TRNG THPT CHUYN H NI - AMSTERDAM

BNH LC NC DI DNG
S DNG CHT QUANG XC TC TIO2 NANO X L
VI KHUN - H TR NG BO VNG L LT

Lnh vc: Khoa hc mi trng

Nhm tc gi: Nguyn Vn Minh
Nguyn Quc Anh
Nguyn Mnh Dng

NM HC 2012 - 2013

M U
Min trung nm khu vc gia ca t nc, phn ln l gip bin ng.
Min trung l ni c lng ma cao nht c nc, c ni lng ma trung bnh
ln n 5000mm. Hng nm c t 200 - 220 ngy ma cc vng ni, 150 - 170
ngy ma khu vc ng bng duyn hi. Vo ma ma, mi thng c 16 - 24
ngy ma. Nhng t ma ko di nhiu ngy trn din rng thng gy ra l
lt ln.
a hnh pha Ty t H Tnh n Tha Thin - Hu bao gm cc dy ni
cao. Cc dng sng y c dng chy theo hng Ty Bc - ng Nam ra
bin thng c lng sng hp, dc ln, din tch lu vc nh nn vi lng
ma tng i ln trt xung s sinh ra l, ln nhanh v gy lt li cho cc khu
vc ng bng thp pha ng. V d nh Sng Hng - sng B, c cao u
ngun l 1.318m, di trn 100 km v din tch lu vc 2.690km2, chy gn theo
hng Bc Nam ra bin ca Thun An. V ton b din tch lu vc sng
Hng c trn 80% l i ni, khu vc ng bng cn li a phn mc thp
hn so vi mc nc bin, nn hu ht s b ngp khi c l trn bo ng cp 3
(tng ng 3,5m).
Ma ma l Bc Trung B thng xy ra t thng 7 n thng 10,
vng Duyn hi Nam Trung B thng xy ra t thng 10 n thng 12. Nhng
trn l lt ln xy ra min Trung vo cc
nm: 1952, 1964, 1980, 1983, 1990, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003,... C lc xy
ra l chng ln l nh cc t l thng 11, 12 nm 1999; thng 10, 11 nm 2010.
Vi lng ma chim 68 - 75% lng ma trong nm, s pht sinh l lt ln v
gy thit hi sn xut, ti sn, tnh mng c dn, tc ng tiu cc n mi
trng sinh thi.
Min trung gip bin ng, thng xuyn phi hng chu nhng cn bo
ln, gn y nht l bo s 8 Sn Tinh. c tnh thit hi ca cc tnh ny ln
ti hng nghn t ng. Trong , Thi Bnh thit hi 1.400 t ng (d cn 3
huyn cha thng k xong), Nam nh gn 900 t, Hi Phng 400 t ng... H
thng in li v thng tin lin lc cc tnh Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Thanh
Ha, Hi Phng b nh hng nng n, nhiu ni gn nh b nh sp hon ton.
Cn bo gy thit hi ln v ti sn khi git sp 11 nh, tc mi hn 13.000
nh (nng nht l Thi Bnh, Hi Phng v Nam nh); gn 80.000 ha la v
hoa mu b ngp; hn 2.000 mt k b st l, gn 3.000 mt v 10.000 ha nui
trng thy sn b thit hi....
Nhng quan trng nht l trong nhng trn bo, c nhiu ngi thit
mng, mt phn l do thiu nc sch. Bo l lm t lit vic giao thng vn ti,
2

nn kh c th cung cp ngun nc sch cho nhng ngi dn nhng ni b

c lp trong l. Nc th c khp ni nhng li khng th s dng.
Mc tiu ti ca chng ti l thit k mt bnh lc nc c kch thc
nh gn nh mt bnh nc ung thng thng, c th th t trc thng xung
nhng vng b c lp trong thi gian ngn nht. Bnh c kh nng x l cc
ngun nc nhim c, cha cht rn l lng, mu, mi, phn, c t, kim loi
nng, vi sinh thnh nc t tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) phc v vic cung
cp nc sch v nc tinh khit. Bnh c thit k c cu to nhiu phn, mi
phn c chc nng khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch lc nc, ng thi c gi
thnh hp l, ph hp vi vic cu h cho vng bo l min trung.
Mt trong nhng vn ln nht trong x l nc vng l l dit vi
khun, phng trnh dch bnh bng pht, nh hng trc tip ti sc kho con
ngi. Trong khi , TiO2 nano l vt liu c tnh quang xc tc, phn hy cht
hu c v vi khun mnh. ng thi TiO2 nano r, bn, d ch to, ph hp vi
bnh x l nc.

Chng 1. TNG QUAN...................................................................................6

1.1. Cc thng s xc nh nhim nc......................................................6
1.1.1. pH........................................................................................................6
1.1.2. cng...............................................................................................7
1.1.3. c.................................................................................................7
1.1.4. mu................................................................................................7
1.1.5. Hm lng cht rn............................................................................7
1.1.6. Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO Dissolved Oxygen)............................8
1.1.7. Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha (BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand)...8
1.1.8. Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc (COD Chemical Oxygen Demand).........8
1.1.9. Hm lng cc cht............................................................................8
1.2. Vt liu TiO2 nanomet.............................................................................9
1.2.1. Tnh cht quang xc tc......................................................................9
1.2.2. Vt liu TiO2 pha tp.........................................................................10
1.2.3. Hiu sut quang ho.........................................................................11
1.3. Than hot tnh.........................................................................................12
1.3.1. C ch lc nc ca than hot tnh..................................................12
1.3.2. Hiu sut lc.....................................................................................13
1.4. Cationite..................................................................................................13
1.4.1. Trao i ion - nha trao i ion.......................................................13
1.4.2. Cationite............................................................................................14
Chng 2. THC NGHIM...........................................................................16
2.1. Ch to vt liu TiO2 pha tp Ni..........................................................16
2.1.1. Th nghim ch to mu TiO2 pha tap Ni..........................................16
2.1.2. Cc k thut o kho st tnh cht ca vt liu TiO2 pha tp Ni.......22
2.2. Thit k bnh lc nc............................................................................22
2.3. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano...........................24
2.3.1. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano ln 1...............24
2.3.2. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano ln 2...............25
4

2.4. Th nghim kh nng x l ca than hot tnh v cationite...............26

2.4.1. Th nghim lp than hot tnh..........................................................26
2.4.2. Th nghim lp cationite..................................................................27
2.4.3. Th nghim kt hp lp than hot tnh v lp cationite...................27
Chng 3. KT QU V THO LUN.......................................................28
3.1. Kt qu o mu 2....................................................................................28
3.1.1. Kt qu nhiu x tia X.......................................................................28
3.1.2. Kt qu o ph hp th.....................................................................29
3.1.3. K hoch khc phc..........................................................................30
3.2. Kt qu o mu 3....................................................................................30
3.2.1. Kt qu nhiu x tia X.......................................................................31
3.2.2. Kt qu o ph hp th.....................................................................32
3.3. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano..............................................33
3.3.1. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano ln 1..................................33
3.3.2. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano ln 2..................................35
3.4. Kt qu x l nc bng than hot tnh v cationite..........................36
3.5. Hng nghin cu tip theo..................................................................37
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................38

Chng 1. TNG QUAN

1.1. Cc thng s xc nh nhim nc
Nc vng l lt b nhim nng. Ngun gy nhim ch yu do phn,
rc, nc thi, bi thu gom, tp kt x l cht thi rn, kho cha ha cht, kho
cha thuc bo v thc vt... b cun chung vo ngun nc. Cc cng trnh x
l nc thi, h thng thot nc thi b ph hy lm cho phn, rc, nc thi
tn ng t cc nh v sinh, h thng cng rnh, chung tri chn nui trn trc
tip ra mi trng. x l nc vng l thnh nc sch, cn phi x l
ngun nc mt nhim c, cht rn l lng, mu, mi, phn, c t, kim loi
nng, vi sinh thnh nc t tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) phc v vic cung
cp nc sch v nc tinh khit cho sinh hot n ung v mc ch y t.
Da vo tiu chun quc gia TCVN hoc cc tiu chun quc t ngi ta
quy nh cho cc loi nc nhng tiu chun, cc thng s cn gim st (loi A
v B).
Nc ngun phi gim st cc thng s nh pH, trong, cng,
mu, c, hm lng oxy ha tan, Fe, Mn v kim loi nng.
Nc qua s dng phi gim st: pH, kim, acid, COD, BOD, N,
P, S, cc ha cht, du m v kim loi nng.
Cc tiu chun cng c quy nh theo hai loi nc ni trn.
1.1.1. pH
Nc trung tnh c pH = 7; nu pH < 7 l c tnh acid, pH > 7 tnh
kim. Nc ngm thng c pH = 4-5; nc thi c pH dao ng nhiu, c bit
trong cc qu trnh keo t, kh trng, kh st, lm mm nc, chng n mn.
pH l ch tiu rt cn thit cho php xc nh phng php x l nc thch hp.
acid t nhin l do CO2 hoc acid v c gy ra, c th n mn kim
loi. CO2 l do hp th t khng kh hoc t hot ng oxy ha sinh hc cc
cht hu c. Acid v c thng c trong nc ngm khi chy qua cc vng m
hoc cc lp khong cht, thng thy di dng hp cht lu hunh.
kim t nhin l do 3 nhm ion OH-, CO32- v HCO3- to nn. Mt
s mui nh borat, silicat lm tng kim. Vi acid hu c kh bn vi cht
oxy ha sinh hc nh humix; cc mui ca chng gy tng kim; tiu th
CO2 lm tng pH. kim cao gy nh hng xu n i sng vi sinh vt.
Ni chung cn gim st kim c bin php lm mm nc hoc to dung
dch m.

1.1.2. cng
Thng c hai loi l nc cng v nc mm.
Nc cng khng to bt x bng, d kt ta do cc ion ha tr 2 nh Ca+
+, Mg++ hoc Fe++, Mn++, Zn++. Thng ch yu do Ca++ v Mg++. Gim
st cng qua hm lng CaCO3 quy i. Nc mm c CaCO3 < 50 mg/l.
Nhn chung nc cng khng c hi nhng nh hng khng tt n sinh hot
v cng nghip v khng c bt, git lu sch, hp th Ca, Mg lm cho vi mau
mc, dn hoc to thnh mng cng trn thnh ng, ni hi ... d gy n.
1.1.3. c
c l do cc ht rn l lng, cc cht hu c phn r hoc do ng
thc vt cht gy nn. c lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng vo nc,
gim quang hp v c bit gim tnh thm m. Cc ht rn c th mang theo vi
sinh vt v mm bnh.
Gim st c thng qua hm lng SiO2 trong 1 lt nc. n v
c l 1 mg SiO2/lt nc.
1.1.4. mu
Nc t nhin khng c mu; mu l do cc cht nh mn, vn cht
hu c (xc thc vt phn hy), cc ht l lng v c, cc tanin, acid humic
phn hy, thng c ngun gc t nc thi cng nghip c bit l giy, bng,
nhum ... hoc do Fe, c mu nu c trng.
Ngi ta phn bit mu thc v mu biu kin. Mu thc l do cc dng
hu c, thc vt dng keo, kh x l v d mn humic c mu vng; thy sinh,
rong to c mu xanh. Mu biu kin l do cc ht rn v c c mu, x l n
gin hn.
Nc thi cng nghip thng c mu hn hp va thc, va mu biu
kin. i khi nc c mu khng gy c hi ng k cho sinh vt nhng lm
gim v thm m hoc lm gim phm cht trong ch bin thc phm, cng
nghip nhum ...
1.1.5. Hm lng cht rn
Cc cht rn bao gm cc cht v c ha tan (cc mui) hoc khng ha
tan (t dng huyn ph) v cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt (k c ng vt
nguyn sinh v to), cc cht hu c tng hp (phn bn, cht thi). Ngi ta
thng gim st hm lng cht rn qua cc thng s sau:
Tng cht rn (TS) l trng lng kh (mg/l) ca phn cn li sau khi bay
hi 1 lt nc, sy kh 103oC.
Cht rn l lng (SS) l trng lng kh phn rn cn li trn giy lc si
thy tinh 1 lt nc, sy kh 103-105oC.
Cht rn ha tan (DS) l hiu s (TS SS) = DS.
7

1.1.6. Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO Dissolved Oxygen)

Tt c cc sinh vt hiu kh u cn O2 cho h hp. ng vt trn cn s
dng O2 ca khng kh (khong 21% trong kh quyn), ng vt di nc s
dng O2 ha tan (trung bnh 4 mg/l); O2 ha tan c nhiu hn trn phn nc
mt, hoc vng c thc vt xanh. Hm lng O2 ha tan ph thuc vo p
sut ring phn O2 trong khng kh; vo nhit nc v quang hp, vo hm
lng mui trong nc. O2 ha tan gim l du hiu nhim nc. Khi hm
lng O2 ha tan gn bng 0 th nc nhim nng. Nc sch th O2 bo ha.
toC = 0oC; p = 1 atm th DO = 14,6 mg/l
toC = 20oC; p = 1 atm th DO = 9,2 mg/l
toC = 35oC; p = 1 atm th DO = 7 mg/l
1.1.7. Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha (BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
l lng O2 cn thit vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh oxy ha sinh
ha cc cht hu c b phn hy. n v l mg O2/l. Ch s BOD cao th
nhim nng.
Nc sch th BOD < 2 mg O2/l
Nc thi sinh hot thng c BOD = 80-240 mg O2/l
Thng thng phi c thi gian di khong 20 ngy th 80-90% lng
cht hu c mi b oxy ha ht. Ngi ta quy c 5 ngy v vy gi l
BOD5.
1.1.8. Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc (COD Chemical Oxygen Demand)
l lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ha ha hc cc cht hu c
to thnh CO2 v nc. V BOD khng tnh n cc cht hu c bn vng vn
khng b oxy ha sinh ha, cn COD th c tc dng vi mi cht hu c, nn
COD c coi l c trng hn trong gim st nhim nc. Nc thi nhim
c t l BOD/COD l 0,7 - 0,5.
1.1.9. Hm lng cc cht
Sulfat SO42- nh hng n s to thnh H2S gy mi kh chu, rt c
cho c; gy cn cng thnh ni hi, ni nu nc, lm mn kim loi, gy bnh
tiu chy.
Nit v hp cht nit: Ch yu bt ngun t qu trnh phn hy cht hu
c do vi sinh vt. Nitrit NO2 l giai on trung gian trong qu trnh m ha.
Nitrat NO3 l giai on oxy ha cao nht cng l giai on sau cng ca oxy
ha sinh hc.
Phosphat PO43-: l ngun dinh dng gip sinh vt v h sinh thi
nc pht trin. Nhng nu nhiu qu s sinh ra thiu O2 to nn hin tng thi
ra.
Cc kim loi v kim loi nng: Cc kim loi thng c lu gim st
bi tnh c hi v tc ng gy nhim ca chng nh: ng, st, mangan,
km, ch, crom, nhm,..
8

1.2. Vt liu TiO2 nanomet

1.2.1. Tnh cht quang xc tc
Hin tng quang in trong: Khi bn dn c chiu bng chm nh
sang c bc song thch hp, th mt s lectron lin kt trong bn dn c th
bt ra khi cc nguyn t bn dn v chuyn ng t do trong khi bn dn .
ng thi c mt s lng nh vy cc l trng c to ra v tham gia vo qu
trnh dn in.
Nm 1930, khi nim quang xc tc ra i. Trong ho hc n dng ni
n nhng phn ng xy ra di tc dng ng thi ca nh sng v cht xc
tc, hay ni cch khc, nh sng chnh l nhn t kch hot cht xc tc, gip
cho phn ng xy ra. Khi c s kch thch ca nh sng c nng lng ln hn
nng lng vng cm, mt s lectron lin kt trong vng ha tr c th bt ra
khi cc nguyn t bn dn v chuyn ln vng dn thnh cc in t t do
trong khi bn dn , trong cht bn dn s to ra cp in t - l trng (e-/h+).
Cp in t - l trng khuch tn ra b mt, phn ng vi H2O v O2 to ra
cc gc c kh nng oxy ha kh cc cht hu c. Cc cht hu c c hp
ph b mt b oxy ha thnh CO2 v H2O.
TiO2(h+) + H2O
TiO2(e-) + O2

OH* + H+ + TiO2
TiO2 + O2-

1 vt c kh nng xc tc quang cn c hot tnh quang ha v c

rng vng cm thch hp hp th nh sang t ngoi hoc nh sng nhn thy.
Vt liu Titan Dioxide (TiO2) cho thy c trin vng:
9

- Kh nng oxy ha mnh ca l trng c sn sinh bi photon khi hp

th nh sng c bc sng ngn hn 380nm (vng nh sng t ngoi, UV)
- TiO2 l cht tr v mt ha hc v sinh hc, do m 1 lng d TiO2
cn li sau qu trnh x l cc cht nhim mi trng khng gy tc ng xu
n sinh quyn v sc khe con ngi.
- Khng cn cc cht ph gia ha hc
- TiO2 bn, khng b n mn quang hc v ha hc, do vic s dng
mang li hiu qu cao.
- Cht xc tc quang c th c ti to cho vic ti s dng
- Hiu sut phn hy cao ti nhit phng

TiO2 anatase c nng lng vng cm l 3,2 eV, tng ng vi mt

lng t nh sng c bc sng 388 nm. TiO2 rutile c nng lng vng cm l
3,0 eV tng ng vi mt lng t nh sng c bc sng = 413 nm.
1.2.2. Vt liu TiO2 pha tp
Vi rng vng cm khong 3.2eV - 3.8eV, vt liu TiO2 ch c th cho hiu
ng quang xc tc trong vng nh sng UV. Tuy nhin, hiu sut quang xc tc
ngoi tri thp do bc x UV ch chim khong 5% nng lng Mt Tri. s
dng nng lng Mt Tri mt cch hiu qu hn, cn m rng ph hp thu ca
TiO2 vo vng nh sng kh kin (loi bc x chim n 45% nng lng mt
tri). ch to vt liu c tnh nng quang xc tc tt trong vng nh sng kh
kin trn nn vt liu TiO2, cho n nay c bn phng php ch yu c
ngh l:
10

(1) pha tp ion kim loi chuyn tip ( to nhng trng thi trung gian
trong vng cm TiO2)
(2) gn kt cht nhy quang (ng vai tr l cht hu c c kh nng hp
th nh sng kh kin)
(3) thnh lp TiOx (to trng thi khuyt oxygen (O) nh x trn mc
nng lng trong khong 0.75eV 1.18 eV di vng dn)
(4) pha tp cc anion ca C, N, F, P hoc S ( thay th O trong tinh th
anatase TiO2).
Tuy nhin, 2 phng php (2), (3) u khng bn nhit, lp li quang
xc tc km, hoc lm tng nng tm ti hp. Trong khi , phng php (1),
(4) c cho l hiu dng nht do c kh nng thnh lp mc tp mi gn vng
ha tr.
Trong d n ca nhm, chng ti quyt nh pha tp TiO2 vi Ni
gim rng vng cm.
1.2.3. Hiu sut quang ho
-Kch thc: Mt trong nhng gii hn chnh ca qu trnh quang ho xc
tc l gi tr hiu sut lng t tng i thp do s ti hp ca cc cp e-/h+
trc khi chng tham gia cc phn ng oxy ho kh vi c cht. Nhm t c
hiu qu quang ho cao, cn thit phi hn ch cc qu trnh ti hp ca cc cp
e-/h+. Cc yu t quan trng nh hng n hiu sut lng t l kch thc ht,
cu trc v mc tinh th ho ca TiO2.
-nh sng: Hiu ng quang xc tc trn b mt mng TiO2 khng ph
thuc vo cng nh sng kch thch m ch ph thuc vo bc sng ca
nh sng kch thch hay nng lng photon. Nh vy, nhng chm nh sng
kch thch c cng chiu sng yu nhng nng lng photon ln u c
kh nng gy ra hiu ng quang xc tc . iu ny c ngha l, nh sng n
hunh quang trong phng (c cha khong 4% bc x UV) cng c th gy ra
c hiu ng quang xc tc. Trong quang xc tc nh TiO2, yu cu cn thit
l vt liu sau khi c ch to phi hp th tt nh sng UV. Tng t vi
quang xc tc nh TiO2 pha tp Ni, vt liu sau khi ch to cng phi c kh
nng hp th tt nh sng v ng kh kin. iu ny ch t c khi b hp th
ca mng sau khi ch to nm trong vng t ngoi hoc kh kin.
Ngoi cc yu t trn, cn mt s cc yu t khc cng nh hng n kh
nng quang xc tc ca vt liu nh: cht ph gia, nhit , khi lng xc tc,
din tch hiu dng b mt ,

11

1.3. Than hot tnh

Than hot tnh c kh nng loi b hng trm hp cht ha hc c th
gy hi cho con ngi, c cng dng kh mi, mu, cn, ha cht v c v hu
c,...
1.3.1. C ch lc nc ca than hot tnh
Than hot tnh lc nc thng qua hai qu trnh song song:
1. Lc c hc, gi li cc ht cn bng nhng l nh,
2. Hp th cc tp cht ha tan trong nc bng c
ch hp th b mt hoc trao i ion.
Than hot tnh l mt cht liu xp, c rt
nhiu l ln nh. Di knh hin vi in t, mt ht
than trng ging nh mt t kin. V th, din tch
tip xc b mt ca n rt rng hp th tp cht.
(Ty theo nguyn liu gc, tng din tch b mt ca
1/2kg than hot tnh cn rng hn c mt sn bng ).

Than hot tnh

kt cu khi c

12

1.3.2. Hiu sut lc

Hiu sut lc s ty thuc ch yu vo nhng yu t:
1) Tnh cht vt l ca Than hot tnh, nh kt cu, kch thc, mt l,
din tch tip xc
2) Tnh cht l ha ca cc loi tp cht cn loi b
3) Thi gian tip xc ca nc vi than hot tnh cng lu, vic hp th
cng tt.
Than hot tnh ch c tc dng vi mt lng nc nht nh. Sau khi lc
c mt khi lng nc theo ch nh ca nh sn xut, than s khng cn
kh nng hp ph na (no/ bo ha).
1.4. Cationite
1.4.1. Trao i ion - nha trao i ion
kim sot tinh khit v pH ca nc bng cch loi b cc ion
khng mong mun v thay th chng bng cc ion khc c th chp nhn c.
C th, l s trao i ion gia mt cht rn ( nha trao i ) vi mt cht
lng, y ch yu l nc ung v nc cp thm ch s dng rong x l
nc thi, v d nc thi ngnh xi m. Trao i ion l qu trnh trao i qua li
gia ion trong cht lng v nha trao i. Qu trnh ny thng c s dng
loi b cc ion khng mong mun t cht lng v thay th bng cc ion khc
c th chp nhn c nha trao i. Cc thit b trao i ion cng thng
c gi l thit b kh khong.
C hai loi nha trao i ion chnh, l nha Cation nha trao i ion
dng thng gp l Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, H+, v nha Anion nha trao i ion
m bao gm Cl-, SO42-, OH-.
Theo ha hc, c hai loi nha u thuc v mt nhm hp cht gi l
polymer, l nhng phn t cc ln hnh thnh bi s kt hp nhiu phn t ca
mt hoc hai hp cht vi cu trc lp i lp li to thnh mt chui di.
Theo l hc, nha trao i ion l cc dng ht nh, c gi l ht nha
vi ng knh trung bnh khong 0.5 mm. Loi nha ny c m, trong sut
mu h phch, khng tan trong nc, acid v bazo.

13

1.4.2. Cationite

Phng php s dng cationit (nha trao i cation) c dng ph bin

nht v c gi thnh r k c chi ph u t ln chi ph vn hnh.
Nguyn l ca phng php s dng cationit:
a nc qua 1 vt liu cha cc ion dng hot ng mnh hn Ca 2+ v
Mg2+, vt liu ny s hp th cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong nc v nh ra cc ion
mnh hn kia, do to ra cc hp cht carbonat khng kt ta. Thng thng
ngi ta dng 2 loi cationit l Na-Cationit v H-Cationit tng ng vi cc ion
l Na+ v H+ v cc hp cht to ra tng ng l Na2CO3 v H2CO3 (H2CO3 s b
phn tch ngay thnh H2O v CO2).
Khi cc Cationit ht kh nng trao i, ngi ta phi "hon nguyn"
tc l phc hi li cc ion dng cho n. i vi Na-Cationit ngi ta dng
mui n NaCl, i vi H-Cationit ngi ta dng axit.
Thit b trao i Na-Cationit thng thng c th h cng ca nc
xung n di 10 ppm, nu c thit k c bit c th h xung di 2
ppm. Mi lt ht Na-Cationit c kh nng trao i khong t 2-6 gam ng
lng ty loi, tc l c th lm h cng t 300 n 1000 lt nc c
cng 6 mgdl/lt (300 ppm hay 16,8 dH) xung 0 trc khi phi hon nguyn.
H-Cationit c kh nng trao i mnh hn Na-Cationit v cng trit
hn v n loi b hon ton gc carbonat ra khi nc. Tuy nhin n c gi
thnh cao hn nhiu ln, chi ph vn hnh cng cao hn (axit t hn mui n)
v yu cu vn hnh cng nghim ngt hn do phi dng axit nn t c s
dng.
Ngoi cch trao i ion dng ngi ta cn dng c trao i ion m (cht
trao i gi l Anionit) loi b cc ion HCO 3- ra khi nc. Phng php
ny thng ch c s dng trong cc nh my nhit in, h dng c
Na-Cationit, H-Cationit v Anionit ni tip nhau trong 1 h thng.

14

Qu trnh trao i vi cationit

RSO3H + Na+ + Cl- RSO3Na+ + H+ + Cl2RSO3H + Ca2+ + 2Cl- (RSO3)2Ca + 2H+ + 2Clhoc
RCOOH + Na+ + OH- RCOONa + H2O
C th xem y l qu trnh ho hc d th (lng-rn). Mc ion ho
ph thuc bn cht ho hc ca nhm hot ng, tnh cht dung dch bn ngoi
V d: Nhm sunlfur: ion ho tt trong mi trng acid
-COOH, OH: trong mi trng acid ion ho km hn
Cationit acid mnh: mc phn ly khng ph thuc pH
Cationit acid yu: thay i dung tch trao i theo pH
Mt c im khc: khi cationit trao i t n bo ho vi cation ny,
th c th trao i vi cation khc.
R-H+ + NaCl R-Na + H+ + Cl2R-Na + CaSO4 (R)2Ca + Na+ + SO42Sau khi bo ho, cationit c ti sinh bng acid
R-SONa + H+ R-SO3H+ + Na+
(R-SO3)2Ca + 2H+ 2R-SO3H + Ca2+

15

Chng 2. THC NGHIM

Vi mc ch nghin cu cu trc tinh th v tnh cht quang ca vt liu
TiO2 pha tp N, chng ti tin hnh ch to mu, thc hin mt s php o kho
st cu trc tinh th v tnh cht quang ca mu nghin cu. Chi tit ni dung
trn s c trnh by di y.
2.1. Ch to vt liu TiO2 pha tp Ni
2.1.1. Th nghim ch to mu TiO2 pha tap Ni
H vt liu TiO2 dng sol c ch c ch to bng phng php sol-gel
to phc. Phng php ny n gin, linh hot v r tin. Thit b ch to v
cc ha cht c s dng nh sau:
Thit b ha hc bao gm: Cn in t, buret in t, bp khuy t
nhit in t, con t, cc chu nhit, cc loi pipet, my ly tm, ng
ly tm, t sy, thuyn s(cha mu dng nung), l nung vung.
Tt c cc dng c trc tip tip xc vi ho cht u c ra sch,
trng bng nc ct v cn, sy kh.
Ho cht:
Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate (TTIP): Ti(i-OC3H7)4, 284.22g/mol, 98%,
MERCK
Axetylaxetone (ACT): C5H8O2, 100.10g/mol, 96.3%, TQ
Isopropanol (IPA): 2-C3H7OH, 60.10g/mol, 99.7%, TQ
Nitric acid : HNO3, 63.01g/mol, 65->68%, TQ
Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate: Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, 290.79g/mol, 98%
Vi thit b phn ng, ha cht v phng th nghim cha hp sch.
Nc c dung trong th nghim l nc ct hai ln.

16

2.1.1.1.Quy trnh thc nghim

Ln 1: S Quy trnh thc nghim ln 1 - Mu 1

Ngy 9/10:
Cn 0.1515g Ni(NO3)2.6H2O ri cho vo cc ng 20ml H2O (ong
bng buret in t) khuy nhanh.
Chun b mt cc th nghim sch. Cho khuy t vo cc v a ln
bp khuy t. Ly 16.8ml ACT cho vo cc bng pipet 1ml, tt c
cc ho cht khng nh trc tip vo khuy t. Khuy tc
220rpm. Ly 5ml TTIP cho vo nhanh. Khuy hn hp vi tc
trn nhit 30oC trong 30 pht.
Ly 65ml IPA cho vo cc. Cho tip 2 ml HNO3 vo. Khuy hn hp
80oC trong 30 pht.
Cho dung dch Ni(NO3)2 pha vo hn hp trn, bc ming cc.
Khuy 65oC trong 2h30.
17

 Thu li mu trn v bo qun nhit phng

Ngy 10/10:
Ly mu, a ln my khuy t, chnh tc ln 220rpm.
Cho thm nc, thy xut hin rt t kt ta.
a mu c kt ta vo trong ng ly tm ri ly tm trong 3 pht tc
6000rpm. KHNG THY XUT HIN THM KT TA.
Th nghim ln 1 tht bi
L do: Do lng dung dch v axit trong cc qu nhiu nn khng cn
th tch thm nc a dung dch v trng thi trung ha to kt
ta Ti(OH)4
Rt kinh nghim: Thay i quy trnh thc nghim, khng a dung dch
v trng thi trung ha na

18

Ln 2: S Quy trnh thc nghim ln 2 - Mu 2

Ngy 26/10:

Cn 0.1515g Ni(NO3)2.6H2O ri cho vo cc ng 20ml H2O (ong

bng buret in t) khuy nhanh.
Chun b mt cc th nghim sch. Cho khuy t vo cc v a ln
bp khuy t. Ly 16.8ml ACT cho vo cc bng pipet 1ml, tt c
cc ho cht khng nh trc tip vo khuy t. Khuy tc
220rpm. Ly 5ml TTIP cho vo nhanh. Khuy hn hp vi tc
trn nhit 30oC trong 30 pht.
Ly 65ml IPA cho vo cc. Cho tip 2 ml HNO3 vo. Khuy hn hp
80oC trong 30 pht.
Cho dung dch Ni(NO3)2 pha vo hn hp trn, bc ming cc.
Khuy 65oC trong 1h30.
Thu li mu trn v bo qun nhit phng
19

Ngy 27/10:
Ly mu ca ngy hm trc tip tc lm th nghim.
Gia nhit cho hn hp ti 110oC n khi gn cn.
Cho mu vo t sy bo qun 90oC
Ngy 30/10:
Ly mu t trong t sy ra, ngui
Thu bt t trong cc, nghin nh
Cho bt vo thuyn s, cho vo l nung vung, nung 400oC trong
3h.
Thu mu, ngui, bo qun bng cch bc giy nilon, nhit
phng.
Ln 3: S Quy trnh thc nghim ging ln 2 - Mu 3
Cn 1.4377g Ni(NO3)2.6H2O ri cho vo cc ng 20ml H2O (ong
bng buret in t) khuy nhanh.(Trong ln 3 ny ch tp trung vo
tang nng pha tp TiO2)
Chun b mt cc th nghim sch. Cho khuy t vo cc v a ln
bp khuy t. Ly 16.8ml ACT cho vo cc bng pipet 1ml, tt c
cc ho cht khng nh trc tip vo khuy t. Khuy tc
220rpm. Ly 5ml TTIP cho vo nhanh. Khuy hn hp vi tc
trn nhit 30oC trong 30 pht.
Ly 65ml IPA cho vo cc. Cho tip 2 ml HNO3 vo. Khuy hn hp
80oC trong 30 pht.
Cho dung dch Ni(NO3)2 pha vo hn hp trn, bc ming cc.
Khuy 65oC trong 1h30.
Ly mu ca ngy hm trc tip tc lm th nghim.
Gia nhit cho hn hp ti 110oC n khi gn cn.
Cho mu vo t sy bo qun 90oC
Ly mu t trong t sy ra, ngui
Thu bt t trong cc, nghin nh
Cho bt vo thuyn s, cho vo l nung vung, nung 400oC trong
3h.
Thu mu, ngui, bo qun bng cch bc giy nilon, nhit
phng.

20

2.1.1.2.Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong quy trnh thc nghim

Khi TTIP c ha tan trong IPA v nc kh ion cc phn ng ha
hc sau s xy ra:
Phn ng thy phn:
Ti(i-OC3H7)4 + H2O HO-Ti(i-OC3H7)4 + i-OC3H7
Phn ng ngng t:
Loi nc:
Loi ancol:
Cc phn ng thy phn ngng t ca TPOT trong dung dch c xu
hng dn n s to thnh kt ta ca titan oxo polymer. V vy, phi iu
khin tc cc phn ng sao cho cc polyme ny tn ti di dng dung dch
hoc gel. S iu khin ny c th t c d dng bng cch thm cc cht
axit v phi t phc nhm c ch qu trnh ngng t tc l ngn cn s hnh
thnh kt ta v s pht trin ca kch thc ht.
nh hng ca xc tc n qu trnh thy phn v ngng t
Ti(i-OC3H7)4 c tc thy phn nhanh nn axit HNO3 v axetylaxetone
(ACT) ng vai tr l cht km hm trong cc phn ng thy phn- ngng t.
Ngoi ra ACT cn c kh nng to phc vi tin cht ca Ti. Phn ng xy ra
nh sau:
Ti(i-OC3H7)4 + x acacH Ti(i-OC3H7)4-x(acac)x + x i- C3H7OH
Vi x = 0,12, tt c cc phi t ca axetylaxetone lin kt ht vi
cc nguyn t Ti trong tin cht. Kt qu ny ch ra rng c s chuyn i trong
cu phi v ca Ti. S chuyn i ny c th c m t nh sau:
2Ti(i-OC3H7)3(acac) Ti(i-OC3 H7)2(acac)2 + Ti(i-OC3H7)4
Cc phi t phc axetylaxetone c kch thc phn t ln lm gim
tnh hot ng ca Ti(i-OC3H7)4-x(acac)x (x = 1 v 2). Ngoi ra axetylaxetone
cn c tc dng ngn cn s keo t v lng ng ca cc ht sol hnh thnh
trong qu trnh phn ng. Cc phi t phc axetylaxetone cho vo hn hp
phn ng c hai tc dng: lm cho qu trnh phn ng din ra chm hn v trnh
hin tng keo t ca h keo khi ch to v bo qun.
nh hng ca t l nc / tin cht v ACT / tin cht n qu trnh thy
phn v ngng t
Cc phn ng thy phn ngng t ca cc tin cht Ti c cha ACT
c iu khin ch yu bi hai thng s: t s thy phn h = H2O/Ti v t s
phc x = acac/Ti. Axetylaxetone lm gim cc lin kt c thy phn ha
21

Ti-acac dn n ngn cn qu trnh ngng t v to thanh cc on mch

ngn hn. S thy phn ca Ti(i-OC3H7)4-x(acac)x c thc hin trong s c
mt ca cc lng nc khc nhau (1 < h < 10) cng vi t s phc hot ng
v nng Ti quyt nh vic to thnh cc m phn t, sol, gel hoc kt
ta.
Vi t s thy phn cao h>1, v khong to phc x = 01, s thy phn
ca tin cht Ti bin th acac cho 3 vng chnh. Sol thu c khi 0,2 x 1.
Sol ny c th tr nn trong sut hoc b gel vn ph thuc v nng Ti. Ta
quan st c kt ta khi t s to phc x < 0,2 v t s thy phn h > 2.
Cc iu kin axit c th ph v cc cu oxo titan v hydoxo titan, v vy
tng cng cc phn ng o. i vi t s thy phn thp (h < 1,7), s thy
phn ca tin cht Ti ([Ti] = 1M) to ra sol trong sut.
Chng ta c th m t ton b qu trnh phn ng nh sau:
Ti(i-OC3H7)4-x(acac)x + (2-x/2)H2O TiO2-x/2(acac)x + (4-x) i- C3H7O
2.1.2. Cc k thut o kho st tnh cht ca vt liu TiO2 pha tp Ni
2.1.2.1. Php o nhiu x tia X (XRD)

Nhiu x tia X l mt phng php quan trng trong vic nghin cu cu

trc vt liu rn. Cc bc sng ca tia X nm trong khong t 1A0 n
50A0.Chng c nng lng ln nn c th xuyn vo cht rn. Khi chiu tia X
vo cc mng tinh th,cc tia X phn x t hai mt cnh nhau giao thoa vi nhau
ta s thu c cc i nhiu x , t tnh c khong cch gia cc mng
li tinh th.
Phng php nhiu x tia X c ng dng nghin cu cu trc ca
vt liu v cho bit khong cch c bn gia cc lp. Cc mu bt c o trn
my Bruker-AXS (Siemens) D5005, ng pht tia CuK, = 1,54064 , gc
qut 2 thay i t 0,5 400, tc 0,010/s ti Khoa Vt L, Trng H Khoa
hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni.
2.1.2.2. Ph hp th UV-VIS

thu c ph hp th ca mu, bc sng nh sng ti s c qut t

vng hng ngoi gn ti vng t ngoi gn (UV-VIS-NIR). Bc sng m ti
cng sng sau khi truyn qua mu thu c l nh nht chnh l bc sng
m hp th ca mu l cc i, bc sng ny l c trng i vi tng mu.
Mu trong th nghim c o trn my UV-VIS-NIR-V670, khong bc sng
200-800 nm, chnh xc bc sng 0.3 nm, bandwidth 1nm ti Khoa Vt l,
Trng i hc S phm H Ni.

22

2.2. Thit k bnh lc nc

Bn v 3D thit k ca bnh lc nc
Cu to ca bnh lc nc gm c: np bnh, li lc, v bnh, np y,
ng bm v bm tay.
Li lc l thnh phn quan trng nht ca thit k ny. Li lc thit k
c hy vng c kh nng lc c mu, mi, v, a s c t ca nc bn
c cho vo.

Cu to s b ca li lc
Cu to li lc (t trong ra ngoi):
Bn knh trong: R1 = 5 mm
Bn knh ngoi: R2 = 36 - 40 mm
Kch tng cc lp c m t chi tit trn
23

Gia cc lp c lp vi lc dy d = 0.2 - 0.5 mm nhm ngn nga

s tht thot cht lc.

24

Lp than hot tnh c tc dng kh mu, mi, a phn cc cht hu c v

kim loi nng.
Lp cationite c tc dng hp th cc ion kim loi nng, ion Mg 2+, Ca2+,
tc nhn ch yu lm nc b cng, lm mm nc cng.
Lp TiO2 l thit k to s khc bit ln nht vi cc thit k bnh lc
nc di ng khc. Lp TiO2 di s chiu sng ca h thng n chiu c kh
nng tiu dit vi khun, virus, cc tc nhn hu c gy bnh nh prion v
viroid. Nhc im duy nht ca TiO2 l x l mt khi lng vi khun,
virus ln v c kch thc nh cn thi gian khong 1 ting. Tuy nhin vi
ngun nc trong t nhin, lng vi khun c kch thc ln chim a s s b
lp carbon hot tnh ngoi cng gi li.
2.3. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano
2.3.1. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano ln 1
Quy trnh th nghim:
Ngy th nht: Chun b dng c:
Mu TiO2 : Ni Nano.
Dung dch nc mui sinh l NaCl 0.85%
My khuy t + Con t
ng ly tm, my ly tm
Pipet
n dy tc 220V-40W (nh sng vng)
Gi
Hp kn
a petri sn thch Agar + que trang
Bnh eclen 100ml
Cc dng c c tit trng trong l hp autoclave
Ngy th hai:
Bc 1: Kh trng bt xc tc, dung dch sinh l, dng c th
nghim.
Bc 2: 19ml NaCl 0.9% vo ln lt 3 bnh eclen 100ml, nh
s I, II, III.
Bc 3: Ln lt cn 15mg TiO2:Ni cho vo cc II, III, khuy
trong 15 pht 220rpm.
Bc 4: Cho 1 ml E.Coli 1,5.107 CFU/ml vo 3 cc, tip tc khuy.
Bc 5: Sau 1 pht dng pipet ly mi cc 1ml cho vo cc ng
ly tm. Cho ly tm 800 rpm trong 1 pht( tch TiO2 ra khi dung dch). Pha
long dung dch 104 ln. Ly 100l trong ng trang ln a petri (mi mu trang
ln 2 a petri) c nh s th t v ghi tn t I0 ti III0. Cc a c em i
ngay 37oC trong 24h
Bc 6: a cc II vo bng ti, chiu sng cc I v III, cc cc
c lin tc khuy trong sut qu trnh thc nghim. C sau mi 30 pht lm
tng t bc 5. Th nghim kt thc khi thi gian chiu sng t 90 pht.
25

Ngy th ba:
m s khun lc trn cc a petri, tnh hiu sut x l E.Coli ca
phn ng quang xc tc.
2.3.2. Th nghim kh nng x l vi khun ca TiO2 nano ln 2
Quy trnh th nghim:
Ngy th nht: Chun b dng c:
Mu TiO2 : Ni Nano.
Dung dch nc mui sinh l NaCl 0.85%
My khuy t + Con t
ng ly tm, my ly tm
Pipet
n compact 220V-20W (nh sng trng)
Gi
Hp kn
a petri sn thch Agar + que trang
Bnh eclen 100ml
Cc dng c c tit trng trong l hp autoclave
Ngy th hai:
Bc 1: Kh trng bt xc tc, dung dch sinh l, dng c th
nghim.
Bc 2: 19ml NaCl 0.9% vo ln lt 3 bnh eclen 100ml, nh
s I, II, III.
Bc 3: Ln lt cn 15mg TiO2:Ni cho vo cc II, III, khuy
trong 15 pht 220rpm.
Bc 4: Cho 1 ml E.Coli 1,5.107 CFU/ml vo 3 cc, tip tc khuy.
Bc 5: Sau 1 pht dng pipet ly mi cc 1ml cho vo cc ng
ly tm. Cho ly tm 800 rpm trong 1 pht( tch TiO2 ra khi dung dch). Pha
long dung dch 104 ln. Ly 100l trong ng trang ln a petri (mi mu trang
ln 2 a petri) c nh s th t v ghi tn t I0 ti III0. Cc a c em i
ngay 37oC trong 24h
Bc 6: a cc II vo bng ti, chiu sng cc I v III, cc cc
c lin tc khuy trong sut qu trnh thc nghim. C sau mi 30 pht lm
tng t bc 5. Th nghim kt thc khi thi gian chiu sng t 90 pht.
Ngy th ba:
m s khun lc trn cc a petri, tnh hiu sut x l E.Coli ca
phn ng quang xc tc.

26

2.4. Th nghim kh nng x l ca than hot tnh v cationite

Dng c:
- ng kim tim 50ml (m phng ng lc nc)
- Than hot tnh
- Cationite
- Nc sng Hng
- Giy lc, bng
2.4.1. Th nghim lp than hot tnh

Lp than hot tnh 2 mu nc trc v sau khi lc bng lp than hot

tnh ( mu 1 bn phi)
- Ly 2l nc sng Hng gi l mu 1
- Dng ng kim tim 50ml, xp vo ng 1 lp bng + giy lc, 1 lp than
hot tnh, ri li 1 lp bng+ giy lc c nh lp than hot tnh.
- dn nc sng Hng vo ng, n xi-lanh xung, tip tc cho n khi
ly 2l nc gi l mu 2.
Mang 2 mu nc i o cc ch s COD, BOD, ch s kim loi nng
th nghim lp than hot tnh.

27

2.4.2. Th nghim lp cationite

Lp cationite
- Ly 500ml mu nc u vi gi l mu 3
- Dng ng kim tim 50ml, xp vo ng 1 lp bng + giy lc, 1
cationite, ri li 1 lp bng+ giy lc c nh lp cationite.
- dn nc sng Hng vo ng, n xi-lanh xung, tip tc cho n khi
ly 2l nc gi l mu 4.
Mang 2 mu nc i o cng th nghim lp cationite.
2.4.3. Th nghim kt hp lp than hot tnh v lp cationite
- Dng ng kim tim 50ml, xp vo ng 1 lp bng + giy lc, 1 lp than
hot tnh, ri li 1 lp bng+ giy lc, 1 lp cationite, ri 1 lp bng+ giy lc
na c nh lp than hot tnh v lp cationite.
- dn nc sng Hng vo ng, n xi-lanh xung, tip tc cho n khi
ly 2l nc gi l mu 5.
Mang mu 5 i o ri i chiu vi kt qu mu 1 kim tra kh nng
lc ca c 2 lp.

28

Chng 3. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. Kt qu o mu 2
3.1.1. Kt qu nhiu x tia X
Hnh sau trnh by gin nhiu x tia X ca mu v TiO 2:0.03 Ni. Mu
to c c cc nh nhiu x cc gc 2 = 25.3, 37.9, 48.1, 54.0, 55.0, v
62.8O, tng ng vi cc i nhiu x ca cc mt phng mng <101>, <004>,
<200>, <105>, <211>, <118> ca pha anatase. R rng, mu to c hon ton
n pha anatase v khng c s bin i cu trc do pha tp Ni vo mng tinh
th.
VNU-HN-SIEMENS D5005 - Mau TiO2 - Ni

250
240

d=3.513

230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160

140
130
120
110

70
60

d=1.4786

80

d=1.6970
d=1.6732

90

d=1.8869

100

d=2.3739

Lin (Cps)

150

50
40
30
20
10
0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2-Theta - Scale
File: Phu-DHSP-TiO2-Ni.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 - End: 70.000 - Step: 0.030 - Step time: 1.0 s - Temp.: 25.0 C (Room) - Anode: Cu - Creation: 11/05/12 11:52:09
21-1272 (*) - Anatase, syn - TiO2 - Y: 89.09 % - d x by: 1.000 - WL: 1.54056

Gin nhiu x tia X ca TiO2 : 0.03 Ni ( o ti Khoa Vt l - H Khoa hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni)

T hnh trn ta thy mu to c hon ton n pha anatase v khng c s

bin i cu trc do pha tp Ni vo mng tinh th v tt c cc nh ph ca cc
mu u m rng. y l h qu ca vic gim kch thc ht. iu cho thy
cc mu u c kch thc ht rt nh. Qua tnh ton, kt qu cho thy cc ht
c kch thc trung bnh nh hn 30nm.
29

3.1.2. Kt qu o ph hp th
Vi mc ch kim tra nh hng ca vic pha tp Ni ln hot tnh quang
ca vt liu TiO2 chng o ph hp th ca cc mng c trnh by trn hnh
sau:

Ph hp th ca mu TiO2 : 0.03 Ni (o ti Khoa Vt l - i hc S phm

H Ni)
C th d dng nhn thy b hp th ca mu ti bc sng 350 nm (tng
ng 3,54 eV). Chng ti nhn thy kt qu thu c khng ph hp vi mc
tiu ra ca th nghim l thay th mt phn Ni cho Ti gim gi tr khe nng
lng vng cm nh kt qu ca cc tc gi khc cng b. T kt qu thu
c ny c th a ra nhn nh lng Ni thay th cho Ti cn qu nh, cha
nh hng nhiu ln cu trc vng nng lng ca vt liu.
Chng ta bit rng khi kch thc ht gim n vng nanomet , hiu ng
kch thc lng t s ng vai tr v rng vng cm tnh cho vt liu c cu
trc ht gi cu s c m rng ra theo biu thc sau:

30

Trong :
R l bn knh ht tinh th.
l hng s in mi ca vt liu.
l khi lng rt gn .
T cng thc ny chng ta thy R cng gim th gi tr nng lng vng
cm E cng tng, ngha l b hp th s cng dch v pha nng lng cao hn
(bc sng ngn hn). iu ny c v cng ph hp vi kt qu nh gi kch
thc ht tinh th xc nh t bn rng vch nhiu x tia X.
Vy c th kt lun th nghim cha thnh cng v cha a c b hp
th v vng nh sng kh kin
xut: Trong ln th nghim tip theo tng nng Ni2+
3.1.3. K hoch khc phc
-

Ch to TiO2 pha tp Ni vi quy trnh mi, trong tp trung vo vic

tng nng Ni2+.

Quy trnh tng hp s b: Ha tan 5 ml TTIP vo etanol sao cho nng

dung dch l 1M. Dung dch ny c nh git vi tc 1ml/pht vo
dung dch Ni(NO3)2. Sn phm sau cng em sy kh trong chn khng
ri nung 2 gi 400 oC trong khng kh. Mu Ti1-xNixO2 c tng hp
vi x = 0,30.

3.2. Kt qu o mu 3

Mu 3:

31

3.2.1. Kt qu nhiu x tia X

Hnh sau trnh by gin nhiu x tia X ca mu v TiO 2:0.30 Ni. Cng
ging nh mu trc, mu to c c cc nh nhiu x cc gc 2 = 25.3,
37.9, 48.1, 54.0, 55.0, v 62.8O, tng ng vi cc i nhiu x ca cc mt
phng mng <101>, <004>, <200>, <105>, <211>, <118> ca pha anatase. Cho
nn chng ti kt lun mu to c hon ton n pha anatase v khng c s
bin i cu trc do pha tp Ni vo mng tinh th.

Gin nhiu x tia X ca TiO2 : 0.30 Ni ( o ti Khoa Vt l - i hc

Quc Gia)
T hnh trn c th thy thy mu to c hon ton n pha anatase v
khng c s bin i cu trc do pha tp Ni vo mng tinh th v tt c cc nh
ph ca cc mu u m rng. y l h qu ca vic gim kch thc ht. iu
cho thy cc mu u c kch thc ht rt nh.

32

3.2.2. Kt qu o ph hp th
Vi mc ch kim tra nh hng ca vic pha tp Ni ln hot tnh quang
ca vt liu TiO2 chng ti o ph hp th ca mu bt v kt qu c trnh
by trn hnh sau

Ph hp th ca mu TiO2 : 0.30 Ni (o ti Khoa Vt l - i hc S phm

H Ni)
Nh ni phn trn TiO2 gn nh khng hp th nh sng trong vng nhn
thy. Qua hnh trn, ta thy TiO2 : Ni c th hp th phn ln nh sng ny.
Dng ca ph hp th cho thy TiO2 c chuyn mc thng cn TiO2 : Ni cha
th xc nh c. c bit, ph hp th ca TiO2:Ni ch c 1 vng hp th. y
l mt bng chng v gi thit Ni thay th cho Ti m khng nm trong khe h
ca mng tinh th. Chng ti c tnh b rng di cm (E g) ca mu v thu
c kt qu 2.755 eV i vi TiO2 : Ni. B rng di cm ca ht nano TiO2 ln
hn so vi ca mu khi. iu ny c th c gii thch trn c s hiu ng
giam gi lng t: khi kch thc ht gim, tc l b rng h th giam gi cc
33

electron gim, cc mc v khong cch gia cc mc nng lng ca electron

tng ln, dn n b rng di cm ca vt liu tng ln. B rng di cm nh ca
TiO2 :Ni (2.755 eV) cho thy kh nng quang xc tc ca vt liu trong vng
nh sng nhn thy c th c nng cao ng k.
Ta bit rng, trong 3 dng th hnh chnh ca TiO2, pha anatase c hiu sut
quang xc tc ln nht. Bn cnh , t c ch quang xc tc ca vt liu TiO2 ,
ta thy kch thc ht gim xung c nano s lm tng din tch b mt v dn
n lm tng hiu qu quang xc ca vt liu. Hn na, b hp th ca TiO2 : Ni
nm rt su trong vng nh sng nhn thy l mt kt qu quan trng v l c s
s dng ngun nng lng mt tri.
Tm li, vt liu TiO2 : Ni do chng ti ch to c ch xut hin mt b hp
th, tc l khc phc c nhc im ln nht v mt cng ngh ca cc
nghin cu trc y v b hp th dch hon ton v vng nh sng nhn thy.
y l nhng c s quan trng cho cc th nghim v sau.
3.3. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano
3.3.1. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano ln 1
Mu
i chng

Vi khun + TiO2 (khng sng)

Vi khun + TiO2 (c sng)

Thi gian CFU/Petri

CFU/ml
0
144 182 14400000 18200000
30
161 162 16100000 16200000
60
152 168 15200000 16800000
90
192 167 19200000 16700000
0
144 182 14400000 18200000
30
113 111 11300000 11100000
60
144 104 14400000 10400000
90
90
93
9000000
9300000
0
144 182 14400000 18200000
30
74
83
7400000
8300000
60
62
64
6200000
6400000
90
69
70
6900000
7000000

Bng kt qu m vi khun E. coli t nng ban u 1,5.107CFU/ml vi

cng chiu sng 127mW/cm2 - nh sng vng

34

Nhn xt:
Kh nng dit khun ca TiO2 c th hin r rt khi c chiu sng
ti thi im t 0 ti 30 pht.
Th nghim cho thy sau khong thi gian t 30 pht tr i, lng vi
khun gim khng ng k; lng vi khun sau 30 pht x l v chiu sng vn
cn cao(trn 40,00%). Tuy kt qu ny kh ph hp vi nhng bi bo nghin
cu v kh nng dit vi khun ca TiO2 trc y, nhng i vi ch tiu nc
sch c th s dng v ung trc tip th cn h lng vi khun cn sng
xung 0%. => Th nghim mi ch thnh cng mt phn - chng minh kh nng
dit khun cha TiO2 di iu kin chiu sng.
D on: Kt qu tht bi c th do mt trong nhng nguyn nhn sau:
Ngun sng c s dng l nh sng vng c bc sng t 570 - 590
nm, khng nm trong vng hp th mnh ca TiO2.
Nng vi khun ln hn kh nng dit ca TiO2 lm gim hiu sut dit
khun.
xut: Trong th nghim ti:
S dng n compact 20W cho nh sng trng, c nh sng ph t 400 760nm.
Gim nng vi khun xung khong 106CFU/ml

35

3.3.2. Kt qu x l vi khun bng TiO2 nano ln 2

Mu
i chng

Vi khun + TiO2 (khng sng)

Vi khun + TiO2 (c sng)

Thi gian CFU/Petri

CFU/ml
0
410 331 41000000 33100000
30
265 265 26500000 26500000
60
336 361 33600000 36100000
90
285 297 28500000 29700000
0
410 331 41000000 33100000
30
160 150 16000000 15000000
60
91
99
9100000
9900000
90
94
97
9400000
9700000
0
410 331 41000000 33100000
30
94 101 9400000 10100000
60
59
69
5900000
6900000
90
42
20
4200000
2000000

Bng kt qu m vi khun E. coli t nng ban u 3,5.107CFU/ml vi

cng chiu sng 127mW/cm2 - nh sng trng

Nhn xt:
Kh nng dit khun ca TiO2 c th hin r rt khi c chiu sng
ti thi im t 0 ti 30 pht.
Th nghim cho thy sau khong thi gian t 30 pht tr i, lng vi
khun gim khng ng k; lng vi khun sau 30 pht x l v chiu sng kh
thp (di 20,00%). Sau khong thi gian t 30 - 90 pht, lng vi khun sng
st tin dn ti 0%.

36

3.4. Kt qu x l nc bng than hot tnh v cationite

TT Ch tiu

n
v

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

QCVN
01:2009/BYT

cng,
tnh theo
CaCO3

mg/l

429

324

286

252

280

300

Asen tng
s

mg/l

0,12

0,04

0,033

0,009

0,009

0,01

Cadimi

mg/l

0,007

0,004

0,0016 0,0011 0,0022

0,003

Cr

mg/l

0,11

0,07

0,025

0,017

0,033

0,05

ng tng
s

mg/l

1,03

0,56

0,76

0,56

0,42

St tng s

mg/l

1,56

0,45

0,24

0,09

0,38

0,3

Ch

mg/l

0,03

0,021

0,009

0,003

0,013

0,01

Hm lng
Mangan
tng s

mg/l

0,41

0,35

0,20

0,08

0,24

0,3

Thu ngn
tng s

mg/l

Km

mg/l

10

0,0011 0,0006 0,0008 0,0005 0,0005

2,86

1,83

2,11

1,41

1,50

11 COD
mg/l
42
14
10
8
9
Ghi ch: QCVN 01:2009/BYT:Quy chun k thut v cht lng nc n ung

0,001
3
0

Bng kt qu phn tch cht lng nc (o ti Trung tm nghin cu Vi

kh hu Kin trc & Mi trng - Vin Kin trc Nhit i - i hc Kin trc
H Ni)
Nhn xt:
a s cc ch tiu ca nc sau khi lc (Mu 5) u nh hn Quy chun
ca B Y T. Tuy nhin c mt vi tiu ch c nng vt qu tiu chun cho
php nh nng Pb, Fe, ch s COD.
D on: Kt qu tht bi do th nghim ca chng em ch l th nghim
m phng, s dng xi lanh bm nc nn hiu sut lc khng cao v kt qu
lc khng chnh xc
xut: Trong th nghim ti s ch to m hnh thc ca bnh vi nng
, khi lng ca cc ha cht lc r rng v chi tit.

37

3.5. Hng nghin cu tip theo

Tip theo, pht trin ti, chng em s ch to m hnh thc ca bnh
vi nng , khi lng ca cc ha cht lc r rng v chi tit, o c cc ch
s cn li v so snh vi TCVN chng minh nc sau x l l nc sch.
Sau , chng em s ch to bnh lc nc v a vo th nghim thc t.
Nu ti ny thnh cng, n s khng ch tit kim thi gian v tin bc
trong cng tc cu tr ng bo l lt min Trung m cn c th nhn rng phc
v qun i trong chin u, h tr cung cp nc sch ng bo vng su vng
xa Ngoi ra, ti c th t nn tang cho cc nghin cu tip theo v x l
nc sch.

38

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Xun Vn (2011). Nghin cu ch to mng mng TiO2 nhm cho
mc tiu ng dng quang xc tc. Lun vn tt nghip (2011) .
[2] Nguyn Hoi Anh (2010). Ch to vt liu quang xc tc TiO2 pha tp N
c b hp th nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy v th nghim phn hy
Xanh Methylen. Lun vn tt nghip (K56-CLC) (2010) .
[3] http://www.remco.com/ix.htm
[4] http://www.dow.com/liquidseps/service/ix_techinfo.htm
[5] D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky, M. Dekker, Ion exchange,
New York, 2000.
[6] A. A. Zagorodni, Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
[7] Properties of Activated Carbon, CPL Caron Link, accessed 2008-05-02.
[8] J.Romanos et al. (2012), Nanospace engineering of KOH activated
carbon, Nanotechnology 23 (1).
[9] http://www.sentryair.com/activated-carbon-filter.htm
[10] Michael M, Brittain M, Nagai J, et al. (Nov 2004). Phase II study of
activated carbon to prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhea. J Clin Oncol.
[11] Bagreev, A.; Rhaman, H., & Bandosz, T. J (2001). Thermal regeneration
of a spent activated carbon adsorbent previously used as hydrogen sulfide
adsorbent.
[12] Sabio, E.; Gonzalez, E., Gonzalez, J. F., Gonzalez-Garcia, C. M., Ramiro,
A., & Ganan, J (2004). Thermal regeneration of activated carbon saturated
with p-nitrophenol.
[13] Aizpuru, A.; Malhautier, L., Roux, J. C., & Fanlo, J. L (2003).
Biofiltration of a mixture of volatile organic compounds on granular
activated carbon. Biotechnology and Bioengineering
[14] Narbaitz, R. M.; Karimi-Jashni, A (2009). Electrochemical regeneration
of granular activated carbons loaded with phenol and natural organic
matter. Environmental Technology
[15] Lim, J.; Okada, M (2005). Regeneration of granular activated carbon
using ultrasound. Ultrasonic-Sono-Chemistry
[16] Shende, R. V.; Mahajani, V (2002). Wet oxidative regeneration of
activated carbon loaded with reactive dye. Waste Management

39

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