i hc Cng ngh thng tin, HQG HCM

Nhp mn
Cng ngh tri thc

Ni dung mn hc
M u: Gii thiu tng quan
Phn I: Qun l tri thc (knowledge management)
Chng 1: Tip nhn, biu din tri thc

Chng 2: Ti u ha CSTT
Phn II: Cc h CSTT (knowledge-based systems)
Chng 3: Bn trong mt h CSTT

Chng 4: Phn loi cc h CSTT

Chng 5: Mt s h in hnh
Phn III: Khai m d liu v khm ph tri thc (Data mining
and Knowledge Discovery)
Chng 6: My hc & khm ph tri thc.
Chng 7: Khai m d liu.

Tng kt: Tm tt, gii thiu mt s cng trnh ni bt

M u: Gii thiu tng quan

Cng ngh tri thc l g ?

Cng ngh tri thc (Knowledge
Engineering): c th xem l mt
nhnh nghin cu ca tr tu nhn
to, phn tch tri thc lnh vc v
chuyn n thnh nhng m hnh
tnh ton a vo my tnh phc
v nhng nhu cu cn thit. (John
F.Sowa. Knowledge representation:
Logical,
philosophical,
and
Computational
Foundations.
Copyright @2000 by Brooks/Cole. A
division of Thomson Learning)

Cng ngh tri thc l g ? (tt)

Cng ngh tri thc (Knowledge Engineering): l cc phng
php, k thut c nhng k s tri thc (knowledge engineers)
dng xy dng nhng h thng thng minh nh: h chuyn
gia, h c s tri thc, h h tr quyt nh, etc. (Dr Dickson
Lukose. Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer
Science - The University of New England. Dr Rob Kremer
Department of Computer Science The University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4 Canada. Courses: KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEERING, PART A: Knowledge Representation. July
1996)
Cng ngh tri thc l nhng phng php, k thut dng :
Tip nhn, biu din tri thc.
Xy dng cc h c s tri thc
Khm ph tri thc

Khoa hc tri thc (knowledge science)

Vai tr ca cng ngh tri thc

Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng, vt bc ca ngnh
cng nghip my tnh, nhu cu ca ngi dng i vi my
tnh ngy mt cao hn: khng ch gii quyt nhng cng vic
lu tr, tnh ton bnh thng, ngi dng cn mong i my
tnh c kh nng thng minh hn, c th gii quyt vn nh
con ngi. V t tr tu nhn to ni chung v c bit l
cng ngh tri thc ra i v pht trin
Cng ngh tri thc ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong
vic pht trin Cng ngh thng tin, nng cao s hu dng ca
my tnh, gip con ngi gn gi vi my tnh hn.
Cng ngh tri thc cn gp phn thc y nhiu ngnh khoa
hc khc pht trin, kh nng pht trin khoa hc da trn tri
thc lin ngnh

Cc lnh vc trong thng minh nhn to (AI)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ROBOTICS

NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
KNOWLEDGE - BASED
SYSTEMS
EXPERT SYSTEMS

MACHINE LEARNING

p dng cc khi nim ca AI vo my tnh

Inputs

(questions,
problems, ..)

KNOWLEDGE

INFERENCING

BASE

CAPABILITY

Mt trong nhng mc tiu quan

trng ca lnh vc nghin cu ny
l lm cho my tnh c kh nng
tip nhn, gii quyt vn ging
nh con ngi, thm ch hn c
con ngi (my tnh IBM Deep
Blue chin thng vua c
Kasparov).

Outputs
(answers,
solutions, ..)

Hng nghin cu, pht trin cng ngh tri thc

inputs

TIP NHN, BIU DIN,

TI U HA CSTT

MY TNH

CC H
C S TRI THC

Outputs

KHAI THC D LIU,

KHM PH TRI THC

Qun l tri thc (knowledge management): bao gm tip nhn, biu din v ti
u ha c s tri thc
Cc h c s tri thc (knowledge-based systems): tm hiu cu trc bn trong
ca mt h c s tri thc, phn loi cc h c s tri thc, v mt s h c s tri
thc in hnh.
khai m d liu, khm ph tri thc (Data mining, knowledge discovery):
nghin cu v phng php, k thut khai m d liu v khm ph tri thc.

a tri thc vo my tnh

Nhn thc

Tip nhn, biu din v ti u ha

c s tri thc

Suy lun

ng c suy din

Phn ng

Phn ng, tr li

Tnh cm

B x l tnh cm ?

Qun l tri thc: Tip nhn tri thc

C th chia thnh 2 cch tip nhn tri thc nh sau:

Th ng
- Gin tip: nhng tri thc kinh in.
-Trc tip: nhng tri thc kinh nghim (khng kinh in) do
chuyn gia lnh vc a ra.
Ch ng
- i vi nhng tri thc tim n, khng r rng h thng phi
t phn tch, suy din, khm ph c thm tri thc mi

Qun l tri thc: Tip nhn tri thc

Giao tip ngi-my
In: Keyboard, Mouse, sensors, touch-pad,
touchable screen, speech-recognition,
Out: text, graphics, voice,
Con ngi
B x l ngn
ng t nhin

Qun l tri thc: Biu din tri thc

Phng php biu din tri thc
Logic mnh & logic v t

H lut dn
i tng-thuc tnh-gi tr
Mng ng ngha
Frame
Script

Qun l tri thc: Ti u c s tri thc

Ti sao ti u c s tri thc ?
Vn mu thun, trng lp, d tha ny sinh khi tri thc
c tip nhn v biu din trong c s tri thc. V vy i hi
chng ta phi c phng php ti u c s tri thc.
Ty thuc vo cch biu din tri thc, chng ta s c phng
php thch hp ti u c s tri thc.
V d: in hnh cho vn ny l bi ton loi b lut tha trong
c s tri thc lut.

Tng quan h c s tri thc

Tri thc

Tip nhn
tri thc

C s tri thc
(s kin, lut, )

Vng nh
lm vic

ng c suy din
Tm kim

iu khin

Gii thch
B x l
ngn ng
t nhin

Cc h c s tri thc: ng, m, kt hp

H c s tri thc ng: l nhng h c s tri thc c xy
dng vi mt s tri thc lnh vc ban u, v ch nhng tri
thc m thi trong sut qu trnh hot ng hay sut thi
gian sng ca n.
V d: nhng h c s tri thc v kinh dch, nhng h gii
ton, thng l nhng h c s tri thc gii quyt vn

Cc h c s tri thc: ng, m, kt hp (tt)

H c s tri thc m: l nhng h c s tri thc tin tin hn,
n c kh nng b sung tri thc trong qu trnh hot ng,
khm ph.
V d: Nhng h gii ton cho php b sung tri thc trong
qu trnh suy lun (tri thc ban u l nhng tin v mt
s nh l, tri thc b sung l nhng nh l mi, nhng tri
thc heurictis, ); nhng h c s tri thc chn on, d bo
chng hn: h chn on y khoa MYCIN v EMYCIN, nhng
h d bo thi tit, kh hu, ng t,

Cc h c s tri thc: ng, m, kt hp (tt)

H c s tri thc kt hp: bao gm s kt hp gia h ng v
h m, h kt hp gia CSTT v CSDL, h kt hp gia h
CSTT ny vi mt h CSTT khc, Nhng h c s tri thc
kt hp thng pht trin mnh da trn tri thc lin ngnh.

V d: nhng h h tr ra quyt nh trong i sng, kinh t

v khoa hc; (kinh dch, t vi p dng vi i sng; kinh dch,
t vi p dng vi y hc; ); nhng h chn on, d bo di
hi tri thc lin ngnh;

Cc h c s tri thc: phn loi theo phng php biu din

tri thc
Ty thuc vo phng php biu din tri thc m chng ta c
th phn loi cc h c s tri thc
H c s tri thc da trn logic mnh v logic v t

H c s tri thc da trn lut dn

H c s tri thc da trn i tng

H c s tri thc da trn Frame

H c s tri thc da trn mng ng ngha

H CSTT kt hp mt s phng php biu din nu trn.

Cc h c s tri thc: phn loi theo ng dng

H gii quyt vn : thng l h c tnh cht ng, nhng
i khi cng c h mang tnh m.
V d: Nhng h gii ton, thut gii Vng Ho, thut gii
Robinson,
H h tr quyt nh: thng l cc h mang tnh kt hp
(CSDL + tri thc ngnh + hm ton hc + ..), i tng s
dng l cc nh lnh o.

V d: nhng h thng nh gi doanh nghip (tnh hnh ti

chnh, kt qu kinh doanh, qui trnh nghip v, qui trnh sn
xut, tnh chuyn nghip trong qun l, ), nhng h thng
lp k hoch (planning),

Cc h c s tri thc: phn loi theo ng dng (tt)

H d bo, chn on: thng cng ging nh
nhng h h tr ra quyt nh vi tnh ngoi suy
cao hn.
V d: Bi ton chn on hng hc xe, chn
on y khoa, d bo th trng chng khon,
thi tit
H iu khin: l nhng h iu khin c gn vi
CSTT. Nhng h thng ny thng ng dng
trong cng nghip, trong iu khin t ng ha,
thng l nhng h thng thi gian thc (realtime systems). Mt s h thng ny c s dng
kt hp l thuyt m x l.

V d: My git, My bm nc vi b iu
khin m,

My hc v khm ph tri thc

Th no l khm ph tri thc (knowledge discovery) ?
Khm ph tri thc l tm ra nhng tri thc tim n, nhng tri
thc mi (khng phi l nhng tri thc kinh in, kinh nghim, )
Tha d liu, thng tin nhng thiu tri thc.

Tri thc
Mc
tru
tng

Thng tin
D liu
S lng

My hc v khm ph tri thc (tt)

V d: Trong ton hc
D liu: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
Mi lin h ny c th c biu din bng cng thc sau: Un =
Un-1 + Un-2
Cng thc tm ra trn chnh l tri thc
V d: Trong vt l
Cng thc: U = IxR l tri thc rt ra t thc nghim
V d: Chun chun bay thp th ma, bay cao th nng, bay va th
rm
Li nhn xt trn l tri thc rt ra t kinh nghim i sng.

My hc v khm ph tri thc (tt)

Th no l my hc (Learning Machine) ?
My tnh hay chng trnh my tnh c kh nng t hon thin
t kinh nghim.
My hc cn c ngha l vic m hnh ha mi trng xung
quanh hay kh nng mt chng trnh my tnh sinh ra mt cu
trc d liu mi khc vi cu trc hin c. Chng hn vic tm ra
nhng lut Ifthen t tp d liu u vo.

(Krzysztof J. Cios, Witold Pedrycz, Roman W. Swiniarski. Data

Mining Methods for Knowledge Discovery. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1998)

My hc v khm ph tri thc (tt)

Phn loi cc phng php my hc: c nhiu quan im phn loi
khc nhau
Phn loi th:

Hc gim st (supervised learning)

Hc khng gim st (unsupervised learning)
Phn loi theo 2 tiu chun cng lc: cp hc & cch tip
cn
Cp hc:
Hc vt (Rote learning)
Hc theo gii thch (by explanation)
Hc theo v d, trng hp (by examples, cases)
Hc khm ph (by discovering)

My hc v khm ph tri thc (tt)

Cch tip cn:

Tip cn thng k
Tip cn ton t logic
Tip cn hnh hc (phn hoch khng gian, xy
dng cy nh danh, )
Tip cn mng Neural
Tip cn khai m d liu

Nh kho d liu v khai m d liu

To DATA WAREHOUSE = Bin i d liu thnh tri thc ym
tr tin trnh ra quyt nh.

D liu
Khoa hc
Gio dc

Cng ngh
Kinh doanh

To Data Warehouse

Data
warehouse

Th trng
Thi tit

Tri thc ym tr ra quyt

nh

Nh kho d liu v khai m d liu (tt)

DatawareHouse = Business Information + Decision Making

(IBM BPEC96 Conference, San Diego, USA)

S bng n ca cc CSDL ln vt qu kh nng din dch v lnh

hi ca con ngi, pht sinh yu cu sng to cc cng c k thut
mi phn tch d liu mt cch thng minh v t ng nhm
to ra tri thc hu dng h tr tt cho tin trnh ra quyt nh.
(Usama, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1995)

Nh kho d liu v khai m d liu (tt)

Mt s bi ton in hnh v data mining
Bi ton khm ph lut kt hp

Bi ton nhn dng mu

Bi ton phn loi d liu
Bi ton gom nhm d liu
Bi ton lp m hnh
Bi ton d bo

Ti liu tham kho

[1] GS.TSKH Hong Kim. Bi ging cao hc mn hc c s tri thc v ng dng.
HKHTN-TPHCM.
[2] GS.TSKH Hong Kim.Th vin nhng bo co khoa hc, bi thu hoch mn c s tri
thc v ng dng. Cc lp cao hc thuc khoa CNTT- HKHTN. TPHCM.
[3] GS.TSKH Hong Kim, TS. Vn Nhn, Th.s Phc. Gio trnh Cc h c s tri
thc. i Hc Quc Gia TPHCM 2002.
[4] GS.TSKH Hong Kim, Th.s inh Nguyn Anh Dng. Gio trnh Tr tu nhn to. i
Hc Quc Gia TPHCM 2002.
[5] John F.Sowa. Knowledge representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational
Foundations. Copyright @ 2000 by Brooks/Cole. A division of Thomson Learning.
[6] Adrian A.Hopgood. Knowledge-based systems for Engineers and Scientists. The Open
University CRC Press. Boca-Raton Ann-Arbor London Tokyo 1998.
[7] Sharon Wood. Planning and decision making in dynamic domains.Ellis Horwood Series
in Artificial Intelligence - 1998.
[8] Krzysztof J. Cios, Witold Pedrycz, Roman W. Swiniarski. Data Mining Methods for
Knowledge Discovery. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998
[9] Citeseer - Scientific Literature Digital Library. Artificial Intelligencehttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/ - 2003

Th vin s Citeseer
Mt s nghin cu ang c quan tm v AI
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/

- Expert Systems :
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/ExpertSystems/
- Knowledge Representation:
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/KnowledgeRepresentation/
- Natural Language Processing:
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/NaturalLanguageProcessing/
- Optimization:
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/Optimization/
- Planning:
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/Planning/
- Robotics:
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/ArtificialIntelligence/Robotics/