E ( h i + 0,5. h 0 )
0,04.Z n [(l1
f =
(11.28)
189
Khi thiet ke nhp chung ta chon trc cac ai lng (ft +ft), umax cac kch thc l1h,
l2h, l, b (chieu rong la nhp) va chon K e co Zmax = K G.
Nh vay co the tm c h2 t cong thc tnh u va h3 t cong thc tnh o vong f
va t o suy ra o day cac la nhp.
Chon trc o day cua cac la nhp chnh ta co the tnh c o day cua cac la nhp
con lai. e ke en anh hng cua la chnh va la nhp phu kem theo la nhp chnh trong khi
tnh Jo, e ngh thay:
hi3 =hi3 + 0,5 ho3
(11.29)
Trong o : hi - tong so o day cua tat ca cac la nhp (cm);
ho - tong so o day la nhp chnh va chieu day la nhp phu co chieu dai
bang la nhp chnh (cm).
Khi tnh Jo sau khi a thay hi3 theo (11.29) va trong cac cong thc (11.3), (11.4),
(11.5) can chu y chon so la nhp nh the nao o e thoa man cac ieu kien sau:
1. o day cua la nhp chon theo loai nhp a phan loai theo tieu chuan.
2. So nhom cac la nhp (ke ca la nhp chnh) co chieu day khac nhau phai khong
vt qua ba.
3. Chieu day cua cac la nhp phai khac nhau rat t. Thng lay t so chieu day cua
hai la nhp tren cung va di cung khong c vt qua 1,5.
Khi tang o dai hieu dung lh co the tang chieu day cua cac la h va giam so la nhp n.
Nh vay co the bt gi cong lao ong che tao nhp va lam giam ma sat gia cac la nhp.
Trong o to du lch loai nhp ch gom mot la c ng dung rong rai. Trong ieu kien
co o ben eu t au en cuoi, loai nhp ch gom mot la phai co tiet dien thay oi
b 2x
h x = h0 0
b x lh
Trong o:
ho va bo - chieu day va chieu rong cua tiet dien trung bnh cua la nhp.
hx va bx - chieu day va chieu rong cua tiet dien la nhp cach tiet dien trung bnh
mot khoang cach x.
Theo ung ieu kien nay nhp se la mot dam co tnh chong uon eu va co trong lng
be nhat. Loai nhp gom mot la co o dai ln hn loai nhp nhieu la.
Khi khong co em gia cac la nhp th khi lap ghep la nhp nay e len la nhp khac
thng phan gia va phan cuoi la.
Trong thc te tnh toan ngi ta gia thiet la nhp cong eu va tiep xuc nhau t au
en cuoi nen tai trong phan bo tren toan bo chieu dai la nhp. Tha nhan gia thiet nay th
momen tac dung len la nhp bat ky th i se la:
1
1
M i = J i
(11.30)
R
R
i
o
190
ay:
Ji - momen quan tnh la nhp th i:
Ri - ban knh cong cua la nhp th i trang thai t do;
Ro - ban knh cong cua la sau khi a ghep vao nhp.
ng suat do nhp b siet chat vao nhau se la:
Eh i 1
1
is =
2 R 0 R i
(11.31)
Nhom la
nhp III
12-13
9-11
87
6
Nhom la
5
3
nhp II
4
2
[MN/m]
800
700
600
500
1 La chnh
400
300
200
Nhom la nhp I
100
0
-100
5000
p[N]
10000 15000 20000 25000
-200
Hnh 11.20: S phan bo ng suat trong cac la nhp.
Tren hnh 11.20 trnh bay tnh chat phan bo ng suat trong cac la nhp cua nhp co ba
nhom co o day khac nhau. Chieu dai cua cac la nhp c xac nh bang phng phap o
th (h.11.21).
Chon truc tung nn la truc cua bulong bat chat nhp gia cac la nhp. Tren truc tung
at th t cac gia tr chieu day la nhp a tnh c theo th t la nhp chnh tren cung roi
t cac iem ng vi o day cac la ta ve cac ng song song vi truc hoanh.
191
l1.
n
l2.
m
l/2.
X
D
Z2
Z1
Zbx
. rbx
m
Xk
Hnh 11.21: S o xac nh chieu

dai cac la nhp.
Hnh 11.22: Tai trong tac dung len

nhp khi nhp truyen lc keo.
oan B bang na chieu dai nhp, mm la truc cua quang nhp, AC la mot na chieu
dai la nhp di cung. ng CD xac nh chieu dai cua cac la con lai (khi ta a biet chieu
dai la chnh l, biet c chieu day cac la nhp h va lo co the ve c CD). Chieu dai l
thuyet cua nhp l tng (nhp co tnh chong uon eu) se la ng CD.
Khi nhp truyen lc keo ta co s o tren (hnh 11.22).
Gia tr cac lc c xac nh theo cac phng trnh hnh chieu va momen am bao
cho he lc can bang.
X = Xk
g
( Z bx ).l 2 + X k .d 1
Z .l + X k .d 1
2
Z1 = n 2
=
l1 + l 2
l1 + l 2
(11.32)
g
( Z bx ).l1 X k .d 1
Z n .l1 X k .d 1
2
Z2 =
=
l1 + l 2
l1 + l 2
Dung cac phng trnh (11.32) co the xac nh kch thc la nhp chnh, tai nhp va chi
tiet cap cac la nhp. Khi nhp truyen lc phanh Xk se mang dau ngc lai trong cac phng
trnh tren. Momen phan lc Xk.d1 se gay ra ng suat phu trong cac la nhp. Theo phng
trnh (11.21) ta se tnh ng suat phu trong cac la nhp.
192
ui =
6X k d 1
i=n
b h
i =0
hoac ui =
(11.33)
2
i
6X k d 1 h i
i=n
b h
i =0
(11.34)
3
i
Tren ay ta mi tnh toan khi nhp truyen lc keo hay lc phanh cc ai. Ngoai ra
phai tnh khi nhp chu lc thang ng rat ln luc o to b trt ngang (Ymax). Tren hnh
(11.23) ta thay nhp ben trai chu lc thang ng rat ln. Hn na co the xac nh lc S1
theo phng trnh can bang momen oi vi iem ta cua nhp phai (iem C ).
B
S1 B1 m i G i 1 Yd = 0
(11.35)
2
Trong o:
B1 - khoang cach gia hai nhp;
d
- la khoang cach thang ng t trong tam oto en mat phang ta cua nhp;
mi Gi - trong lng oto tac dung len cau tng ng ang tnh.
V Y =1Gi (mi=1), s dung phng trnh (11.35) ta co:
G 2 d
S1 = i 1 + 1
(11.36)
2
B1
ng suat trong cac la nhp phan gia se la:
l1 l 2
G 2 d
l1 l 2
' = S1
= i 1 + 1
(l1 + l 2 )W
2
B1 (l1 + l 2 )W
Trong o:
W - tong so momen chong uon cua cac la nhp.
1
- he so bam ngang.
l1, l2 - cac kch thc cua nhp hnh 11.17a.
S1
- lc thang ng tac dung len nhp trai.
S2
- lc thang ng tac dung len nhp phai.
Vi chieu cua lc Y tren hnh 11.23 th S 1 > S2
193
(11.37)
m iG i
S1
S2
C
A
Z1
Z2
B1
Y1
Y2
Hnh 11.23: Lc thang ng tac dung len nhp S1, S2 khi oto b trt ngang.
2. Tnh toan nhp at ngang.
Nhp at ngang khong truyen c lc keo va lc phanh ma ch truyen c lc thang
ng.
Khi tnh toan nhp at ngang ta cung tnh nh nhp at doc nhng can phai chu y
nhieu en goc nghieng cua moc nhp nhat la luc oto b trt ngang.
a) S o lc tac dung len nhp na elip at ngang (h.11.24).
Y
m 1G 1
l/2
Z2
f
Z1
Y1
Y2
Hnh 11.24: S o lc tac dung len nhp at ngang.
194
Ta ky hieu cac goc nghieng cua moc nhp oi vi mat phang thang ng la 1 va 2.
Khi oto khong trt ngang (Y=0) th hai goc nay bang nhau ( 1 = 2 =o) va la nhp chnh
co the tnh theo ng suat tong hp nh sau:
m G 1
m G tg 0
(11.38)
th = 1 1 + ftg 0 + 1 1
2Wu 2
2bh
Trong o:
b - chieu rong la nhp;
h - chieu cao la nhp ;
m1 - he so phan bo lai tai trong;
f - o vong tnh cua nhp.
V f thng rat be len co the bo qua (f tgo) va ta co:
tg 0
mG l
th = 1 1
+
2 2Wu
bh
(11.39)
b) Khi co lc ngang Y=Ymax th m1 =1 va ta co:

l
Z 2 l + Yd - G 1 = 0
2
l
Z 1 l - Yd - G 1 = 0
2
V Ymax =G1 nen ta co:
Z2 =
G 1 21d
1
2
l
Z1 =
G 1 21d
1 +
2
l
Lc ngang Y1 va Y2 xac nh theo phng trnh:

Y1=Z 1 tg1 ,Y2=Z 2 tg2
ng suat tong hp trong la nhp chnh se la:
Na nhp trai:
Z1l
Y
G 2 d l
tg1
+
'th =
+ 1 = 1 1 + 1
2Wu bh
2
l 2Wu
bh
Na nhp phai
Z2l
Y
G 2 d 1
tg 2
+
"th =
+ 2 = 1 1 1
2Wu bh
2
l 2Wu
bh
(11.40)
(11.41)
3. Tnh cac chi tiet cua nhp.

a) Tai nhp: Tai nhp thng c tnh theo ng suat tong hp gom ng suat uon, nen
(hay keo). ng suat uon tai nhp se la:
195
u =
u = X k max
Mu
Wu
D + h c bh c2
D + hc
= 3X k max
:
6
2
bh c2
Trong o:
Xkmax - lc keo tiep tuyen cc ai hay lc phanh cc ai tac dung len tai nhp (MN),
(Xkmax Xpmax = .Zbx), lay = 0,7;
hc
- chieu day la nhp chnh (m);
D
D
- ng knh trong cua tai nhp, (m) (hnh 11.25)
B
- chieu rong la nhp, (m).
Xk
ng suat nen tai nhp se la:
X
n = k max (MN/m2)
hc
bh c
ng suat tong hp tai nhp se tnh theo:
Hnh 11.25: S o tnh tai nhp
D + hc
1
(MN/m2)
th = X k max 3
+
(11.42)
2
bh c
bh c
ng suat tong hp cho phep [th] =350(MN/m2).
Thc nghiem chng to rang ch khi th at en gii han chay cua kim loai th tai nhp
mi b doang ra. Lc ay hay lc phanh truyen len tai nhp thng b han che bi lc bam
vi ng. Tuy nhien khi oto chuyen ong tren ng go ghe, khi banh xe chu lc va ap,
lc X co the at gia tr cc ai. V vay ngi ta tnh Xkmax = Gbx. = 0,7.Gbx = 0,7.Zbx, trong
o:
Gbx - tai trong tac dung len banh xe;
Zbx - phan lc cua at len banh xe.
b) Chot nhp:
Chot nhp c kiem tra theo ng suat chen dap.
Z
Z
1cd = 1 , (MN/m2) ; 2 cd = 2 , (MN/m2) .
Db
Db
Chot nhp c che tao bang thep cacbon xianuya hoa loai 30 hay 40 vi ng suat
chen dap cho phep [cd] = 34 (MN/m2) hay bang thep hp kim xemangtit hoa loai 20 hay
20X vi [cd] = 7,59(MN/m2).
Bac nhp c kiem tra theo ng suat chen dap.
Bac nhp c che tao bang ong thanh, chat deo, thep mem. Bac che tao bang thep
mem chu c ap suat chen dap en 7 MN/m2.
196
IV. PHAN T AN HOI LOAI KH.

Tren hnh 11.26a trnh bay s o cua he thong treo co phan t an hoi loai bnh cha.
Trong bnh cha 1 khong kh hay kh ga chu nen di ap suat 0,5 0,8 MN/m2. Khi bnh
cha 1 co lai the tch ben trong cua bnh giam, ap suat khong kh va o cng he thong treo
tang. Khi ch co 1 bnh cha he thong treo rat cng. Co bnh cha phu 2 khi bnh cha 1 co
lai ap suat khong kh se tang t t va do o he thong treo se mem hn.
Vao khong kh
vg/ph
T may nen
G
f=4,4cm
140
Tan so rieng
f=5,9cm
120
8,3cm
100
f=10,5cm
2
3
Gbx
80
10,1cm
f=12,0cm
4
5 6
7
Tai trong len cau
b)
a)
Hnh 11.26: He thong treo kh vi phan t an hoi loai buong cha.

a) S o he thong treo;
b) S thay oi tan so rieng ng vi s thay oi tai trong cua oto.
ay can 3 la bo ieu chnh o cao cua thung xe ; v khi can 3 thay oi khoang cach
gia thung va banh xe th: hoac la a kh ep t bnh cha 4 vao buong 1 va bnh cha phu
2, hoac la ay mot phan kh nen ra khoi mot 1 va 2. e bo ieu chnh khong lam viec khi
oto con ang dao ong bo giam toc quan tnh se gi va ch cho bo ieu chnh lam viec sau
khi khoang cach gia vo xe va lop xe a thay oi c vai giay, hien tng dao ong a
bt han, nh vay la ch cho thay oi ng vi tai trong tnh.
Trong cac ket cau hien nay cha gi c tan so dao ong rieng khong oi. Tren hnh
11.26b trnh bay s thay oi tan so dao ong rieng khi thay oi trong lng oto co he thong
treo loai kh va cac so lieu di ay ng vi cac dao ong nho gan v tr can bang. Khi
197
khong co bnh cha phu o cng he thong treo kha ln va o vong tnh thay oi 1,34 lan
tng ng vi trong lng phan c treo thay oi khoang 3 lan va tan so dao ong rieng
khoang 123142 lan/ph (2,052,33 lan/s).
Khi co bnh cha phu dung tch 12,2l, o cng he thong treo giam va tan so rieng ch
con 94 104 lan/ph.
V. HE THONG TREO LOAI THUY KH.
S o nguyen ly lam viec va ng ac tnh cua he thong treo loai thuy kh c
trnh bay tren hnh 11.27.
4
3
p
2
b
6
1
ft
Hnh 11.27: S o va ng ac tnh cua he thong treo loai thuy kh.

Trong hanh trnh nen, pittong 1 b ay len pha tren. Chat long se i qua van 2 (luon
luon m ap suat thap) ay pittong 5 trong buong kh 4 lam nen kh lai. Phan nay ng vi
oan a-b tren gian o tc la ng vi luc ap suat khong kh trong buong 4 tang len en gia
tr tnh toan 30 MN/m2. Pittong phan cach 5 gi cho khong kh khong lan vao chat long.
Hanh trnh nen tiep tuc, pittong 1 tiep tuc dch len pha tren, lam do thanh 6 chui vao
ong xilanh ap lc cao 8 va lo 7 b bt kn. Luc nay bat au thi gian nen an hoi chat long
va o cng nhp se tang len (oan b-c tren ng ac tnh).
Khi chat long trong ong 6 at en ap suat 200300 MN/m2 van han che 3 se m. Neu
tiep tuc nen th chat long ch lu thong nhng ap suat trong chat long khong tang. Luc nay
ap suat khong kh trong buong 4 con tiep tuc tang (oan c-d).
198
Trong hanh trnh tra, chat long b nen an hoi trong xilanh ap lc cao se n ra mot
oan ngan (oan d-) con khong kh n ra se a he thong treo tr ve trang thai ban au
oan -a. Khi khong kh n, chat long t buong 5 qua van 2 lam mat phan ln the nang cua
khong kh b nen. Dien tch cua ng cong kn a-b-c-d--a t le vi so cong tieu hao cua
he thong treo loai thuy kh. ng ac tnh tren hnh ve ng vi mot van toc nen nhat nh.
Hai nhc iem cua he thong treo thuy kh loai ong la kho lam kn va ma sat ln.
VI. IEU CHNH HE THONG TREO.
ieu chnh he thong treo la thay oi cac thong so va ac tnh cua no theo mc tai
trong tac ong len thung xe. Hien nay trong he thong treo kh va thuy kh s dung hai loai
ieu chnh: ieu chnh v tr thung xe va ieu chnh o cng cua he thong treo. Tien li
nhat khi s dung hai loai ieu chnh nay la tren he thong treo kh. He thong treo vi phan
t an hoi la kim loai th khong at cac loai ieu chnh nay v phc tap.
Tren oto buyt s dung bo ieu chnh v tr thung xe e khong thay oi hoac thay oi
rat t khoang cach t thung xe en mat ng bat ky tai trong tnh nao se rat tien li cho
khach i xe.
S o nguyen ly ieu chnh v tr thung xe cua he thong treo thuy kh c trnh bay
tren hnh 11.28 .
Hnh 11.28: S o bo ieu chnh v tr thung xe.
199
Vo bo ieu chnh 5 at tren khung 11 con con chay 8 cua bo ieu chnh nh on 2 va
thanh keo an hoi 13 noi vi truc banh xe 12. Khi tai trong tren thung xe tang, ap suat se
tang, the tch kh trong he thong treo thuy kh 9 se giam va khoang cach gia truc banh xe
va khung (thung xe) se giam xuong gan lop hn. Con chay ieu chnh se dch xuong pha
di, dau co ap suat t bm 10 truyen lien tuc en he thong treo thuy kh cho en khi
thung xe c nang len en v tr ban au. Khi giam tai con chay dch chuyen len tren, dau
t he thong treo thuy kh chay vao thung cha va thung xe ha xuong v tr ban au.
V tr thung xe co the ieu chnh c nh quay tay gat 3 quanh truc cua no. Quay tay
gat theo chieu kim ong ho con chay se i xuong, thung xe c nang len, khoang sang
gam xe va hanh trnh ong cua he thong treo se tang len.
Nh tnh chat nay, cac oto co tnh viet da cao s dung bo ieu chnh he thong treo
nay e thay oi khoang sang gam xe tren nhng ng rat xau hoac nhng ni khong co
ng khi oto phai dng lau hoac khi o to c van chuyen tren nhng phng tien khac,
tay gat 3 c quay ngc chieu kim ong ho, dau se chay ve bnh cha, thung xe ha
xuong va he thong treo coi nh ngh lam viec.
Khi oto dao ong, e bo ieu chnh thung xe khong chu anh hng cua s thay oi
o vong, vo bo ieu chnh thung xe c che tao thanh hai buong cha ay dau, bt kn
bang cac mang cao su 4 va 7 va thong nhau bang ranh chuan 6 tao thanh bo cham tac dung
thuy lc (bo giam chan).
Khi tai trong thay oi mot cach tnh, con chay dch chuyen cham, dau chay cham t
buong nay sang buong khac qua ranh chuan vi sc be. Khi tai trong thay oi mot cach
ong, dau se tao thanh sc can ln do con chay dch chuyen rat nhanh va con chay gi
c v tr trung bnh nh s bien dang an hoi cua thanh keo.
Bo ieu chnh o cng he thong treo co muc ch gi on nh tan so dao ong rieng
vi tai trong bat ky nao tac dung len he thong treo. S o nguyen ly ieu chnh o cng he
thong treo kh trnh bay tren hnh 11.29.
Van con chay 6 bo ieu chnh noi trc tiep vi on 5 va thanh keo an hoi 3 noi vi
on 2 he thong treo. Khi tang tai, the tch va do o chieu cao ho cua phan t an hoi (bnh
cha kh) giam, con chay dch chuyen ve pha trai noi bnh cha kh vi may kh nen. Khi
giam tai con chay dch chuyen ve pha phai, mot phan khong kh b ay ra ngoai. Do o
chieu cao ho va the tch bnh cha am bao khong oi vi bat ky tai trong nao.
200
Hnh 11.29: S o ieu chnh o cng he thong treo:

1: Truc banh xe ; 2: on c cau hng ; 3: Thanh keo bo ieu chnh ; 4: Pittong ;
5: Cam va on ; 6: Van ; 7: Vo ; 8: Bnh kh ; 9: Khung.
C. BO PHAN GIAM CHAN

Lc can trong he thong treo trc tiep anh hng en viec dap tat cac dao ong cua
vo, cau oto. Cac dao ong nay phat sinh khi oto chay tren ng khong bang phang. Lc
can chnh la lc ma sat trong phan t an hoi (nh ma sat gia cac la nhp), gia bac va
chot nhp, ma sat trong khp cua bo phan dan hng, ma sat trong vat lieu cua lop va cac
chi tiet bang cao su trong he thong treo, lc can cua cac giam chan.
e he thong treo va mem lai va dap tat nhanh dao ong, can giam ma sat c en
toi thieu, e cho giam chan thuy lc ong vai tro chnh trong viec dap tat dao ong. Neu
am bao ma sat gia cac la nhp t hn 5% tai trong tnh, oto se chuyen ong rat em du.
Nhng trong thc te, du cho boi trn tot, gii han nay van vt qua 10%13% nen nhp van
cng. Cac lc va ap be hn lc ma sat trong he thong treo, nhp se khong gi c no, va
c the cac lc nay truyen trc tiep len khung.
201
I. CONG DUNG,YEU CAU VA PHAN LOAI:

1. Cong dung:
Giam chan e dap tat cac dao ong cua than xe va lop oto bang cach chuyen c nang
cua cac dao ong thanh nhiet nang. Giam chan hien nay chu yeu la giam chan thuy lc
(hnh 11.30) nen ma sat gia chat long va cac lo tiet lu la ma sat chu yeu e dap tat chan
ong.
a
Zg
3
b
Zg
Z2
Zn
Z tr
Z1
5
Tra
Ne
n
Z3
1
b)
a)
Hnh 11.30: Giam chan thuy lc.
2. Yeu cau
Cac yeu cau c ban oi vi giam chan:
a) am bao giam tr so va s thay oi ng at tnh cua cac dao ong. at biet la:
Dap tat cang nhanh cac dao ong neu tan so dao ong cang ln. Muc ch e
tranh cho thung xe khoi b lac qua khi qua ng map mo ln.
Dap tat cham cac dao ong neu oto chay tren ng t map mo ( o loi lom
cua ng cang be va cang day).
Han che cac lc truyen qua giam chan len thung xe.
b) Lam viec on nh khi oto chuyen ong trong cac ieu kien ng sa khac nhau
va nhiet o khong kh khac nhau.
c) Co tuoi tho cao.
d) Trong lng va kch thc be, gia thanh ha.
3. Phan loai:
202
Ngi ta phan biet giam chan theo hai ac iem sau:

a) Theo t so cua he so can Kn trong hanh trnh nen (luc lop tien gan khung) va he so
can Kt trong hanh trnh tra (luc lop i xa khung). Theo ac iem nay giam chan thuy lc
c chia thanh loai tac dung hai chieu co ng at tnh oi xng (Kn=Kt) va ng
ac tnh khong oi xng (Kn < Kt) va loai tac dung mot chieu Kn0
b) Co hay khong van giam tai.
Pho bien nhat hien nay la loai giam chan hai chieu co ng ac tnh khong oi xng
va co van giam tai. Trng hp nay lc can giam chan trong hanh trnh nen tang cham hn
trong hanh trnh tra.
Trong cac giam chan hien nay Kt = 25Kn. o loi lom cua ng cang be va cang
day (o loi khong cao va lom khong sau ) th he so Kt va Kn cang phai khac nhau.
Khi banh xe qua cho loi 6 (hnh 11.30a) th van toc khoi lng khong c treo se ln
(tr phan t an hoi ra) lc truyen qua giam chan se ln.
Co the giam lc nay bang cach ha thap he so Kn. Khi oto qua cho lom 7 th va ap
truyen len banh xe t hn i qua cho loi 6.
Tren cac ng co o loi va lom dai va ng ln gia cho loi vi cho lom tng
oi em du th khong can co Kt va Kn that khac nhau . V khi oto qua cho lom co the lam
banh xe khong tiep xuc vi ng .
II. NG AC TNH CUA GIAM CHAN THUY LC
Lc can chan ong Zg do giam chan sinh ra phu thuoc vao van toc tng oi cua cac
dao ong thung xe oi vi banh xe.
Zg=Kn
(11.43)
ay:
K: He so can cua giam chan.
Ham so : Zg=( ) bieu dien ng ac tnh cua giam chan. Tuy theo gia tr so mu n
ma ng ac tnh cua giam chan co the la tuyen tnh (ng thang) hoac ng
cong. Neu:
n=1 : ng ac tnh la ng thang 1 (hnh 11.30b).
n>1 : ng ac tnh la ng cong lom.
n<1 : ng ac tnh la ng cong loi.
ng cong co dang nay hay dang khac phu thuoc trc tien kch thc lo thong
qua roi en o nht cua chat long va ket cau cua van. Chu y la vi cac ng ac tnh tren
hnh 11.30b ta thay tai gia tr ln nhat cua van toc tng oi, gia tr cong suat tieu hao (t le
vi dien tch nam di ng ac tnh) bang nhau. Thong thng n dao ong trong khoang
1,52,5.
Tren hnh 13.31 ta thay tai hai iem 1 va 2 ng bieu dien hoac la i thang (ng
net t) hoac la gay khuc (ng lien). Trng hp co van giam tai ng bieu dien se la
203
ng gay khuc va iem 1, iem 2 la iem m van giam tai nen dien tch cho chat long i
qua tang len.
Trong cac oto hien ai n va t nam trong gii han (3050)cm/s. Neu oto s dung
kh hau on i co the khong at van giam tai e n gian bt ket cau.
Zg
Znmax
Zn
zt
Tra
zn
Nen
0
Nhe
2
Manh
Nhe
Manh
Zt
Zt max
Hnh 11.31: ng ac tnh khong oi xng cua giam chan

tac dung hai chieu vi van giam tai.
III.
TNH TOAN GIAM CHAN THUY LC.
Chung ta se tnh toan he so can cua giam chan.

Phng trnh tnh lc can cua giam chan la phng trnh (11.43). Phng trnh tnh lc
can chan ong cua ca he thong treo Ztr la : Ztr = Ktr. trn
(11.44)
Trong o : tr - la van toc chuyen ong cua he thong treo;
n - ch so thay oi khac nhau trong hanh trnh nen va hanh trnh tra cua he thong treo.
e n gian ta cho n =1 th phng trnh (11.44) se co dang Ztr = Ktr. tr . He so can
K cua giam chan c tnh t he so can dao ong cua he thong treo Ktr . Ktr ac trng qua
trnh dap tat chan ong trong he thong treo. Cung la mot giam chan nhng co the co cac he
so K khac nhau neu s dung vi cac he thong treo khac nhau.
Do o e anh gia s dap tat chan ong ngi ta rut ra trong l thuyet oto he so dap
tat chan ong :
K tr
(11.45)
=
CM
Z
G
Trong o : C - o cng cua he thong treo C = bx = bx
f
f
204
G bx
, (kg);
g
Gbx - phan trong lng c treo tnh tren mot banh xe (N);
f - o vong tnh cua he thong treo (m);
g - gia toc trong trng g = 9,81m/s2 ;
Vi cac oto hien ai he so dap tat chan ong = 0,150,25.
T cong thc tren ta rut ra :
.G bx
K tr =
, (Ns/m)
(11.46)
0,313. f
Biet c Ktr tuy theo cach bo tr bo phan giam chan trong he thong treo va tuy theo
loai giam chan ta tnh c K. Goi K = Ktr. Vi loai giam chan on bo tr nh tren hnh
b
11.30a ta co phng trnh lc:
Z tr = Z g
a
a
tr = g.
(11.47)
Phng trnh van toc se la:
b
Trong o kch thc a va b xem tren hnh 11.30a.
tr - toc o chuyen ong cua he thong treo.
g - toc o chuyen ong cua giam chan .
T cong thc (11.44) cho n = 1 va (11.47) ta co :
M - Khoi lng c treo tren mot banh xe M =
2
a
a
a
= Ktr. g
Z g = Z tr = Ktr. tr
b
b
b
(11.48)
ay: = a
b
Vi loai he thong treo co giam chan ong at long vao trong lo xo tru trong he thong
treo oc lap vi s dch chuyen banh xe trong mat phang ngang ta co ket qua tng t:
2
r
Z g = K tr 1 g
a1
(11.49)
2
r
Trong o r1 va a1 la cac kch thc tren hnh 11.12a va trong trng hp nay = 1
a
1
Neu giam chan at nghieng mot goc so vi truc thang ng ta co :
1
(11.50)
Z g = K tr
g
cos
1
Trng hp nay =
cos
V K =. Ktr , chung ta ket hp (11.46) vi cac gia tr th se tm c he so can K
cua giam chan cac trng hp cu the.
205
CHNG XII
HE THONG PHANH
I.
CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI VA YEU CAU.
1. Cong dung.
He thong phanh dung e giam toc o cua oto cho en khi dng han hoac en mot toc
o can thiet nao ay. Ngoai ra he tho ng phanh con dung e gi oto ng cac doc.
oi vi oto he thong phanh la mot trong nhng cum quan trong nhat, bi v no am
bao cho oto chay an toan toc o cao, do o co the nang cao c nang suat van chuyen.
He thong phanh gom co c cau phanh e ham trc tiep toc o goc cua cac banh xe
hoac mot truc nao ay cua he thong truyen lc va truyen ong phanh e dan ong cac c
cau phanh.
M
. HC
P
T
uat
2. Phan loai.
y th
K
amc truc cua he thong truye n lc
Tuy theo cach bo tr c cau phanh cac banhSuxephhoa
H
ma chia ra phanh banh xe va phanh truye
lgcD
.
unon
r
T
n
e banh xe (phanh chan) co n c cau phanh tay thng at
oto c cau phanh chnh a
ty
n qu
a
B
truc th cap cua hop so hoac hop phan phoi (oto 2 cau chu ong). Cung co khi c cau
phanh phanh chnh va phanh tay phoi hp lam mot va at banh xe, trong trng hp nay
se lam truyen ong rieng re.
Theo bo phan tien hanh phanh c cau phanh con chia ra phanh guoc, phanh dai va
phanh a.
Phanh guoc s dung rong rai tren oto con phanh a ngay nay ang co chieu hng ap
dung. Phanh dai c s du ng c cau phanh phu (phanh tay).
Theo loai bo phan quay, c cau phanh con chia ra loai trong va a. Phanh a con
chia ra mot hoac nhieu a tuy theo so lng a quay.
C cau phanh con chia ra loai can bang va khong can bang. C cau phanh can bang
khi tien han h phanh khong sinh ra lc phu them len truc hay len o bi cua may banh xe,
con co cau phanh khong can bang th ngc lai.
Truyen ong phanh co loai c, thuy, kh, ien va lien h p. oto du lch va oto van tai
tai trong nho thng dung truyen ong phanh loai thuy (phanh dau). Truyen ong phanh
bang kh (phanh hi) thng dung tren cac oto van tai tai trong ln va tren oto hanh
khach, ngoai ra con dung tren oto van tai tai trong trung bnh co ong c iezen cung nh
tren cac oto keo e keo oan xe. Truyen ong phanh bang ien c dung cac oan
oto. Truye n ong c ch dung phanh tay.
206
3. Yeu cau.
He thong phanh phai am bao cac yeu cau sau :
- Quan g ng phanh ngan nhat khi phanh ot ngot trong tr ng hp nguy hiem.
Muon co quang ng phanh ngan nhat th phai am bao gia toc cham dan cc ai.
- Phanh em du trong bat ky moi trng hp e am bao s on nh cua oto khi phanh.
- ieu khien nhe nhang, ngha la lc tac dung len ban ap hay on ie u khien khong
ln.
- Thi gian nhay cam be, ngha la truyen ong phanh co o nhay cam ln.
- Phan bo mom en phanh tren cac banh xe phai theo quan he s dung hoan toan trong
lng bam khi phanh vi bat ky cng o nao.
- Khong co hien tn g t siet phanh khi oto chuyen o ng tnh tien hoac quay vong.
- C cau phanh thoat nhiet tot.
- Gi c ty le thuan gia lc tren ban ap hoac on ie u khien vi lc phanh tren
banh xe.
- Co kha nang phanh khi ng trong thi gian dai.
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
II. KET CAU CHUNG CUA HE THONG PHANH.
am
u ph
S
H
gD
ruon chnh (phanh ban h xe hay con goi la phanh
He tho ng phanh tren oto gom co Tphanh
n
quyne lc hay con goi la phanh tay). S d phai lam ca phanh
chan) va phanh phu (phanh
truye
n
a
B
chnh va phanh phu la e am bao an toan khi oto chuyen ong. Phanh chnh va phanh
phu co the co c cau phanh va truyen ong phanh hoan toan rieng re hoac co the co chung
c cau phanh (at banh xe) nhng truyen ong phanh hoan toan rieng re. Truyen ong
phanh cua phanh phu thn g dun g loai c.
Phanh chnh thng dung truyen ong loai thuy goi la phanh dau hoac truyen ong
loai kh goi la phanh kh. Khi dung phanh dau th lc tac dung len ban ap phanh se ln
hn so vi phanh kh, v lc nay la e sinh ra ap suat cua dau trong bau cha dau cua he
thong phanh, con phanh kh lc nay ch can thang lc can lo xo e m van phan phoi
cua he thong phanh. V vay phanh dau ch nen dung oto du lch, van tai c nho va trung
bnh v cac loai oto nay momen phanh cac banh xe be, do o lc tren ban ap cung
be. Ngoai ra phanh dau thng gon gan g hn phanh kh v no khong co cac bau cha kh
kch thc ln va o nhay khi phanh tot, cho nen bo tr no de dang va s dung thch hp
oi vi cac oto ke tren.
Phanh kh thng s du ng tre n oto van tai trung bnh va ln. Ngoai ra cac oto loai nay
con dung he thong phanh thu y kh. Dung he thong phanh nay la ket hp u iem cua
phanh kh va phanh dau.
S o ket cau cac loai he thong phanh cua oto c trnh bay sau ay:
207
1. Phanh dau.
phanh dau lc tac dung t ban ap en c cau phanh qua chat long (chat long c
coi nh khong an hoi khi e p) cac ng ong.
Qb
l'
3
2
M
. HC
P
T
uat
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
pha
6
y th
mK
Hnh 12.1 : S o he thong phanh dau oto
S o he thong phanh dau (hnh 12.1) gom co 2 phan chnh : truyen ong phanh va c
cau phanh. Truyen ong phanh bo tr tren khung xe gom co: ban ap 1, xilanh chnh co
bau cha dau 2 e tao ra ap suat cao, cac ong dan dau 3 en cac c cau phanh. C cau
phanh at banh xe gom co: xilanh lam viec 4, ma phanh 5, lo xo keo 6, trong phanh 7.
Nguye n ly lam viec cua he thong phanh dau nh sau: khi ngi lai tac dung vao ban
ap 1 qua he thong on se ay pttong nam trong xilanh 2, do o dau b ep va sinh ra ap
suat cao trong xilanh 2 va trong ng ong dan 3. Chat long vi ap suat cao se tac dung
len be mat cua hai pittong xilanh 4. Hai pttong nay thang lc lo xo 6 se ay hai ma
phanh 5 ep sat vao trong phanh 7 va tien hanh phanh oto v trong phanh 7 c gan lien
vi moay banh xe. Khi nha ban ap ngha la luc ngng phanh, lo xo 6 se keo hai ma
phanh 5 ve v tr ban au, di tac dung cua lo xo 6 cac pttong trong xilanh lam viec 4 se
ep dau tr lai xilanh chnh 2.
S lam viec cua phanh dau lam viec tren nguyen ly cua thuy lc tnh hoc. Neu tac
dung len ban ap phanh th ap suat truyen en cac xilanh lam viec se nh nhau. Lc tren
208
cac ma phanh phu thuoc vao ng knh pttong cac xilanh lam viec. Muo n co momen
phanh banh xe trc khac banh xe sau ch can lam ng knh pttong cua cac xilanh
lam viec khac nhau.
Lc tac dung len cac ma phanh phu thuoc vao ty so truyen cua truyen ong: oi vi
phanh dau bang ty so truyen cua phan truyen ong c kh nhan vi ty so truyen cua phan
truyen ong thuy lc. Ne u pittong xilanh lam viec co dien tch gap oi dien tch cua
pittong xilanh chnh th lc tac dung len pittong xilanh lam viec se ln gap oi. Nh
the ty so truyen se tang len hai lan, nhng trong luc o hanh trnh cua pittong lam viec se
giam i hai lan, v vay ma chung co quan he theo ty le nghch vi nhau cho nen lam kho
khan trong khi thiet ke truyen ong phanh.
ac iem quan trong cua he thon g phanh dau la cac banh xe c phanh cun g mot luc
v ap suat trong ng ong dau ch bat au tang len khi tat ca cac ma phanh ep sat vao
cac trong phanh khong phu thuoc vao ng knh xilanh lam viec va khe h gia trong
phanh va ma phanh.
He thong phanh dau co cac u iem sau:
- Phanh ong thi cac banh xe vi s phan bo lc phanh gia cac banMh xe hoac gia
HC
cac ma phanh theo yeu cau.
TP.
t
a
u
h
- Hieu suat cao.
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
- o nhay tot, ket cau n gian.
H
D
g
- Co kha nang dung tre n nhieu loa
i orutoonkhac nhau ma ch can thay oi c cau phanh.
T
n
uye dau la:
Khuyet iem cua he thoanngqphanh
B
- Khong the lam ty so truyen ln c v the phanh dau khong co cng hoa ch dung
cho oto co trong ln g toan bo nho, lc tac dung len ban ap l n.
- Khi co cho nao b h hong th ca he thong phanh eu khong lam viec c.
- Hieu suat truyen ong se giam nhiet o thap.
2. Phanh kh.
Phanh kh s dung nan g lng cua kh nen e tien hanh phanh, ngi lai khon g can
mat nhieu lc e ieu khien phanh ma ch can thang lo xo van phan phoi e ieu khien
viec cung cap kh nen hoac lam thoat kh cac bo phan lam viec. Nh the ma phanh kh
ieu khien nhe nhang hn.
Nguye n ly lam viec cua he thong phanh kh theo s o (h12.2) nh sau:
May nen kh 1 c dan ong bang ong c se bm kh nen qua bnh lang nc va dau 2
en bnh cha kh nen 3. Ap suat cua kh nen trong bnh xac nh theo ap ke 8 at trong
buong lai. Khi can phanh ngi lai tac dung vao ban ap 7, ban ap se dan ong on van
phan phoi 4, luc o kh nen se t bnh cha 3 qua van phan phoi 4 e n cac bau phanh 5 va
6. Mang cua bau phanh se b e p va dan ong cam phanh 9 quay, do o cac ma phanh 10
c ep vao tron g phanh 11 e tien hanh qua trnh phanh.
209
10
11
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Hnh 12.2 : S o lam ovie
c
cu
a
he
thong phanh kh oto
u ng
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
Trong trng hp keo rmooc (oan xe) he thong phanh can am bao chuyen ong an
toan cho oan xe. Bo tr he thong phanh oto keo va rmooc co the theo s o hnh
12.3
Cac s o phan biet vi nhau theo so lng ng ong dan noi oto ke o vi rmooc ra
loai 1 dong hoac 2 dong.
Cac phan con lai se giong nhau theo hnh 12.3a, khong kh c nen ban g may nen
kh 1 roi truyen ti bnh loc 2 va bo phan ieu chnh ap suat 3 en cac bnh cha kh nen
4. Khi trong cac bnh cha kh 4 co ay u lng d tr khon g kh nen th bo phan ieu
chnh 3 se cat khong cap kh t may nen vao bnh cha na.
e phon g trng hp ap suat co the tang ot ngot ng dan kh, trong he thong co
at van an toan 5. Khong kh nen c i t bnh cha en van phan phoi 11. Khi can
phanh ngi lai se tac dung le n ban ap phanh qua he thong on en van phan phoi 11 va
m cho kh nen vao cac buong phanh 9, t o se dan ong cam phanh ep cac ma phanh
vao trong phanh e tien hanh qua trnh phanh.
e phanh rmooc, trong he tho ng co trang b van phan phoi 6 cho rmooc. Khi khong
phanh khong kh nen c truyen qua van 6 o ng dan va au noi 7 e cung cap kh nen cho
he thong rmooc. Khi phanh th kho ng kh nen c thoat ra ngoai khoi n g ong noi oto
210
keo va rmooc qua van 6. Do ap suat ng ong noi b giam nen he thong phanh
rmooc bat au lam viec.
a)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
b)
Hnh 12.3 : S o lam viec cua he thong phanh kh co phanh rmooc
211
Khi co khon g kh nen co the phanh rmooc bang tay on 10, tay on nay se tac dung
len van phan phoi 6 cua he thong phanh rmooc. Khi oto lam viec kho ng keo rmooc th
ng ong dan cua he thong phanh rmooc c tach ra khoi ng ong cua he thong oto
bi van bt kn 8.
he thong phanh kh hai dong (h.12.3b) phan cung cap kh (gom may nen kh 1, bnh
loc 2, bo phan ieu chnh 3, cac bnh cha 4 va van an toan 5) giong nh he thong phanh
kh mot don g, ch khac la van 11 ieu khie n ca he thong phanh cua oto va he thong phanh
rmooc c noi vi nhau bi hai ng ong. Mot ng ong noi vi o ng cung cap 12,
ong nay thng xuyen co kh nen dan en he thong phanh rmooc. ng ong th hai noi
vi ong co khong kh vao e ieu khien he thong phanh rmooc.
Khac vi he thong phanh kh mot dong he thong phanh kh hai dong, khi phanh ap
suat trong n g ong ie u khien tang le n, nh the ma he thong phanh rmooc se bat
au lam viec.
So sanh he thong phanh kh mot dong va hai dong co the rut ra ket luan sau:
He thong phanh mot dong co the ieu khien rieng re he tho ng phanh oto keo va
rmooc, hay co the ie u khien cun g mot luc tuy theo yeu cau s phanh h
p ly oan xe.
CM
H
.
P
ieu nay am bao tnh on nh cua xe khi phanh.
uat T
h
t
y
- He thong phanh hai dong, khong kh nen cap cho om
to Kkeo va phanh cua rmooc bang
ha
p
u
S
mot van chung. V the se co hien tng capDHkhong kh nen khon g kp thi cho phanh
uong c.
rmooc nhat la oi vi xe co ke o nhie uTrrmoo
n
ye u iem la thng xuye n cung cap khong kh cho he
- He thong phanh hai do
nqguco
Ban
thong phanh rmooc, ieu nay co y ngha ln khi phanh thng xuyen hoac phanh lau dai.
Cac th nghiem he thong phanh trong phon g th nghiem va tren ng chng to he
thong phanh mot dong u viet hn he thong phanh hai dong. V the cac xe hien nay chu
yeu dung he thon g phanh kh mot dong.
He thong phanh kh co u iem la lc tac dung len ban ap rat be. V vay no c
trang b cho oto van tai tai trong ln, co kha nang ieu khien he thong phanh rmooc
bang cach noi he thong phanh rmooc vi he thong phanh cua oto keo.
Dan ong phanh bang kh nen am bao che o phanh rmooc khac oto keo, do o
phanh oan xe c on nh, khi rmooc b tach khoi oto keo th rmooc se b phanh mot
cach t ong.
u iem na cua he thong phanh kh la co kha nang c kh hoa qua trnh ieu khien
oto va co the s dung khong kh nen cho cac bo phan lam viec nh he thong treo loai
kh.
Khuyet iem cua he tho ng phanh kh la so lng cac cum kha nhieu, kch thc chung
ln va gia thanh cao, o nhay t, ngha la thi gian he thong phanh bat au lam viec ke t
khi ngi lai bat au tac dung kha ln.
3. Phanh thuy kh.
212
Tren hnh 12.4 trnh bay s o phanh thuy kh. He thong phanh thuy kh gom co may
nen kh 1 dan ong bang ong c oto, bnh loc 2, bnh cha kh nen 3, xilanh lc, van va
xilanh phanh chnh 4 (ba bo phan nay ket hp lam mot cum), ong dan dau 5, xilanh lam
viec 6, ma phanh 7, tro ng phanh 8, ban ap ieu khie n 9.
May nen kh 1 qua bnh loc 2 se cung cap kh nen en bnh cha 3. Khi tac dung len
ban ap 9 van se m e kh nen t bnh 3 en xilanh lc sinh lc ep tre n pittong cua
xilanh chnh 4, dau di ap lc cao se truye n qua ong dan 5 en cac xilanh 6 do o se dan
ong e n cac ma phanh 7 va tien hanh qua trnh phanh. Cac ong dan kh he thong phanh
nay ngan cho nen o nhay cua he thong phanh tang len.
Phanh thuy kh thng dung tren oto tai tai trong trung bnh va ln. No phoi hp ca u
iem cua phanh kh va phanh dau cu the la lc tac dung len ban ap be, o nhay cao, hieu
suat ln va co the s dung c cau phanh nhieu loai khac nhau.
Phanh thuy kh s dung cha rong rai do phan truyen ong thuy lc co nh ng nhc
iem : nhiet o thap hieu suat giam, cham soc ky thuat phc tap nh kiem tra mc dau
va thoat khong kh khoi truyen ongvv..
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 12.4 : S o he thon g phanh thuy kh mot dong
A. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH

I.
XAC NH MOMEN PHANH CAN SINH RA CAC C CAU PHANH.
Momen phanh sinh ra c cau phanh cua oto phai am bao giam toc o hoac dng
oto hoan toan vi gia toc cham dan trong gii han cho phep. Ngoai ra con phai am bao
gi oto ng o doc cc ai (momen phanh sinh ra phanh tay).
213
oi vi o to lc phanh cc ai co the tac dung len mot banh xe cau trc khi phanh
tren ng bang phan g la:
G
Gb
m1 p
Pp 1 1 m 1 p
(12.1)
2
2L
cau sau la:
G
Ga
Pp2 2 m 2p
m 2p
(12.2)
2
2L
ay: G - trong ln g o to khi tai ay;
G1, G2 - tai trong tng ng (phan lc cua at) tac dung len cac banh xe
trc va sau trang thai tnh, tren be mat nam ngang;
m1p, m2p - he so thay oi tai trong tng ng len cau trc va cau sau khi
phanh;
a, b - khoang cach tng ng t trong tam o to en cau;
L - chieu dai c s cua o to;
- he so bam gia lop va ng ( = 0,7 0,8)
M
. HC
P
Cac he so m1p, m2p xac nh theo ly thuyet o to nh sau:
T
uat
y th
j max h g
' h g
K
am
m 1p 1
1
(12.3)
u ph
S
H
b
gb
D
ong
jmaxehng Tru ' h g
m 2p 1 n- quy
1(12.4)
Ba
ga
a
Trong o: hg - chieu cao trong tam cua o to;
g - gia toc trong trng;
jmax - gia toc cham dan cc ai khi phanh;
j
- he so ac trng cng o phanh ( = max )
g
o to c cau phanh at trc tiep tat ca cac banh xe (phanh chan). Do o momen
phanh tnh toan can sinh ra cua moi c cau phanh cau trc la:
G
G
M p1 1 m 1p rbx
(b ' h g ) rbx
(12.5)
2
2L
cau sau (o to hai cau) la:
G
G
M p2 2 m 2p rbx
(a - ' h g ) rbx
(12.6)
2
2L
trong o: rbx ban knh lam viec trung bnh cua banh xe.
Khi tnh toan c the chon = 0,4 0,5 va = 0,7 0,8.
ng ve ket cau cua c cau phanh ma xet th momen phanh Mp1 va Mp2 phai bang:
Mp1 = Mp1 + Mp1
(12.7)
Mp2 = Mp2 + Mp2
(12.8)
214
ay: Mp1, Mp1 mo men phanh sinh ra ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau cua moi
c cau phanh cau trc;
Mp2, Mp2 mo men phanh sinh ra ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau cua moi
c
cau phanh cau sau.
II.
TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH GUOC.
1. Quy luat phan bo ap suat tre n ma phanh.

Muon tnh toan c cau phanh guoc chung ta can phai biet quy luat phan bo ap suat
tren ma phanh. Tuy theo s tha nhan quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh, chung ta
co nhng cong thc e tnh toan phanh guoc khac nhau. Th nghiem chng to rang o hao
mon cac iem khac nhau cua ma phanh khong giong nhau, bi the tha nhan quy luat
phan bo ap suat eu tren ma phanh la khong phu hp vi thc te. Chng minh sau ay
cang chng to ieu o .
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
y th
P nT
ye
u
q
an
B A
A'
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
a)
b)
Hnh 12.5 : S o dch chuye n ma phanh trong trong phanh

* e tm quy luat phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh chu ng ta tha nhan gia thiet sau:
+ Ap suat tai iem nao ay tre n ma phanh ty le thuan vi bien dang hng knh cua
iem ay khi phanh, ngha la coi nh ma phanh tuan theo nh luat Huc. ieu nay tha
nhan c trong pham vi bien dan g thng rat nho cua ma phanh.
215
+ Khi phanh tro ng va phanh guoc khong b bien dang ma ch ma phanh (tam ma sat)
bien dang. S d nh vay la v trong va guoc phanh lam bang nguyen lieu cn g hn ma
phanh nhieu, ket cau cua trong va guoc phanh co ng gan tang cng o cng vng.
+ Be mat lam viec cua ma phanh ep sat vao be mat lam viec cua trong phanh khi
phanh.
Tren hnh 12.5a trnh bay s o dch chuyen guoc phanh trong trong phanh quanh tam
O1.
Gia s rang trong qua trnh phanh khi ma phanh va mi cham vao be mat lam viec
cua trong phanh (thi iem bat au b bien dang) guoc phanh con quay them 1 goc na
do ma phanh b bien dan g di tac dung cua lc P o ng xilanh lam viec.
Neu xet iem A tren ma phanh chu ng ta thay iem A ng vi thi iem ma phanh va
mi cham vao trong phanh. Trong qua trnh bien dang iem A phai quanh quanh tam O1
vi ban knh O1 A va ti iem A tng ng vi goc quay rat nho cua ma phanh, ngha la
O1A=O1 A. T A ha ng thang goc AB xuon g ban knh OA, oan AB ac trng cho
bien dang hng knh cua ma phanh tai iem A khi ma phanh quay goc .
M)
Goc BA'A OAO1 v co AB AO va AA AO1 (coi nh raHt C
nho
.
P
T
uat
Xet tam giac vuong ABA ta co :
y th
K
am
AB AA'sin
u ph
S
H
D
nhng AA = O1 A. ( tnh theo rad) chorune
onng:
T
AB O1 A..nsinquyen
(12.9)
a
B
Tam giac OO1A cho ta bieu thc sau :
OO1 O1A
sin sin
hay la :
sin
O1 A OO1
(12.10)
sin
Thay tr so O1 A t bieu thc 12.10 vao 12.9 ta co :
AB OO1. sin
Ap suat q tai iem A theo gia thiet th nhat se ty le vi bien dang hng knh, do o :
q k AB k OO1 .sin
(12.11)
ay :
k he so ty le, hay la o cng cua ma phanh.
Trong cong thc (12.11) k va OO1 la hang so, con se la goc quay chung cho tat ca
cac iem cua ma phanh quay quanh tam O1, cho nen no la hang so oi vi cac iem cua
ma phanh.
216
Thay cac hang so bang mot tr so khong oi K va coi iem A la mot iem bat ky xac
nh tren ma phanh bi goc ( la goc thay oi), cuoi cung ta co con g thc tong quat e
xac nh ap suat bat ky iem nao tren ma phanh nh sau:
q = Ksin
(12.12)
ay: K - he so ty le (K = k OO1 . ) ;
- goc xac nh v tr cua iem can tnh ap suat tren ma phanh.
Cong thc (12.12) cho chung ta thay rang ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh theo quy luat
ng sin. A p suat cc ai ng vi luc = 900 ngha la tai iem C (h.12.5b) (iem C cua
ma phanh nam tren truc X X thang goc vi truc Y Y i qua cac tam O va O1). Ap suat
cc tieu ng vi luc = 00 va = 1800, tai cac iem ay ap suat bang khon g. Bie u o phan
bo ap suat ma phanh c ch ro hnh 12.5b. Ap suat cc ai iem C se la:
qmax = K
do o cong thc (12.12) con co the viet:
q = qmaxsin
(12.13)
Do ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh khon g eu (theo luat ng sin) cho
M nen cac iem
. HC
P
T
tren ma phanh se hao mon khac nhau, phan gan iem C se haouamo
n
nhie
u hn, con cac
h t
t
y
K
au cuoi hao mon t hn.
pham
u
S
Thc te ra, cac au cuoi cua ma phanhgha
uH nh khong lam viec cung v the ma goc
n D
o
u
r
T
thng lay nho hn 120o ,oi vi oto hien nay
om o cua ma phanh tren moi guonc phanh
e
y
0
0
qu
goc o thng nam trong gi
Bani han 90 110 .
Quy luat phan bo ap suat nay lam phc tap cho viec tnh toan c cau phanh. V goc
om o hien nay khong ln lam va guoc phanh co the b bien dang khi phanh cho nen s
chenh lech ve phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh trong pham vi nh the kho ng ln lam. V
the trong tnh toan ban au khi chon s bo cac kch thc, chung ta coi nh ap suat phan
bo eu tren ma phanh e n gian cho tnh toan. Khi guoc phanh co o cng ln va muon
tnh chnh xac chung ta phai lay quy luat phan bo theo ng sin.
Sau ay chung ta se tnh c cau phanh cho ca hai trng hp phan bo ap suat eu va
theo ng sin.
2. Tnh toan c cau phanh.
Tnh toan c cau phanh nham muc ch xac nh cac kch thc va cac thong so c
ban cua c cau phanh e khi phanh co the sinh ra momen phanh am bao ham c oto.
Momen nay oto ma moi c cau phanh cau trc va cau sau phai sinh ra c xac nh
tng ng theo cong thc (12.5) va (12.6).
Cac momen tren c coi la momen phanh e tnh toan c cau phanh.
217
a) Xac nh goc va ban knh cua lc tong hp tac du ng vuong goc len ma
phanh
a1) Trng h p tha nhan ap suat phan bo eu tren ma phanh q = q1 = const :
Momen phanh sinh ra tren trong phanh phu thuoc vao ket cau cua c cau phanh. Tren
hnh 12.6a trnh bay s o tnh toan c cau phanh vi hai guoc phanh co iem ta co nh
rieng re ve mot pha. Neu truyen ong phanh la loai thuy lc (phanh dau) th lc ep P
len cac guoc phanh se bang nhau khi ong xilanh lam viec co ng knh nh nhau. Neu
dung cam e ep le n cac guoc phanh (truyen ong c loai c kh hoac loai kh) th lc ep P1
va P2 le n cac guoc phanh se khac nhau, trong khi o dch chuyen cua cac ma phanh se
giong nhau. S d P1 khac P2 la v chieu lc ma sat T1 va T2 tren cac ma phanh khac nhau,
O'
Ban
uyen
uo
1 r
xT
H Su
ng D
pha
rt
N 1y
N1
N1x
T1
R1
dN1y
dN1
thua
y
mP K
M
yT1 P. HC
d
dT1
dN1x
x1
U1
r0
Ux
c
O1
y1
a)
218
R2
U2
P2
O'
O''
P1
P2
P1
x1
r0
N1
U1
c)
T1
R1
R2
R1
N2
x2
x2
T2
x1
rt
U1
U2
y1
K
pham
y2
b)
M
C
H
.
P
T
uat
y th
u
DH S
g
n
uo vi cac guoc phanh co iem ta co nh rieng
Hnh 12.6 : S o tnh toan c cau T
phanh
r
n
e
y
re ve mot apha
quva lc ep len cac guoc phanh bang nhau
B n
trong khi o tr so cua chung bang nhau (T1 = T 2) do dch chuye n cua hai ma phanh nh
nhau (lc T sinh ra do co lc N, ma tr so cua lc N phu thuoc vao bien dang cua ma
phanh, ne u bien dang nay bang nhau th lc N1 = N2, do o T1= T2).
Chung ta se xet trng hp khi hai guoc phanh c ep mot lc P nh nhau.
Tren hnh 12.6a truc Y1 Y1 i qua hai tam O va O1 va thang goc vi truc X1 X1 i
qua iem co ap suat cc ai.
Khi phanh moi phan t cua ma phanh b tac dung t pha trong phanh bi lc thang
goc dN1 va lc ma sat dT1. Lc ma sat:
dT1 = dN1
ay: - he so ma sat gia trong phanh va ma phanh.
Chung ta xet mot phan t cua ma phanh nam cach truc Y1 Y1 mot goc . Phan t
nay choan goc d.
Lc thang goc dN1 tre n phan t se la:
dN1 = q1brtd
(12.14)
dT1 = dN1 = q1brtd
(12.15)
ay: q1 ap suat phan bo tren ma phanh trc (q 1 = const theo gia thiet);
b chieu rong ma phanh;
rt ban knh trong cua trong phanh;
219
d - goc om cua phan t ma phanh ang xet.

Khi ap suat phan bo eu tren ma phanh (h.12.7) th tong hp lc N1 cua tat ca cac lc
dN1 phai nam tren truc oi xng OD cua ma phanh, ngha la D la iem gia cua cung EF.
y
F
x
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
Bacnnh goc at cua lc N1 khi ap suat phan bo eu
Hnh 12.7 : Xa
Goc tao bi lc N1 va truc X1 X1 se la:
= 90o - DOO1
= 90o - ( DOE + EOO1 )

- 1
= 90o - ( 2
1 )
2
1
= 90o - 2
2
ay: 1, 2 goc au va goc cuoi cua ma phanh (h.12.7)
(12.16)
Chieu lc dN1 tren truc X1 X1 va Y1 Y1 ta co:

dN1X = q1brtsind
dX1Y = q1brtcosd
Tch phan trong gii han t goc 1 en 2 ta co:
2
N 1X dN 1X q1 brt sin d q 1 brt ( cos 2 cos 1)

1
(12.17)
220
(12.18)
N 1Y dN 1Y q1 brt cos d q 1 brt ( sin 2 sin 1)

1
Lc tong hp thang goc N1 tac dung len ma phanh la:

N 1 N 12X N12Y q 1 brt ( cos 2 cos 1 ) 2 ( sin 2 sin 1) 2 (12.19)
Momen phanh do mot phan t ma phanh sinh ra la:
dMpl = rtdT1 = q1brt2d
Momen phanh tac dung tre n ca ma phanh trc la:
2
M'pl dM' pl q1 brt2 d

1
= q1brt ( 2 - 1) = q1brt2 o
ay: o goc om cua ma phanh.
(12.20)
Lc thang goc tong hp N1 se sinh ra lc ma sat tong hp T1 = N1. Lc T1 co iem

at cach tam O mot oan .
M
. HC
P
T
Mo men phanh ma phanh tnh theo cong thc (12.20) conthco
uatthe tnh theo cong thc
y
K
sau:
am
u ph
S
H
D
Mpl = T1 = N1
(12.21)
uong
r
T
uyen
q
n
a
B M' pl
(12.22)
T o:

N 1
Thay cong thc (12.19) va (12.20) vao (12.22) ta co:
q1 brt2 0

q 1 brt ( cos 2 cos 1) 2 ( sin 2 sin 1) 2
o rt
1 2
1
1 2
1
)
sin 2
) (2 cos 2
sin 2
( 2 sin 2
2
2
2
2
o rt
4 sin 2
1
1
2 1
sin 2 2
)
( cos 2 2
2
2
2
n gian na ta co cong thc:

o rt

2 sin o
2
o rt
1
2 sin 2
2
(12.23)
221
o
, cong thc (12.23) se co dang sau :
2
' r
o t'
sin o
ay: o na goc om cua ma phanh.
Neu thay 'o
(12.24)
Can chu y rang goc o va o trong cong thc (12.23) va (12.24) tnh theo rad.
2
2
Neu o = 90o =
th:
rt ; neu o = 120o =
th:
rt
2
3
2 2
3 3
a2) Trng h p tha nhan ap suat tren ma phanh pha n bo theo quy luat
ng sin q=qmax sin .
Khi phan bo ap suat theo ng sin cac phan t lc dN1 va dT1 tac dung len ma phanh
la:
dN1 = qmax brt sin d
dT1 = qmax brt sin d
Su
Chieu lc dN1 len truc X1- X1 ta co: ong DH
ru 2
Tt sin
d
dN1x = uqymax
n br
e
q
n
a
B
t o
1
y th
N 1x dN1x
K
pham
HCM
. (12.25)
P
T
uat
(12.26)
sin 2
q max brt sin d q max brt
=
4 1
2
1
2
sin 2 2 sin 2 1
1
q max brt 2 1
2
2
2
1
q max brt 2 0 sin 21 sin 2 2
4
(12.27a)
Chieu lc dN1 len truc Y1 Y1 ta co :

1
q max brt sin 2.d
2
2
2
1
1
q max brt sin 2.d q max brt sin 2.d 2
2
4
1
1
dN1y =qmaxbrt sin cos.d

1
N 1Y dN1Y
1
2
1
1
q max brt ( cos 2) q max brt ( cos 2 1 cos 2 2 )
4
4
1
(12.27b)
222
Goc tao bi lc N1 vi truc X1 -X1 la :

1
q max brt ( cos 2 1 cos 2 2 )
N1Y
4
tg
N1X 1 q br (2 sin 2 sin 2 )

max
t
0
1
2
4
n gian i ta c:
cos 2 1 cos 2 2
tg
2 0 sin 2 1 sin 2 2
(12.28)
Mo men phanh sinh ra tren phan t cua ma phanh la :

dMp1 =rt dT1=qmaxbrt 2 sin d
Mo men phanh sinh ra tren ca ma phanh trc la :
2
M'p1 dM'p1 .q max brt 2 sin d q max brt2 ( cos 1 cos 2 )

1
(12.29)
M
. HC
P
T
uat
2
h
Lc tong hp N 1 la: N1 N1X
N12Y
Ky t
m
a
h
1
Su p
(12.30)
q max br1 ( 2 o sin 2 1 sin 2n2 )g2DH( cos 2 1 cos 2 2 ) 2
uo
4
r
T
n
Ban knh xac nh theo
co
qunygethc:
n
a
B
M' pl M' pl

T1
N 1
Lap cac tr so Mp1 va N1 t cac cong thc (12.29), (12.30) vao va n gian i ta co:
4rt ( cos 1 cos 2 )
(2 o sin 2 1 sin 2 2 ) 2 ( cos 2 1 cos 2 2 ) 2
4rt ( cos 1 cos 2 )

[2 o 2 cos ( 2 1 ) sin ( 2 1)] 2 [ 2 sin ( 2 1) sin ( 2 1 )]2
4rt ( cos 1 cos 2 )

4 2o 4 cos 2 ( 2 1) sin 2 o 8 o cos ( 2 1 ) sin o 4 sin 2 ( 2 1) sin 2 o
Cuoi cung ta co:
2rt ( cos 1 cos 2 )

2o sin 2 o 2 o cos ( 2 1) sin o
(12.31)
Cac cong thc (12.16), (12.23) cho ta tnh toan goc va ban knh trong trng hp
ap suat phan bo eu, trong trng hp ap suat phan bo theo ng sin chung ta dung cong
thc (12.28) va (12.31) e tnh. T cong thc tren thay rang goc va ban knh ch phu
223
thuoc vao cac thong so kch thc cua c cau phanh ( 1, 2, rt) ma khong phu thuoc vao tr
so cua ap suat.
Neu ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau hoan toan oi xng vi truc ng (ngha la cac
thong so kch thc eu bang nhau) th goc va ban knh cua ma trc va ma sau eu
nh nhau mac dau ap suat tren hai ma phanh phan bo theo cung quy luat (phan bo eu
hoac theo ng sin), nhng vi tr so khac nhau.
Khi bo tr ma phanh nh tren hnh 12.6b th ap suat ma phanh trc se ln hn ma
phanh sau v lc T1 ma phanh trc tang cng cho s phanh, con lc T2 ma phanh sau
lai giam s phanh (h.12.6b), nhng goc va ban knh hai ma phanh co tr so nh nhau.
b)
Tnh toan lc can thiet tac dung len guoc phanh P1 va P2 :
Trong thc te khi tnh toan c cau phanh, chung ta can xac nh lc Pi tac dung len
guoc phanh (h.12.6b) e am bao ton g so momen phanh sinh ra guoc phanh trc (M pl
hoac Mp2) va guoc phanh sau (Mp1 hoac Mp2) bang momen phanh tnh toan (Mp1 hoac
Mp2) cua moi c cau phanh. Momen phanh tnh toan Mp1 va Mp2 c xac nh trc theo
cong thc (12.5) hoac (12.6). Sau ay chung ta se xet quan he gia lM
c Pi va momen
C
H
.
P
phanh Mp1 va Mp1 (gia s rang chung ta xet c cau phanh caaut T
trc). Khi thiet ke c
hu
t
y
cau phanh chung ta chon trc qui luat phan bo ap sua
tK
tren ma phanh tren c s chon
ham
p
u
S
trc cac thong so ket cau ( 1, 2, rt) chung taDtnh
c goc va ban knh , ngha la xac
g H
n
o
u
r
.
nh c hng va iem at lc N1 T
n
quye
n
a
B
Lc R1 la lc tong hp cua N1 va T1. R 1 tao vi N1 goc . Goc xac nh nh sau:

T
(12.32)
tg 1
N1
Chon = 0,3 chu ng ta se xac nh c goc ngha la xac nh c hn g cua R 1 .

Goc ma phanh trc va ma phanh sau eu bang nhau v cung mot he so ma sat
nh nhau. Momen phanh cua c cau phanh la:
(12.33)
Mp1 = Mp1 + Mp1 = R1ro + R2ro = (R1 + R2)ro
ay: R1, R2 lc tong hp ma phanh trc va sau:
ro
- ban knh, xem hnh 12.6b.
Ban knh ro xac nh theo cong thc.
tg
ro sin
(12.34)
2
1 tg
12
Tr so M1 tnh theo cong thc (12.5), ro xac nh theo cong thc (12.34) t o chung ta
xac nh tong so lc R1 + R2 theo cong thc sau:
M 1
R1 R 2
(12.35)
ro
224
Muon xac nh rieng re lc R1 va R2 chung ta dung phng phap hoa o bang cach ve
a giac lc cua guoc phanh trc va sau. Tren moi guoc phanh co ba lc tac dung P1, R1,
U1 hoac P2 , R2, U2 (trng hp dan ong bang thuy lc th lc P hai guoc phanh bang
nhau neu ong xilanh lam viec cung mot ng knh). Guoc phanh trc va sau nam v tr
can bang cho nen ba lc tac dung phai gap nhau tai tam O hoac O (h.12.6b). H ng lc
P1 va R1 a biet (tr so cua chung cha biet), keo dai chung cho gap nhau O, noi O vi
O1 chung ta c hng lc U1. Cung lam nh vay oi vi guoc phanh sau chung ta tm
c hng lc U2 . Sau o xay dng a giac lc cho guoc phanh trc va guoc phanh sau
vi cung mot ty le nhat nh (v lc Pi hai guoc phanh ban g nhau: P1 = P 2 = P, cho nen co
the lay P lam mot n v chang han, ieu nay khong nhat thiet, chu yeu la am bao ty le
cua hai a giac lc hai guoc phanh nh nhau). Tren c s cac a giac lc ve c chung
R
R
ta tm c ty so gia lc R1 va R2 ( 1 ). Biet c ty so 1 va biet c to ng so R1 + R2
R2
R2
theo cong thc (12.35) chu ng ta co the xac nh c tng tr so rie ng re R1 va R 2 . Co R1,
R2 chung ta se xac nh c tr so cua cac lc P, U1, U2.
Biet c lc P chung ta co c s e tnh toan truyen ong phanh. Ngoa
i ra lc P, U1
HCM
.
P
T cau phanh.
va U2 tao ieu kien cho chung ta tnh toan sc ben cac chi tiet cu
a c
huat
t
y
K
Lc P ma chung ta xac nh theo phng phap nehuatre
n se am bao cho c cau phanh
p m
u
S
sinh ra momen phanh yeu cau Mp1 cau trgcDhoa
H c Mp2 cau sau. Ne u guoc phanh b ep
n
o
u
r
bang cam th lc P1 va P2 tac dung le
n Thai guoc phanh se khac nhau. Trong trng hp nay
yen
u
q
khi cam quay, hai guoc phanh
Ban se dch chuyen nh nhau. Neu thi gian au khe h gia
ma phanh va tro ng phanh guoc phanh trc co khac guoc phanh sau i na th qua mot
thi gian chay ra ap suat tac dung len hai ma phanh se bang nhau do dch chuyen cua hai
guoc phanh nh nhau. V ap suat hai ma phanh bang nhau cho nen lc R1 = R2. Nh vay
khi guoc phanh b ep bang cam quay chung ta co the xac nh ngay lc R1 va R2 .
M
R1 = R2 = p1
(12.36)
2 ro
Biet c tr so lc R1 va R2, da vao cac a giac lc cua guoc phanh trc va sau ve
theo phng phap tren chung ta tm c tr so lc P1, P2, U1 va U2.
Tren kia chung ta dung phng phap hoa o e xac nh lc P. Co the dung phng
phap giai tch e xac nh quan he gia lc P va momen phanh nh sau:
Xet can bang guoc phanh trc oi vi tam O ta co (h.12.6a):
(12.37)
Uxc Pa = R1ro = Mp1
ay: Ux hnh chieu cua lc U1 tren truc X1 X1 (h.12.6a);
c, a cac kch thc, xem tren hnh 12.6a.
T bieu thc (12.37) rut ra
Mpl Pa
Ux =
(12.38)
c
Chieu cac lc tac dung len guoc phanh trc tren truc X1 X1 ta co:
225
Pcoso + Ux N1cos - T1sin = 0

Thay tr so cua Ux t cong thc (12.38) va thay N1 =
(12.39)
Mpl
, T1=
Mpl
vao bieu thc
(12.39) chung ta c bieu thc sau:

M' p1
M'pl Pa M' pl
sin 0
(12.40)
cos
P cos o
c
c
Giai phng trnh (12.40) oi vi P ta c bieu thc sau:

P(c cos o a)
(12.41)
M'P1
c( cos sin )
Tng t nh vay, ne u xet can bang guoc phanh sau ta co:
P(c cos o a)
M''P1
(12.42)
c( cos sin )
Cong thc (12.41) va (12.42) dung cho trn g hp guoc phanh dan ong bang chat
long. Khi guoc phanh dan ong bang cam th lc R1 = R2, do o Mp1 = Mp1. T o co the
rut ra bieu thc sau:
M
Mp1 = 2Mp1 = 2Mp1 =
. HC
P
T
at
P2 (c cos o a) Ky thu
P1(c cos o a)
(12.43)
2
2
am
u ph
c( cos sin
)
c( cos sin )
S
H
D
onng guoc phanh trc va sau, hai lc nay co tr
ule
ay: P1, P2 lc tac dung t cam quay
r
T
n
so khac nhau.
quye
n
a
B
Ty so cac lc P1 va P2 xac nh nh sau:
P1 c( cos sin )
P2 c( cos sin )
(12.44)
226
Hnh 12.8 : S o c cau phanh t c ng hoa

Tren hnh 12.8 trnh bay c cau phanh t cng hoa. c cau phanh nay hieu qua
phanh c tang len nh dung lc ma sat gia ma phanh trc va trong phanh. Hai guoc
phanh c noi vi nhau bang thanh trung gian 1. Nh vay, guoc phanh sau c ep vao
trong phanh khong nhng ban g lc P ma con bang lc U2 co tr so bang lc U1. Coi nh
guoc phanh va trong phanh hoan toan cng chung ta co the xac nh tr so va r0 theo
phng trnh (12.31) va (12.34). Neu lc P va U1 song song th lc R1 can bang cac lc
tren cung phai song song va ong thi lai tiep tuyen vi vong tron ban knh ro. Chung ta
se co cac phng trnh sau:
(12.45)
R1 = P + U1; Mp1 = R1r o
ieu kien can bang guoc phanh sau, khi U2 = U1 se la:
R2 = P + U1 + U3
Do o mom en phanh guoc phanh sau:
HCM
. (12.46)
P
Mp1 = R2.r0 Mp1 = (R1 + U3)r0
T
uat
y nthg hp nay momen phanh
So sanh cong thc (12.46) vi (12.45) chung ta thay trongmtr
K
ha
guoc phanh sau ln hn guoc phanh trc. DH Su p
ngc lc tac dung len guoc phanh trc oi vi
uoca
ieu kien can bang mom en cua ta
t rca
T
n
quye
iem at lc U1 la:
Ban
a c
P (a + c) = R1(c r0) ; R1 = P
c r0
a r0
U1 = R1 P = P
c r0
T ay
Mp1 = P
a c
r0
c r0
(12.47)
ieu kien can bang mom en cua tat ca cac lc tac dung len guoc phanh sau oi vi
iem ta A (h.12.8) se la:
P(a b) + R2(b ro) = U1(b + c)
( a ro )(b c) (a b )(c ro )
R2 P
( c ro )(b ro )
Bien oi i ta co:
(a c)( b ro )
ro
(12.48)
(c ro )( b ro )
Cong thc (12.48) va (12.47) cho chung ta thay rang c cau phanh t cng hoa khi
co lc P tac dung, guoc phanh sau se sinh ra momen phanh Mp1 ln hn nhieu so vi
Mp1 = P
227
guoc phanh trc. Neu goc 1 va 2 cua ma phanh trc khac vi ma phanh sau th va ro
cua hai guoc phanh cung se khac nhau.
c cau phanh t cng hoa trnh bay tren hnh 12.8 hieu qua phanh (momen phanh)
khi oto tien va lui eu nh nhau.
3. Phanh em du va on nh cua o to khi phanh (hie n tng t siet).
Phanh em du va on nh cua o to khi phanh phu thuoc vao s phan bo eu lc phanh
banh xe phai va trai khi cac banh xe kho ng b gai cng, vao s on nh cua momen
phanh Mp oi vi c cau phanh a co, khi he so ma sat thay oi trong gii han co the cua
no (thng t 0,28 en 0,30) va vao kha nang b siet cua cua c cau phanh. Neu momen
phanh cac banh xe phai va trai sai lech so vi momen phanh tnh toan khoang 10
15%, khi he so thay oi th o on nh cua o to khi phanh (khi phanh kho ng b lech
hng) van am bao de dang c bang cach gi banh lai. Trong qua trnh phanh co the
xuat hien hien t ng t siet. Hien tng t siet xay ra khi ma phanh b ep sat vao trong
phanh ch bang lc ma sat ma khong can tac ong lc P cua truyen ong le
n guoc phanh.
CM
H
.
P
Trong trng hp nh vay, momen phanh Mp ng ve phng die
Tn ly thuyet ma noi se
huat
t
y
tien ti vo tan. oi vi guoc phanh trc (h.12.6a) hien m
tKng t tiet se xay ra khi co ieu
ha
p
u
S
kien sau theo cong thc (12.41):
g DH
n
o
u
r
c(cos + sin)
- = 0
T
yen
u
q
Ngha la khi:
Ban
c cos
(12.49)
c sin
Bang cach chng minh n gian co the thay rang khi xay ra hien tng t siet lc
tong hp R1 se i qua tam quay O1 cua guoc phanh.
Neu xet cong thc (12.42) dung cho guoc phanh sau, chung ta thay rang mau so cua
no kho ng the bang so kho ng c bi v luo n luon am bao > csin va lc tong hp R2
khong the i qua tam quay O2 cua guoc phanh sau c (h.12.6b). V the guoc phanh sau
khi lam viec khong thuan chieu quay th khong bao gi sinh ra hien tng t siet.
guoc phanh t cng hoa hie n tng t siet se xay ra khi c = ro hoac b = r o (theo
cong thc 12.47 va 12.48) ngha la khi lc ton g hp R1 i qua thanh ep trung gian hoac khi
lc tong hp R2 i qua iem ta A (h.12.8). Hien tng t siet se xay ra khi:
b
c
va
(12.50)
2 b2
2 c2
C cau phanh t cng hoa co momen phanh t on nh hn khi he so ma sat thay
oi va co kha nang b t siet nhieu hn so vi c cau phanh ma guoc co cac iem ta co
nh rieng re. Cung v the ma hien nay c cau phanh t cng hoa khong dung tren o to
du lch.
228
Khi thiet ke c cau phanh phai chu y chon cac thong so kch thc the nao e tranh
xay ra hien tng t siet, co nh the phanh mi co the em du va on nh c.
III. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH A.
T
P
P
U
y
S N
am K
h
p
Su
g DH Q
P. HC
uat T
th
n
Truo
n
quye
Hnh 12.9
Ban : S o tnh toan c cau phanh a cua oto
Tren hnh 12.9 trnh bay s o e tnh c cau phanh a cua o to. Lc P do ong xilanh
lam viec sinh ra se lam cho a ep 3 xoay i va t vao u 4. Nh cac hon bi 5 chay tren
cac ranh nghieng 6 cho nen hai a ep 3 va 1 se b ep vao vo cua c cau phanh e tien
hanh phanh.
T ieu kien can bang a ep 1 ta co:
TRb = nPa + QRtb
Q = S = Tcotg
(12.51)
ay: T thanh phan cua lc phap tuyen N, thanh phan nay tac dung song song vi be
mat lam viec cua a ep (h. 12.9)
Rb khoang cach t tam hon bi en ng truc cua c cau phanh (h.12.10)
n so lng ong xilanh lam viec
P lc sinh ra cua mot ong xilanh lam viec
a khoang cach t ng truc cua c cau phanh en ng tam ong xilanh lam
viec (h.12.10)
- he so ma sat gia ma phanh (vong ma sat) vi vo cua c cau phanh
Q lc ep sinh ra tren be mat ma sat
229
Rtb ban knh trung bnh cua ma phanh (vong ma sat)

- goc nghieng ng lan cua hon bi.
T
P
P
Rb
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
u
DH S
g
n
uo
Hnh 12.10
T:rPhanh a vi vo quay
n
e
y
qu
Ban
T cac cong thc 12.51 rut ra:
nPa
(12.52)
R b tg R tb
Momen phanh sinh ra c cau phanh la:
(12.53)
Mp = pQRtb
ay: p so lng oi be mat ma sat, c cau phanh ang tnh p = 2
Thay tr so Q t cong thc 12.52 vao 12.53 ta co:
p.nPaR tb
(12.54)
Mp =
R b tg R tb
Lc can sinh ra tren mot ong xilanh lam viec la:
M p (R b tg R tb )
P=
(12.55)
pnaR tb
Q=
T phng trnh 12.55 ta thay rang muo n tranh hien tng t siet th:
Rbtg - Rtb > 0
t ay:
R
tg > tb
(12.56)
Rb
230
Neu Rtb = Rb th tg >

o to hien nay goc nam trong gii han 30o 35o. Phanh a co u iem la hieu qua
phanh (momen phanh) khong phu thuoc vao chieu quay cua trong phanh va khong co lc
hng knh tac dung len truc. Khac vi phanh dai va phanh guoc phanh a ap suat phan
bo eu tren be mat cua phanh cho nen cac ma phanh (vong ma sat) cua a phanh hao
mon eu, thi gian lam viec cua chung lau hn. Dun g phanh a co kha nang bt kn tot
hn cho ne n tang c thi han lam viec.
Nhc iem cua phanh a la co lc chieu truc tac dung len truc cua c cau phanh
(mac du lc nay khong ln lam) cho nen khi thiet ke can phai chu y en cac iem ta e
nhan lc nay.
IV.
XAC NH KCH THC CUA MA PHANH (TAM MA SAT).

1. Phanh guoc.
Kch thc ma phanh guoc chon tren c s am bao cong ma sat rieng,Map suat tren
. HcCma phanh va
ma phanh, t so trong lng toan bo cua oto tren dien tch toan boacu
TaPca
t
u
h
Ky t
che o lam viec cua phanh.
m
a
h
Su p thu toan bo ong nang cua o to
Cong ma sat rieng L xac nh tren c s ma
phanh
H
D
ng
chay vi toc o trc khi phanh nh sau:
Truo
n
2 ye
nGvqu0
a
B
(kNm/m2)
L=
(12.57)
2gF
ay:
G trong lng toan bo cua o to khi ay tai (kN).
v0 - Van toc cua o to khi bat au phanh (m/s);
g - gia toc trong trng (g=9,81 m/s2)
F - dien tch toan bo cua ma phanh tat ca cac c cau phanh cua oto (m2).
Tr so cong ma sat rieng oi vi cac c cau phanh hien co khi phanh t toc o cc ai
en khi d ng o to phai nam trong gii han sau:
O to du lch: 4000 15000 kNm/m2
O to van tai: 3000 7000 kNm/m2
Thi han phuc vu cua ma phanh phu thuoc cong ma sat rieng. Con g nay cang ln th
nhiet o phat ra khi phanh cang cao, trong phanh cang b nong nhieu va ma phanh chong
h hong.
Mot ch tieu na e anh gia thi han lam viec cua ma phanh la ap suat tren be mat
cua ma phanh. T cong thc (12.20) co the rut ra ap suat tren be mat ma phanh nh sau:
M 'p1
(12.58)
q1 =
brt2 0
231
Ap suat cho phep tren be mat ma phanh phu thuoc bi nguyen lieu ma phanh va trong
phanh. Ap suat nay thay oi trong gii han ro ng. oi vi cac ma phanh hien nay dung cho
o to ap suat cho phep khi phanh vi cng o cc ai nam trong gii han t
1,52,0MN/m2.
Hieu qua phanh phu thuoc kha nhieu bi cach chon goc om o. Ne u o qua ln se lam
cho phan bo ap suat tren ma phanh khong eu.
Khi phanh vi tng thi gian ngan mot th momen phanh se tang khi tang o, nhng
neu o tang qua 100o 1200 th hie u qua phanh hau nh khon g tang g ca. Neu phanh
thng xuyen theo chu ky th momen phanh se giam khi tang goc o do nhiet o cua trong
phanh tang nhieu.
oi vi phanh guoc ma moi guoc co iem co nh rieng re goc om o = 90 1000 la
thch hp, do o tang hieu qua phanh va giam hao mon cho ma phanh. Neu lay goc om
o<90o th ma phanh hao mon rat nhanh.
Thi han lam viec cua ma phanh con c anh gia bang t so p:
M
(12.59)
(kg/m2)
p=
F
M
. HC
P
T
M khoi lng cua o to (kg)
uat
y th
K
F - tong so dien tch cua be mat ma sat cua ca
cam
ma phanh tat ca cac c cau
u ph
S
2
H
D
phanh (m ).
uong
r
T
Ty so nay cho phep nh sau:yen
qu 4
an2,0.10
kg /m2
O to du lch
1,0B
O to hanh khach 1,5 2,5.104 kg /m2
O to van tai
2,5 3,5.104 kg /m2
oi vi o to du lch va van tai trong tai nho va trung bnh ma phanh thng c gan
vao guoc phanh ban g inh tan, con o to van tai tai trong ln dung bulo ng e gan. Khi
dung cac phng phap gan nh vay th cho phep ma phanh mon en mot na chieu day
ban au mi phai thay.
Hien nay tren the gii a bat au dung nha dan e gan ma phanh vao guoc phanh.
u iem cua phng phap nay la co the s dung ma phanh cho en khi mon gan het chieu
day mi phai thay. Khi gan nh the phai am bao o ben khong nho hn 5,0MN/m2 vi
gii han nhiet o -50o en + 200oC.
2. Phanh a.
Tnh toan phanh a giong nh phng phap tnh toan ly hp va ly hp chuyen hng
V.
TNH TOAN NHIET PHAT RA TRONG QUA TRNH PHANH.
Trong qua trnh phanh ong nang cua o to chuyen thanh nhiet nang tro ng phanh, va
mot phan thoat ra moi trng khong kh. Phng trnh can bang nang ln g luc ay co dang
sau:
232
t
G v 12 v 22
m t c Ft k dt
.
2
g
0
(12.60)
ay: G trong lng cua o to (N)

g - gia toc trong trng (g=9,81 m/s2)
v1 va v2 toc o ban au va toc o cuoi qua trnh phanh (m/s)
mt - khoi lng cac trong phanh va cac chi tiet lien quan vi chung b nung
nong (kg)
c - nhiet dung rieng cua chi tiet b nung nong (J/kg o ) oi vi the p va gang
c = 500 J/kg o, con oi vi xilumin c= 950 J/kg o trong khoang nhiet o
t 273o en 573o K.
- s tang nhiet o cua trong phanh so vi moi trng khon g kh (o K)
Ft - dien tch lam mat cua trong phanh (m2 )
K - he so truyen nhiet gia trong phanh va khong kh (W/m21 oK)
t - thi gian phanh (s)
So hang th nhat ben ve ben phai phng trnh (12.60) la phan nan g lng lam nung
M ng kh.
nong tron g phanh, con so hang th hai la phan nang lng truye n ra ngoa
i kho
. HC
P
T
at ng khong kh coi nh
Khi phanh ngat thi gian ngan, nang lng truyen ra mo
iutr
y th
K
amtren c s o co the xac nh s
khong an g ke cho nen so hang th hai co the bo qua,
u ph
S
H
Dsau:
tang nhiet o trong phanh trong khi phanhonh
u ng2
r
2
T
1 v 2)
nG(v
(12.61)
quye
n
a
B
2gm t c
S tang nhiet o cua trong phanh vi toc o cua o to v1 = 8,33m/s cho en khi d ng
hoan toan (v 2 = 0) khong c qua 15oK.
Khi phanh ngat do thi gian phanh qua ngan cho nen nhiet o sinh ra trong khi phanh
khong kp lam nong eu toan bo trong phanh. V vay nhiet o tren be mat tiep xuc cua
trong phanh vi ma phanh co the vt kha nhieu nhiet o trung bnh tnh theo cong thc
(12.61).
Neu phanh nhieu lan lien tuc th so hang th hai ve ben phai cua phng trnh
(12.60) se tang len.
Th nghiem trong ieu kien chay than h pho cho biet rang nhiet o trung bnh cua
trong phanh o to du lch la 323oK va khi phanh ngat lien tuc co the len en 423oK.
e am bao ieu kien lam viec bnh thng cua c cau phanh va e ma phanh t mon
can am bao thoat nhiet tot khi phanh. Muon thoat nhiet tot can phai tang dien tch lam
mat Ft cua trong bang cach lam cac gan tan nhiet. Th nghiem chng to rang nhiet o cua
trong phanh co gan tan nhiet thap hn khoang 45 65 % so vi trong khong co gan. Khi
thiet ke c cau phanh phai am bao thong gio tot cho trong phanh. ieu nay rat quan
trong e ha nhiet o trong phanh v trong phanh thng at trong long banh. e cho ma
phanh khong b nung nong qua mc khi phanh, cac doc xuong dai nen dung phng
phap phanh bang ong c.
233
B. TRUYEN ONG PHANH

Trong phan nay chung ta se xet ba loai truyen o ng phanh thng dung: c kh, chat
long va kh.
Lc tac dung len ban ap phanh hoac on ieu khien phanh cung nh hanh trnh cua
ban ap va on ieu khien phu thuoc momen phanh can sinh ra va cac thong so cua
truyen ong phanh. Momen phanh cc ai can sinh ra oi vi oto tnh theo cong thc
(12.5) va (12.6).
Tren c s tnh c momen phanh cc ai ma cac c cau phanh phai am bao co the
xac nh c lc Pi can ep len cac guoc phanh bang phng phap hoa o hoac bang giai
tch trnh bay phan tnh c cau phanh. T o chung ta co c s e tnh toan truyen ong
phanh.
M
. HC
P
T
huat
yg tso
K
Tren hnh 12.11 trnh bay s o lc tac dung va cahcatho
n
cua cac loai truyen ong
p m
u
S
H
c kh.
ng D
o
u
r
oi vi truye n on g c kh mom
en
Tcan thiet Mt sinh ra tren truc quay e trc tiep ep
yen
u
q
cac guoc phanh phu thuoc Bva
ano ket cau cua c cau ep guoc phanh.
oi vi c cau cam n gian va cam co cac canh tay on co nh (hnh 12.11b)
momen Mt xac nh nh sau:
d
Mt = (P1 + P2)
(12.62)
2
ay: P1, P2 - lc ep can thiet len guoc phanh trc va sau, cac lc nay a c xac
nh sau khi tnh toan c cau phanh.
d
- canh tay on (h.12.11b).
I.
TRUYEN ONG PHANH BANG C KH.
234
a
l'
a)
P1
P2
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
b)
P
P
c)
T
2
T
2
d)
Hnh 12.11 : S o xac nh lc tac dung len ban ap phanh vi truyen ong bang c kh
oi vi cam can bang (h.12.11c)
Mt = Pd
(12.63)
235
oi vi c cau loai chem (h12.11d)

(12.64)
Mt = 2Pltg
trong hai cong thc tren ay:
P lc ep len guoc phanh, xac nh c khi tnh c cau phanh.
d, l, - cac thong so kch thc va goc trnh bay tre n hnh 12.11c, d.
cac c cau ep loai cam lc ma sat rat ln do o ton that khi truyen ong cung ln.
Momen M1 va M2 can sinh ra tren cac truc phanh trung gian e dan ong c cac c
cau phanh ang trc va ang sau tng ng se la:
M2 = 2 M "ti "
(12.65)
M1 = 2 M 't i '
ay: M 't va M "t momen tren co cac truc cua c cau ep trc tiep cac guoc phanh c
cau phanh ang trc va ang sau;
i va i
- ty so truyen cua truyen ong tnh t truc c cau ep trc tiep cac guoc
phanh en truc phanh trung gian ieu khien c cau phanh ang trc
va ang sau (h. 12.11a)
M
. HC
P
T
Lc Q can thiet tac dung len ban ap phanh se la:
uat
y th
K
M l 1
M
ham
(12.66)
Q = 1 2 . DH Su p
d luong
c
Tr
n
e
ay:
M1 va M2 cac moqm
en
xa
c nh theo cong thc 12.65 (Nm).
y
u
an
B
c, d, l, l cac thong so kch thc cua truyen o ng phanh (h.12.11a)
- hieu suat cua truyen ong c kh, khi tnh toan co the chon = 0,8 0,85
Lc Q cc ai phai nam trong gii han 650 750 N oi vi o to du lch va 750 800N
oi vi o to van tai. S d lc tac dung len ban ap phanh co the lay ln hn nhieu so vi
lc tac dung len ban ap ly hp la v so lan phanh ngat (phanh ot ngot vi hie u qua
phanh cc ai) ch chiem 5 10% so lan phanh noi chung.
Lc tac dung len on ieu khien phanh tay khi phanh ngat vi gia toc cham dan cc
ai a cho khong c qua 350N.
Khi thiet ke truye n ong phanh can chu y am bao hanh trnh lam viec cua ban ap.
Hanh trnh lam viec phu thuoc bi ty so cac canh tay on cho phep l va l. Ty so nay b
han che do ieu kien ket cau vi muc ch am bao cho ngi lai ieu khien thuan li.
Hanh trnh cc ai cua ban ap o to van tai khong c qua 180 mm va cua o to du
lch khong qua 150 mm. Tr so hanh trnh cc ai cho tren ng vi luc ma phanh b mon.
oi vi he thong phanh ieu chnh bnh thng hanh trnh cua ban ap khi phanh hoan
toan ch chiem 50 60 % cua hanh trnh cc ai.
236
x
2
x
2
Hnh 12.12 : S o tnh hanh trnh dch chuyen cua guoc phanh
Hanh trnh dch chuyen x hai au tren cua cac guoc phanh (h.12.12) co the tnh theo
M
. HC
cong thc sau:
P
T
uat
2( )(a c)
y th
K
x=
(12.67)
am
u ph
c
S
H
D
onag ma phanh va trong phanh khi tha ban ap
ugi
ay: - khe h hng knh trung bnh
r
T
n
phanh v tr tado.
quye
n
B
- o mon hng knh cho phep cua ma phanh
a, c - cac kch thc cua guoc phanh (h.12.12)
Xac nh c tr so x theo cong thc (12.67) co the xac ng goc quay cua cam ep va
do o xac nh c hanh trnh cua ban ap truyen ong loai c kh. Trong thc te hanh
trnh cua ban ap se ln hn hanh trnh tnh theo ly thuyet o 30 40% do co cac khe h
cac khp noi va do bien dan g cac chi tiet cua truyen ong c kh.
Hanh trnh cua on ie u khien phanh tay kho ng c qua 220mm oi vi o to van tai
va 160 mm oi vi o to du lch.
II.
TRUYEN ONG PHANH BANG CHAT LONG (DAU).
1. Truyen o ng phanh mot dong.

Truyen ong phanh mot dong c du ng ro ng rai tren cac o to hien nay v ket cau cua
no n gian hn.
Khi tnh toan truyen on g phanh bang chat long trc tien can xac nh kch thc ong
xilanh lam viec (nam c cau phanh) tren c s xac nh c lc ep P len cac guoc
phanh va chon ap suat lam viec cc ai cua he thong truyen ong thuy lc.
ng knh trong d cua ong xilanh lam viec xac nh theo con g thc sau (h.12.1):
237
d=
4P
p i
(m)
(12.68)
ay: P lc can thiet ep len guoc phanh (kN)

pi ap suat cc ai cho phep trong he thong phanh (kN/m2). Ap suat nay cho
phep trong gii han pi = 5000 8000 kN/ m2.
Trong mot vai ket cau cua truyen ong phanh bang thuy lc ap suat trong he thong
len en 104 kN/m2. A p suat cang ln th he thong con gon gan g hn ve kch thc, nhng
yeu cau ve cac ong dan lai khac khe hn nhat la cac ong dan bang cao su va cac cho noi
ghep.
Tnh c d theo cong thc (12.68) can kiem tra lai kha nang bo tr ong xilanh lam
viec trong c cau phanh, v khoang khon g gian e bo tr ong xilanh nay tng oi chat
hep.
Lc Q tac dung len ban ap e tao nen ap suat a chon trong he thong xac nh theo
cong thc sau (h.12.1)
D 2 l 1
(kN)
(12.69)
pi .
Q=
M
l
4
. HC
P
T
uat
ay:
D - ng knh cua xilanh phanh chnh (m) (h.12.1)
y th
K
2 am
pi ap suat a chon cua he thong (kN/m
u ph)
S
H
D
l, l kch thc cua ban apru(m)
ong (h.12.1)
T
n
- hieu suat truye
qunyeo ng thuy lc, khi tnh toan chon bang 0,92
n
a
B y nh trn g hp tnh truyen ong phanh loai c kh
Lc Q cho phe p cung la
Neu lc Q tnh ra kha ln th co the dung cng hoa e giam bt.
Hanh trnh toan bo cua ban ap oi vi truyen ong phanh bang thuy lc c tnh
tren c s bo qua bien dang an hoi cua truyen ong thuy lc va tren c s tnh the tch
chat long can ep ra khoi ong xilanh chnh.
oi vi o to hai cau co c cau phanh at tat ca cac banh xe hanh trnh ban ap h tnh
theo cong thc sau:
2d 12 x 1 2d 22 x 2
l
(12.70)
ng 0
h =
2
D
l
ay: d1 va d 2 ng knh xilanh lam viec c cau phanh cua banh trc va banh sau
x1 va x2 hanh trnh pttong cua cac xilanh lam viec c cau phanh trc va sau.
o khe h gia pttong cua xilanh chnh va thanh ay noi vi ban ap (h.12.1).
Khe h nay can thiet e am bao nha phanh c hoan toan khi thoi tac dung
vao ban ap phanh, khe h nay lay t 1,5 2,0 mm
D ng knh xilanh chnh
l, l kch thc cua ban ap (h.12.1)
ng he so bo sung, tnh en trng hp phanh ngat the tch cua truyen ong thuy
lc tang len, ng = 1,05 1,10
238
Hanh trnh ban ap cho phep chon giong nh tr so a cho oi vi truyen ong c kh.
oi vi truye n ong phanh ban g thuy lc cac ng o ng dan bang cao su chiem vai
tro rat quan trong e am bao hanh trnh cho phep cua ban ap. ng ong dan bang cao
su phai co o cng nhat nh e chu c ap suat cao ma khong b bien dang.
2. Truyen o ng phanh hai dong.
I
I
II
II
a)
II
b)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
II
c)
d)
Hnh 12.13 : S o truyen o ng phanh 2 don g rieng re

e tang o an toan lam viec cua he thong phanh, ngay nay mot so xe co trang b
truyen o ng phanh hai dong co mot c cau ieu khien chung ban ap phanh (hnh12.13)
Truyen ong phanh hai do ng co the lam theo nhieu s o khac nhau vi muc ch am
bao tnh on nh va tnh lai cc ai cua o to. oi vi s o hnh 12.13a,b; khi b hong
truyen ong dong 1 hoac dong 2 th o to c phanh tng ng hoac ban g banh xe sau
hoac bang banh xe trc.
oi vi s o hnh 12.13c, khi dong 2 b hong th tat ca cac banh xe van c phanh
nhng hieu qua phanh cua cac banh xe trc co giam hn. Con khi hong dong 1 th ch co
cac banh xe trc c phanh, s o nay ch c dung mot so o to du lch cua cac nc
phng Tay (BMV, NSU, v.v), s o h.12.13d khi hong mot dong nao th ch lam giam
239
hieu qua phanh, con qua trnh phanh van tien han h tat ca cac banh xe. S o tre n c
s dung o to ZIL -114.
III. TRUYEN ONG PHANH BANG KH.
Truyen ong phanh bang kh dung o to van tai c trung bnh va ln . Truyen ong
phanh bang kh gom co cac cum chu yeu nh: may kh nen, van ieu chnh ap suat, bnh
cha kh nen, van phan phoi, cac ong dan , bau phanh.
1. May nen kh.
May nen kh co nhiem vu tao thanh kh nen di mot ap suat nhat nh e cung cap
cho he thong, o to thng dung may nen kh loai pttong, t khi dung loai quay tron.
Thng cac may nen kh cua o to cung cap kh nen t 500 800kN/m2. Dan ong may
nen thng bang day cuaroa, xch hoac ly hp lay cong suat t mot truc nao ay cua ong
c.
Nang suat cua may nen kh Q xac nh theo co ng thc:
M
. HC
P
id 2 Sn v
T
uat
Q=
(l/ph)
y th
K
4000
pham
ay: i so lng xilanh cua may nen kh ; DH Su
ng
Truo
d ng knh cua xilanh (cm)
n
quye
S hanh trnh pittoBnagn (cm)
n so vong quay cua truc may nen (vg/ph)
v - hieu suat truyen kh cua may nen, oi vi may nen kh dung tren o to
v = 0,50 0,75
So lng xilanh co the t mot en bon va thng at thang hang, it khi at theo ch V
. May nen mot xilanh dung cho o to tai trong nho (en 30 kN). May nen 2 xilanh c s
dung ro ng rai nhat, cu the no dung cho o to tai trong t 40 e n 400 kN.
Nang suat cua may nen kh at tren o to hien nay nam trong khoang 60 250l/ph va
nang suat thng ch so vong quay cua may nen kh la 1250vg/ph.
Nang suat cua may nen kh thng chon tre n c s nap nhanh va ay bnh cha sau
khi khi ong ong c va gi cho ap suat cua khong kh nen gan vi ap suat tnh toan khi
phanh lien tuc. Trong thc te ch can may nen kh lam viec t 10 20 % thi gian lam
viec toan bo cua o to tuy theo so nguon tieu thu kh nen. Thi gian con lai nen e cho
may nen chay khon g tai e tang tuoi tho lam viec.
Cong suat tieu hao cho may nen kh vao khoang 0,50 2,2 kW tuy theo nang suat cua
may nen.
2. Van ieu chnh ap suat.
240
Van ieu chnh ap suat co nhiem vu gi cho ap suat trong he thong mc quy nh.
Van ieu chnh ap suat c thiet ke theo kieu ong ap suat hoac theo kieu hon bi.
Van ieu chnh co the co nhng ket cau khac na nh loai mang chang han.
3. Bnh cha kh ne n.
Bnh cha kh nen che tao bang cach han thep la, ben ngoai va ben trong co sn e
chong g. Cac bnh thng c bo tr v tr thap nhat cua he thong e cho nc co the
ngng tu lai va nh van at di ay bnh ma nc co the thoat ra ngoai. Bnh cha
c th bang phng phap thuy lc vi ap suat 1,2 1,4 MN/m2. Dung tch cua moi bnh
cha thng t 20 en 35l. Dung tch va so lng bnh tuy thuoc lng khong kh can
cung cap cho he thong va nang suat cua may nen kh. D tr khong kh nen trong cac bnh
phai am bao phanh c vai lan sau khi may nen kh ngng lam viec.
4. Van phan phoi.
Q b
K
pham
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
y tphb
T
yen
u
q
an
p1
P. HC
uat T
p2
ph
241
Fm(p2-p1 )
Fv(p3- p2)
p1
p2
p3
ph
Hnh 12.14 : S o e tnh van phan phoi

Van phan phoi dung e on g m he thong phanh (cung cap kh nen hoac ngng cung
cap) theo yeu cau cua ngi lai.
M
. nHgCkh, no am bao
P
T
Van phan phoi la bo phan rat quan trong cua truyen ong phanh
ba
t
thua
o nhay cua truyen ong va qua trnh phanh c tot. am Ky
ph
Sculoa
Van phan phoi co the lam theo loai mang D
hoa
i pttong.
H
ng
o
u
r
T ng phanh bang kh tnh toan vi ap suat cc ai la
Cac bo phan lam viec cua truyenn o
ye
2
2
u
q
0,55MN/m , con cua rmooc
Banla 0,45MN/m .
Tren hnh 12.14 trnh bay s o tnh toan van phan phoi.
Van phan phoi am bao cho ap suat khong kh trong dan ong t le thuan vi lc tac
dung len ban ap. ieu kien can bang c cau tuy chon: van, mang va lo xo the hien nh
sau (khong ke ma sat va cac lo xo phu).
Q = C = Fm (p2 p1) + Fv (p3 p 2)
Lc tren ban ap phanh t le thuan vi chuyen dch cua ban ap, ngha la hien tng
tuy ong tien hanh theo chuyen dch.
C
Bi v Q = Qbib = C => Qb =
i b
S
Do = b cho nen
Qb = Sb C
i b
i 2b
ay : C o cng cua lo xo
Qb lc tac dung len ban ap
ib ty so truyen cua ban ap
Sb hanh trnh cua ban ap
- o dch chuye n cua lo xo
Fm, Fv dien tch cua mang va cua van
p1 ap suat cua khongkh
242
p2, p3 ap suat sau va trc van

T ay : Qbib = Fmph + F v (p3 p 2).
ay :
ph = p2 p1
- ap suat trong he thong ;
Pb = p3 p2
- ap suat trong bnh cha kh nen .
1
Qbib Fv (p3 p 2)
ph =
Fm
Co the coi gan ung.

phmax = Qb
i b
= pb
Fm
ph = Kt Qb
ay : Kt - he so tuy ong tng ng vi he so tr lc K
i
Kt b
Fm
p
p hmax
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen p
u
q
an
p tb B
bmax
m
b
p b
Hnh 12.15 : ng ac tnh cua van phan phoi.

ng ac tnh cua van phan phoi c trnh bay tren hnh 12.15.
o nhay cua cac van hien nay vao khoang p = 0,05 MN/m2 va c kiem tra ap
suat ptb = 0,3 MN/m2.
5. Bau phanh.
Bau phanh co nhiem vu tao thanh lc ep len thanh ay e dch chuye n cam quay cua
c cau phanh.
243
P th
Hnh 12.16 : Ket cau bau phanh loai pttong

Lc tac dung len thanh ay cua bau phanh tnh theo cong thc:
D 2
Pth = p
12 (N)
(12.71)
4
ay: p - ap suat trong bau phanh (N/m2) thon g thn g p = 0,4 0,55MN/m2
D - ng knh lam viec cua mang hoac pttong (m)
1 - he so tnh en o nap khong kh nen vao bau phanh; 1 = 1.
2 - hieu suat c hoc cua bau phanh; 2 = 0,95.
HCcMep cua lo xo
.L
Lo xo cua bau phanh thng co o c ng khoang 1500 3500 N/m.
P
T
uat
thng vao khoang 80 150N. Lo xo nay khong nen co oKc
g ln qua v se mat nhieu
y nth
am
u ph
cong e thang s bien dan g cua no.
S
H
gD
uone
tao len cam quay cua c cau phanh cac lc
Lc Pth tac dung len thanh ay phaTi ru
n
e
y
P1 va P2 theo yeu cau, e co nthe
quep cac guoc phanh vao trong va sinh ra momen phanh
Ba
can thiet.
IV.
BO IEU HOA LC PHANH VA BO CHONG HAM CNG.

1. Bo ieu hoa lc phanh.
Tren o to co dan phanh bang chat long c at bo ieu hoa lc phanh theo mot hoac
hai thong so. Thng dan ong phanh cua cac banh xe sau cua o to co at van e giam
ap suat ng ong e n cac phanh sau tuy theo ap suat cua xilanh chnh. Thi iem bat au
lam viec cua van (ap suat cat) co the co nh va ch phu thuoc vao ap suat a nh
xilanh chnh, hoac co the thay oi tuy theo lc phanh va tai trong cua o to (bo ieu hoa
hai thong so).
Bo ieu hoa lam viec theo mot thong so co ket cau n gian hn ca va on nh trong
s dung, nhng pham vi s dung cua chung han che nhng o to ma tai trong thay oi
khong ln lam trong khi s dung. Ket cau cua bo ieu hoa nh the trnh bay hnh 12.17.
Bo ieu hoa gom co pittong 2, lo xo 1 va van 3. Buong A c noi vi xilanh chnh con
buong B noi vi c cau phanh cac banh xe sau. Dien tch lam viec q1 cua pttong
buong A ( pha chat long i vao) nho hn dien tch q2 buong B ( pha chat long i ra).
244
trang thai ban au pittong 2 c ep vao thanh cua buong B bi lo xo 1 va nh the ca

hai buong c thong vi nhau qua van c m 3.
Khi trong xilanh chnh co ap suat thap th chat lon g se i vao cac ng ong dan ong
phanh banh xe sau mot cach t do. Hieu so lc sinh ra tren cac be mat khac nhau cua
pittong khong u e thang lc F cua lo xo 1, bi vay pittong se nam v tr nh cu khi van
3 m. V the ap suat chat long trong dan ong cac phanh banh xe sau bang ap suat
trong xi lanh chnh, ngha la bang ap suat trong dan ong en cac phanh banh trc
p1=p2.
Khi ap suat trong dan ong at ap suat bat au tac dung p1b cua bo ieu hoa th
pittong 2 thang lc lo xo 1 se dch chuyen va van 3 b ong. T thi iem nay ap suat p2
trong dan ong phanh cac banh xe sau se nho hn ap suat p1 trong dan on g cac phanh
cac banh xe trc mac du ap suat nay t le thuan vi s tang ap suat xilanh chnh pxlc
(ng than g cd tren hnh 12.17)
xlc
ruo
T
2
yen
u
q
Ban
3
mK
ppha
u
S
H
2
ng D
y th
d
C
P. HC
uat T
G1
2
G2
p (xlc)
1
p 1G
a)
1b
b)
Hnh 12.17 : Bo ie u hoa lc phanh vi ap suat bat au tac dung khong oi.
a) S o ket cau
b) ng ac tnh tnh
Phng trnh the hie n s lien quan ap suat p1 va p2 nh sau:

p2 = Ap1 + B.
245
q1
- t so gia dien tch be mat nho q1 va ln q2 cua pittong
q2
F
B=
q2
Cac he so A va B la co nh oi vi tng loai bo ieu hoa va chung c chon khi
thiet ke he thong phanh.
Ap suat bat au tac dung p1b cua bo ieu hoa phu thuoc bi lc F cua lo xo va hieu
so dien tch cac be mat cua pittong.
F
p1b =
q 2 q1
Bo ieu hoa lc phanh lam viec che o ong theo hai thong so co the thiet ke tren
c s bo ieu hoa noi tren, ch khac mot ie u la bo phan an hoi cua bo ieu hoa c bo
tr nh the nao e cho lc tac dung le n pittong cua bo ie u hoa thay oi ty le thuan vi tai
trong thang ng tac dung len truc sau cua o to.
ng ac tnh tnh cua bo ieu hoa lam viec theo mot thong so trnh bay hnh
M
12.17b. oan OC ng vi luc bo ieu hoa cha lam viec, ngha la ap sua
. HCt p1 = p2. iem C
P
T
ng vi thi iem bo ieu hoa bat au lam viec va ng tha
nugatCd ng vi luc bo ieu
y th
K
am
hoa lam viec. ng cong lien net la ng ac tnh
u phly thuyet cua bo ieu hoa. T hnh
S
H
D
ve thay rang giai oan au th ng a
uocngtnh ly thuyet khong tru ng vi ng ac tnh
r
T
cua bo ieu hoa mot tho ng so, co
nn giai oan sau th ng ac tnh ly thuyet gan trung
quye
n
a
vi ng ac tnh thc teB(oan Cd).
ay: A
2. Bo chong ham cn g banh xe khi phanh

e am bao hieu qua phanh cao can tien hanh qua trnh phanh gii han ham cac
banh xe, ngha la cac banh xe trong qua trnh phanh kho ng b trt let; v the tren o to co
trang b he thong chong ham cng banh xe khi phanh.
S o cua he thong chong ham trnh bay tren hnh 12.18. He tho ng gom co bo cam
bien 1, bo phan ie u khien 2, c cau thc hien 3, nguon nang lng 4. Bo cam bien 1 se
nhay cam vi thong so c chon e ieu khien (toc o trt cua banh xe) va truyen tn
hieu en bo ieu khien 2. Bo phan ieu khien se x ly cac tn hieu cua bo nhay cam va
truyen lenh en c cau thc hien 3, e tien hanh viec giam hoac tang ap suat trong dan
ong phanh. Chat long c truyen t xilanh chnh 5 qua c cau thc hien 3 en cac
xilanh banh xe 6 e ep cac guoc phanh. Nguon nang lng 4 am bao cho c cau thc
hien co the tien hanh ieu khien qua trnh phanh.
246
Hnh 12.18 : S o he thong chonh ham cng banh xe khi phanh
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
247
CHNG XIII
HE THONG LAI
I.
CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU.
1. Cong dung.
He thong lai dung e thay oi phng chuyen ong cua oto nh quay cac banh dan
hng cung nh e gi phng chuyen ong thang hay chuyen ong cong cua oto khi can
thiet.
Muon quay von g oto phai co momen quay vong. Momen nay co the phat sinh nh cac
phan lc ben khi quay banh dan hng.
2. Phan loai.
M
. HC
P
T
a) Theo cach bo tr vo la ng chia ra:
huat
Kyntchuye n ong theo luat i
- He thong lai vi vo lang bo tr ben trai ( khi chieuam
thua
h
Sui pchu ngha, cac nc Phap, My v.v)
ng la chieu phai nh cac nc trong phe D
xaH ho
g
ruoin( khi chieu thuan chuyen ong la chieu trai
- He thong lai vi vo lang at benTpha
n
uye
nh cac nc Anh, Nhat,BThu
an qy ien ).
b) Theo ket cau cu a c cau lai chia ra:
+ Loai c kh gom co :
- Truc vt banh vt (vi hnh re quat rang hay con lan)
- Truc vt on quay ( vi mot hay hai ngo ng tren on quay)
- Thanh kha
- Lien hp ( truc vt ecu va on quay hay truc vt ecu va thanh kha re quat rang).
+ Loai thuy lc
c) Theo ket cau va nguyen ly lam viec cua bo tr lc chia ra:
- Loai tr lc thuy lc
- Loai tr lc kh (gom ca cng hoa chan khong),
- Loai tr lc ien
- Loai tr lc c kh
3. Yeu cau.
Yeu cau oi vi he thong lai la :
- Quay vo ng oto that ngoat trong mot thi gian rat ngan tren mot dien tch rat be.
246
- Lai nhe, tc la lc can thiet e quay vanh tay lai phai nho.
- ong hoc quay vong ung, cac banh xe cua tat ca cac cau phai lan theo nhng vong
tron ong tam (neu ieu kien nay khong am bao lop se trt tren ng nen chong mon
va cong suat se mat mat e tieu hao cho lc ma sat trt).
- Ngi lai t ton sc, u cam giac e quay vong tay lai va he thong lai u sc ngan
can va ap cua cac banh dan hng len vanh tay lai (ngi lai met).
- O to chuye n ong thang phai on nh.
- at c cau lai tren phan c treo (e ket cau cua he thong treo banh trc khong
anh hng en ong hoc cua c cau lai).
II. T SO TRUYEN CUA HE THONG LAI.
Trong he thong lai co cac t so truyen sau:
- T so truyen cua c cau lai i
- T so truyen cua dan ong lai id.
- T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai ig.
- T so truyen lc cua he thong lai il.
1. T so truyen cu a c cau lai i .
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
en
y
u
q
T so cua goc quay cua voBla
anng chia cho goc quay cua o n quay ng. Tuy theo c cau lai
i co the khong oi hoac thay oi. loai c cau lai co t so truyen thay oi, t so truyen co
the tang hay giam khi quay vanh tay lai ra khoi v tr trung gian.
oi vi o to du lch can ng dun g loai c cau lai co t so truye n thay oi. T so truyen
nay co gia tr cc ai khi vanh tay lai v tr trung gian. Nh vay am bao c o to
chuyen ong van toc cao an toan hn, v khi vanh tay lai quay i mot goc be se lam cho
banh dan hng quay t. Ngoai ra khi o to chay toc o cao, s on nh cua banh dan
hng anh h ng en he tho ng lai cao ; t so truyen thay oi se lam cho tay lai nhe ngi
lai met.
cac o to co kha nang thon g qua ln cung s dun g c cau lai co t so truyen thay oi
nhng gia tr cc tieu cua t so truyen lai n g vi v tr trung gian cua vanh tay lai. Bo tr t
so truyen nh vay la hp ly nhat v no am bao cho tay lai nhe khi o to can chuyen ong
linh hoat.
2. T so truyen cu a dan ong lai id.
No phu thuoc vao kch thc va quan he cua cac canh tay on. Trong qua trnh banh
dan hng quay vo ng gia tr canh tay on cua cac on dan ong se thay oi. Trong cac ket
cau hien nay id thay oi khong nhieu lam
247
id = 0,85 1,1
3. T so truyen theo goc cua he thong lai i g.
Ty so cua goc quay vanh tay lai len goc quay cua banh dan hng. T so truyen nay
bang tch so cua t so truyen cua c cau lai i vi t so truyen dan cua ong lai.
ig = i. id
(13.1)
4. T so truyen lc cua he thong lai il .
l
l
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
rl
r bx
yn th
T
yen
u
q
Ban
Hnh 13.1 : S o tru ng nghieng trong mat phang ngang.
Ty so cua tong lc can khi o to quay vong chia cho lc at tren vanh tay lai can thiet
e khac phuc c lc can quay vo ng.
P
il c
Pl
M
M
Pc c ; Pl l
r
c
o : Mc momen can quay vong cua banh xe ;
c canh tay on quay vong, tc la khoang cach t tam mat ta cua lop en
ng
truc ng ke o dai (h.13.1) ;
Ml momen lai at tren vanh tay lai ;
r ban knh vanh tay lai.
M r
Nh vay : i l c
cM l
248
Mc
i g va do o
Ml
r
il i g
(13.2)
c
Ban knh vanh tay lai a so o to hien nay la 200 250mm va t so truyen goc ig
khong vt qua 25 v vay il khong c chon ln qua. Canh tay on c cung khong nen
giam nhieu v giam nhieu se lam cho o to chuye n o ng khong on nh v ban h xe nghieng
trong mat phang ngang nhieu qua, iI hien nay chon trong khoang t 100 300.
Neu t so truyen il oi hoi phai ln hn th can thiet phai at bo tr lc tay lai trong he
thong lai.
Bo qua cac lc ma sat ta co
III. KET CAU CUA HE THONG LAI.

1. S o chung.
Trong tr ng hp tong quat he thong lai gom co : c cau lai, truyen ong lai va bo
phan tr lc. Trong mot so kieu o to (o to tai co tai trong be, o to du lch
co cong suat lt
M
. HC
P
T
nho va cong suat lt trung bnh) co the khong at bo tr lc lai . huat
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
n
quye
Ban
Hnh 13.2 : S o he thon g lai oto
249
Tren hnh 13.2 trnh bay s o n gian nhat cua he thong lai. Vanh tay lai 1 c gan
tren mot au truc lai 2. au kia co at truc vt 3. Truc vt 3 an khp vi banh vt 4 (banh
vt 4 nam tren truc 14). Bo truc vt banh vt 3, 4 va vo cha bo truc vt, banh vt la c cau
lai. Truyen ong lai gom on quay ng 13, thanh keo doc 12, on quay ngang 7, hnh
thanh lai gom ba thanh 6, 10, 11 va cac cam quay ben trai va ben phai 5, 9.
Vanh tay lai co nhiem vu tao ra momen quay can thiet khi ngi lai tac dung vao.
Vanh tay lai co dang vanh tron co nan hoa bo tr eu hay khong eu quanh vanh trong cua
banh lai. Momen lai la tch so cua lc lai tren vanh tay lai nhan vi ban knh cua vanh tay
lai.
Truc lai thng la mot on dai ac hoac rong. Truc lai co nhiem vu truyen momen lai
xuong c cau lai.
C cau lai co nhiem vu bien chuyen ong quay tron thanh chuyen ong goc trong
mat phang thang ng cua on quay ng va giam ty so truyen theo yeu cau can thiet.
4
3
3 H Su
D
g
n
ruo
2
T
yen
u
q
an
4
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
i
1
P. HC
uat T
Hnh 13.3 : Gian o bieu dien quan he gia t so truyen cua c cau lai va goc quay cua
banh xe.
2. C cau lai.
C cau lai la bo giam toc am bao tang momen tac ong cua ngi lai en cac banh
xe.
a) Phan ln cac yeu cau cua he thong lai do c cau lai am bao. V vay c cau lai
phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau :
+ Co the quay ca hai chieu e am bao chuye n ong can thiet on nh cua o to.
250
+ Co hieu suat cao e lai nhe trong o can co hieu suat theo chieu thuan (t vanh lai
xuong banh xe dan hn g) ln hn hieu suat theo chieu nghch (ngc lai) mot t e cac
va ap t mat ng c gi lai c cau lai mot phan ln.
+ am bao gia tr thay oi cua t so truyen theo ye u cau can thiet khi thiet ke.
+ ieu chnh khoan g h an khp cua c cau lai n gian nhat.
b) Cac thong so anh gia cua c cau lai la t so truyen theo goc, hieu suat (thuan va
nghch) va tr so khoang h cho phe p gia cac chi tiet an khp cua c cau lai.
+ T so truyen cua c cau lai la :
d
i
(13.3)
d
o : d, d - goc quay phan t cua vanh tay lai va on quay ng
, - van toc goc quay tng ng cua vanh tay lai va on quay ng.
Trong so ln cac c cau lai i la gia tr thay oi ; xac nh chnh xac i nh n g
cong vi phan = f(). Trong nhng ieu kien bnh thng co the tnh i u chnh xac theo
M
bieu thc i
va s dung o th = f() (h.13.3).
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u nphh tay lai xuong banh dan hng)
H Sva
+ Hieu suat thuan (theo chieu thuan tc glaDt
t
uon
r
T
se la :
n
quye M M
n
N
N1 N r
a
r2 2
t
1B r 1 r1 1
M 1 1
N1
N1
t 1
M r 1i M r 2
M 1i
(13.4)
Hieu suat nghch (theo chieu nghch tc la t banh dan hn g len vanh tay lai) n se
la:
n
M M r 2 2
N
N2 Nr
1 r 1 r1 1
M 2 2
N2
N2
M r 1i M r 2
(13.5)
M2
N1 cong suat dan en truc lai ;
Nr cong suat mat mat do ma sat trong c cau lai;
Mr1 tong so momen cac lc ma sat tren truc lai (h.13.4);
Mr2 - tong so momen cac lc ma sat tren truc on quay ng ;
M1 momen ngoai lc tac dung len vanh tay lai ;
n 1
Trong o :
251
N2 cong suat tren truc on quay ng ;

M2 momen ngoai lc tac dung len truc on quay ng.
Qua cac cong thc (13.4) va (13.5) ma sat tren truc lai anh hng en hieu suat
truyen o ng ln hn ma sat tren truc on quay ng.
Neu bo qua ma sat trong o bi em chan au va cac v tr khac ma ch chu y en cap
banh rang an kh p th theo giao trnh nguyen ly may hieu suat cua cap banh rang truc vt
banh vt hay vt vo tan se la :
t
tg
tg( )
(13.6)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
M2
Hnh 13.4 : S o c cau lai
va hieu suat nghch

tg( )
tg
- goc nang cua ng xoan truc vt hay truc vo tan,
- goc ma sat.
n
o :
(13.7)
Neu tha nhan = 120, = 80 th t = 0,6 ; n = 0,33 tc hieu suat nghch ch bang
khoang mot na hieu suat thuan. Hieu suat cua c cau lai phu thuoc ban than ket cau.
Trong c cau truc vt thong thng hieu suat khoang 0,5 0,65.
Khi s dung cap truc vt banh vt vao c cau lai hieu suat at en 0,8 0,85 do c
cau lai lam viec theo ma sat lan thay cho ma sat trt.
252
Muon lai nhe can phai co hieu suat thuan ln. Muon co hieu suat ln th theo cong
thc (13.6) phai tang goc . Nhng neu tang goc th theo co ng thc (13.7) hie u suat
nghch cung tang va cac va ap tren banh xe se truye n len vanh tay lai. Muon va ap
khong truyen qua c cau lai, truyen ong phai khong nghch ao tc la nh vay he
thong lai se khong on nh. Co the co nhieu cach lam giam va ap cua mat ng truyen
len vanh tay lai ma van am bao c c cau lai nghch ao. Co the bang cach chon i
theo ung qui luat tren hnh 13.5.
22
20
18
16
14
12
-720
-540
-360
K
540
pham
360
P. HC
uat T
y th720
u
DH S
g
n
ruo n i oi vi cac goc quay vanh tay lai
Hnh 13.5 : Quan he cua ty so
Ttruye
n
e
y
qu
Ban
oi vi phan ln o to va o to buyt quy luat thay oi thch hp nhat c trnh bay tren
hnh 13.5.
Tren hnh 13.5 ta thay tren mot oan trung bnh khong ln lam = (900 1200) i co
gia tr ln nhat. ieu nay am bao o chnh xac cao khi ieu khien o to tren cac oan
ng thang toc o ln va am bao lai nhe v khong can quay vanh tay lai ra xa v tr
trung gian, giam c cac va ap len vanh tay lai.
Vt qua gia tr = (900 1200) , i se giam nhanh trong khoang = (500 1000)
roi se gi gia tr khong oi; i ng vi gia tr nay vi mot goc quay nho cua vanh lai banh
xe se quay i mot goc ln.
+ Khoang h gia cac banh rang trong c cau lai phai co gia tr toi thieu khi o to
chuyen ong thang. cac v tr hai ben ra, khoang h phai tang len e c cau khon g b
ket sau khi b mon va sau lan ieu chnh sau v o mon l n nhat cua c cau lai thng
gia (h.13.6).
253
Hnh 13.6 : S thay oi khoang h phu thuoc theo goc quay

3. ac iem ket cau cac loai c cau lai c ban.
a) C cau lai loai truc vt: gom 4 loai
a1) Truc vt va banh vt (h.13.2)
a2) Truc vt va cung rang at gia truc vt (h.13.7a)
M
. HC
P
T
a3) Truc vt va cung rang at canh ben truc vt (h.13.7b)
uat
y th
K
a4) Truc vt va con lan (h.13.8).
pham
H Snug oi.
C cau loai truc vt thng co t so truyegnDkho
n
Z
Truo
n
i 2
ye
u
q
Z1
Ban
trong o :
Z1 so ng ren cua truc vt,
Z2 so rang cua banh vt (cung rang c coi la mot phan cua banh rang).
t
t
R0
R0
a)
b)
Hnh 13.7 : Truc vt va cung rang
254
Hnh 13.8 : Truc vt va con lan

a1) Truc vt va banh vt :
Loai nay hien nay rat t dung v hieu suat thap .
M
. HC
P
a2) Truc vt va cung rang at gia truc vt :
T
at
thnug.
y ra
- Truc vt co ket cau globoit e tang goc quay cua m
cung
K
phna gan nhau e giam khoang h an
ue
- Khi b mon ngi ta ay cung rang va trucHvt
S
D
uong
khp .
r
T
yennen giam c ap suat tren rang.

- Nh dan g globot cuaatru
qcuvt
n
B
a3) Truc vt va cung rang at canh ben truc vt:
- Ty so truyen i cua loai truc vt - cung rang c tnh :
d 2 R 0
i
d
t
ay : t bc ren cua truc vt
R0 ban knh vong tron c s cua cung ran g.
- Hieu suat thuan cua loai truc vt cung rang la :
cos tg
t
cos tg
ay : - goc an khp
- goc nghieng cua n g xoan ren truc vt
- he so ma sat.
a4)
Truc vt va con lan:
255
u iem cua loai nay la ket cau gon, o ben va o chon g mon cao. loai nay v ma
sat trt c thay bang ma sat lan nen hieu suat ln hn cac loai va neu tren.
b) C cau lai loai truc vt vo tan:
gom 4 loai
b1) Truc vt vo tan - ecu - on : i tang v tr ngoai ra.
b2) Truc vt vo tan di on g - ecu: i giam v tr ngoai ra.
b3) Truc vt vo tan - ecu di ong: t so truyen thay oi.
b4) Truc vt - ecu - cung rang: t so truyen khong oi.
Xet mot trng hp tieu bieu la loai b1 (h.13.9)
Khi truc lai 1 quay i mot goc th ecu 2 dch chuyen mot oan la S:
t
(1)
S=
2
t bc ren cua truc vt vo tan.
on quay 3 luc o se quay mot goc :
M
. HC
S
P
T
tg = S r.tg
uat
y th
r
K
am
u ph
t
2H.r.tg
S
Ket hp vi (1) ta co : r.tg
gD
2 Truon
t
n
e
y
qu
Ban
Hnh 13.9 : Truc vt vo tan ecu on

Vi phan phng trnh nay theo ta co :
d
2 .r
i
d t cos 2
Khi goc quay cua volang tang len, ecu di chuyen cang xa v tr trung gian, cho ne n
goc tang, bi vay cos giam. Ket qua la ty so truyen i se tang len khi goc quay tang.
256
c) C cau lai loai on quay: gom 2 loai
R0
R0
a)
b)
Hnh 13.10
P. HC
uat T
c1) Truc vt va on quay vi 1 chot quay (h.13.10a)

h
Ky t
m
a
c2) Truc vt va on quay vi 2 chot quay (h.13.10b)
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truno theo yeu cau cho trc. Loai c cau lai vi 1
Loai nay co the thay oi tyuyso

truye
n
e
antqrieng gia chot va truc vt ln, cho ng mon , o ben cua chot
chot quay t s dung v ap Bsua
giam. e han che cac nhc iem tren ngi ta dung truc vt on quay co 2 chot at trong
o bi.
Ty so truyen i la:
2R 0
cos
i
t
Khi goc tang th goc se tang theo, cho nen cos se giam, ket qua la i giam.
d) C cau lai loai thanh kha :
C cau lai loai thanh kha co ket cau n gian, gia thanh thap va de bo tr tren xe
(h.13.11)
Khi truc lai 1 quay, banh rang 2 au di cua truc lai lam dch chuyen thanh kha 3.
Thanh kha 3 thng c chon lam on ngang cua hnh thanh lai. Hai au cua thanh kha
3 qua cac khp va cac on keo se c noi vi cac banh xe dan hng.
C cau lai loai nay co ty so truyen i khong oi.
257
A-A
3
3
2
1-2
Hnh 13.11
4. Dan ong lai.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
258
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
g)
B
Hnh 13.12 : S o hnh thang lai cac loai
Dan ong lai gom tat ca cac chi tiet truyen lc t c cau lai en ngong quay cua cac
banh xe.
Phan t c ban cua dan ong lai la hnh thang lai tao thanh bi cau trc, on keo
ngang va cac on ben. Nh hnh thang lai nen khi quay vanh tay lai mot goc th cac banh
dan hng se quay i mot goc nhat nh. Hnh thang lai co the bo tr ra trc hoac ra sau
cau trc dan hng (h.13.12a,b) tuy theo bo tr chung. on keo ngang cua hnh thang lai
thong thng c che tao lien (h.13.12a ) va cung che tao ri (h.13.12c,d).
Tren hnh 13.13 trnh bay s o kieu dan ong lai mau cua cau trc dan hng he
thong treo oc lap.
259
Hnh 13.13 : S o he thong lai cua o to co mot cau dan hng va he tho ng treo
oc lap.
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
pham
ac iem chnh ay la on keo ngangDcu
aSuhnh
thang lai lam ri thanh hai oan.
H
g
n
Ket cau nh vay ngan nga c anhTh
ruong cua s dch chuyen banh xe dan hng nay
n
e
y
quc khp 1 va 2 nam tren n g keo dai cua truc dao ong
len banh xe dan hng khaacn, ca
B
cac banh xe. on 3 va on keo ngang va cung vi o n quay ng xac nh ong hoc
dch chuyen cua thanh keo ngang.
b)
a)
Hnh 13.14 : Bo tr c cau lai thch hp vi ong hoc cua he thong treo
260
Khi thiet ke he thong lai cung can chu y phoi hp gia ong hoc he thong lai vi
ong hoc cua he thong treo. Neu au nhp trc co nh th c cau lai can bo tr ang
trc. Nh vay tam dao ong on doc cua dan ong lai va tam dao ong cua cau trc se
gan ben nhau (h.13.14 a). iem A va nam tren on keo doc va nam tren cau se dao
ong theo hai cung ban knh 1 va 2. Trong pham vi bien dan g cua nhp 1 2. Ne u bo
tr c cau lai ang sau (h.13.24b) khi o to chay tre n ng xau, nhp bien dang nhieu, th
banh dan hn g se b vay, ngi lai met moi nhieu.
IV. TNH TOAN HE THONG LAI.
1. Xac nh lc cua ngi lai tac dung len vo lang.
Tren hnh 13.15 trnh bay s o lc tac dung len he tho ng lai. Lc tac dung len vanh
tay lai cua o to se at gia tr cc ai khi ta quay vong o to tai cho. Luc ay momen can
quay vo ng tre n mot banh xe dan h ng Mc se bang tong so cua momen can chuyen ong
M1, momen can do cac banh xe trt le tren ng M2 va momen can can thiet e lam on
nh dan h ng M3 do canh tay o n c (h.13.1). Khi xac nh gia tr lc ccCa
M i tac dung len
.H
P
T
t phai tnh ca M3 .
vanh tay lai Pl max, th M3 co the bo qua. Khi can o chnh xac cao
uath
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
=
G
fc
Momen can chuyen o ng : M1
D
bx
uong
r
T
Trong o : Gbx trong lng taecndu
n
g
le
n
mo
t banh xe dan hng,
y
u
q
f
he so B
caan
n lan : f = 0,015,
c chieu dai canh tay on (h.13.15).
Khi co lc ngang Y tac dung le n banh xe, do s an hoi ben cua lop, dien tch tiep
xuc gia lop vi n g se b quay tng oi oi vi mat phan g banh xe. iem at cua lc
ngang Y se dch chuyen mot oan x nao o pha sau oi vi truc banh xe. oan x c
tha nhan bang mot phan t chieu dai cua be mat tiep xuc gia lop vi ng. Nh vay
theo hnh 13.16 ta co :
x = 0,5 r 2 rbx2
ay : r ban knh t do cua banh xe.
Neu tha nhan r bx = 0,96r ta co x = 0,14r th :
M2 = Yx = 0,14Gbx1r
ay : 1 he so bam ngang lay 1 = 0,85
Tong momen can quay vong ca hai banh dan hng la:
Mc = 2(M1 + M2) = 2Gbx(fc + 0,14r)
(13.8)
261
d'
v
C
m'
lb
n
l'a
u
B
DH S
g
n
uo
TrQ
n
e
y
u
an q
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
la
Pl
Hnh 13.15 : S o lc tac dung len he thong lai

Suy ra :
Mc
(13.9)
Ri i d t 1
ay :
he so tnh en anh hng cua M3 gay ra do cau trc o to b nan g len,
= 1,07 1,15;
1 hieu suat tnh en tieu hao do ma sat cam quay va cac khp noi trong
truyen o ng lai, vi o to ch co cau trc dan hn g 1 =0,50 0,70.
Canh tay on cmin thng xac nh theo thc nghiem, vi oto tai loai thng cmin = 30
60mm, oto tai loai ln cmin = 60 100mm.
Plmax =
262
R ban knh cua vanh tay lai trong khoang t 0,19m (oi vi o to co con g
suat lt be) en 0,275m (oi vi oto tai nang va o to buyt) khi tnh toan
vi o to tai nang va o to buyt (kho ng co cn g hoa) lay Plmax = 500N.
O
x
rbx
Hnh 13.16 : ac iem lc ngang tac dung len banh xe khi quay vong
M
. HC
P
T
oi vi o to du lch, t so truyen i lay t 12 20 va o to
tati lay t 16 32. Muon
thua
y
K
giam Plmax th tang i, nhng goc quay banh dan hhnagmse giam neu cung mot goc quay
Sua po to se tang. Nh vay oi vi xe cao
cua vanh tay lai. Nh vay thi gian quay vognD
g Hcu
ruo.nNeu chon i tren c s ng vi goc quay banh
toc can quay vong nhanh phai choenn iTbe
uy
n qtrung
dan h ng 350 400 t vBatr
gian th van h tay lai se quay t 1,0 en 1,75 vong
(nhng khon g ln hn 2,0 vong) oi vi v tr trung gian luc o to chay thang.
2. Tnh truc lai.
Truc lai lam bang ong thep rong c tnh theo ng suat xoan do lc tac dung tren
vanh tay lai gay ra :
Pl max RD
=
(MN/m2)
(13.10)
0,2( D 4 d 4 )
ay : Plmax oi vi o to tnh theo cong thc (13.9)
D va d ng knh ngoai va ng knh trong cua truc lai (m)
Truc lai thng c che tao theo o ng thep cacbon 20, 30, 40 khong nhiet luyen. ng
suat tiep xuc cho phep = 50 80MN/m2.
Vi cac truc lai dai can phai tnh toan theo o cng (goc xoan truc) theo cong thc:
2L
=
(rad)
(13.11)
DG
ay : L chieu dai cua truc lai (m).
G mo uyn an hoi dch chuyen (G = 8.104 MN/m2).
max oi ra o khong c vt qua (5,50 7,50)/1m. Tnh nh tre n o d tr ben theo
gii han chay c chon trong khoan g 2,5 3,5.
263
3. Tnh c cau lai.

Chung ta tnh loai truc vt va banh vt hoac cung rang :
Khi tnh toan o be n ta tnh theo uon va che n dap va tha nhan co hai rang an khp
cung luc. ng suat uon ran g se bang :
24Th
u = 2
(MN/m2)
(13.12)
2
bt cos
ay : t bc ren cua truc vt (m) ;
- goc nghieng cua n g ren truc vt.
h va b - chieu cao va chieu ron g tng ng cua rang banh vt (m).
Lc doc T (h.13.17) c xac nh theo co ng thc :
P R
(MN)
(13.13)
T = l max
r0 tg
ay : r0 ban knh vong tron c s cua truc vt.
P. HC
uat T
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
h
Ky t t
m
a
v
ph c
Tru
T
yen
u
q
an
Po
ro
No
Ba
n h
vt
Hnh 13.17 : S o tnh c cau lai
Truc vt thng che tao bang the p xemangtt hoa 20, 20X, 18XT, 20X3. oi khi che
tao bang thep 35X hay 35XH.
Banh vt thng che tao bang thep 35X, oi khi che tao bang thep xemangtt 20X hay
18XT ; cung rang che tao bang thep 35X, 20X, 18XT.
Khi tnh chen dap be mat rang ta coi mat t la toan bo be mat cua banh rang vt.
264
T
(13.14)
F
ay : F dien tch be mat tiep xuc cua rang F = 2hb (gia thiet vi hai rang cung an
khp).
ng suat []cd lay bang 90 120 MN/m2.
cd =
4. Tnh on quay ng va cac on khac cu a da n ong lai.

a) on quay ng:
on quay ng e truyen chuye n ong t truc thu on g cua c cau lai en on doc
cua dan ong lai (h13.18).
on quay c noi vi dan ong lai nh khp cau 1 va noi vi truc c cau lai bang
then hoa hnh tam giac. Trong cac ket cau cu on quay c lap vao au truc hnh vuong
cua c cau lai. Lap nh vay kho chnh xac va gay nen ng suat chen dap tren be mat hnh
vuong rat ln.
Kch thc c ban cua on quay ng c xac nh theo gia tr cac lM
c truyen t cac
C
H
.
P
banh xe dan hng qua on quay ng khi o to chuyen ong tren a
Tng go ghe.
hu t
t
y
Thc nghiem cho ta biet lc truyen t banh xe quaao
nK doc khong qua mot na gia tr
h m
p
u
S
cua trong lng tnh tac dung len mot banh tr
Hc cua o to ( 0,5G1 ). V vay khi tnh on
ng D
o
u
r
quay ng ta se lay lc Q nao lnnhn
T trong hai gia tr lc Q tac dung len chot hnh cau
ye
u
q
di ay (h.13.18)
Ban
lc
la
1
Q
Hnh 13.18 : o n quay ng
Va
Q = 0,5G1
P Ri
Q = l max t
la
(13.15)
(13.16)
265
on quay c kiem tra theo uon do momen Qla va theo xoan do momen Qlc (lc va Q
tren h.13.18).
on quay ng c che tao bang thep cacbon trung bnh 40, 40X, 40XH toi va ram.
Then hoa tam giac au on quay ng c kiem tra theo chen dap va cat.
He so an toan khi tnh on quay ng lay t 2 3.
b) Cac on dan ong :
Tnh cac on dan ong chu yeu la tnh on doc BC va on ngang E (h.13.15). on
doc c kiem tra theo uo n doc do lc Q va on ngang c kiem tra theo uon doc do lc
N. Lc Q co the tnh theo cong thc (13.15 hoac 13.6) va lay gia tr ln hn e tnh. Lc N
co the xac nh theo gia tr lc phanh Xp
X c G 1 m1p c
N= p =
(13.17)
e
2e
ay : Xp lc phanh tac dung len mot banh xe,
m1p he so phan bo lai trong lng len cau dan hng khi phanh
(m1p = 1,4)
M
. HC
P
T
- he so bam gia lop vi ng, lay = 0,7
t
thua
c va e cac kch thc tren hnh 13.15. am Ky
ph
Q DH Su
ng suat nen trong on keo doc n =uong
Tr f d
n
e
y
u
N
an q
ng suat nen trong oBn keo ngang n =
fn
ay : fd, fn - tiet dien ngang cua on keo doc va on keo ngang
2 EJ
ng suat uon doc cua on keo doc ud = 2 d
lb f d
2 EJ n
n 2f n
ay : Jd va Jn la momen quan tnh cua tiet dien thanh doc va thanh ngang.
E mouyn an hoi cua vat lieu che tao thanh doc va thanh ngang
(E = 2,1 . 105MN/m2),
lb, n cac kch thc chieu dai tren hnh 13.15
o d tr ben c tnh theo K = ud =1,2 2,5.

un
ng suat uon doc cua on keo ngang un =
on ke o doc va on keo ngang c che tao bang thep on g loai 20, 30, 40.
5. ong hoc cu a truyen ong lai.
a) ong hoc cu a hnh thang lai:
266
Khi tnh toan thiet ke ong hoc cua hnh thang lai, ngi ta xac nh cac kch thc
cua hnh thang lai, cac goc nghieng cua cac on ben cua hnh thang lai oi vi truc doc
cua o to va chon t so truyen can thiet cua cac on dan ong lai.
Khi tnh toan kiem tra ong hoc cua hnh thang lai ngi ta xac nh quan he thc te
cua cac goc quay cac banh dan hng oi vi mot o to cu the va so sanh no vi quan he ly
thuyet (kho ng ke en o bien dang cua lop).
Muon o to quay vong khong b trt th ieu kien can va u la cac banh xe phai cun g
quay quanh mot tam quay O.
Khi quay vong cac banh dan hn g quay cung vi ngon g quay nhng ngo ng quay
nam trong dam cau trc ch quay quanh truc cua no ma khon g di chuyen v tr. Quan he
gia cac ngong quay nh hnh thang lai ma ta goi la hnh thang lai anto. Tren hnh 13.19
theo ly thuyet o to ta co goc > . Hnh thang lai co nhiem vu am bao cho hai banh dan
hng quay vi cac goc va theo quan he khon g oi am bao ieu kien quay khong
trt nh sau:
OD
OC
, cotg =
cotg =
L
L
M
. HC
P
T
OD OC b
t
Vay :
cotg - cotg =
=
thua (13.18)
y
K
L
L
pham
u la
S
H
ay : L khoang cach gia hai cau og to
hay
chieu dai c s cua o to;
n D
o
u
r
b khoang cach gia ntamT cua cac ngong quay (O tam quay vong).
quye
(tam cua ngong quay
Ban la giao iem cua truc ngong quay va truc cua tru ng).
Phng trnh (13.18) cha ke en o bien dang ben cua cac banh xe. e khi o to quay
vong vi cac ban knh quay vong khac nhau ma quan he gia va van gi c nh
cong thc (13.18) th dang hnh thang lai anto phai hoan toan xac nh. Hnh thang lai
anto kho ng the hoan toan thoa man quan he trong cong thc (13.18) nhng co the chon
mot quan he c cau hnh thang lai cho ta sai lech vi quan he ly thuyet mot t.
b) Kiem tra hnh thang lai:
Phng trnh (13.18) co the giai quyet theo phng phap hnh hoc nh sau : tren hnh
13.19 ta noi iem gia G cua cau trc vi iem C nam tren cau sau. Khoang cach t C
AB
. Noi iem E la giao iem cua truc banh xe ngoai
en iem gia cau sau G bang
2
(banh xe xa tam quay vo ng) keo dai vi oan GC, vi iem B (la tam quay cua banh xe
trong). Ta se chng minh goc GBE .

Muon vay ta ha EF vuong goc vi cau trc AB.
b
GF
BF 2
Ta se co : cotg GBE = cotg FBE =
=
EF
EF
267
b
GF
AF 2
Trong EFA ta co : cotg =
=
EF
EF
Hai GEF va GCB ong dang cho ta quan he gia hai goc cotg va cotg GBE :
2GF b
cotg - cotg GBE =
=
(13.19)
EF L
So sanh hai cong thc (13.19) va (13.18) ta thay GBE = .
G
F
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
G'
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 13.19 : S o xac nh quan he gia goc quay cua cac banh xe dan hng
Cach chng minh theo phng phap hnh hoc tren ay cho phep ta kiem tra c o
chnh xac cua cac hnh thang lai san co bang cach sau : Ve c cau hnh thang lai theo mot
t le thu nho tren giay roi thay oi v tr cua hnh thang lai e tm cac goc va tng ng
khac nhau. Xong at cac goc va khac nhau tng oi mot v tr nh tren hnh 13.19.
Giao iem cua chung nam cang sat ng GC th cang chng to la hnh thang lai thiet ke
ra la t sai vi phng trnh ly thuyet (13.18), ngha la o to se t trt khi quay vong.
c)
Thiet ke hnh thang lai :
Nhiem vu c ban khi thiet ke hnh thang lai anto la xac nh ung goc nghie ng cua
cac on ben khi o to chay thang. Tren hnh 13.20 bie u dien s o hnh thang lai anto.
v tr trung gian cua cac banh xe, cac goc gia hai on nghieng ben va cau trc bang
nhau. Nhiem vu chnh cua ngi thiet ke la chon ung goc , v chon cang ung th khi
268
quay vong cac banh dan hng cang t trt. Thc te cho thay khong the nao chon ung
tuyet oi c v ch tnh toan gan ung bang giai tch cung a het sc kho khan.
xL
L
Hnh 13.20 : S o xac nh goc ngieng cua cac on ben cua hnh thang lai
M
Xac nh kch thc cua hnh thang lai gom co xac nh goc , chie
dai m va n cua
. uHC
P
T
uat
cac on ben va on ngang.
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uongb
r
T
n
quye
n
a
B
B
A
L'
F'
Hnh 13.21 : S o hnh thang lai vi goc la goc gia on nghieng ben va ng song
song vi truc doc cua oto
ng am net tren hnh 13.21 la v tr banh dan hn g luc o to chuyen ong thang ;
ng net t la luc quay banh dan h ng, tc la luc o to quay vong. Luc ay on BL quay
i 1 goc , on AF quay i goc . T L ve ng song song vi AB, ta co oan IH. T F
ve ng vuo ng goc vi AB gap IH tai N ; ta se tm c quan he hnh hoc gia , va :
269
IH = b = IL' + L' N + NH
L' N = b IL' - NH = b msin ( + ) msin ( - )
Mat khac
L' N =
=
L' F'2 F' N 2 =
(13.20)
L F2 F' N2 =
b 2m sin 2 m cos m cos 2
(13.21)
So sanh hai cong thc (13.20) va (13.21) ta c:

b msin ( + ) msin ( - ) =
=
b 2m sin 2 m cos m cos 2
Qua mot bien oi trung gian ta co :

m cos ( )
m b sin ( ) 2 m sin 2 2 b sin
= + arctg
- arcsin
b m sin ( )
m 2 cos 2 ( ) [b m sin ( )]2
(13.22)
Theo phng trnh (13.22) neu cho trc mot goc th ng vi 1 tr so cua ta se co
tr so cua tng ng, ngha la : = f(,).
CM
. Hto
P
T
Nh vay neu cho mot gia tr ta se co mot ng cong. Tre
n
he
a o (, ), cho
huat
t
y
K Mat khac theo phng trnh
mot so tr so cua ta se co mot so ng cong (h.13.22).
pham
u
S
(13.18) ta cung se ve c n g cong ly thuye
H t . Cho n cua ng cong nao nam sat
ng D
o
u
r
ng ly thuyet nhat (trong cac gonc th
T ng quay cua la t 00 450 ) e thiet ke. S sai
e
y
0
0
qu
lech tren hnh 13.22 pha
Bainbe hn 1 , neu l n hn 1 se gay mon lop nhanh.
2
1
max
hl
2
hl
3
4
3
khi R min
khi =0
4
5
O
270
Hnh 13.22: o th e chon goc nghieng cua cac on be n cua hnh thang lai
Khi thiet ke hnh thang lai th b, L a biet, con m thng lay theo kinh nghiem
m= 0,14 0,16b. e co c s chon ban au cho nhanh va sat gan vi ng e (ly
thuyet) ta chon s bo <350. Co ta tnh c n.
n = b 2msin
Chon cac thong so hnh thang lai hp ly th goc quay thc te cac banh xe ch sai lech
3 5% so vi goc quay ly thuyet.
Tren hnh 13.22 ng am la ng cong ly thuyet ch ro quan he chnh xac gia
va con cac ng cong 1 va 2 bieu dien quan he thc te gia cac goc va khi ta
m b
cho cac gia tr 1 , 2 khac nhau. Lap nh vay co the thc hien vi cac t so ,
khac
n L
nhau. Ket qua la ta se xac nh c cac gia tr hp ly cua = hl phu thuoc vao t so cua
b
m
va
.
L
n
M
. HC
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
m
u ph
S
H
D
n
ng
66
Truo
n
quye
Ban
68
70
72
74
0,44
0,48
0,52
0,56
0,6
b
L
Hnh 13.23 : o th bie u dien quan he phu thuoc vao ty so
b
m
va
L
n
m
, nh vay o th tre n hnh
n
b
m
13.23 cho gia tr thuan li nhat cua phu thuoc theo t so
cac o dai
khac nhau.
L
n
Tren hnh 13.23 trnh bay ket qua tnh toan cho ba gia tr
271
o th lap tren c s gia thiet la hnh thang lai anto at sau cau trc (h.13.21). o th
nay chnh xac vi nhng goc quay ln nhat cua banh xe ngoai be hn 400 (400 goc quay
gan gia tr cc ai).
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
272
CHNG XIV
KHUNG VA VO
I. CONG DUNG, YEU CAU VA PHAN LOAI:
1. Cong dung:
Khung cua oto dung e cac cum nam tren no va gi cho cac cum nhng v tr
tng quan vi nhau.
Vo oto e cha hanh khach, ngi lai, hang hoa.
2. Phan loai:
Hien nay co nhieu cach phan loai khac nhau, tong quat co the phan loai theo he
thong chu lc:
M
. HC
P
T
huapt noi mem, o cng cua
a) Khung chu lc tat ca: vo noi vi khung bang ca
yc tkh
K
am
khung rat ln so vi o cng cua vo, do o vo Skho
u phng chu tac dung cua ngoai lc khi
H
D
khung b bien dang. Thong thng loai rkhung
uong chu lc tat ca c ap dung cho xe tai, xe
T
n
khach.
quye
n
a
B
b) Khong co khung: loai vo chu lc tat ca, th ng ap dung cho xe khach va xe con
nham giam trong l ng cua xe (co the giam c 20 25% trong lng so vi xe cung
loai co khung).
c) Khung lien vo: Vo va khung noi cng vi nhau bang inh tan hoac bang bulong,
nh the khung va vo chu tat ca tai trong.
Ngoai ra khung va vo con co phan loai rieng.
3. Yeu cau:
Khung phai am bao cac yeu cau sau: Co o ben lau tng ng vi tuoi tho cua ca
xe oto, co o cng vng tot e cho bien dang cua khung khong lam anh hng en ieu
kien lam viec cua cac cum va cac c cau cua o to, co hnh dang thch hp am bao thao
lap de dang cac cum.
Tuy theo tng loai, co yeu cau rieng vi vo xe, nhng yeu cau ton g quat la khoang
khong gian cua vo xe phai am bao u e cha han g hoa, hanh khach, thiet b, am bao
tnh tien nghi, ve sinh, che ma nang, bui, am bao tnh tham m thch ng vi tng giai
oan dai.
271
II. KET CAU VA TNH TOAN KHUNG:

1. Ket cau khung:
Khung xe co nhieu loai: Khung co xa doc hai ben (hnh 14.1a), khung co xa doc
gia kieu xng ca (hnh 14.1b), khung hnh ch X (hnh 14.1c).
a)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
b)
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
c)
Hnh 14.1: Ket cau khung xe.

Tuy cac loai khung xe co dang khac nhau, nhng tong quat co nhng iem chung.
- Cac xa doc va xa ngang c che tao bang thep va noi vi nhau bang inh tan, han
hu vi noi bang han.
- Tiet dien cac xa ngang, hnh dang va khoang cach gia chung vi nhau phu thuoc
vao v tr cua cac cum nh ong c, hop so gan tren chung.
- Cac xa doc co the hnh ong, hnh hop, hoac ch C, trong o thep dap hnh ch C la
pho bien nhat. e giam trong tam cua xe, oi khi xa doc uon vong le n cho cac cau
xe.
272
- Tren xa doc co khoan nhieu lo e noi vi vo xe hoac cac cum khac bang bulong,
inh tan. Ngoai ra nhieu lo bo tron g, muc ch e khung xe chu n g suat eu.
2. Tnh toan khung:
Hien nay tnh toan khung ang la mot van e thu hut s chu y nhie u nha nghien cu.
Nhieu tai lieu chuyen e a a ra cac gia thuyet va tren c s o a a ra cac phng
phap tnh toan khac nhau.
tap giao trnh nay, chung toi trnh bay khai quat mot quan iemve tnh khung xe.
o cng cua khung phu thuoc bi khoang cach cua cac dam doc, so lng va v tr
cua cac dam ngang cung nh kch thc va tiet dien dam.
Tai trong tac dung len khung co the chia ra tai trong tnh (do trong lng cua ong
c vi ho p so, buon g lai cung vi ngi lai, vo oto vi tai trong hu ch, v.v) va tai trong
ong (chu yeu la tai trong thang ng sinh ra khi oto chuyen ong tren ng khong bang
phang, va tai trong nam ngang khi tang toc, phanh va quay vong). Cac tai trong phan bo
oi xng theo dam doc se uon khung, con tai trong phan bo khon g oM
i xng se xoan
C
H
.
P
khung. Cac tai trong phan bo kho ng oi xng sinh ra khi oto chuye
T n ong tren ng
huat
t
y
khong bang phang, khi ma mot trong cac banh xe i qua
caKc u go ghe. Khi i qua o ga vi
ham
p
0
u
S
goc 45 se sinh ra tai trong va xoan va uo n khung.
H
ng D
o
u
r
Kch thc tiet dien cua dam khung
c cho n s bo bang cach tnh dam theo uon
nT
quyeKhi tnh toan xem nh hai dam doc chu hoan toan tai
di tac dung cua tai tronBgantnh.
trong, cac dam ngang khong ke en. Trong lng cac cum se c chia oi va xem nh
chung tac dung trong mat phang i qua trong tam tiet dien cua dam doc. Momen xoan do
cac cum at xa cac dam doc (th du thung nhien lieu) khi tnh toan khong ke en.
Khi tnh khung can phai ve bieu o momen uon vi dam doc. Muon the phai at lc
tac dung do trong lng cac cum gay nen tren dam doc theo ung v tr cua chung. Trong
lng cua vo oto xem nh la tai trong phan bo eu theo chieu dai. oi vi oto tai khi tnh
toan s bo ngi ta tha nhan tai trong co ch phan bo eu theo chieu dai cua thung cha.
V tr cua trong tam cac cum c o t sau cua dam doc. Kch thc a xac nh o doi
cua thung cha khoi khung (hnh 14.2) .
Xac nh v tr trong tam cac cum, chung ta se at lc do trong ln g cac cum sinh ra
tai v tr tng ng. Sau o tm cac phan lc T1 va T 2 do cac cau tac dung len bo nhp. Lc
T1 va T2 phai bang tong so cac lc thang ng tac dung len khung. Biet c T1 va T2 co
the tm cac phan lc T1, T1 va T2, T2 tai cac cho noi nhp vi khung. Neu nhp oi
xng th:
T
T1' T1" 1
2
T
T2' T2" 2
2
273
Sau khi xac nh tat ca cac lc tac dung len khung, se tien han h ve bieu o momen
uon tac dung len khung (hnh 14.2). Cho ng suat uon cho phep [] dam doc roi tnh ra
momen chong uon Wu can thiet oi vi moi tiet dien cua no, t ay nh s bo hnh dang
cua tiet dien dam doc cung nh kch thc va chieu dai cac tam cng hoa.
ng suat uon cho phep cua dam doc c chon theo cong thc:
[ ]
s
1,5(K 1)
(14.1)
s Gii han chay cua vat lieu che tao dam doc.
K He so d tr tnh en tai trong ong, tha nhan bang 2,3 3,5.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T T'2
yen
u
q
an
T'1
T"1
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T"2
Hnh 14.2: Tai trong tac dung len khung

Th nghiem khung tre n be th va trong ieu kie n s dung tren ng ch ro rang khi
khung chu tac dung bi cac lc thang ng gay nen s uon khung th thc te cac dam
ngang se khon g chu lc nao ca. ieu nay chng to phng phap tnh toan khung neu tren
(khong ke cac dam ngang) trong trn g hp tai trong nh the cho ket qua tng oi tot.
Khi co tai trong gay s xoan khung th ng suat sinh ra khong nh ng dam doc ma ca
dam ngang na. ng suat at tr so ln nhat tai cho gan dam ngang vi dam doc.
III. KET CAU VO XE:
1. Vo xe khach :
274
Vo xe khach co nhieu dang, trong o dang kie u toa tau chu lc pho bien hn ca
(hnh 14.3), v dang nay co he so li dung dien tch cao nhat (1) va cac ch tieu s dung,
ben, kinh te cao. Khung xng cua loai nay the hien hnh 14.3. Cac chi tiet gia nen 1,
cot chong 2, 4, noc 5, ngoai 3, 6 la nhng thanh thep dap hoac thep goc c noi cng
vi nhau thanh mot khoang khong gian nhieu thanh cng: Bao quanh cac khung xng
pha trong va pha ngoai la cac tam thep hoac kim loai mau, cac tam nay noi vi nhau va
vi khung xng bang han hoac inh tan. Khoan g khong gia hai lp trong va ngoai
thng cha chat cach nhiet.
anh gia o ben cua khung xng chu yeu theo o cng khi xoan. Goc xoan tng
oi cua vo xe khach cho phep trong khoang 3,50 5,50 tren 1 m chieu dai vo.
Trong lng cua khung xng va ay, san (khong ke ghe) so vi dien tch bao ngoai
cua mat chieu bang khoang 1100N/m2 .
5
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
P. HC
uat T
K
pham
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 14.3: Khung xng vo xe khach.

2. Vo xe du lch:
Co nhieu loai, pho bie n nhat la loai vo kn co 4 ca, hai hang ghe, loai xe nay co ten
goi la Sedan (Xe-an). Hnh dan g am bao kh ong hoc tot nhat .
Loai th hai la loai vo kn, co 2 ca, co 1 hoac 2 hang ghe, c goi la coupe (cupe).
(1)
He so li dung dien tch :
F1
, trong o F1 dien tch san xe; F2 dien tch bao ngoai theo hnh chieu
F2
bang .
275
Loai th ba la loai vo co mui mem m c, co 2 hang ghe. Neu vo nay co 4 ca th

goi la cabriolet. Neu no ch co 2 ca th goi la coupe carbriolet ( cupe -cabriolet).
Vo xe con rat at, chiem 55% gia ban mot chiec xe. Vo xe thng la tam dap va co
khung cho ng. Ty tro ng cua vo so vi dien tch nen khoang 650 700N/m2. o c ng xoan
khoang 6,1.105 Nm/o.
3. Vo xe tai:
Vo xe tai va thung cha hang thng tach ri. Vo xe dap co cot chong, cac yeu cau
thiet ke Lien Xo theo tieu chuan GOST 9734-61 ca-bin, cho cua lai xe.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

M
Thiet ke va tnh toan o to, ma
. HyCkeo.
P
T
uat
Nha xuat ban ai ho
y tchva THCN Ha Noi 1984.
K
am
Tap 1, S2uva
ph3.
H
D
uong
r
T
[2] Thai Nguyen Bach Lien quyen
Ket cau va tnh toan o to.
Ban
Nha xuat ban giao thong van tai Ha Noi 1984.
[1] Nguyen Hu Can

Phan nh Kien
[3] Prof. Ing. M. Apetaur, DrSc.

Doc. Ing. V. Stejskal, CSc.
Motorova Vozidla
Tap 1, 2, 3, 4 va 5
Nha xuat ban SNTL Praha 1988.
[4] Prof. Ing. M. Apetaur, DrSc.

vozidel.
Vypoctove metody ve stavbe motorovych

Nha xuat ban CVUT 1984.
Praha Czech Republic.
[5] Prof. Ing. Frantisek Vlk, DrSc.
[5.1] Teorie Vozidel.

[5.2] Dynamika motorovych vozidel.
[5.3] Podvozky motorovych vozidel.
[5.4] Prevodova ustroji motorovych vozidel.
[5.5] Karoserie motorovych vozidel.
[5.6] Koncepce motorovych vozidel.
[5.7] Ulohy z dynamiky motorovych vozidel.
276

[6] Prof. Ing. Petranek Jan, CSc
Ustroji Automobilu.
[7] Prof. Heldt. P.M.
The automotive chassis.

The University of New York 1962.
[8] Prof. Bekker M.G.
Theory of land locomotion.

The University of Michigan 1956.
MUC LUC
P. HC
uat T
CHNG I: BO TR CHUNG TREN OTO

1
th
y
K
I. BO TR ONG C TREN O TO :................................................................................................
1
ham
Su p
II. BO TR HE THONG TRUYEN LC TREN O TOD: H
.................................................................
3
uonCgBO PHAN VA CHI TIET CUA O TO
CHNG II :TAI TRONG TAC DUNG LET
NrCA
9
n
e
y
I. KHAI NIEM VE CAC LOAI TA
I
TRO
N
G
:
..............................................................................
9
n qu
BaRA
II. CAC TRNG HP SINH
TAI TRON G ONG : .......................................................... 10
III .TAI TRON G TNH TOAN DU NG TRONG THIET KE O TO : .......................................... 16
CHNG III :LY HP
21
I. CONG DUNG ,PHAN LOAI VA YEU CAU : ......................................................................... 21
II. ANH HNG CUA LY HP EN S GAI SO : .................................................................. 22
III. TAC DUNG CUA LY HP KHI PHANH O TO: .................................................................. 26
IV. CONG TRT SINH RA TRONG QUA TRNH ONG LY HP: ................................... 28
V. XAC NH KCH THC C BAN , TNH TOAN HAO
MON VA NHIET O CUA LY H P : .................................................................................... 32
VI. TNH TOAN CAC CHI TIET CHU YEU CU A LY HP : ................................................... 36
CHNG IV :HOP SO C KH
41
I. CONG DUNG,YEU CAU ,PHAN LOAI: ................................................................................. 41
II. TRNH T TNH TOAN HO P SO CO CAP CU A O TO: ..................................................... 42
III. S O ONG HOC MOT SO LOAI HOP SO CUA O TO : ................................................ 42
IV. CHON TY SO TRUYEN CU A HO P SO:.............................................................................. 44
V. TNH TOAN CAC CHI TIET CUA HOP SO:......................................................................... 45
CHNG V :HOP SO T ONG
61
I. CONG DUNG,YEU CAU ,PHAN LOAI: .................................................................................. 61
II. LY HP THUY ONG:............................................................................................................ 62
III. BIEN MOMEN THU Y LC : ................................................................................................. 67
IV.HOP SO HANH TINH: ............................................................................................................. 74
CHNG VI :TRUYEN ONG CA C ANG
79
I.CONG DUNG , YEU CAU , PHAN LOAI: ............................................................................... 79
277
II. ONG HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG: .............................................................................. 80

III. ONG LC HOC CUA C CAU CAC ANG: .................................................................. 88
IV. SO VONG QUAY NGUY HIEM CU A TRUC CAC AN G : .............................................. 90
V.TNH TOAN THIET KE TRUYEN ONG CAC AN G: ...................................................... 92
CHNG VII :TRUYEN LC CHNH
99
I. CONG DUNG ,YEU CAU ,PHAN LOAI : ............................................................................... 99
II. CAC PHNG AN KET CAU CUA TRUYEN LC CHNH : .......................................... 100
III. THIET KE CAC KCH TH C CUA TRUYEN LC CHNH : ....................................... 104
IV.TNH TOAN TRUYEN LC CHNH: .................................................................................. 106
V. CAC BIEN PHAP TANG CNG O CNG VNG CUA TRUYEN LC CHNH : .. 110
VI.VAT LIEU CHE TAO TRUYEN LC CHNH.................................................................... 113
CHNG VIII :VI SAI
114
I. CONG DUNG ,YEU CAU ,PHAN LOAI : ............................................................................. 114
II. ONG HOC VA O NG L C HOC CU A VI SAI :.............................................................. 115
III. ANH HNG CUA VI SAI EN TNH CHAT KEO CU A XE : ...................................... 118
IV. KET CAU VA TNH TOAN MOT SO BO VI SAI : ........................................................... 123
V. VAT LIEU CHE TAO CAC CHI TIET CUA VI SAI:.......................................................... 130
CHNG IX :TRUYEN ONG E N CAC BA NH XE CHU ONG
132
I. CONG DUNG, YEU CAU , PHAN LOAI : ............................................................................. 132
M
II. TNH TOAN NA TRUC THEO O BEN :.........................................................................
135
. HC
P
T
uat
h
III. BANH XE VA LOP CUA OTO : ...........................................................................................
144
t
Ky
m
a
CHNG X :DAM CAU VO CAU
149
h
Su p
H
I. CONG DUNG,YEU CAU ,PHAN LOAI: ................................................................................
149
D
ng
rNuoH
T
II. TNH VO CAU CHU O NG KHONGDA
NG: ....................................................... 150
en NG THEO BEN:.................................................... 159
quNyH
III. TNH DAM CAU TRCanDA
B
CHNG XI :HE THONG TREO
I.CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU ............................................................................... 164
II. PHAN TCH KET CAU HE THONG TREO ....................................................................... 166
A. BO PHAN DAN HNG...................................................................................................... 168
I. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU . ............................................................................. 168
II. KET CAU CUA BO PHAN DAN HNG. ........................................................................ 170
III. TNH TOAN BO PHAN DAN HNG. ............................................................................ 174
B.BO PHAN AN HOI. ............................................................................................................. 178
I. PHAN LOAI ............................................................................................................................ 178
II.N G AC TNH AN HOI CUA HE THONG TREO.................................................. 178
III. TNH TOAN PHAN T AN HOI KIM LOAI. ................................................................ 182
IV. PHAN T AN HOI LOAI KH......................................................................................... 197
V. HE THONG TREO THUY KH. ........................................................................................... 198
VI. IEU CHNH HE THO NG TREO. ..................................................................................... 199
C. BO PHAN GIAM CHAN.
201
I. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI, YEU CAU .............................................................................. 202
II. N G AC TNH CUA GIAM CHAN THUY LC ...................................................... 203
III. TNH TOAN GIAM CHAN THUY LC............................................................................ 204
CHNG XII: HE THONG PHANH
206
II. KET CAU CHUNG HE THONG PHANH. .......................................................................... 207
A. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH............................................................................................ 213
278
164
I. XAC NH MOMEN PHANH CAU SINH RA CAC C CAU PHANH........................ 213

II. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH GUOC . ............................................................................. 215
III. TNH TOAN C CAU PHANH A. ................................................................................. 228
IV. XAC NH KCH THC CUA MA PHANH................................................................. 230
V. TNH TOAN NHIET PHAT RA TRONG QUA TRNH PHANH. ..................................... 232
B. TRUYEN ONG PHANH. .................................................................................................... 233
I. TRUYEN O NG PHANH BANG C KH . ......................................................................... 233
II. TRUYEN ONG PHANH BANG CHAT LO NG (DAU ).. ................................................. 236
III. TRUYEN ONG PHANH BANG KH .............................................................................. 239
IV. BO IEU HOA LC PHANHVA BO CHONG HAM CNG.......................................... 243
CHNG XIII: HE THONG LAI
246
II. T SO TRUYEN CUA HE THONG LAI .............................................................................. 247
III. KET CAU HE THONG LAI. ............................................................................................... 249
IV. TNH TOAN HE THONG LAI. ........................................................................................... 260
CHNG IV: KHUNG VA VO.
271
II. KET CAU VA TNH TOAN KHUNG. ................................................................................. 272
III. KET CAU VO XE................................................................................................................. 274
M
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ...........................................................................................................
. HC 276
P
T
uat
MUC LUC ...................................................................................................................................
277
y th
ruon
T
yen
u
q
an
ham
up
DH S
279

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