Trng i hc vinh

Khoa ha hc
=== ===

TRN TH DUYN

XC NH HM Lng cc nguyn t vi lng

ng, km, selen v cadimi, ch trong mt
vi loi nm ln vng bc trung b

kha lun tt nghip i hc

Chuyn ngnh: ha v c

Vinh - 2012

Trng i hc vinh
Khoa ha hc
=== ===

Xc nh hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng

ng, km, selen v cadimi, ch trong mt
vi loi nm ln vng bc trung b

kha lun tt nghip i hc

Chuyn ngnh: ha v c

Cn b hng dn: PGS. TS. Nguyn hoa du

Sinh vin thc hin: TRN TH DUYN
Lp:

49B - Ha

Vinh - 2012
LI CM N

 ti kho lun tt nghip c hon thnh ti phng my, phng th

nghim ho V c trung tm thc hnh th nghim trng i hc Vinh.
hon thnh c kho lun ny em xin by t lng bit n su sc
n PGS.TS Nguyn Hoa Du giao ti, ht lng hng dn, ch bo,
truyn t kin thc kinh nghim qu bu cho em trong sut qu trnh hon
thnh kho lun ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy, c gio trong t b mn ho Phn
tch, ho V c, c Nguyn Th Tm - hng dn phng th nghim v c
thuc trung tm thc hnh th nghim trng i hc Vinh to mi iu
kin gip em trong qu trnh hon thnh kho lun tt nghip.
Cui cng em xin gi li cm n su sc n b m, anh ch em v bn
b quan tm, ng vin em hon thnh kho lun tt nghip ca mnh.
Vinh, thng 5 nm 2012
Sinh vin
Trn Th Duyn

DANH MC CC BNG

Bng 1: c im thnh t bo cc nhm nm ch yu 9

Bng 2: Thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng c trong nm n 16
Bng 3: Thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng c trong nm hng ..20
Bng 4: Xc nh h s kh kit ca cc mu nm ..42
Bng 5: Cc thng s chnh ca my khi phn tch hm lng ng,
ch, km, cadimi, selen trong nm bng phng php ICP - MS ...44
Bng 6: Cc s khi phn tch ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong nm
bng phng php ICP - MS ......45
Bng 7: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng trong nm 46
Bng 8: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ch trong nm
47
Bng

9:

Kt

qu

xc

nh

hm

lng

km

trong

nm

..47
Bng 10: Kt qu xc nh hm lng cadimi trong nm
48
Bng 11: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen
trong nm bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng ICP - MS ..54

DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 1: Nm linh chi ...18
Hnh 2: Nm hc chi 18
Hnh 3: Nm bch chi ..19
Hnh 4: Nm hong chi 19
Hnh 5: Nm hng ..20
Hnh 6: Mc nh en 22
Hnh 7: Mao mc nh ...22
Hnh 8: Mc nh trng ..23
Hnh 9: ng trng h tho ..23
Hnh 10: Cu trc ho hc ca Adenosine v axit cordyceptic ...24
Hnh 11: Nm linh chi (Gernoderma lucidum) .......40
Hnh 12: Nm s trng (Pleurotus ostreatus)41
Hnh 13: ng cong cc ph mu trng.49
Hnh 14: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M1......................50
Hnh 15: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M2......................50
Hnh 16: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M3......................51
Hnh 17: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M1..51
Hnh 18: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M2..52
Hnh 19: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M3..52
Hnh 20: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S153
Hnh 21: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S2....53
Hnh 22: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S3 ...54

CH VIT TT
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
TCA: axit tricacboxilic
ICP: Inductive Coupled Plasma
MS: Mass Spectrometry

MC LC
Trang
PHN M U
Chng 1. TNG QUAN
1.1. Tng quan v nm............................................................................3
1.1.1. S lc v lch s trng nm........................................................3
1.1.2. i cng v gii nm..................................................................3
1.1.3. Phn loi nm................................................................................4
1.1.3.1. Gii ph nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida.....................................4
1.1.3.2. Gii ph nm to - Phycomycetoida..........................................5
1.1.3.3. Gii ph Restomycetoida...........................................................5
1.1.3.4. Gii ph nm tht - Eumycetoida..............................................5
1.1.4. Cc c im ho - sinh hc ca nm...........................................5
1.1.4.1. c im cu to t bo.............................................................5
1.1.4.2. c im v dinh dng..........................................................11
1.1.4.3. S sinh trng ca nm............................................................12
1.1.4.4. c im sinh sn v chu trnh sng........................................13
1.1.5. Tng quan cc nguyn t vi lng trong nm.............................16
1.1.5.1. Nm n.....................................................................................16
1.1.5.2. Nm dc liu..........................................................................18
1.1.6. Vai tr ca cc nguyn t vi lng trong i sng ca nm.......25
1.1.6.1. Lu hunh................................................................................25
1.1.6.2. Photpho....................................................................................25
1.1.6.3. Kali...........................................................................................25
1.1.6.4. Magie........................................................................................25
1.1.6.5. Cc nguyn t vi lng............................................................25
1.1.6.6. Vitamin.26
1.1.7. Tm quan trng ca nm.............................................................27
1.2. Cc phng php xc nh hm lng kim loi trong nm...........29

1.2.1.

Phng

php

von

ampe.............................................................29
1.2.1.1. C s ca phng php cc ph..............................................30
1.2.1.2. Cc phng php phn tch cc ph........................................32
1.2.1.3. Phng php cc ph xung vi phn.........................................32
1.2.2. Phng php ph khi Plasma ICP - MS...................................35
Chng 2. VT LIU V PHNG PHP THC NGHIM
2.1. Chun b mu o bng phng php cc ph ...............................39
2.1.1. Thit b, dng c v ho cht......................................................39
2.1.2. Pha ch dung dch.......................................................................39
2.1.2.1. Pha ch dung dch Pb2+............................................................39
2.1.2.2. Pha ch dung dch Cd2+............................................................39
2.1.2.3. Pha ch dung dch Cu2+............................................................40
2.1.2.4. Pha ch dung dch Zn2+............................................................40
2.1.2.5. Pha ch dung dch khc............................................................40
2.1.3. Ly mu v x l mu.................................................................40
2.1.3.1. Ly mu....................................................................................40
2.1.3.2. Xc nh h s kh kit............................................................41
2.1.3.3. X l mu cho phn tch von - ampe.......................................43
2.2. Chun b mu o bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng ICP
- MS.................................................................................................................43
2.2.1. Thit b, dng c v ho cht......................................................43
2.2.2. Qu trnh phn tch......................................................................43
2.2.2.1. Chun b mu phn tch............................................................43
2.2.2.2. Dung dch ng chun...........................................................43
2.2.2.3. Thng s my...........................................................................43
2.2.2.4. Chn vch phn tch.................................................................44
Chng 3. KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. Kt qu o mu bng phng php von - ampe ho tan anot........45

3.1.1. iu kin chung xc nh ng thi hm lng ng, ch,

km, cadimi trong nm....................................................................................45
3.1.2. Kt qu xc nh ng thi hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi
trong nm bng phng php von - ampe ho tan anot..................................45
3.1.2.1. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng...........................................46
3.1.2.2. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ch..............................................47
3.1.2.3. Kt qu xc nh hm lng km............................................47
3.1.2.4. Kt qu xc nh hm lng cadimi........................................48
3.1.3. Cc ng cong cc ph thu c khi ho tan ng thi hm
lng ng, ch, km, cadimi trong mu trng v mu thc...49
3.2. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong
nm bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng ICP - MS.....54
KT LUN..........................................................................................56
TI LIU THAM KHO

M U
Nm l thc phm t nhin, c dng ph bin trong cuc sng
thng ngy, cung cp nhiu protein, lipid, ng v cc khong cht c li
cho c th.
Khng ch l mn n ngon, cc loi nm cn c tc dng tng cng
sc khng ca c th, chng lo ho, lm gim nguy c mc cc bnh nh:
ung th, tim mch.
Nm n l nhng loi nm khng c hi, c con ngi dng lm
thc phm. Nm c cc y th c nh gi l th n c, bi b c, c
th dng lm thuc, ton thn u qu gi.
Trong gii sinh vt c gn 7 vn loi nm, nhng ch c hn 100 loi
c th n c hoc dng lm thuc, thng dng nht l: mc nh en, ngn
nh, nm hng, nm m, nm rmNgoi ngun thu hi t thin nhin,
ngi ta trng c hn 60 loi theo phng php cng ngh vi nng
sut cao. Nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng, nm s l mt trong nhng thc phm
rt quan trng v thng dng ca con ngi trong tng lai.
Ngoi gi tr cung cp cc cht dinh dung cn thit cho c th, nm n
cn c nhiu tc dng dc l khc phong ph nh: tng cng kh nng
min dch ca c th, khng ung th v khng virus, gii c, bo v t bo
gan, h ng mu, chng phng x, thanh tr cc gc t do, chng lo ho.
Khng nhng th, mt s loi nm c xp vo nhm nm dc liu,
s dng nh l mt loi thuc qu dng cha bnh trong y hc.
Do vy, vic xc nh cc thnh phn c trong nm c th pht hin
c nhng hot tnh ca n l iu rt quan trng.
V vy, trong kho lun ny chng ti la chn ti: XC NH
HM LNG CC NGUYN T VI LNG NG, KM, SELEN V

CADIMI, CH TRONG MT VI LOI NM LN VNG BC TRUNG

B.
Trong phm vi kho lun ny, chng ti t ra mt s nhim v sau:
- Tng quan v nm, hm lng mt s nguyn t vi lng trong nm.
- Cc phng php xc nh hm lng nguyn t vi lng trong nm.
- Bc u xc nh hm lng mt s nguyn t gm Cu, Zn, Se, Cd,
Pb trong Nm bng phng php cc ph v phng php ph khi plasma
cm ng ICP - MS.

Chng 1

TNG QUAN
1.1. Tng quan v nm
1.1.1. S lc v lch s trng nm [4]
T thi tin s con ngi bit hi lm Nm trong thin nhin lm
thc n. Thi Hy lp c i, Nm lun lun chim v tr danh d trong thc
n ca cc bui yn tic.
Vic trng nm n c con ngi tin hnh cch y khong trn
2000 nm. phng ng nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Vit Nam... con ngi
bit trng nm hng v nm rm cch y khong 2000 nm. phng Ty,
theo Athnans, vic trng nm n c bt u vo th k th III.
Thi k Trung c, chu u cng nh cc ni khc, khoa hc ni
chung cng nh nm hc ni ring hu nh b qun lng. Ti khong gia
th k XVII (1650) nhng ngi ngoi Pari bt u trng nm m th
nm n li tr thnh ngun thc phm quan trng. Php l nc c coi l
c quyn v cng nghip sn xut nm m cho ti u th k XX (1920).
Mi ti cui th k XIX v nhng thp k va qua con ngi mi bt u
vi nhng thm d trng cc loi nm n khc, c bit l cc loi nm sng
trn g.
Sn xut nm n trn th gii ang ngy cng pht trin mnh m.
nhiu nc pht trin nh H Lan, Php, Italia, Nht Bn, M, c... ngh
trng nm c c gii ho cao, t khu x l nguyn liu n thu hi, ch
bin nm u do my mc thc hin. Cc khu vc chu nh i Loan,
Trung Quc, Malaixia, Indonexia, Singapore, Triu Tin, Thi Lan... ngh
trng nm cng pht trin rt mnh m.

Cc loi nm n c nui trng ph bin hin nay thuc cc chi nm

m (Agaricus), nm hng (Lentinus), nm rm (Volvariella), nm s
(Pleurotus), mc nh (Auricularia)... ca ngnh nm m (Basidiomycota).
1.1.2. i cng v gii nm (Mycetalia Fungi) [17]
Nm l mt gii ring bit rt ln vi khong 1,5 triu loi (ch ng
sau cn trng: 10 triu loi v s lng loi), trong m t c
69.000 loi (theo Hawksworth, 1991), sng khp ni trn Tri t t hc
tng n thc vt, ng vt, con ngi; bao gm nm men, nm mc v cc
loi nm ln. l cc sinh vt c nhn thc (c xp vo nhm
Eukaryote), to bo t, khng c cht dip lc m phi hp thu cht dinh dng
t cc ngun khc nhau, sinh sn hu tnh hoc v tnh, c vch t bo bao
bc bn ngoi v c b my dinh dng thng l dng si, c cu trc phn
nhnh gi l si nm.
S d nm c xp vo gii ring m khng c xp vo gii thc vt
hay ng vt v nm c nhiu im khc thc vt nh:
- Khng c lc lp, khng c sc t quang hp nn khng th t tng hp
cc cht hu c cho c th t cc c th khc nh thc vt, ng vt.
- Khng c s phn ho c quan thnh thn, r, l, hoa.
- Phn ln khng cha cellulose trong vch t bo, m ch yu l bng
chitin v glucan. Chitin l cht gp nhiu ng vt hn thc vt, ch yu
nhm gip xc v cn trng, to thnh lp v hoc cnh cng cho cc loi ny.
- Nm d tr ng di dng glycogen thay v tinh bt nh thc vt.
- Nm khng c mt chu trnh pht trin chung nh cc loi thc vt.
Nm cng khng c xp vo gii ng vt v:
- Nm sinh sn ch yu bng bo t (hu tnh hay v tnh) ging ht
phn ca thc vt.
- S sinh dng ca nm lin quan n h si nm. Nm ly cc cht
dinh dng t mng t bo ca si nm (tng t nh c ch r thc vt).
1.1.3. Phn loi nm [4]
Gii nm c chia lm 4 gii ph: Gii ph nm nhy -

Gymnomycetoida; gii ph nm to - Phycomycetoida; gii ph

Restomycetoida v gii ph nm tht - Eumycetoida.
1.1.3.1. Gii ph nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida.
Gii ph nm nhy - Gymnomycetoida c c im c th l mt khi
cht nguyn sinh ln, dng cng bo, c mu vng hoc mu hng, kch thc
c th ti vi dm, di chuyn ging nh di chuyn ca amp. Nm nhy phn
b nhng ni m thp, ti tm (nh hc cy mc, v cy...).
1.1.3.2. Gii ph nm to - Phycomycetoida.
Gii ph Nm to - Phycomycetoida c c im l giai on dinh
dng dng si khng c vch ngn, sng bm v ch hnh thnh vch ngn
khi to nn c quan sinh sn. Gii ph ny ch gm mt ngnh
Phycomycota v mt lp Phycomycetes, sng hoi sinh, phn b c di
nc v trn cn, gy bnh cho trng c v c con.
1.1.3.3. Gii ph Restomycetoida.
Gii ny gm nhng nm n bo, nc hoc cn, sng hoi sinh
hay k sinh trn c th to hoc thc vt bc cao. Gii ph Restomycetoida
gm 3 ngnh: ngnh nm mt tin mao dnh pha trc Hyphochytridiomycota, ngnh Plasmodiophoromycota v ngnh nm lng Trichomycota.
1.1.3.4. Gii ph nm tht - Eumycetoida.
Gii ph nm tht - Eumycetoida c th dinh dng in hnh dng si,
phn nhnh, c vch ngn hoc khng, mng t bo gm ch yu l kitin, sinh
sn v tnh bng bo t, sinh sn hu tnh bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.
Nm tht nguyn thu sng nc, tin ho cao hn th sng cn.
Gii ph nm tht c chia lm mt s ngnh nh sau: ngnh nm
mt tin mao dnh pha sau - Chytridiomycota, ngnh nm tip hp Zygomycota, ngnh nm men - Endomycota, ngnh nm nang - Ascomycota
v ngnh nm m (nm gi) - Basidiomycota.
1.1.4. Cc c im ho - sinh hc ca nm [17]
1.1.4.1. c im cu to t bo

a. Si nm v h si nm
C th ca nm l mt tn, tc l mt c th c b my sinh dng
cha phn ho thnh cc c quan khc nhau. V vy, nu coi nm thuc v
gii thc vt, nm c xp vo nhm tn thc vt, cng vi cc ngnh vi
khun (Bacteriophyta), to lam (Cyanophyta) v cc ngnh to (Algae). Tn
ca nm c th n bo hnh cu hoc hnh trng, nhng thng thng c
dng si v c gi l si nm.
C 2 dng si :
- Si s cp (haploid) sinh ra bo t, t bo c mt nhn.
- Si th cp (diploid) phi hp 2 si s cp, t bo c hai nhn.
Si nm thng l mt ng hnh tr di khng phn nhnh hoc phn
nhnh, c kch thc khc nhau. ng knh ca cc si nm thng 3 - 5
m, nhng cng c th ti 10 m , v mt s trng hp c bit nh gi
nang bo t kn ca loi nm tip hp Phycomyces blakesneanus ng knh ti
1 mm. Chiu di ca cc si nm c th ti vi chc cm. Gi nang bo t kn
ca loi nm tip hp va ni trn c chiu di n 30 cm. Cc si nm va
pht trin theo chiu di ngn (ring si nm th cp c kiu sinh sn c bit
gi l mu lin kt), c th to thnh cc nhnh ngang v cc si nm ngn
vch, va to thnh cc vch ngang. Cc nhnh li c th tip tc phn nhnh
lin tip. Ton b si nm v cc nhnh nm (nu c) pht trin t mt bo t
nm theo ba chiu trn mt c cht thnh mt khi si c gi l h si nm.
mt s nm, cc si nm c nhnh qun cht, thm ch dnh lin vi nhau theo
chiu dc to thnh cc dng hnh thi c bit nh th m, hch nm, chp
nm, r gi
Cc vch ngang si nm ngn vch u c l thng. L thng ny c
cu to n gin hay phc tp tu tng nm, nhng khng nhng cht
nguyn sinh i qua m nhn t bo cng c th di chuyn qua ti cc phn
si nm ang c nhng hot ng sinh l, ha sinh mnh. Nh vy k c si
nm ngn vch cng nh si nm khng ngn vch, si nm c th c
xem nh mt ci ng di cha cht nguyn sinh, nhiu nhn t bo v cc

thnh phn cu to khc ca t bo. Tr cc loi nm men c cu to n bo,

r rng si nm (ngn vch hoc khng ngn vch) u khng c cc dng t
bo in hnh nh cc nhm sinh vt khc (n bo, cng bo hoc a bo).
dng cu to n bo, mi c th l mt t bo, v ng nhin mi t bo
c cu to v i sng c lp i vi cc c th ca cc c th cng loi, hoc
khc loi cng mt ni phn b, hoc trn cng mu nui cy trong
phng th nghim. Trong cu to a bo v c trong cu to cng bo, mi t
bo l mt thnh phn cu to ca c th hay ca mt tp on, nhng vn l
n v cu to v trao i cht. Do vn c mt cu to v cc qu trnh sinh
l, ha sinh c lp nm trong cu to v trao i cht chung, thng nht ca
c th hay tp on . Cc si nm u khng c cc dng cu to t bo
in hnh va ni . Mi t bo trong mt si nm (c vch ngn hay khng)
khng c gii hn, khng c cu to ring v cng khng c cc hot ng trao
i cht c lp trong phm vi t bo. Mc d mi on trn mt si nm c
s phn ha khc nhau nhng s phn ha ny khng lin quan n dng t bo
c trng ca si nm.
* Cc dng bin i ca h si nm
- R gi v si b:
Si b l on si nm k sinh khng phn nhnh, pht sinh t cc si
nm a sinh, thng hoc hnh cung. u mt ca cc on si ny chm vo
c cht v pht trin thnh mt hoc mt s rt ngn bm vo c cht. Cc si
rt ngn trng nh r cy cc thn b thc vt ht kn v c gi l r
gi. Mt hoc mt vi si b khc li pht trin t u mt ca si b cui
cng v c tip tc pht trin nh trn, lm cho h si nm pht trin rng ra
xung quanh v tt c mi pha, k c trn thnh c cht thng ng nh thnh
ng nghim, cc hp lng.
- Si p v si ht:
nhiu loi vi nm k sinh, khi si nm tip xc vi vt ch, phn si
nm tip xc phng to ra, lm tng din tch tip xc gia si nm v vt ch.
Phn phng to ny thng c hnh a, c nhiu nhn t bo v p cht vo vt

ch. Ngi ta gi l cc si p (appressoria).

cc loi vi nm k sinh khc, phn si nm tip xc vi vt ch khng
phng to ra thnh si p m mc thnh mt nhnh nh m vo vt ch, sau
nhnh nh phn nhnh v pht trin vo trong m ca vt ch ht cc
cht dinh dng. Cc nhnh si nm lm chc nng ring bit ny c gi l
si ht (haustoria).
- Si nm by mi:
Mt s vi nm sng t c kh nng pht sinh cc on si nm c
bit bt mt s ng vt nh di t nh giun trn, amip Nhng on
si nm c bit ny c tc dng ging nh ci by mi. C th phn bit thnh
3 kiu si nm by mi sau: bng dnh, li dnh hay si thong lng.
- Th m (m nm):
y l khi si nm c thnh dnh lin vi nhau theo nhiu hng, trn
hoc trong c cc b phn sinh sn. Trong m nm, tr cc mng ni, cht
nguyn sinh cc si nm khc nhau khng trao i vi nhau. Ch nm ti,
nm m v nm bt ton c dng hnh thi ny nn cc si nm trong m
nm u l nhng si nm ngn vch.
- Hch nm:
Hch nm l khi si rn chc, thng c tit din trn, khng mang
cc b phn sinh sn. Cng nh m nm, hch nm khng c nm roi, nm
tip hp nn nhng si nm dng hnh thi ny l nhng si nm ngn vch.
- B si nm:
B si nm l dng tp hp ca cc si nm k sinh xp song song vi
nhau v dnh cht vo nhau. Cc si nm trong b si dnh cht vo nhau l
do thnh t bo tit ra mt cht nha dnh hoc do b gelatin ho.
b. Cc bo quan trong t bo
- Thnh t bo
Cu to dng si ca thnh t bo vi cc si xp trong mt cht nn
ng nht. Cht nn ny c cu to ng nht. Cc si trong cht nn trn
mt bn mng th xp song song vi nhau v cc si trn cc bn mng k

nhau th xp cho nhau; do thnh t bo kh vng chc.

a s cc loi nm c thnh t bo cu to bi chitin v glucan. Tuy
nhin mi nhm phn loi nm khc nhau th thnh phn cng nh t l ca
cc cht ny c thay i v cng c xem l c im phn loi ca cc
nhm nm. Cc cht trng hp acetylglucozamin v glucozamin l thnh
phn chim u th lp ph nm roi sau, lp nm tip hp. Thnh phn
chim u th trong vch t bo ca lp nm ti v nm m l glucan, cht
trng hp c nhnh ca glucopyranoza. cc nm thuc chi Neurospora
chng hn, chitin ch chim 10 - 20 % trong khi glucan chim n 80 - 90 %.
Cenllulose, thnh phn ch yu ca thnh t bo thc vt, cng c mt
thnh t bo ca nhiu loi nm non; tuy nhin ch l cht trng hp ng
ng vi cellulose thc vt. Ngoi ra, cn thy c manna (cht trng hp c
mch nhnh ca manose) v amylase trong thnh phn ca thnh t bo nhiu
loi nm.
Khng nhng th, thnh t bo cn c th cha sc t nh sc t c
mu vng nht (xitrinin, xitromyxetin) mt s loi thuc chi Penicilium; c
mu nu xm (tritosporin) cc loi Helminthosporium spp
Bng 1: c im thnh t bo cc nhm nm ch yu
(theo S.Bartuicki Garcia, 1968, E.Muller, W.Loeffler, 1976)
Nhm phn loi

Thnh phn chnh

ca thnh t bo

Ngnh Myxomycota
- Myxomycetes

Cellulose

- Acrasiomycetes

Cellulose

- Labyrinthulomycetes

glycogen

- Plasmodiophoromycetes

Cenllulose

Ngnh Eumycota

Chitin

- Oomycetidae
- Trichomycetidae

Cenllulose glucan

c im xc nh

- Hyphochytriomycetidae

Polygalactozamin

- Chytrimycetadae

Cenllulose kitin

D glucozamin, L

- Zygomycetiade

Chitin glucan

fucose

- Ascomycetes v

Chitin kitozan

D galactose

Deutoromycetes

Chitin glucan

D galactozamin

Tr: Saccharomycetes v
Cryptococcaceae

Glucan Manan

Rhodotorulaceae v
Sporobolomycetaceae

Chitin manna

- Basidiomycetes

Chitin - glucan

L fucose, xilose

- Cht nguyn sinh v mng cht nguyn sinh

Cht nguyn sinh l mt dung dch keo thng trong sut, khng mu,
lun lun chuyn ng t phn si nm gi n phn non, hoc t cc si
nm dinh dng n cc si nm phn ho lm nhim v sinh sn (to bo t,
cc giao t...).
Cht nguyn sinh c bao bc xung quanh bi mng cht nguyn
sinh. Khi xy ra hin tng co nguyn sinh, mng cht nguyn sinh cng vi
ton b cc phn cn li ca t bo tch ra khi thnh v khi chng ta c
th phn bit c mng ny. Mng cht nguyn sinh dy trung bnh 0,007
m , cu to ch yu bi cc phn t lipid (phospholipid) v protein. Thnh

phn lipid c th chim ti 40 % v protein chim 38 % trng lng kh ca

mng.
Mng cht nguyn sinh thng tch ra khi mng t bo vi ch, c
khi gp li thnh ti nh cha cc cht c dng ht hoc dng bng. Khi cc
cht c dng bng (lomaxom), chng ta c th nhn thy kh r cc bng ny
cc si ht ca loi vi nm Perenospora manshurica k sinh thc vt.
- Nhn t bo
Nhn t bo nm phn ln c ng knh 2 3 m , hnh cu hoc

hnh trng. Cng c mt s loi c nhn t bo rt ln nh loi nm tip hp

(Basidiobolus ranarum) c ng knh ti 25 m . Hnh dng v kch thc
ca nhn trong mt t bo c th thay i, thng hp li v di ra khi qua cc
l thng vch ngang cc si nm.
S lng nhn trong t bo cc vi nm bin thin, thay i theo iu
kin sng. cc nm ngn vch, s lng nhn mi on si nm gia 2
vch ngn c th l 1, 2 hoc nhiu hn. Trong iu kin nui cy bnh
thng, hu ht cc bo t trn ca loi nm bt ton Phsalophora cinerescens
c 1 nhn n bi, ch c 0,1 % bo t trn c 2 nhn (n bi), bo t trn
c nhn lng bi li cng him hn. mi trng nui cy c thm
actinomycin D, t l bo t trn c 2 nhn v nhn lng bi tng ln r rt.
Mng nhn c 3 lp v c rt nhiu l nhn. cc t bo nm men gi,
trn mng nhn c n 200 l nhn chim n 6,8 % din tch mng nhn.
Vai tr ch yu ca nhn l mang thng tin di truyn cha trong DNA
v iu khin vic sinh tng hp protein, enzym cho cc hot ng sng khc
nhau ca t bo.
- Khng bo v cc th n nhp
Khng bo thng c dng hnh cu, hnh trng nhng cng c th di
v thon nh li khi chui qua cc l thng trn vch ngang ca cc si nm.
ngn si nm thng khng c khng bo, cng xa ngn nm s lng
khng bo cng nh nhng rt ln p cht cht nguyn sinh v nhn t bo
vo st thnh t bo.
Khng bo cng c nhim v duy tr p sut thm thu cho t bo
ging nh cc loi sinh vt khc.
Trong khng bo v c trong cht nguyn sinh ca nm c cha rt
nhiu cc th nh, c kch thc khc nhau dng kt tinh hoc v nh hnh
gi l th n nhp (inclusion). l cc ht cha glycogen, cha lipid v mt
s mui v c nh canxi oxalat...
1.1.4.2. c im v dinh dng:
C ba nhm chnh:

a. Hoi sinh: l c tnh chung ca hu ht cc loi nm, trong c

nm trng. Thc n ca chng l xc b thc vt hoc ng vt. Chng c
kh nng bin i cc cht ny thnh nhng thnh phn n gin c th
hp th c.
b. K sinh: bao gm ch yu cc loi nm gy bnh. Chng sng bm
vo c th cc sinh vt khc (ng vt, thc vt hoc cc loi nm khc).
Thc n ca chng cng chnh l cc cht ly t c th k ch v do lm
suy yu hoc tn thng c th k ch.
c. Cng sinh: y l nhm nm c bit, ly thc n t c th ch v
ngc li chng s cung cp cc cht khc cho c th ch. y l mt hnh
thc quan h qua li rt cht ch v c li gia nhiu nhm sinh vt, h tr
cho nhau cng pht trin.
V d: a y l hnh thc cng sinh gia nm - to; khun cn l hnh
thc cng sinh sinh nm - r thc vt...)
1.1.4.3. S sinh trng ca nm
- S s sinh trng ca si nm (s mc ca si nm) c tin hnh
ch yu bng s ko di ca phn nh si nm (gm phn u tn cng
(nh) ca si nm vi di khong 50 - 100 m ).Phn ny khng c nhn t
bo. Ton b nhn t bo nm nm pha sau si nm.
Cc hp cht hu c c tng hp t cc phn khc nhau trn si nm,
cc cht mi c hp th t nhng phn gi ca si nm u c vn
chuyn ti nh si nm phc v qu trnh ko di ca si nm. nh si
nm, cc qu trnh tng hp din ra mnh hn nhiu so vi cc phn khc trn
si nm. Phn nh khc phn k cn l nh giu ARN, giu cc protein
cha arginin, tyrozin, histidin, cc protein cha nhm -SH v rt t glycogen.
Hm lng protein phn u rt giu c lin quan n qu trnh tng hp
mnh m phn nh v mt khc l do s vn ng chuyn t cc phn pha
sau ti phc v qu trnh ko di si nm. Hm lng glycogen thp
phn nh c l c lin quan ti vic to thnh mng ca nhng phn mi
sinh ra. V s tp trung mnh m cho qu trnh sinh trng nh vy, cho nn

tc sinh trng ca nm l rt ln, c th t ti 3,6 - 3,8 mm/gi (nm

Neurospora, Ryan, 1943).
- S sinh trng ca si nm l v hn.
- Si nm sinh trng khng ch bng s ko di ra nh m cn km
theo l s phn nhnh lin tc theo hng ngn t phn sau nh si nm. S
phn nhnh din ra trc ht bi s lm mm mng t bo, ch trc y
vng chc. Cc nhnh si bn s pht trin t nhng ch ny. Mc d c
s phn nhnh nhng u th nh bao gi cng c th hin, ngha l s ko
di theo nh chnh chim u th so vi cc nhnh bn.
T si chnh s to ra si bn cp 1, t si bn cp 1 s to ra si bn
cp 2, ri cp 3... Si chnh lun lun di hn so vi nhnh bn ca n v v
vy ton b h thng si sinh ra t 1 si chnh c dng ging nh mt cy
thng vi cc cnh ca n.
S mc ca nm trn ton b h si (mycelium) c hnh thnh t
bo t nm hay t mt phn ca m nm trn mi trng rn, ng nht v
dinh dng v cc iu kin mi trng. Kt qu s hnh thnh mt khun lc
(kolonie) hnh trn. Khun lc c to nn t nhiu si chnh v si phn
nhnh cc cp. Phn non nht l nh si nm v th trong hnh trn khun
lc th pha ngoi cng cng l phn non nht ca khun lc.
1.1.4.4. c im sinh sn v chu trnh sng
a. c im sinh sn
Sinh sn l qu trnh to nn c th mi m bo cho loi tn ti theo
thi gian. Nm sinh sn bng bo t: bo t v tnh v bo t hu tnh.
- Bo t v tnh (bo t kn v bo t trn):
+ Bo t kn (bo t nang, sporangiosporum) pht sinh trong cc nang
bo t kn, ch khi v nang m nt v hoc b phn hu bo t kn mi c
phng thch ra bn ngoi. Bo t kn nm roi c kh nng di ng trong
nc nh c roi, khi bo t kn c gi l ng bo t (bo t ng).
+ Bo t trn (Gymnosporum conidium) pht sinh bn ngoi cc t
bo sinh bo t (ngoi sinh) hoc bn trong cc t bo sinh bo t (ni sinh)

nhng bao gi cng b y ra ngoi cc t bo ny, trong khi cc bo t trn

khc vn c tip tc hnh thnh bn trong.
Ngoi ra cn c bo t o (chlamydosporum): khng phi l dng sinh
sn ng ngha, do mt on si nm tch lu nhiu cht dinh dng v c
thnh dy ln, do thch ng vi iu kin sng tim sinh.
- Bo t hu tnh
+ Bo t non: l bo t thc do non cu sau khi c th tinh bin
i theo hng thch ng vi iu kin sng ngh, trc khi ny si thnh c
th trng thnh. y l dng sinh sn hu tnh ca cc loi nm Non thuc
lp Nm roi.
+ Bo t tip hp: l bo t thc do cc hp t tip hp trc tip bin
i hoc ny chi m to thnh. y l dng bo t c trng ca lp Nm
tip hp.
+ Bo t ti: l bo t thc c to thnh trong t bo sinh bo t c
bit, t bo ny pht trin t mt loi hp t (th sinh ti sau khi th tinh) v
c gi l ti bo t. Bo t ti ch pht tn ra ngoi khi ti gi v m
nh hoc khi v ti b phn hu. y l bo t c trng ca lp Nm ti.
+ Bo t m: l bo t thc c to thnh bn ngoi t bo sinh bo
t c bit gi l m. T bo ny v nguyn tc pht trin t mt tin hp t,
khng phn ho v hnh thi (t bo song nhn u tin) v sau mt giai on
pht trin di ca hp t . Bo t m bn ngoi m v do pht tn
bng cch ri khi m. y l dng bo t c trng ca lp nm m.
b. Chu trnh sng ca nm (gm 5 kiu chu trnh pht trin tng qut
ca nm).
- Kiu chu trnh th nht: chu trnh lng bi.
Trong chu trnh ny, giai on n bi tng ng vi giao t th, gii
hn cc giao t hoc cc nang giao t. Bo t th lng bi chim u th r
rt so vi giao t th. Mt s loi nm thuc lp ph Oomycetidae (theo
Sansome, 1963) c kiu chu trnh ny.
- Kiu chu trnh th hai: chu trnh hai th h.

Trong chu trnh ny, giao t th n bi xen k vi bo t th lng bi

v hai th h ny v nguyn tc tng ng nhau. Mt s loi thuc lp ph
Oomycetidae c kiu chu trnh ny (Chadefaud, 1960).
- Kiu chu trnh th ba: chu trnh n bi.
Trong chu trnh ny, s gim phn ni tip nhau ngay qu trnh phi
nhn to thnh giao t th n bi. Giao t th n bi pht trin bng cc
bo t v tnh (n bi) v sinh ra mt th h giao t th cng n bi th
hai. Th h giao t th th hai tip tc pht trin bng cc bo t v tnh (n
bi) v to thnh cc giao t rt t phn ho v hnh thi. Giai on lng bi
tng ng vi bo t th ch tn ti trong mt dng hnh thi rt hn ch, nh
bo t tip hp ca cc nm tip hp.
- Kiu chu trnh th t: chu trnh n bi song nhn.
Kiu chu trnh ny c th coi nh mt bin dng ca kiu chu trnh n
bi trn. Gn vi chu trnh n bi l chu trnh n bi song nhn ca cc
nm ti. Trong chu trnh pht trin ca cc loi thuc lp Nm ti, giai on
n bi chim u th hn giai on song nhn. Cc si nm n bi kh pht
trin, n mt thi k pht trin nht nh, mi to thnh cc giao t rt t
phn ho v hnh thi. Cc t bo hoc cc on si nm lm nhim v giao
t sau khi phi sinh cht, nhn t bo ca chng vn ring r tng i trong
mt phn chu trnh. Phn ny ngn so vi phn n bi. V s phi nhn cha
xy ra nn c giai on song nhn v giai on n bi u thuc giao t th.
Giai on song nhn ny tng ng vi mt th h gi l th h trc bo t
th. Ging nh trng hp chu trnh n bi, giai on lng bi chu trnh
ny khng ng k. S phi nhn t bo sinh ti va xy ra (giai on
lng bi) tip theo ngay sau l s gim phn to thnh cc bo t n bi.
Chu trnh n bi song nhn ca cc loi thuc lp nm m pht trin
cch xa chu trnh n bi mt bc na, theo hng giai on song nhn
chim u th so vi giai on n bi. Hai on si nm n bi tng ng
vi hai giao t sm hp vi nhau to thnh on si nm song nhn u tin.
Giai on song nhn pht trin di v thng chim phn ln chu trnh pht

trin ca cc nm m. Cng nh trng hp cc nm ti, giai on lng bi

tng ng vi bo t th ch gii hn cc t bo sinh m v m non (m
khi nhn lng bi cha phn chia gim nhim).
Ch xt ring v mt chu trnh pht trin, r rng chng ta thy c s
tip ni gia cc chu trnh n bi v n bi song nhn hoc ngc li.
- Kiu chu trnh th nm: chu trnh v tnh.
Kiu chu trnh ny c trng cho nm bt ton, hon ton khng c giai
on hu tnh. Kiu chu trnh ny khng c trong t nhin v hin nay ngi
ta bit dng sinh sn hu tnh ca nhiu loi thuc nhm nm ny. Tuy
nhin nhiu loi nm bt ton, chng ta ch mi bit giai on v tnh cha
bit chng c hay khng c giai on hu tnh, nn vn cn thit phi phn
bit kiu chu trnh ny ca nm. S phi sinh cht ca cc nm ny kh xy
ra nn ko theo giai on song nhn v giai on lng bi khng xy ra.
Nh vy cc nm ny ch c giai on giao t th n bi, nhng bc sinh
ra cc giao t li khng thc hin c. Do , nm li pht trin giai on
ph ca chu trnh - giai on giao t th pht trin bng cc bo t v tnh.
1.1.5. Tng quan cc nguyn t vi lng trong nm [25] [27] [30]
1.1.5.1. Nm n: gm cc loi mc nh thuc chi Auricularia, ngn nh
- Tremella, nm hng - Lentinula edodes, nm rm - Volvariella volvacea,
nm thng - Boletus edulis, nm bo ng hay cn gi l nm s - Pleurotus.
Nm n l thc phm ph bin giu cht dinh dng, gm tt c cc
khong cht cn thit, cc vitamin nh thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin
(vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), axit pantothenic (vitamin B5), axit ascorbic
(vitamin C), cha hm lng ln vitamin A v D; mt s loi cn c cha
lng

- carotene c chuyn i thnh vitamin A trong gan hoc

ergosterol chuyn i thnh vitamin D khi tip xc vi cc bc x tia cc tm,

cha cc kim loi nh: Fe, Zn, Se, Na, Ca, K v P.
Bng 2: Thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng c trong nm m [24]
Thnh phn
dinh dng

Dinh dng

S lng

% gi tr

trong mi

mi ngy

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin
B5)
Vitamins
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Folate (Vitamin B9)
ng (Cu)
Selen (Se)
Kali (K)
Khong cht Photpho (P)
St (Fe)
Km (Zn)
Mangan (Mn)

khu phn
3,6 mg
1,5 mg

18 %
15 %

0,1 mg
0,4 mg
0,1 mg
16 g
0,3 mg
9,3 g
318 mg
86 mg
0,5 mg
0,5 mg
9 mg

5%
24 %
5%
4%
16 %
13 %
9%
9%
3%
3%
2%

Nm n cha t hm lng cht bo, cacbohidrat v khng c

Cholesteron. Hu ht cc nm c hm lng protein cao, thng l khong 20
- 30 % tnh theo trng lng kh.
Hm lng cht bo c trong nm cha cc hp cht ca lipid, bao
gm: cc axit bo t do, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, sterol,
este sterol, v phospholipids, chim khong 2 - 8 % trng lng kh.
Vitamin D c trong nm cn thit cho s hp th Canxi. Ngoi ra, cc
nguyn t vi lng nh:
ng (Cu): gip c th hp th oxy v to ra cc t bo mu .
Selen (Se): cht chng oxy ho gip trung ho cc gc t do, do
ngn nga tn thng t bo v gim nguy c ung th cng cc bnh l khc.
Nm l loi thc phm cha nhiu selen nht.
Kali (K): l khong cht v cng quan trng iu chnh huyt p v gi
cho cc t bo hot ng ng nhp.
Polisaccarit cacbohydrat: gip tng cng h thng min dch.
Cc vitamin C, B6 v B12 tm thy trong nm c tc dng thc y h
thng min dch, gip loi b cc c t ra khi c th.
Khng ch c cng dng lm mn n m cc loi nm trong nhm nm

n cng cha cc thnh phn c tc dng cha bnh. Chnh v th, nn cng
c th a chng vo nhm nm dc liu.
1.1.5.2. Nm dc liu
a. Nm linh chi thuc h Ganoderma, c tn ting Nht l Reishi,
ngi Trung Quc gi loi nm ny l Lingzhi. N cn c tn gi khc l nm
tin tho, nm trng th hay vn nin nhung, c nhc n nh mt cy
nm linh thing thi Trung Quc c i.
Nm linh chi l loi nm u tin c pht hin v chng minh l c
c tnh cha bnh v tt cho sc kho. Trong t nhin nm pht trin nh l
mt k sinh trng trn cy, ch yu l trn cy g si, cc l ca loi cy ny
rng l iu kin tt cho s pht trin ca nm linh chi.
Nm linh chi c thnh phn khong vi lng loi, trong c mt
s khong nh caanxi (Ca), st (Fe), gemani (Ge), vanadi (V), crom (Cr),
coban (Co), natri (Na), v cc hp cht ca photpho, vitamin C, D v B.
Nhng nguyn t ny tham gia vo qu trnh sinh ho, trao i cht trong c
th, rt tt cho chc nng thn kinh v tuyn thng thn. Chng hn,
germani trong cc dc phm t nm linh chi c tc dng trong iu tr tim
mch v ung th.
C 6 loi nm linh chi: Linh chi , hc chi, bch chi, hong chi, t chi
(c mu tm), thanh chi (c mu xanh da tri).

Hnh 1: Nm linh chi (mu )

Hnh 2: Nm hc chi (mu en)

Hnh 3: Nm bch chi (mu trng)

Nm linh chi giu

Hnh 4: Nm hong chi (mu vng)

- glucans, c cha 1,3 -

- D - glucans,

triterpenes ho tan trong ru, cc protein, axit amin, polysaccarides ho tan

trong nc, cc cht khong, vitamin v cht bo c tc dng c ch kh nng
tng hp Cholesterol, gim chng cao huyt p, bo v gan, lm gim men
gan v chng oxy ho, tng kh nng chng bnh cho c th, tng cng khu
v n ung, gip tiu ho tt, c tc dng gim ng huyt i vi bnh nhn
i tho ng, c tc dng chng khi u, tng cng sc kho. Trong nm
linh chi Ganoderma lucidum cn c mt s hot tnh sinh hc nh enzyme
amylase v protease c hot tnh khng sinh, c ch vi khun
Staphyllococcus, Salmonella typhi.
b. Nm hng c tn khoa hc l Lentinula edodes, cn c tn gi
khc l nm ng c, hng c, hng tn, hng tm tn ting nht l
Shiitake thuc h nm tn (polyporaceae), c mnh danh l Hong hu
thc vt, l vua ca cc loi rau. Gi l nm hng v chng c mi thm.
Cu to ca nm hng gm c mt chn nh vo gia tai nm, mt
trn tai nm c mu nu, mt di gm nhiu bn mng xp li.

Hnh 5: Nm hng
Nm hng cha nhiu cht dinh dng, ch yu cha cc thnh phn
protein, cht bo, ng, cht x, vitamin chng hn nh vitamin A, B, B12,
C, tin vitamin D, Ca, Niacin, Al, Fe, Mg N c khong 30 enzyme v tt
c cc axit amin tt gip duy tr cc m, cn thit cho c th (tc l nhng
axit amin m c th khng tng hp c). Nm cng c mt s ancol hu c
m khi nu chn, cc ancol ny bin i, to thnh mi thm c bit ca n.
Bng 3: Thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng c trong nm hng [23]
nh gi
Dinh dng

S lng

% mi

Mt

cht lng

ngy (DV)

dinh dng

thc phm
ca th gii

Vitamin B3
(Niacin)
Vitamin B5 (axit
pantothenic)
Vitamin B6
(pyridoxine)
Vitamin B2
(riboflavin)
Mangan (Mn)
Photpho (P)
Cht x
Kali (K)
Selen (Se)
ng (Cu)
Km (Zn)

5,62 mg

28,1

10,3

Tuyt vi

2,17 mg

21,7

7,9

Tuyt vi

0,42 mg

21,0

7,7

Tuyt vi

0,31 mg

18,2

6,7

Rt tt

0,33 mg
162,40 mg
3,62 g
440,80 mg
8,26 g
0,21 mg
1,49 mg

16,5
16,2
14,5
12,6
11,8
10,5
9,9

6,0
5,9
5,3
4,6
4,3
3,8
3,6

Rt tt
Rt tt
Rt tt
Rt tt
Rt tt
Rt tt
Rt tt

Vitamin D
Mangan (Mn)
Protein
nh gi cht

29,00 mg
29,00 mg
3,25 g

7,2
7,2
6,5

lng thc phm

ca th gii
Tuyt vi
Rt tt
Tt

2,6
2,6
2,4

Tt
Tt
Tt

Quy lut
DV>=75%
DV>=50%
DV>=25%

hoc
hoc
hoc

Mt >=7,6
Mt >=3,4
Mt >=1,5

v
v
v

DV>=10%
DV>=5%
DV>=2,5%

Thnh phn chnh ca nm hng l polysaccharides (polysaccharides

l nhng phn t cacbohydrat c kch thc ln bao gm cc loi ng khc
nhau sp xp theo nhnh) c tc dng khng khi u ho tan trong nc, c
t tn l lentinan sau tr thnh tn chung ca loi nm ny nhng n cng
cha ergosterol v ergothioneine, c s dng iu tr bnh ung th, h
huyt p, iu tit chuyn ho, tng cng kh nng min dch ca c th,
gim lng cholesterol trong mu, phng nga si mt v si tit niu, kch
thch tiu ho v iu tr HIV.
Trong loi nm ny c bit c polysaccharides cha glucans (glucans
l polysaccaride m trong thnh phn ng ca n c cha cc loi ng
n), bao gm: - 1,6 - glucans, - 1,4 - glucans,

- 1,3 - glucans,

1,6 - glucans, 1,4 - D - glucans, 1,6 - D - glucans, photphat glucans,

laminarin, lentinan. Ngoi ra, trong nm ny cng c cha polysacchrides
khng c glucans quan trng nh fucoidans v galactomannins.
c. Mc nh thuc b Auricularia gm c 3 loi sau:
- Mc nh en c tn khoa hc l Auricularia polytrichasacc hay cn
gi l Nm mo, mc nh lng hay Nm tai mo v lc cn ti Nm c hnh
dng trng ging tai mo. Mt ngoi tai Nm mu nu nht, c lng mn, mt
trong mu nu sm. N mc trn nhng thn cy g mc.

Hnh 6: Mc nh en
- Mao mc nh hay vn nh

Hnh 7: Mao mc nh (Vn nh)

N c mu xm sm, hnh tai ngi. Loi mc nh ny mc trn cc
thn cy g mc, mu ca n nu sm nhng trong m.
- Mc nh trng hay ngn nh v cn c gi l nm tuyt thuc b
Tremellales
Loi mc nh ny mc trn thn cy v c mu trng nht trong m.

Hnh 8: Mc nh trng (Ngn nh)

Trong mc nh cha nhiu hm lng protit, cht khong v vitamin,
cha hm lng cht bo t, c tc dng gii c v chng lo ho, chng
phng x v c ch mt s chng t bo ung th. c bit, vi tnh nng
lng huyt v hot huyt, mc nh l loi thc phm rt qu c tc dng lm
gim cholesterol v ci thin tun hon huyt.
d. ng trng h tho c tn khoa hc l Cordyceps sinensis.

Hnh 9: ng trng h tho

Tn gi ca nm ny c ngha: ma ng l cn trng, ma h l cy
c (thc ra l nm). M, ng trng h tho c s dng lm thuc tng
lc, chng phc hi sc kho cho cc vn ng vin th dc th thao. Loi
nm ny k sinh trn mt loi su non thuc h cnh bm. Nm pht trin
trn su v lm cho su cht, vo ma h, nm sinh c cht mc chi ln mt
t, nhng gc vn dnh lin vo u su. Ngi ta o ly c phn nm v

su cht, phi kh s dng. ng trng h tho c tc dng b, cha thn

kinh suy nhc, lit dng, b tinh, ch kh.
Cc phn tch ho hc cho thy trong sinh khi ca ng trng h tho
c cha 25 - 32 % protit, khi thu phn cho ti 14 - 19 axit amin khc nhau,
c D - mannitol, lipit v nhiu nguyn t vi lng khc nh Al, Si, K, Na, Ca,
Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Bo, Fe trong cao nht l P.
Quan trng hn trong sinh khi ca ng trng h tho c nhiu cht
hot ng sinh hc c gi tr dc liu cao nh: axit cordyceptic, cordycepin,
adenosine, hydoxyethyl - adenosine. ng ch nht l nhm hot cht
HEAA (hydroxyl - etyl - adenosine - analogs).

Hnh 10: Cu trc ho hc ca Adenosine v axit cordyceptic

ng trng h tho c cha nhiu loi vitamin (trong 100 g ng trng
h tho c 0,12 g vitamin B12; 29,19 mg vitamin A; 116,03 mg vitamin C,
ngoi ra cn c vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin E, vitamin K...
ng trng h tho l mt v thuc bi b ht sc qu gi, c tc dng
tch cc vi cc bnh nh ri lon tnh dc, thn h, lit dng, di tinh, au
lng mi gi, c s dng iu tr bnh hen suyn v vim ph qun, c
bit t hiu qu cao trong phng chng bnh lao, bnh phong, bnh bch
cu, c th nghim nhiu Trung Quc v Nht Bn.
Mt nghin cu lm sng ch ra rng ng trng h tho lm tng
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) gip phc hi nng lng nhanh hn, iu tr
lon nhp tim v suy tim mn tnh, gim lng cholesterol trong c th.

Ngoi ra, ng trng h tho cn c tc dng tng cng cng nng

ca tuyn thng thn, ci thin chc nng thn, nng cao nng lc min
dch, khng khun, khng virut, chng ung th v phng x.
1.1.6. Vai tr ca cc nguyn t trong i sng ca nm [29]
1.1.6.1. Lu hunh
Lu hunh thng c mt trong nm di dng sunfat, ch yu l
magie sunfat. N cng c mt trong cc vitamin nh: thiamin (vitamin B1) v
biotin (vitamin B7) - l hai sinh t cn thit trong nhiu loi nm v chng
khng th tng hp cc vitamin thiamin hoc biotin. Lu hunh cng l
mt yu t cu trc trong mt s sn phm ph ca qu trnh trao i cht
trong nm v c bit n nhiu nht l khng sinh penicilin.
1.1.6.2. Photpho
Photpho c mt trong ATP ( adenosine thiphosphate), axit nucleic, v
photpholipit ca mng. Do , n l mt yu t cu thnh nn cc hp cht
hot ng c trong nng lng, trong di truyn, trong tng hp protein, v
trong chuyn ng ca vt liu trn mng. Photpho thng tn ti trong mi
trng di dng kali photphat nng khong 0,0004 M.
1.1.6.3. Kali
Kali l nguyn t kim loi c nhiu nht trong nm. Kali ng vai tr
nh l mt yu t ng cht trong h thng enzyme v khi nng 0,0001 0,0004 M th n c chc nng truyn t thng tin.
1.1.6.4. Magie
Magie c mt trong tt c cc loi nm v nhiu h thng enzyme, bao
gm c nhng cht tham gia trong qu trnh trao i cht ATP, hot ng
c nh magie. Magie c mt ch yu dng magie sunfat vi nng
0,0001 M l thch hp.
1.1.6.5. Cc nguyn t vi lng
Cc nguyn t cn thit cho s pht trin ca nhiu loi nm vi s
lng rt nh c gi l cc nguyn t vi lng, bao gm ch yu l di
dng dung dch ca cc nguyn t vi lng nh: st (Fe), mangan (Mn), km

(Zn), ng (Cu) v molypden (Mo). Nhng nguyn t vi lng ny ng vai

tr l thnh phn hoc kch thch hot ng ca nhiu loi enzyme khc nhau.
- St l thnh phn ca enzym cytochrome cng nh l catalase v tp
trung ch yu nng 0,1 - 0,3 ppm.
- Mangan ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kch hot cc enzyme, bao
gm c chu trnh ca axit tricacboxilic (TCA) v cung cp ch yu nng
0,0005 - 0,1 ppm.
- Km c mt nh l mt thnh phn hot ho ca nhiu loi enzyme,
mt v d in hnh l trong ancol dehydrogen, trong phn t ny c 4 nguyn
t km, mi nguyn t tp trung ch yu nng 0,0001 - 0,5 ppm.
- ng cn thit cho nm sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng,
thng tp trung nng 0,01 - 0,1 ppm. C 2 hiu ng th v xut hin
ng, l:
+ Sc t tyrosine c mt trong mt s loi nm c to ra bi hot
ng ca enzyme tyrosinase m ng l mt thnh phn cu to nn n.
+ nng cao ng c hi i vi nm.
- Molypden l mt nguyn t thnh phn trong flavoprotein nitrate
reductase, c chc nng lm gim ion amoni nitrat v do n cn thit cho
nhng loi nm m s dng nitrat vi vai tr nh l ngun nit. Trong mt
vi trng hp, nng ca molypden l rt nh - trong khong 0,1 - 10 ppb
- khi dng nitrat vi vai tr nh l ngun nit th cn nng ln hn.
1.1.6.6. Vitamin
Vitamin ng vai tr thit yu trong cc qu trnh trao i cht ca nm
vi chc nng nh l coenzyme. Cc loi nm c th cha nhiu enzyme m
chng cn, nhng cng c mt s trng hp ngoi l ng ch . Nm
khng ph hp vi nhng loi cy trng trong kh nng ny tng hp
vitamin, nhng chng li kh thnh cng. Theo nh ngha, mt vitamin l
mt phn t hu c m ch cn chim mt lng nh v khng dng trong
ngun nng lng hoc cu trc vt liu ca nguyn sinh vt. Ging nh l
mt coenzyme b nh hng bi nhit v pH, v d nhin, enzyme c hot

ng xc tc.
- Vitamin B1: Vitamin B1 (thiamin) c tng hp trong nhiu loi
basidiomycetes, bao gm hai phn, thiazole v pyrimidine. Cng c nhiu
loi nm vitamin B1 ch c cu thnh t 1 phn nhng cng c nhiu loi
yu cu c phn t thiamin nguyn vn. Trong phng th nghim, thiamin
thch hp l khong 100g/l. Vi mi loi nm khc nhau th yu cu v
lng thiamin c th l khc nhau cho s tng trng thc vt, cho c th
hnh thnh qu th, hoc c th u qu.
- Vitamin B7 hoc vitamin H (biotin): biotin l vitamin sau thiotin
chim thnh phn ln trong nm. Nhiu thnh phn ca lp Ascomycetes c
mt lng biotin ng vai tr tng hp axit aspartic. Lng biotin thch hp
l khong 5 g/l.
- Cc vitamin khc: Cc loi nm khc c th cha cc vitamin khc
nh vitamin B3 (axit nicotinic), vitamin B5 (axit pantothenic), v axit p amino - benzoic, nhng nhng loi nm ny chim s lng t hn rt nhiu.
nh lng c mt loi vitamin th i hi phi x l tht tt chc
chn rng trong vitamin khng cha cc tp cht khc. Thc nghim cho thy
rng nhng iu kin ny c th cn tr cc loi nm khng sn xut c
s lng vitamin.
1.1.7. Tm quan trng ca nm
Nm c ngha rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi, chng c
vai tr thc tin trong nn kinh t, khoa hc v cc chu trnh vt cht, nng
lng trong t nhin.
Cc loi nm hoi sinh ng vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh tun
hon vt cht v nng lng trong thin nhin. Nm hoi sinh s dng h men
ca chng phn gii cc cht hu c, cc cnh l kh ca thc vt thnh
cht mn, cht khong. Nm c th phn gii cc cht hu c phc tp thnh
cc cht n gin, c bit l cc cht kh phn gii nh cellulose, lignin
thnh cht v c; v c th ng ho cc cht n gin thnh cc cht phc
tp. Do d, n l yu t quan trng lm tng ph nhiu ca t.

Cc nm cng sinh hnh thnh r nm (mycorhiza) cng sinh vi thc

vt c th ng dng trong lm nghip, c bit trong vic trng.
Nhiu loi nm c dng lm thc phm giu cht dinh
dng (Termitomyces albuminosus, Macrocybe gigantea) l ngun thc n
qu c nhn dn a chung, cha nhiu protein, axit amin, cc cht khong
v vitamin: A, B, C, D, E.. Mt s loi c ng dng trong cng nghip
dc phm, l ngun nguyn liu dng iu ch cc hot cht iu tr bnh
nh Laricifomes officinalis; l nguyn liu chit aragicin dng trong cha
bnh lao hoc dng lm thuc nhun trng hay cht thay th cho quinine. Cc
ph phm t nm linh chi (Ganoderma) c dng h tr iu tr nhiu
bnh nh bnh gan, tit niu, tim mch, ung th, ADIS. Trong qu th ca
Ganoderma lucidum c cc hot cht khc nhau c hot tnh khng virus.
Chng c tc dng km hm s sinh trng v pht trin ca virus HIV. Cc
hot cht t Ganoderma applanatum c hiu lc chng khi u cao, chng
c s dng trong iu tr ung th: ung th phi, ung th v, ung th d dy.
Cc dn xut adenosine c trong Ganoderma capense v G. amboinense c
tc dng gim au, gin c, c ch kt dnh tin tiu cu. Nhiu hot cht t
Nm linh chi c kh nng o thi phng x, hn ch v loi tr nhng tn
thng do phng x m v t bo. Cc ch phm t nm linh
chi (Ganoderma) c dng h tr iu tr nhiu bnh nh: bnh gan, tit
niu, tim mch, ung th, AIDS.
Mt s nm k sinh gy bnh thc vt, c bit mt s cy trng,
cy rng lm thay i tnh cht l ho v c hc ca cy, lm cho cy cht
hoc b yu v gy , tc hi n cc ngnh nng - lm nghip.
Nm c cha mt lng ln cc axit amin thit yu. Si nm c th hp
th axit mt hoc cc cht c hi trong rut, v do lm gim c hi ca
ng c gy ung th v cc bnh khc. S dng nm ln to nn s cn bng
v iu ha ca c th, tng cng h min dch.
Ngoi cc polysaccharit v triterpenoit, nm ln cn cha cc lp cht
a dng v cu trc v hot tnh sinh hc cao dng cha bnh. Nhng cht

ny i din cho glyco - lipid (schizonellin), cc hp cht c ngun gc t

acid shikimic (strobilurin v oudemansin), phenol thm (drosophilin,
armillasirin, omphalone), cc dn xut axit bo (axit filiboletic, axit
podoscyphic), polyacetylene (agrocybin, xerulin), polyketit (caloporosit,
hericenone AH), nucleosit (adenosine, clitocine, nebularine), sesquiterpen
(protoilludane, marasmane, hirsutane, caryophyllan, v.v), diterpenoit
(cyathin, striatal), sesterterpene (aleurodscal), v cc cht khc c ngun gc
khc nhau.
Cc cht hot tnh sinh hc t nm ln c hot tnh khng nm, khng
khun v khng virus. N c th c dng tng cng chng suy gim
min dch, trong c gy ra bi AIDS, gim stress, chng lo ha, v duy tr
cc iu kin lu thng mu tt hn trong cc c quan quan trng.
1.2. Mt s phng php xc nh hm lng kim loi trong nm
1.2.1. Phng php von - ampe [7]
Phng php ny da trn vic ng dng s phn cc nng sinh ra
trong qu trnh in phn trong in cc c b mt nh. Da vo ng cong
biu din s ph thuc ca s bin i cng dng trong qu trnh in
phn v th t vo, c th xc nh nh tnh v nh lng cht cn phn
tch vi chnh xc cao.
Phng php ny s dng in cc git thu ngn hay dng l in cc
git treo (HMDE), in cc git ri (DME) v in cc git tnh (SMDE).
in cc l git thu ngn lng hnh cu c ng knh kh nh (d = 1 mm),
c ri ra t mt mao qun c chiu di khong 10 15 cm, vi ng knh
trong khong 30 50 cm, mao qun c ni vi bnh cha thu ngn bng
mt ng dn nh polietilen.
Trong in cc git ri, git thu ngn lin tc hnh thnh u ng
mao qun v ri ra do lc hp dn, kch thc v chu k (hay tc chy) ca
git thu ngn c iu khin bi kch thc mao qun v chiu cao ca
bnh cha thu ngn, tc c quy c bng khi lng thu ngn ri
ra khi mao qun trong mt n v thi gian (mg/s). Thng thng ngi ta

chn kch thc mao qun v chiu cao bnh cha sao cho tc chy
khong 1,5 4,0 mg/s. Chu k mi git khong 2 6s.
1.2.1.1. C s ca phng php cc ph
Phng php cc ph ng dng dng khuch tn, mt s trng hp
s dng thm i lu, cn qu trnh in chuyn th phi bng mi cch trit
tiu n. Trong mi trng hp hu ht ngi ta phi trit tiu c dng in di
v i lu sao cho cht i ti in cc ch theo hin tng khuch tn v
dng sinh ra l dng khuch tn. lm c iu ny ngi ta phi cho vo
dung dch in phn mt dung dch nn c nng gp c 10 100 ln so
vi cht phn tch.
- Qu trnh xy ra trn in cc git catot thu ngn:
in cc so snh c s dng c din tch ln, in cc ch th
thu ngn c din tch b. Qu trnh xy ra in cc xc nh ch yu
trn thu ngn.
Nu trong dung dch khng c qu trnh no ph th th v dng c
mi quan h: I= E/R
Phn ng trn in cc xy ra:
Mn+ + ne + Hg

M(Hg)

Th in cc catot c xc nh:
Ek= E0 +

RT
nF

ln

C M n .a Hg . f M n
C M ( Hg ) . f M ( Hg )

Trong dng khuch tn ph thuc vo:

Nng kim loi trong dung dch, nng ion kim loi nhn electron
ti catot.
I = KM.(C0M CM)
C0M: nng ion kim loi su trong lng dung dch.
CM : nng ion kim loi st b mt in cc v nhn electron ti
in cc.
n lc CM = 0 (ion gn in cc ht Vcatot < Vphn ng in cc) th sinh ra
dng gii hn: Id = KM. C0Mn+

Dng in ny c gi l dng khuch tn:

I=Id- KM. CMn+
V: C0Mn+ = (Id I)/KM (vi KM l h s t l)
Tng t, nng kim loi trong hn hng cng t l vi cng
dng:
CM(Hg) = I. K = I.1/K
Lc th in cc:
RT ( I d I ).a Hg . f M .K a
E E 0 + nF ln
K M .I . f M ( Hg )
n

Trong : fMn+, Ka, KM,fM(Hg), aHg l hng s.

Lc E ph thuc I, Id.
S ph thuc E - I l phng trnh sng cc ph.
Nhm ny gm 3 phng php sau:
+ Phng php cc ph sng vung (SWP).
+ Phng php cc ph xung thng (NPP).
+ Phng php cc ph xung vi phn (DPP).
Nguyn l chung ca nhm phng php ny l: in cc lm vic
c phn cc bng dng mt chiu c in p khng i hoc bin i u
c cng thm vo nhng thi im xc nh nhng xung in p gin on
c bin v rng xc nh vung gc, bng cch ny sut thi gian t
xung dng Faraday IF tng theo t -1/2, dng t in s tng theo e kt.
Kt qu l trong php o v pha kt thc thi gian t xung hu nh
ch o c dng Faraday, ti thi gian ny dng t in (i c) hu nh trit tiu
hon ton: i c

E a t / R.C D
.e
R

Trong : Ea: bin xung.

R: in tr.
ic: dng t in.
t: thi gian sau khi p xung.
CD: th tch lp kp ca in cc lm vic.

Phng php cc ph xung thng c p dng vi cc loi in cc

git thu ngn v in cc rn.
1.2.1.2. Cc phng php phn tch cc ph
phn tch nh lng bng phng php cc ph, ngi ta dng
phng php ng chun, phng php mu chun, phng php thm.
- Phng php ng chun: Khi s dng phng php ny ngi ta
ghi cc cc ph ca cc mu dung dch chun. Da vo chiu cao h v nng
C v ng chun, da vo chiu cao sng cc ph ca mu phn tch
ta xc nh nng ca n theo ng chun.
- Phng php mu chun: Ngi ta ch ghi cc ph ca mt dung dch
chun (Cch) ri xc nh chiu cao ca sng cc ph mu chun (h ch) sau
ghi cc ph mu phn tch (trong iu kin ghi nh mu chun) c nng
Cx v xc nh theo chiu cao hx ca sng cc ph .
Tnh nng ca dung dch phn tch bng cng thc:
= Cx =
- Phng php thm: Ngi ta rt vo bnh in phn mt th tch xc
nh dung dch cht cn phn tch (Cx) v ghi sng cc ph ca cht cn xc
nh trong iu kin thch hp, xc nh c chiu cao sng cc ph h x. Sau
thm vo dung dch 1 - 3 ml dung dch chun cht cn phn tch v li ghi
ph ln na, ta nhn c sng tng s cc chiu cao hs.
Nng cht phn tch c tnh theo cng thc:
= vi hth = hs - hx.
Trong : Cth l cht chun thm vo bnh in phn.
Hth l chiu cao sng cc ph ca cht chun thm vo bnh
in phn.
1.2.1.3. Phng php cc ph xung vi phn
* Nguyn tc:
tin hnh phn tch bng phng php vn - ampe ho tan ngi ta
dng b thit b gm mt my cc ph t ghi v 1 bnh in phn gm h 3
cc: cc lm vic l cc git thu ngn tnh hoc cc rn a, cc so snh c

th khng i thng l cc calomen hoc cc AgCl c b mt ln v ph tr

platin. Np bnh in phn cn mt l dn mt lung kh tr (N 2, Ar)
vo dung dch phn tch loi oxi ho tan trong dung dch.
Quy trnh chung ca mt phng php Vn - ampe ho tan gm hai
giai on:
- Giai on in phn lm giu cht phn tch ln b mt in cc o
di dng mt kt ta (kim loi, hp cht kh tan). Trong qu trnh in phn
th phi chn th thch hp v gi khng i trong sut qu trnh. Dung dch
c khuy sut trong qu trnh in phn. Nu dng cc rn a quay th cho
cc quay vi tc khng i (t 1000 - 4000 vng/pht m bo chuyn
ng ca cht lng l s chy tng ch khng phi l chuyn ng xoy).
Nu dng cc rn tnh hoc cc Hg tnh th dng my khuy t gi tc
khuy khng i trong sut qu trnh in phn. Thi gian in phn c
chn tu thuc vo nng ca cht cn xc nh trong dung dch phn tch
v kch thc ca cc lm vic.
Sau khi in phn thng ngng khuy dung dch hoc ngng quay
cc, nu dng cc git thu ngn tnh hoc cc mng thu ngn iu ch ti
ch trn b mt cc a th cn c thi gian ngh tc l yn h thng trong
mt khong thi gian ngn lng kim loi phn b u trong hn hng
trn ton cc.
- Giai on ho tan kt ta lm giu trn cc bng cch phn cc ngc
lm vic v ghi ng Vn - ampe ho tan. Nu in phn l qu trnh kh
catot th khng i tn ti in phn th khi ho tan c th qut vi tc
khng i v ln v pha cc gi tr dng hn. Nh vy, trong trng hp
ny qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh anot. Trng hp ngc li, nu in phn
l qu trnh oxi ho anot cht phn tch gim n ln b mt cc, th qu
trnh phn cc ha tan l qu trnh catot v s xc nh c tn gi l Vn ampe ho tan catot.
Trn ng Vn - ampe ho tan xut hin pic ca cht cn xc nh.

u im ca phng php ny l c nhy cao (10 -7 M) i vi cc

hp cht v c cng nh hu c, phn ng thun nghch cng nh khng
thun nghch. Hn na dng ng cc ph l dng pic c cc i nn sau
mi ln ghi ng nn li tr v v tr ban u nn chn lc ca phng
php tng ln nhiu ln: c th xc nh ng thi nhiu nguyn t m khng
cn tch hay lm giu.
Tuy nhin cn lu rng gii hn pht hin cc tiu trong cc ph
xung vi phn l thp hn nhiu so vi phng php c in nn nh hng
ca in tr h o cn c xem xt k. Thng nng nn in li phi ln
hn cht phn tch 20 - 50 ln loi tr nh hng ca s in chuyn v
loi tr nh hng ca dn in thp do nng nn nh phi s dng h
o 3 in cc.
* K thut Vn - ampe ho tan xung vi phn (DPSV)
K thut DVSP l k thut c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. in
cc c phn cc bng mt in p mt chiu bin thin tuyn tnh, vo mi
cui chu k s t thm mt xung vung gc c bin khng i. Tu theo
tng thit b m bin xung c th thay i t 10 - 100 mV, v b rng xung
khng i trong khong 30 - 100 ms c t chng ln nhng bc th.
Dng c ghi hai ln: 17 ms trc khi np xung (I 1) v 17 ms trc khi ngt
xung (I2), khong thi gian ghi dng thng thng l 10 - 30 s. Dng thu
c l hiu ca hai gi tr dng ( I = I 1 - I2) v I ghi c l hm ca th
ln in lm vic. Khi xung th c p dng vo, dng tng cng trong h
tng ln do s tng dng Faraday (I f) v dng t in (Ic). Dng t in gim
nhanh hn nhiu dng Faraday v:
Ic e-t/RC* v If = t-1/2
Vi: t l thi gian.
R l in tr.
C* l in dung vi phn lp kp.
Nh vy, dng t in ghi c trc lc np xung v trc lc ngt
xung l gn nh nhau v do hiu s dng ghi c ch yu l dng

Faraday. V th k thut Vn - ampe ho tan xung vi phn cho php loi tr ti

a nh hng cu dng t in.
y l phng php c nhy, chn lc v lp li cao, thc
hin nhanh v kh n gin.
1.2.2. Phng php ph khi Plasma ICP - MS [5]
Phng php ph khi lng (khi ph) da trn s tch cc ht tch
in theo t s khi lng/in tch ca chng (m/z). Trong nhng nm qua,
phng php ny ngy cng tr nn c ngha i vi cc ngnh khoa hc
tri t, nht l t sau khi Taylor i u trong vic p dng khi ph ngun tia
in phn tch cc mu a cht.
T khi xut hin plasma cm ng vi cc tnh nng v u im v vn
hnh hn hn cc ngun h quang v tia in th mt cng c mi dn dn
c pht trin thnh mt t hp ICP ghp vi mt khi ph k (ICP - MS).
Hai u im ni bt ca ICP - MS l:
1) Ph n gin, d gii v d tch cc nhiu nh hng ln nhau.
2) Thuc tnh ca phng php l thng tin v giu ng v.
Phng php ny u vit ch c th pht hin c hu ht cc
nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
Phng php khi ph plasma cm ng ICP - MS l mt k thut phn
tch cc cht v c (nguyn t) da trn s o ph theo s khi (m/z) ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t cn phn tch.
- ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) l ngn la plasma to thnh bng
d dng in c tn s cao (c MHz) c cung cp bng mt my pht RF.
Ngn la plasma c nhit rt cao c tc dng chuyn cc nguyn t trong
mu cn phn tch ra dng ion.
- MS (Mass Spectrometry): php ghi ph theo s khi hay chnh xc
hn l theo t s gia s khi v in tch (m/z).
* Nguyn tc v s xut hin ph khi ICP - MS
Khi dn mu phn tch vo vng nhit cao ca ngn la plasma (ICP),
vt cht c trong mu khi b chuyn hon ton thnh trng thi hi. Cc phn

t cht kh c to ra li b phn ly thnh cc nguyn t t do trng thi kh;

nhit cao ca plasma (8000oC) phn ln cc nguyn t trong mu phn
tch b ion ho to thnh ion dng c in tch +1 v cc electron t do.
Thu v dn dng ion vo thit b phn gii phn chia chng theo s
khi (m/z), nh h thng tch theo s khi v detector thch hp ta thu c
ph khi cc ng v ca cc nguyn t cn phn tch c trong mu. Qu trnh
xy ra trong ngn la plasma c th c tm tt theo 4 mc nh sau:
Dung mi bay hi Ha hi mu Nguyn t ha mu Ion ha mu.
Nh vy, ph ICP - MS ca nguyn t ch xut hin khi n trng thi
hi v khi nguyn t b ion ho trong ngun nng lng ICP thnh cc ion
in tch +1. M vt cht c cu to bi cc nguyn t theo cc kiu lin
kt nht nh. Cc mu phn tch cng th, chng hoc l trng thi rn ca
cc kim loi, hp kim, hoc l tn ti trng thi cc hp cht nh oxit, mui,
khong cht, qung, t, ... V th mun thc hin php o ph ICP - MS
phi tin hnh cc bc sau y:
1. Chuyn mu phn tch v dng dung dch ng nht.
2. Dn dung dch vo h thng to sol kh to sol kh.
3. Dn th sol kh ca mu vo ngn la ICP, Plasma Torch.
4. Trong Plasma Torch s c s ho hi, nguyn t ho v ion ho. Tc
l bin vt cht mu phn tch sang trng thi hi, nguyn t ho m hi , v
ion ho cc nguyn t ca cht mu thnh cc ion nh ngun nng lng ca
ICP.
5. Thu ton b m hi ion ca mu, lc v phn ly chng thnh ph
nh h thng phn gii khi theo s khi ca ion, pht hin chng bng
Detector, ghi li ph.
6. nh gi nh tnh, nh lng ph thu c.
* c im ca phng php phn tch bng ICP - MS
Php o ph ICP - MS c nhng c im v u vit sau y:
- Ngun ICP l ngun kch thch ph c nng lng cao. N cho php
phn tch hn 70 nguyn t t Li - U vi nhy rt cao (gii hn pht hin

thng thung l c ppt).

- Tuy c nhy cao nhng ngun ICP li l ngun kch thch ph rt n
nh, nn php o ICP - MS c lp li cao v sai s rt nh.
- Ph ICP - MS t vch hn ph ICP - AES nn c chn lc cao, nh
hng ca thnh phn nn (matrix effect) hu nh t xut hin, hoc c th
cng mc nh v d loi tr.
- K thut phn tch ICP - MS c th o ng thi nhiu nguyn t
cng mt lc nn c ngha rt ln trong trong sn xut v n cho kt qu
mt cch nhanh chng m li tn t mu.
- Vng tuyn tnh trong php o ICP - MS rng hn hn cc k thut
phn tch khc. Vng tuyn tnh ca php o ph ICP - MS c th ko
di t 1 - 1.000.000 ln.
- Kh nng phn tch bn nh lng rt mnh do khng cn dng mu
chun m vn cho kt qu tng i chnh xc.
- ICP - MS cn cho php phn tch ng v, t l ng v v pha long
ng v.
K thut phn tch ICP - MS l mt trong nhng k thut phn tch
hin i. K thut ny c nghin cu v pht trin rt mnh trong nhng nm
gn y. Vi nhiu u im vt tri ca n, k thut ny c ng rng rt
rng ri trong phn tch rt nhiu i tng khc nhau c bit l trong cc
lnh vc phn tch vt v siu vt phc v nghin cu sn xut vt liu bn dn,
vt liu ht nhn, nghin cu a cht v mi trng...
* Phn tch nh lng bng ph ICP - MS: 3 phng php
1. Phng php ng chun.
2. Phng php thm chun.
3. Phng php mt mu chun.
V vng tuyn tnh ca php o ICP - MS rt rng, nn trong nhiu
trng hp khng cn dng ng chun m ch cn dng mt mu chun
tnh nng ca cht X trong mu phn tch.
Cch 1: Dng mu tiu chun

Nu mu chun c nng l Cch v mu phn tch c nng l C x,

th ta c: Vi mu phn tch:

Ix = k.Cx

Vi mu chun:

Ich = k.Cch

Do chng ta c:

Cx = (Ix / Ich).Cch

(c)

Nh vy sau khi o ph s thu c gi tr I ms x v Ims ch, chng ta d

dng tnh c Cx ca cht phn tch X trong mu phn tch theo biu thc (c).
Cch ny c kh khn l khi mu phn tch c thnh phn phc tp v khng
bit chnh xc th kh chun b c mt mu chun c thnh phn v nn
ging nh mu phn tch, do thng mc phi sai s ln.
Cch 2: Khng dng mu tiu chun
Nu mu phn tch c nng cha bit l Cx, chng ta ly 2 lng mu
nh nhau (c 2 mu), 1 mu nguyn v 1 mu thm mt lng chnh xc
Cx ca cht phn tch X, x l trong cng iu kin, sau tin hnh o ph.
Vi mu phn tch:

Ix = k.Cx

Vi mu chun:

Itch = k.(Cx + Cx)

Do ta c:

Cx = (Cx.Ix)/(Itch - Ix) (d)

Cch ny c u im hn cch 1 l n loi tr c nh hng ca

thnh phn v nn ca mu. V chng ta dng ngay mu phn tch lm
chun theo phng php thm, nn mu phn tch v mu chun u c
cng thnh phn v cht nn.

Chng 2
VT LIU V PHNG PHP THC NGHIM
2.1. Chun b mu o bng phng php von-ampe ho tan anot
2.1.1. Thit b, dng c v ho cht
Thit b cc ph 797 VA Computrace (Metrohm Thy S).
- Pipet cc loi: 5ml, 10ml, 20ml. Micropipet 500 l.
- Chn s.
- Bnh nh mc: 25ml, 50ml, 100ml.
- Cc thu tinh: 50 ml, 100 ml.
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 10-4 g, cn k thut.
- L nung, t sy, bp in.
- My o pH.
- Tha thu tinh, a thu tinh.
- Giy lc.
- Chu thu tinh.
- ng ht ho cht.
- Ho cht dng lm th nghim thuc loi tinh khit PA: axit HNO3 c
65 - 68%, nc ct. Cc dung dch chun kim loi u ca hng Merck.
2.1.2. Pha ch dung dch
2.1.2.1. Pha ch dung dch Pb2+
Ly 0,1 ml dung dch chun Pb2+ 1000 ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50
ml ri nh mc bng nc ct ti vch thu c dung dch Pb2+ 2 ppm.
Cc dung dch Pb2+ c nng 0,1 ppm; 0,3 ppm; 1 ppm th pha long
t dung dch Pb2+ 2 ppm.
2.1.2.2. Pha ch dung dch Cd2+
Ly 0,1 ml dung dch Cd2+ 1000 ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50 ml ri
nh mc bng nc ct ti vch thu c dung dch Cd2+ 2 ppm.

Cc dung dch Cd2+ c nng 0,1 ppm; 0,3 ppm; 1 ppm c pha
long t dung dch Cd2+ 2 ppm.
2.1.2.3. Pha ch dung dch Cu2+
Ly 0,1 ml dung dch Cu2+ 1000 ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50 ml ri
nh mc bng nc ct ti vch thu c dung dch Cu2+ 2 ppm.
Cc dung dch Cu2+ c nng 0,1 ppm; 0,3 ppm; 1 ppm th pha long
t dung dch Cu2+ 2 ppm.
2.1.2.4. Pha ch dung dch Zn2+
Ly 0,1 ml dung dch Zn2+ 1000 ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50 ml ri
nh mc bng nc ct ti vch thu c dung dch Zn2+ 2 ppm.
Cc dung dch Zn2+ c nng 0,1 ppm; 0,3 ppm; 1 ppm th pha long
t dung dch Zn2+ 2 ppm.
2.1.2.5. Pha ch dung dch khc
- Pha ch dung dch HNO3 0,01N: Ht chnh xc 0,6925 ml axit HNO 3
c 65 - 68% ( d = 1,4 g/cm3), sau thm vo 99,3075 ml nc ct hai ln
thu c dung dch HNO3 0,01N.
2.1.3. Ly mu v x l mu
2.1.3.1. Ly mu
Mu nm c thu hi khu bo tn thin nhin P Hung, huyn Qu
Hp, tnh Ngh An, thi gian t thng 6 n thng 8 nm 2011.
a. Nm linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Hnh 11: Nm linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum)

b. Nm s trng (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Hnh 12: Nm s trng (Pleurotus ostreatus)

2.1.3.2. Xc nh h s kh kit
a. Nguyn tc
Cc kt qu phn tch c tnh da trn c s nm kh tuyt i (sau
khi sy). V vy xc nh h s kh kit ca nm c dng lm s liu
tnh cc phn tch th nghim sau.
Phng php: sy kh mu 100-105 0C cho n khi khi lng khng
i, trn c s tnh khi lng nc bay hi v t suy ra h s kh kit.
b. Quy trnh thc nghim
Cn chnh xc 5g nm kh khng kh trn cn phn tch v cho vo
chn s kh. Sy trong t sy nhit 100 - 105 0C trong khong 4h. Ly ra
v ngui trong bnh ht m nhit phng. Cn khi lng ln th nht.
- Tip tc sy 100 - 105 0C thm 3gi. Ly ra ngui trong bnh ht
m n nhit d phng. Cn khi lng ln th 2 v tip tc lm nh vy cho
n khi khi lng ln cn sau khng thay i hoc thay i khng qu
0,0010 g so vi ln trc.
- Trng hp khi lng ln cn sau ln hn ln cn trc l do mu b
oxi ho, nn ngng sy khi c hin tng .
- H s kh kit c tnh theo cng thc:

K=

vi A l % m.

Kt qu xc nh h s kh kit ca cc mu Nm nghin cu theo bng sau:

Bng 4: Xc nh h s kh kit ca cc mu Nm
Khi lng
TT

Nm trc
khi sy

M1
M2
M3
S1
S2
S3

5g
5g
5g
5g
5g
5g

Khi lng

Khi lng

Khi lng

Nm sau khi

Nm sau khi

Nm sau khi

sy ln 1 (g),

sy ln 2 (g),

sy ln 3 (g),

4 gi
3,9345
3,9032
3,9189
3,8886
3,8725
3,8636

2 gi
3,9002
3,8851
3,9019
3,8602
3,8525
3,8465

1 gi
3,8996
3,8845
3,9013
3,8596
3,8519
3,8462

H s K

1,2822
1,2872
1,2816
1,2955
1,2981
1,2999

H s kh kit ca mu nm dng xc nh hm lng nguyn t vi

lng v kim loi nng l kh n nh.
2.1.3.3. X l mu cho phn tch von-ampe
Trong ti ny chng ti tin hnh v c ho mu bng phng php
kh ri sau x l t.
Chng ti tin hnh x l mu theo phng php sau y:
Ly 5g mu nm phi kh khng kh, ct nh, xay nhuyn bng my
xay sinh t cho vo chn s, sy cho n khi khi lng khng thay i
tnh h s kh kit. Tin hnh nung trong l nung nhit 550 0C trong 4
gi, thnh than en. Sau thm 2,5 ml dung dch HNO 3 65 - 68%. Tip tc
nung trong l nung nhit 5500C trong vng 2 gi, thu c tro khng
cn en. Ho tan tro cn li trong 0,5 ml HNO 3 65 - 68%, un trn bp in
cho tan ht v ui ht axit cn d n khi cn mui m. Sau nh mc ti
25 ml dung dch HNO3 0,01N v em o trn my cc ph. Vi mi loi nm
tin hnh lm 3 mu song song.
Cc dung dch phn tch cha o ngay c chuyn vo bnh polietien
bo qun, trnh s to thnh hidroxit kim loi.

2.2. Chun b mu o bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng

ICP - MS
2.2.1. Thit b, dng c v ho cht
- My khi ph plasma cm ng (ICP - MS) Agilent 7500a. Khong
khi lng 7 - 250 amu. phn gii 1 amu ( rng peak 5% cao
peak).
- Kh tr argon c tinh khit cao (99,999 % - 99,9995 %).
- Nc siu sch (miliQ) 18 M.
- Cn phn tch chnh xc 0,1 mg.
- Cc dng c ca phng th nghim.
- Dung dch chun cc kim loi IV - STOCK - 27 (Inorganic Ventures).
- HNO3 Merck PA d = 1,42; 0,35 M.
- H2O2 Merck PA.
2.2.2. Qu trnh phn tch
2.2.2.1. Chun b mu phn tch
Mu c ly ging nh phng php cc ph nhng qu trnh x l
mu c tin hnh nh sau:
- Cn chnh xc mt lng mu. Cho mu vo bomb teflon. Cho vo
bomb cha mu mt lng HNO3, H2O2. t bomb cha mu vo l vi sng.
Chy l vi sng gi tr cng sut high v thi gian thch hp. Chuyn
dung dch mu vo bnh nh mc 25 ml. Thm dung dch ni chun. nh
mc bng nc ct tinh khit (in tr 18 M).
- Mu dung dch c tin hnh qua tt c giai on ging nh mu
phn tch, c thm dung dch ni chun.
2.2.2.2. Dung dch ng chun
Chun b dy dung dch chun nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd c nng
thch hp trong mi trng HNO3. Thm dung dch ni chun.
2.2.2.3. Thng s my
Ngoi cc quy nh v phng thc QA/QC, cc thng s chnh ca
my khi phn tch cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd nh sau:

Bng 5: Cc thng s chnh ca my khi phn tch hm lng

ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong nm bng phng php ICP - MS
Cng sut cao tn (RF Power)
su mu (Sample Depth)
Kh to plasma
Kh mang
Kh ph tr
Tc bm (Uptake)
Thi gian (Uptake)

1400 W
5,1 mm
15 l/ph
1,14 l/ph
0,9 l/ph
0,4 rps
60 s

Tc bm (Stable)

0,1 rps

Thi gian (Stable)

30 s

Nc lm mt

2,4 l/ph

Nhit nc
Dng ph
Thi gian o cho 1 im
S ln o lp cho mt im

18oC.
3 im (Full Quant(3))
0,1 s
3-5

2.2.2.4. Chn vch phn tch (s khi)

Bng 6: Cc s khi phn tch ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong
nm bng phng php ICP - MS:
TT

Nguyn t

ng v

1
2
3
4
5

Cu
Pb
Cd
Zn
Se

63
206, 207, 208
111
66
78

CHNG 3
KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. Kt qu o mu bng phng php von-ampe ha tan anot

3.1.1. iu kin chung xc nh ng thi hm lng ng, ch,
km, cadimi trong nm
- in cc lm vic: l in cc git thu ngn (HMDE),
- in cc so snh l in cc Ag/AgCl.
- in cc ph tr platin.
- Phng php phn tch: phng php thm chun.
- S ln thm: 2 ln.
- C git: 4.
- Tc khuy: 2000 rpm.
- Qut th t - 1,2 V n 0,7 V.
- Bin xung: 0,05 V.
- Thi gian mi bc th: 0,04s.
- Bc th: 0,0006 V.
- Tc qut: 0,15 V/m.
- Thi gian sc kh: 300 s.
- Thi gian sc kh cho mi ln thm dung dch chun: 30 s.
- Thi gian in phn: 90 s.
- Thi gian cn bng: 5 s.
3.1.2. Kt qu xc nh ng thi hm lng ng, ch, km,
cadimi trong nm bng phng php von - ampe ha tan anot
Php o 1: Ly ln lt 0,5 ml mu Nm s trng S 1, S2, S3 x l
theo quy trnh trn vo cc thu tinh, thm 10 ml nc ct 2 ln vo cc thu
tinh. Xc nh pH sao cho pH nm trong khong t 4,0 4,9, thm vo
0,05 ml dung dch m axetat c pH = 4,6. Tin hnh phn tch ng thi hm
lng ng, ch, km, cadimi vi cc iu kin chn trn bng phng
php cc ph Vn - ampe ho tan xung vi phn thu c kt qu.
Php o 2: Ly ln lt 0,1 ml mu Nm linh chi M 1, M2, M3 x
l theo quy trnh trn vo cc thu tinh, thm 10 ml nc ct 2 ln vo cc

thu tinh. Chnh pH sao cho pH nm trong khong t 4,0 4,9, thm vo
0,05 ml dung dch m axetat c pH = 4,6. Tin hnh phn tch hm lng
km vi cc iu kin chn trn bng phng php cc ph Vn - ampe
ho tan xung vi phn thu c kt qu.
Php o 3: Ly ln lt 0,5 ml mu Nm linh chi M 1, M2, M3 x
l theo quy trnh trn vo cc thu tinh, thm 10 ml nc ct 2 ln vo cc
thu tinh. Xc nh pH sao cho pH nm trong khong t 4,0 - 4,9, thm vo
0,05 ml dung dch m axetat c pH = 4,6. Tin hnh phn tch ng thi
hm lng ng, ch, cadimi vi cc iu kin chn trn bng phng
php cc ph Vn - ampe ho tan xung vi phn thu c kt qu.
3.1.2.1. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng
Bng 7: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng trong nm
Kt qu
Tn

Linh chi
S trng

Mu

phn tch

M1
M2
M3
S1
S2
S3

mg/l
1,394
1,100
0,939
0,422
0,415
0,415

Mu trng

Kt qu

mg/l

mg/l

0,083
0,083

1,311
1,017
0,856
0,339
0,332
0,332

Gii hn cho php theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT

Hm lng
trung bnh
mg/l
mg/kg
1,061

6,810

0,334

2,167
<30
mg/kg

Nhn xt:
- Hm lng ng xc nh c trong c hai loi nm nm trong mc
cho php theo quy nh v gii hn hm lng kim loi nng trong thc phm
ca B y t.
- Nm linh chi c hm lng ng cao hn gp 3 ln so vi nm s
trng. S chnh lch ny c th l do c im sinh l ca chng khc nhau
hoc do cc yu t v mi trng v iu kin sinh trng.
3.1.2.2. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ch

Bng 8: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ch trong nm

Kt qu
Tn

Linh chi
S trng

Mu

phn tch

M1
M2
M3
S1
S2
S3

mg/l
0,351
0,348
0,435
0,352
0,362
0,426

Mu trng

Kt qu

mg/l

mg/l
0,012
0,009
0,096
0,013
0,023
0,087

0,339
0,339

Hm lng
trung bnh
mg/l
mg/kg
0,039

0,250

0,041

0,266
< 0,3

Gii hn cho php theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT

mg/kg

Nhn xt:
- Hm lng ch (Pb) xc nh c trong c hai loi nm nm trong
mc cho php theo quy nh v gii hn hm lng kim loi nng trong thc
phm ca B y t. Tuy nhin hm lng ny rt gn vi gi tr ngng cho
php, ngha l cn ch n nguy c tch t ch trong nm.
- Hm lng ch trong hai loi nm xp x nhau, c th v chng ch c
mt do s tch t t mi trng sng, v ch khng ng vai tr sinh l trong
sinh trng ca nm.
3.1.2.3. Kt qu xc nh hm lng km
Bng 9: Kt qu xc nh hm lng km trong nm
Kt qu
Tn

Linh chi
S trng

Mu

phn tch

M1
M2
M3
S1
S2
S3

mg/l
5,943
6,288
6,971
2,597
2,894
2,895

Mu trng

Kt qu

mg/l

mg/l

0,326
0,326

5,617
5,962
6,645
2,271
2,568
2,569

Gii hn cho php theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT

Hm lng
trung bnh
mg/l
mg/kg
6,075

38,992

2,469

16,021
<40
mg/kg

Nhn xt:
- Hm lng km xc nh c trong c hai loi nm nm trong mc
cho php theo quy nh v gii hn hm lng kim loi nng trong thc phm
ca B y t.
- Hm lng Zn trong nm linh chi cao hn gn 2,5 ln so vi nm
s trng.
3.1.2.4. Kt qu xc nh hm lng cadimi
Bng 10: Kt qu xc nh hm lng cadimi trong nm
Kt qu
Tn

Linh chi
S trng

Mu

phn tch

M1
M2
M3
S1
S2
S3

g/l
16,420
20,735
17,736
9,472
9,775
9,062

Mu trng

Kt qu

g/l

g/l

0,0000
0,000

16,420
20,735
17,736
9,472
9,775
9,062

Hm lng
trung bnh
g/l

mg/kg

18,297

0,117

9,436

0,061

Gii hn cho php theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT

< 0,2
mg/kg

Nhn xt:
- Hm lng cadimi (Cd) xc nh c trong c hai loi nm nm
trong mc cho php theo quy nh v gii hn hm lng kim loi nng trong
thc phm ca B y t.
3.1.3. Cc ng cong cc ph thu c khi ho tan ng thi hm
lng ng, ch, km, cadimi trong mu trng v mu thc

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 0.326 mg/L 0.009
2.840
Pb
= 0.339 mg/L 0.010
2.916
Cu
= 0.083 mg/L 0.002
2.188

Hnh 13: ng cong cc ph mu trng

Znl in
th
r ong
N am
chi1nam
Zn
5 0 n

4 0 n

I (A)

3 0 n

2 0 n

1 0 n

0
-1 .2 0

- 1 .1
0

-1 .0 0
U

)
(V

.9 0
-0

-0 .8 0

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------

Zn

= 5.943 mg/L 0.218

3.133

Hnh 14: ng cong von-apme mu nm linh chi M1

Zn tr ong nam
Nam l inhchi 2
Zn

6 0 n

5 0 n

I (A)

4 0 n
3 0 n

2 0 n
1 0 n
0
- 1
. 2
0

- 1
. 1
0

-1 .0 0
U

)
(V

- 0
. 9
0

- 0
. 8
0

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 6.288 mg/L 0.416
5.022

Hnh 15: ng von-ampe mu nm linh chi M2

Znli nh
tr ong
Nam
chi3nam
Zn
6 0 n

I (A)

4 0 n

2 0 n

- 1
. 2
0

- 1
. 1
0

-1 .0 0
U

)
(V

-0 .9 0

-0 .8 0

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 6.971 mg/L 0.649
7.237

Hnh 16: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M3

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Cd
= 16.420 ug/L 2.065
12.579
Pb
= 0.351 mg/L 0.026
4.721
Cu
= 1.394 mg/L 0.042
3.027

Hnh 17: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M1

Cd -P b- C
Nu
amtr ong
l inhcac
chi l2oai nam
Cu

5 0 n

I (A)

4 0 n

3 0 n

2 0 n

1 0 n

Cd

Pb

0
- 0
. 8
0

-0 .6 0

-0 .4 0

)
(V

-0 .2 0

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Cd
= 20.735 ug/L 0.185
0.893
Pb
= 0.348 mg/L 0.011
1.854
Cu
= 1.100 mg/L 0.056
5.064

Hnh 18: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M2

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Cd
= 17.736 ug/L 1.411
7.953
Pb
= 0.435 mg/L 0.008
1.729
Cu
= 0.939 mg/L 0.038
4.080

Hnh 19: ng cong cc ph mu nm linh chi M3

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 2.597 mg/L 0.195
7.520
Cd
= 9.472 ug/L 1.998
21.095
Pb
= 0.352 mg/L 0.024
4.379

Cu

= 0.422 mg/L 0.015

3.671

Hnh 20: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S1

1 .2 0
u

Zn- Cd- Pb -Cu tr ongm aunam

Mausot rang2
Zn

1 .0 0
u

I (A)

8 0 n
6 0 n

Cu

4 0 n
2 0 n

Cd
- 1
. 0

- 0
. 7
5

Pb

- 0
. 5
0

-0 .2 5

U (V )

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 2.894 mg/L 0.176
6.067
Cd
= 9.775 ug/L 0.787
8.048
Pb
= 0.362 mg/L 0.020
3.481
Cu
= 0.415 mg/L 0.009
2.078

Hnh 21: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S2

Zn- Cd P
-Mbau
-C
ut trraong
so
ng 3mau nam
. 2
1
0 u

Zn

. 0 u
1

I (A)

8 0 n

6 0 n

4 0 n

Cu

2 0 n

Cd

Pb

0
-1 .0 0

-0 .7 5

-0 5
. 0
U

)
(V

- 0
. 2
5

Final results
+/- Res. dev. % Comments
----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------Zn
= 2.894 mg/L 0.176
6.067

Cd
Pb
Cu

= 9.062 ug/L 2.207

= 0.426 mg/L 0.020
= 0.415 mg/L 0.009

24.357
3.481
2.078

Hnh 22: ng cong cc ph mu s trng S3

3.2. Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen
trong nm bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng ICP MS.
Bng 11: Kt qu xc nh hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen
trong nm bng phng php ph khi plasma cm ng ICP MS.
Tn mu
Ch tiu
Cu
Pb
Zn
Cd
Se

Linh chi
g/g
mg/kg
5,97
5,97
0,024
0,024
14,07
14,07
0,000
0,000
0,015
0,015

S trng
g/g
4,71
0,004
7,99
0,031
0,000

mg/kg
4,71
0,004
7,99
0,031
0,000

Nhn xt:
- Hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi v selen xc nh c trong hai
loi nm nm trong mc cho php theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT.
- Cc gi tr thu c c s chnh lch kh ln vi kt qu thu c
theo phng php von-ampe. c th kt lun c nguyn nhn s sai
lch, cn c phn tch lp li nhiu ln trn cng mu. Song do iu kin thi
gian khng cho php, chng ti cha thc hin c. Mc d vy, nu xem
xt phng php chun b mu phn tch, vic x l mu nm iu kin nh
m t trong phng php ICP-MS c th cha t n mc v c ha hon
ton. Do , mt phn vi lng cha c gii phng vo dung dch nn lm
gim kt qu ng k so vi phng php v c ha hon ton bng nhit m
chng ti thc hin i vi cc mu o von-ampe ha tan anot.

KT LUN
- nghin cu v xy dng c phng php xc nh hm lng
cc kim loi nng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong nm.
- xc nh c hm lng ng, ch, km, cadimi, selen trong mu
nm linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) v nm s trng (Pleurotus ostreatus)
thu hi vng Bc Trung B. Kt qu cho thy hm lng ng, ch, km,
cadimi, selen u nm trong gii hn cho php v mc an ton thc phm
theo quy nh s 46/2007/Q-BYT. Nm linh chi kh giu vi lng ng
v km so vi nm s trng.
- Kt qu phn tch hai mu nm cho thy trong nm u cha mt s
kim loi nng. Cc kim loi km, ng c hm lng kh cao, l ngun cung
cp cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho con ngi, cn cc kim loi nng
nh ch, cadimi u c hm lng thp nm trong gii hn cho php v mc
an ton thc phm. Tuy nhin khng nh chc chn iu ny cn
nghin cu chi tit v phn tch s lng mu nhiu hn na.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Hong Minh Chu (2001), Ho phn tch, NXB gio dc.
[2] Hong Minh Chu, T Vn Mc, T Vng Nghi (2002), C s
phn tch ho hc hin i, NXB khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
[3] Nguyn Tinh Dung (2003), Ho hc phn tch, cc phng php
phn tch nh lng ho hc, NXB gio dc.
[4] ThS. Nguyn B Hai, Bi ging k thut trng nm, trng i hc
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phm, ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 46/2007/Q - BYT ngy 19/12/2007
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