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LOGO

PHNG PHP
NCKH
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TNG QUAN V NGHIN CU KHOA HOC

NCKH l s tm kim nhng iu


m khoa hc cha bit, hoc l
pht hin ra bn cht s vt,
pht trin nhn thc khoa hc v

th gii; hoc l sng to ra


phng php mi v phng tin

k thut mi lm bin i s
vt phc v cho mc tiu hot
ng ca con ngi.

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TNG QUAN V NGHIN CU KHOA HOC

NCKH n l hot ng va mang tnh


bao trm va a dng.
N c th l mt hot ng

nhn thc

hay t duy ca bt k ai
Tuy nhin bt c hnh thc no
chng na, NC bt buc phi l mt
hot ng c h thng nhm t n
s hiu bit c kim chng
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Trong NCKH, mi ngi nghin

cu cn a ra mt hoc mt s
nhn nh s b v kt qu cui

cng ca nghin cu.


Nhn nh s b chnh l gi

thuyt nghin cu hay gi thuyt


khoa hc
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Gi thuyt NC hay gi thuyt khoa hc

l mt phn on v bn cht i
tng NC. Theo phn on ny ngi

NC tip tc i tm kim cc lun c


chng minh.

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PHN LOI
KHOA HC
T NHIN
KHOA HC
T DUY
KHOA HC

KHOA HC
X HI

CC LOI HNH NGHIN CU KH


1. Nghin cu c bn:
- Pht hin ra cc quy lut chung, nhng
hng i ln
- Tm ra nguyn liu mi
- Tm ra nhng cng c ton hc mi
Kt qu nghin cu c bn lun i trc cc
loi hnh nghin cu khc.

CC LOI HNH NGHIN CU KH


2. Nghin cu ng dng:
- a cc kt qu ca NC c bn vo thc
t

3. Nghin cu trin khai:


- a khoa hc vo cuc sng x hi, gm:
trin khai th im, trin khai i tr.
4. Nghin cu d bo:
- NC nhng vn trong tng lai thuc
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.

PHN LOI THEO CHC NNG NC


Nghin cu m t: l NC a ra mt h
thng tri thc v nhn dng s vt,
gip phn bit c s vt ny vi s
vt khc
Nghin cu gii thch: nhm lm r
nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh v
quy lut chi phi qu trnh vn ng
ca s vt

PHN LOI THEO CHC NNG NC


Nghin cu gii php: l NC nhm lm
ra mt s vt mi cha tng tn ti.

Nghin cu d bo: nhm nhn dng


trng thi ca s vt trong tng lai.

SN PHM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC
Trong mi trng hp, sn phm ca
NCKH l THNG TIN bt k l khoa
hc t nhin, khoa hc x hi hay khoa
hc cng ngh.

SN PHM C BIT
Pht minh (discovery) - l s pht hin
nhng quy lut, nhng tnh cht hoc
nhng hin tng ca th gii vt cht tn
ti mt cch khch quan
Pht hin (discovery) - l s pht hin
nhng quy lut x hi ang tn ti mt cch
khch quan.

SN PHM C BIT
Sng ch ( Invention) - l mt gii php
k thut mang tnh mi v nguyn l k
thut, tnh sng to v p dng c (my
hi nc ca James Watt, TNT - Nobel...)

C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC

C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC

1. Tnh mi: l c tnh quan trng nht trong

nckh nhm hng ti s pht hin ci


mi, khng lp li v vy i hi phi c s

sng to.
2. Tnh thng tin: Vi y l qu trnh khai thc

v x l thng tin ng thi cha ng


nhng thng tin cho qu trnh NC tip theo.

C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC

3. Dng cm, mo him: nckh i hi dm chp


nhn kh khn, nhiu mi m. Chp nhn
nhng ri ro, kh nng tht bi trong NC.
4. Tnh phi kinh t: NCKH l qu trnh nhm pht
trin kinh t song khng phi l mc tiu
trc tip, khng th nh mc lao ng, vt
liu, khng th xc nh hiu qu kinh t

MC TIU CA NCKH
SNG TO

NHN THC

NCKH
VN HA
AN NINH

KINH T

MC TIU CA NCKH
1. NHN THC: Nng cao nhn thc v th
gii, pht hin cc quy lut, cc gii php

cng ngh, quy trnh mi.


2. SNG TO: To ra cc tri thc, cng ngh,
cht liu mi.
3. KINH T: NCKH phi dn ti hiu qu kinh t,
gp phn lm tng trng x hi
4. VN HA, AN NINH: M mang dn tr, gp
phn tng bc hon thin con ngi, m
bo an ninh trt t x hi

C IM CA PP NCKH
1. L s thng nht gia mt ch quan v
nhn t khch quan trong qu trnh s
dng.
Ch th
(ch quan)

i tng
(khch quan)

Mt ch quan l nhng c im v nng


lc, th cht, phm cht ca nh khoa hc
Mt khch quan do i tng nghien cu
quy inh .

C IM CA PP NCKH
2. PP nckh c tnh mc ch: gn lin vi
ni dung, pp chu s chi phi ca mc
ch v ni dung. Do vy c th ni PP l
s vn ng ca ni dung.
PP, M v ND c mi qun h qua s
sau:

ND

PP

C IM CA PP NCKH
3. PP nckh l hot ng c k hoch: c
t chc hp l, c cu trc a cp, c tnh
logic v tnh k hoch r rng.
NCKH l hot ng bao gm nhiu hot
ng nh, t mc ch chung chuyn ha
thanh cc mc tiu th cp..
Mi hot ng u nm trong s thng
nht nhm t mc ch.

C IM CA PP NCKH
V vy i hi nh KH phi la chn PP ph
hp ni dung, ph hp mc ch v t chc
hp l cc yu t trong ni b PP
4. PP nckh lun cn c cc phng tin,
cng c k thut h tr.

Phng tin tng ng vi ni dung, ng


thi cng gi cho PP

LA CHN V T TN TI

LA CHN V T TN TI
Khi nim ti: ti l mt hnh thc
t chc nghin cu khoa hc trong

c mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi


cng thc hin mt nhim v nghin

cu.
ti nh hng vo vic tr li nhng

cu hi mang tnh hc thut

XC NH TI NC
Vic xc nh ti l tm vn lm i

tng nghin cu, bc ny c ngha


quan trng , quyt nh phng hng

nghin cu v phng hng chuyn mn


ca ngi nghin cu.

LA CHN V T TN TI
ti c la chn bt u t s kin
khoa hc

T s kin khoa hc dn n nhim v


nghin cu.

Ngi nghin cu bt u cng vic c


th t nhim v nghin cu.

LA CHN S KIN KHOA HC

S kin khoa hc (scientfic fact)


l mt s vt hoc hin tng c
cha nhng vn i hi phi
gii thch bng nhng tri thc
khoa hc v bng nhng phng
php quan st hoc thc nghim
khoa hc.
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LA CHN V T TN TI
c im ca s kin: Mi l (khng gian, thi
gian, bn cht); hin thc (quan st c); tun
theo quy lut nhn - qu; phc tp.
Vic lm r s kin tm ra bn cht ca n t
a ra kt lun cn thit, tm ra nhng quy
lut tng qut l kt qu ca t duy phn tch.

LA CHN V T TN TI
Vic la chn ti c th da trn nhng cn
c c xem xt theo cp sau:
ti c ngha khoa hc hay khng?
ti c ngha thc tin hay khng?
C cp thit phi nghin cu hay khng?
C iu kin m bo hon thnh khng?

C ph hp vi s thch hay khng?

XC NH I TNG, MC TIU V PHM VI NC

i tng nghin cu l cm t ch ni dung


cn c xem xt v lm r trong nhim v
nghin cu.
Mc tiu nghin cu l cm t ch ni dung cn
xem xt v lm r trong khun kh i tng
nghin cu. Thc cht l s phn tch chi tit ha
i tng nghin cu.

XC NH I TNG, MC TIU V PHM VI NC

Nh vy c th xem i tng nghin cu l tp


hp cc mc tiu nghin cu hay chnh l mc
tiu chung.
Cn mc tiu nghin cu l nhng mc tiu
chuyn bit.
Tm li: nhim v NC, i tng NC, mc
tiu NC u thuc phm tr MC TIU

XC NH I TNG, MC TIU V PHM VI NC

Cc mc tiu ny c lin kt vi nhau theo


hnh cy. Nh cy mc tiu m chng ta c th
xem xt mt cch ton din mi kha cnh.
V d:

V D V CY MC TIU
CI DUYN
CI DUYN
Ngoi hnh
Ngoi hnh
Tri ph
Ch
Luyn tp

CI DUYN
Tm hn

CI DUYN
Tnh cch

Ngoi hnh
T to
Ch
n ung

Gii phu
Thm m

35

K NNG XY DNG MC TIU NC


Mc tiu l ci ch cn phi t ti hon
thnh mt nhim v no .
Mc tiu NC l nhng g nh NC cn t
c sau khi NC bao gm: Mc tiu chung
v mc tiu c th.
Mc tiu chung l mc tiu c trnh by
mt cch khi qut.mc tiu c th l chi
ntit ha mc tiu chung.
Mc tiu tr li cu hi: "Lm ca g?". cn
mc ch tr li:" nhm vo ci g?"

V d: ti: "Thc trng v gii php pht huy


vai tr trung tm kinh t ca th H ni"

Mc tiu ca ti: M t thc trng vi vai tr


trung tm KT ca Th ; Xc nh cc yu t

nh hng ti vai tr y; Tm cc gii php


pht huy vai tr .

Mc ch NC: cung cp chng c khoa hc cho


vic quy hoch th H ni.

XY DNG MC TIU NC
Tc dng: Xc nh c phm vi NC; nh hng
c PP NC, k thut thu thp thng tin; xy dng

thit k NC; tao c s lp k hoch NC.


SMART : Tiu chun ca mc tiu tt:
S: Specific - r rng, c th

M: Measueable - o lng c kt qu
A: Achievable - C th t mc tiu ra
R: Resaonable - hp l, chp nhn wc mc tiu
ra
T: Time - Thi gian xc nh

XY DNG MC TIU NC
Nguyn tc xy dng mc tiu:
Mc tiu lin quan n vn NC v vy
phi da vo cy vn
Mc tiu phi bt u bng mt ng t
hnh ng
Mc tiu phi hp l, c kh nng t c
qua NC
Phi c th r rng, cng chi tit cng tt v
ci g?, u? lc no?
Phi ph hp vi mc tiu chung v bao
ph cc vn NC.

: p ng c cc
v d: cc mc tiu sau y
yu cu v nguyn tc khi xy dng mc tiu:
1. Xc nh cc yu t nguy c ca mi trng tc
ng ti sc khe cng ng cc vng sinh thi
khc nhau.
2. Th nghim mt s gii php can thip nhm lm

giom cc yu t nguy c c hi n sc khe,


gim nhim mi trng v nng cao sc khe
cng ng.
3. nh gi hiu qu cc gii php can thip da vo
cng ng nhm gii quyt cc vn sc khe

cng ng.

XC NH I TNG, MC TIU V PHM VI NC

Phm vi NC: Khng phi cc i tng NC c


xem xt mt cch ton din trong mi thi gian
m n c gii hn trong mt phm vi nht
nh. Bao gm cc phm vi v:
Quy m NC ca mu kho st
Phm vi v khng gian ca s vt
Phm vi v thi gian v phm vi v ni dung..

T TN TI

Tn ti phn nh mt cch c ng nht ni


dung NC ca ti.

Tn phi c tnh trn vn, r rng, ngn gn, bao


trm c ni dung v phm vi NC

Tn ti khoa hc ch c mang mt ngha,


khng c php hiu theo hai ngha. V vy cn

ch mt vi nhc im sau:
a/ Khng nn t tn ti bng nhng cm t
c bt nh cao.

T TN TI

b/ Nn hn ch lm dng nhng cm t ch mc
ch t tn ti

v d: (.) nhm nng cao cht lng


(.) pht trin nng lc canh tranh

(..) gp phn vo
c/ Khng nn t tn ti th hin s qu d di

khng th hin t duy su sc


V d: Chng lm pht hin trng, nguyn nhn, gii
php

T TN TI

tn ti cn c t trc khi NC, c


th sa i khi cn thit.
Tn ti c th bao hm cc thng tin v
i tng, khng gian, thi gian NC
Th hin c ch NC, nhng khng
qu rng
Cn ngn gn, sc tch, c th c hay
khng c ng t hnh ng.
V d:

lnh vc
NC

Tn ti c th

KT - K
thut

Hiu qu kinh t ca k thut trong


cng ngh sn xut vt liu
polimer

Y dc

tnh cht co gin ca ng mch


vnh tim trong iu kin tun
hon vng quanh

o to Gio dc

Cch tin hnh nh gi kt qu


hc tp ca sinh vin i hc

TM LI
Qa trnh hnh thnh ti chim mt v tr
rt quan trng trong NCKH. C th tm tt
nh sau:
La chn s kin
t tn ti
Lch s NC (ai lm g?)
Mc tiu NC ( ti s lm g?)
Phm vi NC (Lm u? thi gian; )
Mu kho st ( kho st n u?)

TiN TRNH NGHIN CU


1

THIT LP S KiN

PHT HiN VN KHOA HC

XY DNG KHI NiM

Gi THUYT KHOA HC

5 CHNG MINH Gi THUYT KH

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THIT LP S KIN
S kin khoa hc chnh l im xut
pht ca ch nghin cu.
La chn s kin khoa hc l c s
tm kim ch nghin cu.

S kin i vi nh nghin cu ging


nh khng kh cho i cnh chim
trn bu tri, khng c khng kh nng
, i cnh chim khng th bay ln bu
tri.
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THIT LP S KIN

V d:
Newton bt gp s kin qu to
rng xung t;

Marx quan tm n s kin u


tranh giai cp
Durkhem quan tm n s kin
t t

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PHT HIN VN KHOA HC


Scientific problem (research question;
research problem) - l cu hi c t ra khi
ngi nghin cu ng trc mt mu thun
gia tnh hn ch ca tri thc khoa hc hin c
vi yu cu pht trin tri thc trnh cao
hn.
Vn c ny sinh do nhng mu thun

trong cc hot ng l lun hay thc tin ca


con ngi. Khng c hoi nghi, khng c mu
thun th s khng c nghin cu khoa hc
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PHT HIN VN KHOA HC


Nghin cu mt ti khoa hc nn
bt u t u?
Hy bt u t vic pht hin vn
khoa hc, ngha l t cu hi Cn

chng minh iu g? t lm c s
cho vic tm kim cu tr li.
pht hin vn khoa hc tc t
cu hi c th s dng cc phng
php sau:
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PHT HIN VN KHOA HC


Nhn dng nhng bt ng trong tranh

lun khoa hc
Ngh ngc li nhng quan nim thng
thng.
Nhn dng nhng vng mc trong hot
ng thc t
Lng nghe nhng li phn nn ca nhng
ngi khng hiu bit.
Pht hin nhng mt mnh, mt yu ca
ng nghip
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PHT HIN VN KHOA HC


Ch : tng khoa hc thng xut hin
rt nhanh nhiu khi ch thong qua trong t
duy.
V vy cn ghi li ngay.

tng phi mang ngha thc t


tng phi c pht trin tip tc bi t
duy nng ln mt trnh cao hn l
gi thuyt nghin cu.

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XY DNG KHI NIM


Xy dng khi nim l cng vic u tin
ca ngi nghin cu.
Khi nim phi c thng nht ho p
ng i hi ca nhim v nghin cu.
Khi nim phi c chun xc v c hiu
theo mt ngha thng nht.
Theo logic hc: khi nim l mt hnh thc
t duy nhm ch r thuc tnh vn c ca s
kin khoa hc; l cng c gi tn mt s
kin khoa hc.
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XY DNG KHI NIM


Khi nim gm hai b phn hp thnh:
Ni hm: l tt c thuc tnh vn c ca s
kin
Ngoi din: l tt c cc c th c cha
thuc tnh c ch trong ni hm.
V d: khoa hc c ni hm l : h thng
tri thc v bn cht s vt; cn ngoi din:
cc loi khoa hc nh KHTN, KHXH, KHKT

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XY DNG KHI NIM


Mt khi nim c biu t bi nh
ngha.
V d: ng trn l mt ng cong
khp kn, c khong cch t mi im
n tm bng nhau

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XY DNG KHI NIM


CH :
Khi nim c biu t bi nh ngha
Khi nim phi c thng nht ho
Khi nim c th c phn i
V d:

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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Scientific hypothesis l mt kt lun
gi nh v bn cht ca s vt do
ngi nghin cu a ra chng minh
hoc bc b.
Vn khoa hoc
Cu hi
Gi thuyt khoa hc
Cu tr li
V d: cu hi con h ti ai?
Cu tr li con h ti m, con h ti
cha; chu h ti b.
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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Gi thuyt l khi im ca mi NCKH

Khng c khoa hc no m li khng c


gi thuyt.

Gi thuyt c th c t ra ng vi
bn cht ca s vt song gi thuyt c
th sai v b bc b.
Tuy nhin c mt gi thuyt sai cn
hn khng c mt gi thuyt no c

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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Mi quan h gia vn khoa hc v
gi thuyt khoa hc
Vn
khoa hc
(Cu hi)

tng
khoa hc
(hng tr li)

Gi thuyt
khoa hc
(Cu tr li s b)

tng l mt phn on m u,
thc y ngi nghin cu tm kim
lun c chng minh => tng
khoa hc
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THUC TNH C BN CA GI
THUYT KHOA HC
Tnh gi nh: Gi thuyt c th ng
hoc c th sai
Tnh a phng n: tn ti nhiu cu
tr li.

Tnh d bin: mt gi thuyt c th


nhanh chng b xem xt li ngay sau
khi va c t ra do s pht trin
ca nhn thc

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TIU CH XEM XT MT GI
THUYT KHOA HC
Gi thuyt phi da trn c s quan
st
Gi thuyt khng c tri vi l
thuyt
gi thuyt c th c kim chng

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PHN LOI GI THUYT KHOA HC


Gi thuyt m t: l gi thuyt v trng
thi s vt.
Gi thuyt gii thch: l gi thut v
nguyn nhn dn n mt trng thi s
vt
Gi thuyt gii php: l cc phng
n gi nh v mt gii php, mt hnh
mu ca mt cng ngh..
Gi thuyt d bo: gi thuyt v mt
trng thi s vt trong tng lai.
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BN CHT LOGIC CA GI THUYT


KHOA HC
Gi thuyt L MT PHN ON cho nn

vit Ga Thuyt KH l vit mt phn on;


Phn on l mt hnh thc t duy nhm
ni lin cc khi nim li vi nhau
khng nh khi nim ny khng l khi
nim kia.
Cu trc ca phn on: S l P
S: l ch t; cn P l v t ca phn on.

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BN CHT LOGIC CA GI THUYT


KHOA HC
Cc loi phn on:
Phn on n gm: Khng nh;
phn on xc sut; phn on tt
nhin; phn on chung; phn on
ring;
Phn on phc: phn on phn lit;
phn on lin kt; phn on gi
nh; phn on ko theo..
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BN CHT LOGIC CA GI THUYT


KHOA HC
Phn on phn lit: cn gi l phn

on la chn gm nhiu phn on


n lin kt vi nhau bi lin t logic

hoc:
V d: Kinh doanh vi mo him

cng cao th s hoc l li nhun cc


ln hoc l d b ph sn
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BN CHT LOGIC CA GI THUYT


KHOA HC
Phn on lin kt: cn gi l phn on

la chn gm nhiu phn on n lin


kt vi nhau bi lin t logic v;

nhng; m.
V d: chng ta bit c ng i ca

cc mch (v) chng ta c th tm kim


cc mch trong gan buc chng trc
ri ct gan

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BN CHT LOGIC CA GI THUYT


KHOA HC
Phn on gi nh: cn gi l phn

on ko theo gm nhiu phn on


n lin kt vi nhau theo kt cu

nu th
V d: nu tim novocain vo ni b,

(th) ta c th gim cn au

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THAO TC LOGIC A RA Gi THUYT


KHOA HC
a ra mt gi thuyt ngi NC cn
quan st, t cu hi, tm cu tr li
cho cu hi. Ton b qu trnh ny
thc cht l qu trnh suy lun. C 3
php suy lun:
Din dch (deduction)

Quy np (induction)
Loi suy (anologue)
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CHNG MINH GI THUYT


KHOA HC

CC B
PHN HP
THNH
PHP
CHNG
MINH

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LUN IM
LUN C
PHNG PHP
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Lun im: l iu cn chng minh trong mt


NCKH. Lun im tr li cu hi: cn chng
minh iu g?
Lun c: l bng chng c a ra chng
minh lun im. Lun c tr li: chng minh
bng ci g?

Phng php: l cch thc tm kim lun


c v t chc lun c chng minh
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CC LOI LUN C
Lun c l thuyt: khai thc t cc ti liu
cc cng trnh khoa hc i trc.
Lun c thc tin: c thu thp t thc t
bng quan st, thc nghim, iu tra
Khi thu thp lun c cn nhng loi thng
tin sau: c s l thuyt lin quan n ni
dung NC;
Ti liu v kt qu NC trc .
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CHN MU KHO ST
Mu tc l i tng nghin cu

Vic chn mu c nh hng quyt nh n kt qu


v tin cy ca kt qu nghin cu v chi ph NC

Vic chn mu phi m bo tnh ngu nhin, nhng


phi mang tnh i din, trnh chn mu theo nh

hng ch quan ca ngi NC

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CC PHNG PHP CHN MU


LY MU NGU NHIN (random sampling)

LY MU H THNG (sstematic sampling)


LY MU NGU NHIN PHN TNG (Stratified random

sampling)
LY MU H THNG PHN TNG (Stratified systematic

sampling)
LY MU TNG CM (Cluster sampling)
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PHN LOI PP NCKH


Phn loi theo l thuyt thng tin: gm 3
nhm
- Nhm pp thu thp thng tin
- Nhm pp s l thng tin
- Nhm PP trnh by thng tin
2. Theo tnh cht v trnh nhn thc:
- Nhm PP nghin cu l thuyt
- Nhm PP nghin cu thc tin

H THNG PP NC KHOA HC
PHN TCH - TNG HP L
THUYT

PP THC NGHIM

PHN LOI - HT HA
L THUYT

PP M HNH
HA

PP NC L
THUYT

H THNG
PP NCKH

PP NC THC
NGHIM

PP
IU TRA

PP
CHUYN GIA

PP GI
THUYT

PP LCH S
PP PT TNG KT KN

CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU THNG DNG


1. Cc PP NCLT cn gi l ppnc qua ti
liu th cp, c sn thu thp T/Tin:
C s l thuyt lin quan n ti NC
Thnh tu t c c lin quan n
ti
Cc NC c th cng b

S liu thng k...


TI Liu: tp ch; BC khoa hc, ti...

PP phn tch : tm ra cu trc, xu


hng ca l thuyt t phn tch,
tng hp li xy dng mt thng
cc khi nim, phm tr to K xy
dng l thuyt mi.

PP tng hp l thuyt: lin kt nhng


mt, nhng mqh thng tin t l thuyt
thu thp hnh thnh mt chnh
th to ra mt h thng mi y
v su sc hn. Ti liu NC phi c
xp xp theo quan h nhn - qu

nhn dng tng tc

PP H THNG HA L THUYT: l PP
sp xp nhng thng tin a dng thu
thp c t nhiu ngun thnh mt h
thng vi kt cu cht ch, t xy
dng mt l thuyt mi hon chnh y
v su sc. y l PP gip ngi mi

NC c c s l lun vng chc cho qu


trnh NC.

PP phn loi v PP h thng l 2

PP i lin nhau, khng tch ri.


PP TNG HP L THUYT

Lin kt tng mt, tng b phn


thng tin t cc l thuyt c =>
nhm to ra h thng l thuyt
mt mi

PP PHN LOI: l PP sp xp cc ti
liu KH thnh mt h thng logic cht
ch theo mt tiu ch no hay cng
du hiu bn cht d nhn bit, d s
dng cho NC

PP NC LCH S: l PP tm ngun gc
pht sinh, hon cnh xut hin, qu

trnh pht trin v bin ha nhm pht


hin bn cht, quy lut ca i tng...
Qua tm ra logic ca tin trnh vn
ng ca i tng nhm pht hin ra
xu hng vn ng ... xy dng tng
quan vn NC

PP M HNH HA: M hnh l mt h

thng cc yu t vt cht hoc nim


biu din, phn nh hoc ti to i
tng khng th hoc rt kh khn khi
tc ng trc tip.
c im: c tnh tng t gia m hnh
v thc t. C tnh n gin, trc quan,
l tng ha...

Phn loi m hnh:

- Theo cht liu: M hnh vt cht; m


hnh tinh thn

- Theo loi hnh: L thuyt; thc nghim


- Theo ni dung: chc nng; cu trc
- Theo tnh cht: M hnh ton (biu thc,
biu ); m hnh vt l ; m hnh sinh
hc; m hnh sinh thi; m hnh x hi

CC PP NGHIN CU THC TIN


PP thc nghim (quan st v th nghim)

- quan st: thc hin vic tri gic c mc


ch, c k hoch i tng trong hon
cnh t nhin ca i tng y. T
em li nhng tri thc c th, cm tnh,
trc quan nhng c ngha ln trong

khoa hc vi nhng gi tr thc.


c th quan st trc tip, gin tip, cng
khai hoc kn o, ton din hay tng
kha cnh...

CC PP NGHIN CU THC TIN


PP thc nghim (quan st v th nghim)
- Th nghim: thc hin vic ch ng
to ra hin tng NC trong iu kin
khng ch, thc hin lp li nhiu ln,

chia tch v bin thin tng yu t tc


ng v nh gi, o c s bin i..
Cch thu thp ny ch thc hin khi v
ch khi c nhim v lm sng t cc mi
quan h .. kim nh gi thuyt...

PP IU TRA
y l cch dng cc cu hi (hoc bi

ton) nht lot t ra cho nhiu ngi


nhm bit c kin ca h v vn

nghin cu. Qua thu c nhng


thng tin quan trng v i tng cn
cho qu trnh NC.
C 2 dng iu tra: iu tra c bn v
iu tra x hi hc

PP IU TRA
iu tra c bn:
v d: iu tra trnh vn ha, iu tra ch
s IQ
Cch thc hin: Xy dng k hoch iu

tra; Xy dng mu phiu iu tra; chn mu


iu tra.
iu tra x hi hc:

Cch thc hin: Chn mu; a bn, thi


gian, bng hi; Xy dng mu phiu iu
tra; chn mu iu tra.

BNG HI
LOI HNH CU HI:
Thc hin 3 loi cu hi: ng, m, ng
trc, m sau.
Cu hi ng: yu cu ngi tr li ch cn

nh du vo mt trong s cc kh nng
cho trc.
Cu hi m: ngi tr li c th ni hoc

vit mt vi cu gii trnh cc vn ,


nhm b sung cho cc cu hi ng.

BNG HI
YU CU I VI CU HI:
Phi n gin, thch hp vi mc tiu
NC.
Cu hi phi n tr (ch c 1 tr li
ng.
Trnh cu hi i vo i t.
Trnh nhng cu hi bit chc cu
tr li

BNG HI
CU TRC BNG HI

Phn m u: Gii thiu mc tiu iu


tra, gy thin cm, tin tng cho ngi
c hi
Phn ni dung chnh: phn khai thc
thng tin.

Phn kt thc: thng l mt cu hi


ng khng nh cc cu hi trc v
cm n ngi c hi

TNG KT KINH NGHIM


Chn i tng NC l cc in hnh c tt
v cha tt.
Su tm ti liu c lin quan
Xy dng m hnh l thuyt v i tng

NC
Phn tch h thng rt ra bi hc kinh
nghim v tnh quy lut hot ng trong
linh vc tng ng.
Vit bo co tng kt: nhm m t, phn

tch hot ng, khi qut thnh l lun.

PHNG PHP TON HC


L cng c x l cc ti liu (x l

thng tin nh lng qua con s v


bng ri rc. bng biu ) thu
thp c t cc phng php khc.
S dng cc l thuyt ton hc v cc
PP logic.. xy dng l thuyt

chuyn ngnh.
Gip cho qu trnh NC i ng hng,
nht qun..

T GIA THiT NGHIN CU


Gi THiT (Assumption) l iu kin
gi nh (khng c tht), khng c
tht l tng ha iu kin thc
nghim.
Qu an h gia gi thuyt v gi thit:
- Gi thuyt l nhn nh s b, l kt
lun gi nh => cn chng minh
- Gi thit l iu kin gi nh =>
khng cn chng minh.

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CHN CCH TiP CN


Tip cn l cch chn ch ng
quan st, l bc khi u ca qu
trnh thu thp thng tin.
PHNG PHP TiP CN:
TC ni quan v ngoi quan:
TC quan st hoc thc nghim
Tip cn c bit v so snh
TC lch s v logic
TC phn tch v tng hp
Tip cn nh tnh v nh lng
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CC PHNG PHP X L THNG TIN

Kt qu thu thp thng tin t cng vic nghin

cu tn ti di 2 dng:
Thng tin nh tnh: v d trong kinh t l cc loi

daonh nghip, cc thnh phn kinh t; chng loi


sn phm, nng lc cnh tranh ca cc sn

phm
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CC PHNG PHP X L THNG TIN

Thng tin nh lng: v d l s lng cc doanh

nghip, t l cc doanh nghip theo cc thnh phn kinh


t, theo vn php nh, theo doanh s; theo s lng

sn phm,
Cc thng tin ny cn c x l xy dng cc lun

c, khi qut ha lm bc l cc quy lut phc v cho


vic chng minh hoc bc b gi thuyt
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X L THNG TIN NH LNG

Thng tin nh lng c th c trnh by di

nhiu dng:
Con s ri rc

Bng s liu, biu


th

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X L THNG TIN NH TNH

Mc ch l nhn dng quy lut, lin h bn cht

gia cc s kin. Kt qu c th c m t di
dng s hoc biu thc ton hc

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MC CH CA X L S LIU
Nhm loi b ph phm, b nhng s liu
khng dng c do thu thp khng ng PP;
ti liu khng xc thc.
Hiu chnh, sa cha s liu: ni cch khc
l bin tp li s liu, sa cc sai st do ghi
chp hay dng ngn t thiu chnhc xc.
M ha s liu: chuyn s liu sang dng s
hoc biu tng thun li cho vic o m
v lp bng.
Tm tt v lp bng s liu; s ; biu ;
th to nn bc tranh chung v kt qu NC.

PHN TCH S LIU


L qu trnh tnh ton cc ch s cn thit

tng ng vi cc mc tiu NC c th, ng


thi pht hin ra mi lin h bn cht... ca
vn NC

Cch phn tch s liu: cn c vo mc tiu


v thit k th nghim, mc do lng, loi
s liu...
Ni dung phn tch: c lng tnh ton cc
ch s phn tch; kim nh ngha thng k...

PHNG PHP TRNH BY CHNH XC


CA SAI S

C cc loi sai s :

sai s ngu nhin: l sai s do cm nhn ch


quan

sai s k thut: l sai s xut hin do cc yu t


k thut gy ra mt cch khch quan;

sai s h thng: sai s do quy m h thng to


ra
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Ty thuc chnh xc ca phng tin quan


st, NC khi trnh by cn nht qun trong
cng mt h thng. V d: t l nhp siu
gim ng k: nm 1995 gim 2,60 ln, nm
2005 gim 1,12 ln; nm 2010 gim 1,01 ln

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TM TT V TRNH T THAO TC NCKH


Quan st nm bt s kin khoa hc
Pht hin nhng mu thun trong s kin khoa hc
t cu hi v nguyn nhn v cch x l mu thun
a ra cu tr li s b (tc gi thuyt khoa hc)
Tm kim cc lun c, phng php thu thp v sp xp
cc lun c chng minh cho lun im khoa hc.

Quy trnh xy dng lun im khoa hc c hnh thnh


theo s sau:
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TRNH T THAO TC NCKH


S KiN KHOA HC
MU THUN

CU HI

CU TR LI S B

VN KHOA HC

GI THUYT KH
LUN IM KH

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NI DUNG BN CNG
1. t vn

1. Tng quan ti liu


2. i tng v PP nghin cu

3. Kt qu NC v Bn lun
4. Kt lun, khuyn ngh

5.Ti liu tham kho

TRNH BY TRANG BA
B CH QUN C S O TO

TN C S O TO

TN TI

(LUN VN, LUN N)

THNH PH - NM

Phn t vn
Nu nhng thng ip g? L do NC (tnh cp
thit: cn im qua mt vi con s, s kin
minh ha), Th hin ci mi ca cng trnh NC,

tnh khng trng lp. .. qua gii thiu mc


tiu NC (m bo SMART)

Tng quan ti liu:


Phn u trnh by tnh hnh chung; lch

s, khi qut
Phn sau: cn c vo mc tiu NC m
trnh by, c tham kho cc ti liu trong
v ngoi nc. Cn nu nhng kin thc
cp nht, ch ra nhng thnh cng, nhng

tn ti cha c gii quyt.


xc nh v tr ca ti, lm c s cho
phn bn lun
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I TNG V PP NGHIN CU
Y l yu t rt quan trng, gi vai tr
then cht ca bn cng, phn nh cch
thc xem xt v gi quyt vn gm:

1.a im NC:
2.i tng NC
3.PP nghin cu
4. PP thu thp thng tin; cc cng c thu thp
thng tin...
5.Thi gian NC:

D KIN KT QU
1. Lp ra cc bng trng gi nh nhm khi
NC s b sung...
2. D kin cc loi biu , th s dng
3. D kin bn lun: nhng vn ph
thuc vo mc tiu NC
4. D kin kt lun: cc kt lun phi bm,
st mc tiu. c th c 1 hoc nhiu KL.
5. D kin khuyn ngh: khuyn ngh cc NC
tip theo l cn thit
6. K hoch NC, phng tin vt lc...

TI LIU THAM KHO


iu ny phn nh tc gi NC ti liu no ? gi tr
n u? c tnh thi s, c lin quan n ti hay
khng?...

Quy nh:
1. Ting vit trc; ting nc ngoi sau;
2. nh s t 1 n ht theo thc t A,B,C

3. Ghi y cc thng tin: tn tc gi; c quan, nm


(ngoc n); Tn ti liu, lun n, bo co (in
nghing); tn bi bo (khng nghing m t trong

ngoc kp), tn tp ch hoc tn sch (in nghing);


Tp, .... s... (trong ngoc n) cc s trang gch
ngang gia hai s; du chm kt thc.

NHNG YU CU HNH THC CA


BN CNG
B cc: Phi c y cc phn nu trn; s

trang khng qu ngn hay qu di ty thuc


vo yu cu NC. Phn b thng nh sau:
Ch vit tt: 1 trang; t vn 1 -2 trang;
D kin bn lun: 1 trang; D kin kt lun v
khuyn ngh: 1 trang; Tng quan 10 - 20

trang; i tng v PP NC 5 -6 trang; D kin


kt qu Nc 5 -6 trang;
m bo s cn i v hp l cc phn nu

trn.

K NNG VIT CNG TRNH


NGHIN CU

M U
BI
BO
IU
TRA
N
GIN

LUN C 1

LUN
CHNG

LUN C 2
LUN C 3

KT LUN
KT LUN CHUNG

K NNG VIT CNG NCKH


bt u ca qu trnh NC l mt bn
cng. y l ti liu phn nh tm quan
trng ca vn NC; mc ch; phng php
v quy trnh NC, chng minh tnh kh thi ca
NC.
Mc ch ca cng NC: nu tng qut
cc suy ngh, lp lun ca ngi NC; ch ra
cc ti liu cn thit cho vic chng minh:
tm quan trng v ngha thc tin ca vn
NC, nhng gi nh v l do NC...
y l cn c nh hng cho vic thu thp
thng tin, m bo hiu qu trong qu trnh

LOGO

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