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PHNG PHP
NCKH
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k thut mi lm bin i s
vt phc v cho mc tiu hot
ng ca con ngi.
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nhn thc
hay t duy ca bt k ai
Tuy nhin bt c hnh thc no
chng na, NC bt buc phi l mt
hot ng c h thng nhm t n
s hiu bit c kim chng
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cu cn a ra mt hoc mt s
nhn nh s b v kt qu cui
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l mt phn on v bn cht i
tng NC. Theo phn on ny ngi
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PHN LOI
KHOA HC
T NHIN
KHOA HC
T DUY
KHOA HC
KHOA HC
X HI
SN PHM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC
Trong mi trng hp, sn phm ca
NCKH l THNG TIN bt k l khoa
hc t nhin, khoa hc x hi hay khoa
hc cng ngh.
SN PHM C BIT
Pht minh (discovery) - l s pht hin
nhng quy lut, nhng tnh cht hoc
nhng hin tng ca th gii vt cht tn
ti mt cch khch quan
Pht hin (discovery) - l s pht hin
nhng quy lut x hi ang tn ti mt cch
khch quan.
SN PHM C BIT
Sng ch ( Invention) - l mt gii php
k thut mang tnh mi v nguyn l k
thut, tnh sng to v p dng c (my
hi nc ca James Watt, TNT - Nobel...)
C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC
C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC
sng to.
2. Tnh thng tin: Vi y l qu trnh khai thc
C IM CA NGHIN CU
KHOA HC
MC TIU CA NCKH
SNG TO
NHN THC
NCKH
VN HA
AN NINH
KINH T
MC TIU CA NCKH
1. NHN THC: Nng cao nhn thc v th
gii, pht hin cc quy lut, cc gii php
C IM CA PP NCKH
1. L s thng nht gia mt ch quan v
nhn t khch quan trong qu trnh s
dng.
Ch th
(ch quan)
i tng
(khch quan)
C IM CA PP NCKH
2. PP nckh c tnh mc ch: gn lin vi
ni dung, pp chu s chi phi ca mc
ch v ni dung. Do vy c th ni PP l
s vn ng ca ni dung.
PP, M v ND c mi qun h qua s
sau:
ND
PP
C IM CA PP NCKH
3. PP nckh l hot ng c k hoch: c
t chc hp l, c cu trc a cp, c tnh
logic v tnh k hoch r rng.
NCKH l hot ng bao gm nhiu hot
ng nh, t mc ch chung chuyn ha
thanh cc mc tiu th cp..
Mi hot ng u nm trong s thng
nht nhm t mc ch.
C IM CA PP NCKH
V vy i hi nh KH phi la chn PP ph
hp ni dung, ph hp mc ch v t chc
hp l cc yu t trong ni b PP
4. PP nckh lun cn c cc phng tin,
cng c k thut h tr.
LA CHN V T TN TI
LA CHN V T TN TI
Khi nim ti: ti l mt hnh thc
t chc nghin cu khoa hc trong
cu.
ti nh hng vo vic tr li nhng
XC NH TI NC
Vic xc nh ti l tm vn lm i
LA CHN V T TN TI
ti c la chn bt u t s kin
khoa hc
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LA CHN V T TN TI
c im ca s kin: Mi l (khng gian, thi
gian, bn cht); hin thc (quan st c); tun
theo quy lut nhn - qu; phc tp.
Vic lm r s kin tm ra bn cht ca n t
a ra kt lun cn thit, tm ra nhng quy
lut tng qut l kt qu ca t duy phn tch.
LA CHN V T TN TI
Vic la chn ti c th da trn nhng cn
c c xem xt theo cp sau:
ti c ngha khoa hc hay khng?
ti c ngha thc tin hay khng?
C cp thit phi nghin cu hay khng?
C iu kin m bo hon thnh khng?
V D V CY MC TIU
CI DUYN
CI DUYN
Ngoi hnh
Ngoi hnh
Tri ph
Ch
Luyn tp
CI DUYN
Tm hn
CI DUYN
Tnh cch
Ngoi hnh
T to
Ch
n ung
Gii phu
Thm m
35
XY DNG MC TIU NC
Tc dng: Xc nh c phm vi NC; nh hng
c PP NC, k thut thu thp thng tin; xy dng
M: Measueable - o lng c kt qu
A: Achievable - C th t mc tiu ra
R: Resaonable - hp l, chp nhn wc mc tiu
ra
T: Time - Thi gian xc nh
XY DNG MC TIU NC
Nguyn tc xy dng mc tiu:
Mc tiu lin quan n vn NC v vy
phi da vo cy vn
Mc tiu phi bt u bng mt ng t
hnh ng
Mc tiu phi hp l, c kh nng t c
qua NC
Phi c th r rng, cng chi tit cng tt v
ci g?, u? lc no?
Phi ph hp vi mc tiu chung v bao
ph cc vn NC.
: p ng c cc
v d: cc mc tiu sau y
yu cu v nguyn tc khi xy dng mc tiu:
1. Xc nh cc yu t nguy c ca mi trng tc
ng ti sc khe cng ng cc vng sinh thi
khc nhau.
2. Th nghim mt s gii php can thip nhm lm
cng ng.
T TN TI
ch mt vi nhc im sau:
a/ Khng nn t tn ti bng nhng cm t
c bt nh cao.
T TN TI
b/ Nn hn ch lm dng nhng cm t ch mc
ch t tn ti
(..) gp phn vo
c/ Khng nn t tn ti th hin s qu d di
T TN TI
lnh vc
NC
Tn ti c th
KT - K
thut
Y dc
o to Gio dc
TM LI
Qa trnh hnh thnh ti chim mt v tr
rt quan trng trong NCKH. C th tm tt
nh sau:
La chn s kin
t tn ti
Lch s NC (ai lm g?)
Mc tiu NC ( ti s lm g?)
Phm vi NC (Lm u? thi gian; )
Mu kho st ( kho st n u?)
THIT LP S KiN
Gi THUYT KHOA HC
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THIT LP S KIN
S kin khoa hc chnh l im xut
pht ca ch nghin cu.
La chn s kin khoa hc l c s
tm kim ch nghin cu.
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THIT LP S KIN
V d:
Newton bt gp s kin qu to
rng xung t;
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chng minh iu g? t lm c s
cho vic tm kim cu tr li.
pht hin vn khoa hc tc t
cu hi c th s dng cc phng
php sau:
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lun khoa hc
Ngh ngc li nhng quan nim thng
thng.
Nhn dng nhng vng mc trong hot
ng thc t
Lng nghe nhng li phn nn ca nhng
ngi khng hiu bit.
Pht hin nhng mt mnh, mt yu ca
ng nghip
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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Scientific hypothesis l mt kt lun
gi nh v bn cht ca s vt do
ngi nghin cu a ra chng minh
hoc bc b.
Vn khoa hoc
Cu hi
Gi thuyt khoa hc
Cu tr li
V d: cu hi con h ti ai?
Cu tr li con h ti m, con h ti
cha; chu h ti b.
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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Gi thuyt l khi im ca mi NCKH
Gi thuyt c th c t ra ng vi
bn cht ca s vt song gi thuyt c
th sai v b bc b.
Tuy nhin c mt gi thuyt sai cn
hn khng c mt gi thuyt no c
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GI THUYT KHOA HC
Mi quan h gia vn khoa hc v
gi thuyt khoa hc
Vn
khoa hc
(Cu hi)
tng
khoa hc
(hng tr li)
Gi thuyt
khoa hc
(Cu tr li s b)
tng l mt phn on m u,
thc y ngi nghin cu tm kim
lun c chng minh => tng
khoa hc
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THUC TNH C BN CA GI
THUYT KHOA HC
Tnh gi nh: Gi thuyt c th ng
hoc c th sai
Tnh a phng n: tn ti nhiu cu
tr li.
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TIU CH XEM XT MT GI
THUYT KHOA HC
Gi thuyt phi da trn c s quan
st
Gi thuyt khng c tri vi l
thuyt
gi thuyt c th c kim chng
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hoc:
V d: Kinh doanh vi mo him
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nhng; m.
V d: chng ta bit c ng i ca
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nu th
V d: nu tim novocain vo ni b,
(th) ta c th gim cn au
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Quy np (induction)
Loi suy (anologue)
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CC B
PHN HP
THNH
PHP
CHNG
MINH
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LUN IM
LUN C
PHNG PHP
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CC LOI LUN C
Lun c l thuyt: khai thc t cc ti liu
cc cng trnh khoa hc i trc.
Lun c thc tin: c thu thp t thc t
bng quan st, thc nghim, iu tra
Khi thu thp lun c cn nhng loi thng
tin sau: c s l thuyt lin quan n ni
dung NC;
Ti liu v kt qu NC trc .
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CHN MU KHO ST
Mu tc l i tng nghin cu
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sampling)
LY MU H THNG PHN TNG (Stratified systematic
sampling)
LY MU TNG CM (Cluster sampling)
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H THNG PP NC KHOA HC
PHN TCH - TNG HP L
THUYT
PP THC NGHIM
PHN LOI - HT HA
L THUYT
PP M HNH
HA
PP NC L
THUYT
H THNG
PP NCKH
PP NC THC
NGHIM
PP
IU TRA
PP
CHUYN GIA
PP GI
THUYT
PP LCH S
PP PT TNG KT KN
PP H THNG HA L THUYT: l PP
sp xp nhng thng tin a dng thu
thp c t nhiu ngun thnh mt h
thng vi kt cu cht ch, t xy
dng mt l thuyt mi hon chnh y
v su sc. y l PP gip ngi mi
PP PHN LOI: l PP sp xp cc ti
liu KH thnh mt h thng logic cht
ch theo mt tiu ch no hay cng
du hiu bn cht d nhn bit, d s
dng cho NC
PP NC LCH S: l PP tm ngun gc
pht sinh, hon cnh xut hin, qu
PP IU TRA
y l cch dng cc cu hi (hoc bi
PP IU TRA
iu tra c bn:
v d: iu tra trnh vn ha, iu tra ch
s IQ
Cch thc hin: Xy dng k hoch iu
BNG HI
LOI HNH CU HI:
Thc hin 3 loi cu hi: ng, m, ng
trc, m sau.
Cu hi ng: yu cu ngi tr li ch cn
nh du vo mt trong s cc kh nng
cho trc.
Cu hi m: ngi tr li c th ni hoc
BNG HI
YU CU I VI CU HI:
Phi n gin, thch hp vi mc tiu
NC.
Cu hi phi n tr (ch c 1 tr li
ng.
Trnh cu hi i vo i t.
Trnh nhng cu hi bit chc cu
tr li
BNG HI
CU TRC BNG HI
NC
Phn tch h thng rt ra bi hc kinh
nghim v tnh quy lut hot ng trong
linh vc tng ng.
Vit bo co tng kt: nhm m t, phn
chuyn ngnh.
Gip cho qu trnh NC i ng hng,
nht qun..
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cu tn ti di 2 dng:
Thng tin nh tnh: v d trong kinh t l cc loi
phm
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sn phm,
Cc thng tin ny cn c x l xy dng cc lun
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nhiu dng:
Con s ri rc
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gia cc s kin. Kt qu c th c m t di
dng s hoc biu thc ton hc
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MC CH CA X L S LIU
Nhm loi b ph phm, b nhng s liu
khng dng c do thu thp khng ng PP;
ti liu khng xc thc.
Hiu chnh, sa cha s liu: ni cch khc
l bin tp li s liu, sa cc sai st do ghi
chp hay dng ngn t thiu chnhc xc.
M ha s liu: chuyn s liu sang dng s
hoc biu tng thun li cho vic o m
v lp bng.
Tm tt v lp bng s liu; s ; biu ;
th to nn bc tranh chung v kt qu NC.
C cc loi sai s :
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CU HI
CU TR LI S B
VN KHOA HC
GI THUYT KH
LUN IM KH
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NI DUNG BN CNG
1. t vn
3. Kt qu NC v Bn lun
4. Kt lun, khuyn ngh
TRNH BY TRANG BA
B CH QUN C S O TO
TN C S O TO
TN TI
THNH PH - NM
Phn t vn
Nu nhng thng ip g? L do NC (tnh cp
thit: cn im qua mt vi con s, s kin
minh ha), Th hin ci mi ca cng trnh NC,
s, khi qut
Phn sau: cn c vo mc tiu NC m
trnh by, c tham kho cc ti liu trong
v ngoi nc. Cn nu nhng kin thc
cp nht, ch ra nhng thnh cng, nhng
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I TNG V PP NGHIN CU
Y l yu t rt quan trng, gi vai tr
then cht ca bn cng, phn nh cch
thc xem xt v gi quyt vn gm:
1.a im NC:
2.i tng NC
3.PP nghin cu
4. PP thu thp thng tin; cc cng c thu thp
thng tin...
5.Thi gian NC:
D KIN KT QU
1. Lp ra cc bng trng gi nh nhm khi
NC s b sung...
2. D kin cc loi biu , th s dng
3. D kin bn lun: nhng vn ph
thuc vo mc tiu NC
4. D kin kt lun: cc kt lun phi bm,
st mc tiu. c th c 1 hoc nhiu KL.
5. D kin khuyn ngh: khuyn ngh cc NC
tip theo l cn thit
6. K hoch NC, phng tin vt lc...
Quy nh:
1. Ting vit trc; ting nc ngoi sau;
2. nh s t 1 n ht theo thc t A,B,C
trn.
M U
BI
BO
IU
TRA
N
GIN
LUN C 1
LUN
CHNG
LUN C 2
LUN C 3
KT LUN
KT LUN CHUNG
LOGO
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