V bi ton chp ct lp ca my CT-scanner

TS Hunh Lng Ngha, Trng i hc K thut L Qu n

Tm tt
Bi bo gii thiu cch t bi ton c bn trong k thut chp ct lp my tnh X-quang v thut ton
gii quyt. ng thi ch ra cc c im ca vic ng dng thut ton trong thc t lin quan ti vn ri
rc ho v bin i Fourie nhanh ( FFT).

Abstract
The article set up a image reconstructions task which is implemented by retrieving the data supplied
from X-ray. Also the problems concerned about solving algorithm are disscused.
Especially attension is paid to digitizing the X-ray data and FFT ( Fast Fourier Transformation )
application in optimizing computerized tomography algorithm

1. t bi ton c bn ca chp ct lp X-quang.

1.1.nh lut hp th tng qut Ber
T vic nghin cu cc c ch hp th tia X ca vt cht, ta c th xy dng biu
thc nh lng biu din mi quan h gia cng tia X I(x) v suy gim tuyn tnh
(x) nh sau.
IO

A
I(x)

I(x+dx)

x+dx

A,

Hnh 1.: S biu din mi tng quan I(x) theo (x):

Trong qu trnh tng tc vi vt cht, cng chm tia Rnghen trn mt n v
din tch b mt vung gc vi phng truyn s gim i. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh
c th coi s suy gim ny t l thun vi qung ng i. dn ra cng thc c bn v
s thay i ca cng I, ta xt mt chm tia chiu n vi cng khng i Io trn
mt phn gii A- A (hnh 1).
Vi nhng gi thit ban u nh trn hnh v, ta c:

dI ( x ) = ( x ) I ( x )dx
(1)
H s t l trong (1) c gi l h s hp th tuyn tnh, trong du tr ly t
iu kin dng. H s ny l hm s ca 3 to khng gian (x,y,z)= (x1,x2,x3) to

thnh vect bn knh x . H s (x) l i lng c trng c bn cho cu trc vt cht,

c xc nh nh cc phng php chp ct lp my tnh v c dng lm c s trong
vic ti to hnh nh chp ct lp.
Tin hnh ly tch phn biu thc (1) ta c :
x

I ( x ) = I o exp( ( x )dx )

(2)

Biu thc (2) l nh lut hp th tng qut Ber. T y c th rt ra mt s nhn xt:

Khi x cng ln (lp vt cht cng dy) th cng chm tia l cng nh, tc l tia
Rnghen b hp th cng nhiu.
1

Khi cng ln th chm tia Rnghen cng b hp th cng nhiu.

1.2. Khi nim hnh chiu chp ct lp
S ghi chp thng tin v i tng do Haunsfield v Mac-Cormac xut v thc
hin u tin c ch ra trn hnh 2. Ngun tia Rnghen tp trung (di dng chm hp)
di chuyn dc theo on nh hng AA', cn phn thu th dc theo on BB'. Phn pht v
phn thu chuyn dch mt cch ng b, vic chp ( ly ) thng tin - l cng tia u
ra phn pht v u vo phn thu - c tin hnh vi cc bc thit lp trc. Logarit ca
t s cng tia u vo phn thu i vi cng ban u c gi l hnh chiu.
Cc on nh hng AA' v BB' c c nh trn cng mt khung; khung ny c th
xoay quanh trc O c nh. i vi mi v tr ca khung ngi ta tin hnh o mt b cc
hnh chiu tng ng vi t hp cc tia song song; b cc hnh chiu ny i lc c gi
l b hnh qut.

Hnh 2. S thu chp thng tin

khi phc li cu trc bn trong ca i tng c chiu tia X cn phi c tp hp
cc b hnh qut cho tt c cc v tr c th ca khung. Trn thc t vic chp ( ly ) thng
tin c tin hnh tng ng vi mt tp hp ri rc cc gc quay c bc nht nh .
Cc thut ton khi phc cu trc (ti to nh) i vi cc s chp thng tin phc
tp cng tr nn rc ri hn, tuy nhin tt c chng u c th nhn c t cc thut ton
x l thng tin c xy dng cho s cc tia song song. V l do ny nn ch cn xt s
qut bng chm cc tia song song.
trnh by tip tc ta a ra cc nh ngha, k hiu v gi thuyt sau y. Gi s
rng cc kch thc chiu ngang ca tia Rnghen v cng nh v c th b qua nh hng
ca tn x. Lc ny c th c trng tia bng cng ca n I ( x ) ti im x cho

trong tia. S thay i cng I ( x )dc theo tia s c xc nh ch bng h s hp th

tuyn tnh ( x ) ph hp vi cng thc Ber (2).
Gi phn b ( x ) theo tit din qut cho trc l cu trc ca i tng. Chn trong
mt phng qut mt h to -cc c nh Oxy vi tm O trn trc quay ca h thng
(hnh 3). Gn v khung di chuyn ( quay) mt h to -cc di ng O c trc O
hng t phn pht n u thu dc theo tia trung tm ( i qua trc quay ). Trc O nh
hng nh ch ra trn hnh 3. V tr ca h to di ng so vi h to c nh c
xc nh bi gc sao cho:

 = xcos + ysin,

= -xsin + ycos

(3)

x = cos - sin
y = sin + cos
Tng ng vi cng thc (2) ta c dng:

(4)

I ( , ) = I 0 exp( [x, y ]d )

(5)

, trong [x,y] l h s hp th tuyn tnh c ly trn tia vi v tr hin thi c

xc nh bng gc v khong cch tnh t tia hin thi n tia trung tm (xem hnh 3);
I0 l gi tr cng tia Rnghen ti u ra phn pht, 2R l qung ng tia i qua.
Y

B)

A
A)

Hnh 3. V tr tng quan ca cc h to

Tip theo ta gi thit rng: bn ngoi i tng nghin cu ( trong khng kh ) = 0,
do tch phn trong cng thc (5) ch c ly theo phn nm bn trong c th bnh
nhn, tuy nhin r rng l c th coi gii hn ca tch phn ny l v cng v iu ny s
c s dng sau y.
Ta chnh xc ho khi nim hnh chiu gii thiu trc y: tch phn p(, ) sau
c gi l hnh chiu:
p ( , ) = ln[ I ( , ) I 0 ] =

[x, y ]d

(6)

1.3. Bi ton c bn ca chp ct lp Rnghen my tnh

Bi ton c bn ca chp ct lp Rnghen my tnh l xc nh ( biu din ) i
lng (x,y) qua tp hp cc hnh chiu p(,).

Hin nhin l h s hp th tuyn tnh (x,y) c trng cho cu trc bn trong i

tng nghin cu, cn tp hp cc hnh chiu th bit c thng qua cc kt qu o c
bn ngoi i tng. V vy bi ton chp ct lp my tnh ( CT ) thng c gi l bi
ton khi phc cu trc hoc ti to hnh nh.
2. Thut ton xc nh h s hp th tuyn tnh (x,y).

2.1. nh l v tit din trung tm

Thc cht ca nh l ny l ch n lin h nh Fourier ca cc hnh chiu o c

vi nh Fourier ca h s hp th tuyn tnh cn tm. pht biu chnh xc v chng
minh nh l cn c cc nh ngha sau.
nh l 1: Gi f (x) l hm thc ca bin thc x; bin i Fourier ca hm f (x) ( hay
gi ngn gn l nh Fourier ) c gi l hm phc f*() vi bin thc c xc nh
theo cng thc sau y:

f ( x) exp(ix)dx

f*() = (2)-1/2

(7)

Bin i ngc Fourier c dng:

f(x) = (2)-1/2

( ) exp(ix)d

(8)

nh l 2 : Trong khng gian n chiu bin i Fourier ca hm f ( x) vi n bin thc

( x) = (x1, x2,...xn) c xc nh bng tch phn bi n theo cng thc:
f * ( ) = (2 )

- n/2

... f ( x) exp(i x)d x

(9)

Trong .x = 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + ... + n x n l tch v hng ca vect v x ; d x l

phn t th tch trong khng gian n chiu.
Bin i ngc trong khng gian n chiu c dng:

f( x) = (2 ) -n/2 ... f * ( ) exp(i x)d

(10)

p dng cc cng thc va nu c th chng minh nh l sau :

nh l tit din trung tm.
Tn ti ng thc sau:
* (,) = (2)-1/2p*(, +/2)

(11)

, trong , l to cc trong mt phng = (1, 2) = (u,v)

u = cos(); v = sin(),
(12)
Du * v tri cng thc (11) c ngha l bin i Fourier hai chiu, cn v phi - l
bin i Fourier mt chiu (theo i s th nht).
Nh vy, bin i Fourier 2 chiu *(, ) ca h s hp th tuyn tnh (x,y) khi c
nh gi tr = bng bin i Fourier 1 chiu ca hnh chiu p ti gi tr gc quay +/2
ngha ca nh Fourier *(,) khi = const chnh l " mt ct " ( tit din ) mt phng z
= *(,) bng mt phng = = const v iu ny gii thch tn ca nh l.
2.2. Phng php bin i Fourier ngc
ng thc nhn c (11) trong nh l v tit din trung tm l c s gii bi ton
c bn c t ra trong mc 1.3 - bi ton tm phn b ca h s hp th tuyn tnh bn
trong i tng theo cc hnh chiu o c bn ngoi i tng.
C th xc nh li gii hnh thc ca bi ton trn c s cng thc bin i Fourier
ngc ( 11 ) :

( x, y) = (2 )

- 3/2

p * ( , + / 2) exp(i(ux + vy))dudv

(13)

Trn thc t khi s dng cng thc ( 13 ) ( i lc c gi l phng php Fourier

tng hp [ 14 ] ) xut hin mt s vn .
4

Hy l ta ch bit cc ga tr ca hm di du tch phn p*(,) ti cc nt ca

li to cc ri rc ( hnh 4 ) khng trng vi cc nt ca li to -cc khi ri rc
ho cng thc ( 13 ) ( y ri rc ho c hiu l vic chuyn tnh ton t vng cc i
s v hm s lin tc sang tnh ton ti cc im ring bit vi s lng hu hn). Li gii
t nhin ca vn ny l ngoi suy cc ga tr ca hm s ti im cha bit qua cc ga
tr ca n ti cc im bit ( di y s c ni k hn ).

U
O

Hnh 4. Mi tng quan gia h to cc v h to vung gc

Mt vn nghim trng hn l trong cng thc ( 13 ) khi cc ga tr (ux+vy) tng,

hm di du tch phn s dao ng nhanh, dn n cc cng thc cu phng chun
khng cn ng na. Thng thng s dng hai cch gii quyt vn ny: trong cch
th nht ngi ta dng cc thut ton v chng trnh my tnh c bit ly tch phn
ca cc hm dao ng nhanh [4].
Cch th hai lin quan ti mt chi tit l: trong mc chnh xc khi phc nh cho
trc, cc thnh phn cao tn ca li gii khng mang thng tin hu ch v thng ch
cha nhiu ( sai s ) thit b. V vy nu vt b cc thnh phn ny ( cc " ui cao tn " )
th vn c th s dng cc chng trnh tnh ton mu.
2.3. Phng php chiu ngc
Phng php ny cng da trn vic biu din hnh chiu nh trong mc trn, tuy
nhin th t tnh ton v biu thc cui cng khc vi li gii (13).
Hnh chiu ngc c xc nh theo cng thc:
2

g(x,y) = (2)-1 p(x sin + y cos , )d

(14)

Thc cht y l gi tr trung bnh theo gc ca tp hp cc hnh chiu ban u p. Lu

rng vic x l s b thng tin ban u theo cng thc ny s dn n s ci thin ng
k kt qu cui cng l hnh nh ct lp - do tnh cht lc ( i vi nhiu thit b ) ca ton
t chiu ngc.
S dng mt s php bin i trong l thuyt hm phc v tnh cht ca nh l tch
chp ta c th xy dng li gii bi ton c bn ca chp ct lp my tnh di dng bin
i ngc Fourier ca hnh chiu ngc g(x,y) nh sau:

1
(x,y) =
2

*
*
g ( )h ( ) exp(i(ux + vy)dudv

(15)

Trong =(1, 2) (u,v);

5

h*( ) l bin i ngc Fourier ca hm h(x,y) = r

Nu bit trc gc hm ca g * ( ), h * ( ) th c th nhn c ngay li gii di

dng tch chp ca cc gc hm ny, v vy phng php ny c gi l phng php
chp vi hnh chiu ngc hay n gin l phng php chp.
Nh thc t ch ra : c phng php bin i Fourier ln phng php chp khi thc
hin u cho sai s ln, i khi n mc khng cho php do bi ton khi phc cu trc
bn trong c t ra khng chun . Trn thc t s khng chun bt u th hin t
mt ngng ri rc ho nht nh: tc l cng mun gii chnh xc bao nhiu ( bng cch
lm dy cc mt li ri rc, tng s lng cc s hng trong chui trin khai ca li gii
cn tm ), th li gii nhn c li cng ti t by nhiu. iu ny c lin quan ti cc
thnh phn tn s cao ( dao ng nhanh ) ca li gii v c gii quyt da trn c s lc
cc thnh phn tn s cao ca li gii. Tuy cch tip cn ny hn ch chnh xc ca vic
ti lp cu trc, tuy nhin nu gii hn ca chnh xc l chp nhn c trn thc t th
phng php c hiu qu.
2.4. Phng php chiu ngc vi b lc
Biu thc (13) l c s ca phng php ny. c th chng ta xt li gii (13) m
trong ta chuyn sang cc to cc trn c mt phng (u,v) ln mt phng (x,y).
x=rcos, y = rsin, u = cos, v=sin
(16)
Kt qu ca php th (16) l tch phn v phi ng thc (13) c vit li di dng
sau:
2

(r,) = (2)-3/2

d p * ( , + / 2) exp(ir cos( ))d

(17)

Lu rng:
cos(-)=- cos( + ), p * (, + / 2) = p * (, + 3 / 2)
(18)
Cng thc th nht trong (18) l ng thc lng gic c bn, cng thc th 2 rt ra t
iu kin thc hin vt l. Tnh n cc cng thc ny c th vit tch phn v phi ng
thc (17) di dng:

( , ) = (2 ) 3 / 2 d
0

*
p ( , + / 2)exp(ir cos( ))d

(19)

Trn thc t khi thc hin cng thc (19) biu thc di du tch phn c nhn trc
vi mt hm A () c chn mt cch c bit v c gi l hm apodize c tc dng
ct cc hi bc cao. Theo thut ng s dng trong l thuyt iu khin tch ca ht nhn ||
trong php chp (19) vi hm apodize c gi l b lc, cn ton t gii phng trnh
chp (19) c s dng hm apodize c gi l php lc. Do hm nhn c sau khi tnh
tch phn bn trong ca (19) c bin i theo cng thc tng t nh php chiu ngc
nn ni chung phng php ny mang tn l phng php chiu ngc dng lc.
Trn thc t ngi ta dng cc hm apodize di cc dng sau:

khi max
0 khi > max

a.

A* =

b.

A* =

+ (1 ) cos( / max ) khi max

0 khi > max

c.

cos( / 2 max ) khi max

0 khi > max

A*=

v mt s dng khc na.

3. Ri rc ha trong chp ct lp my tnh

V chp ct lp s dng my tnh iu khin vic ghi nhn thng tin t cc phn t
cm bin, sau lu gi v chun b thng tin cho vic chn on, nn mt trong s cc
vn c bn l ri rc ha - tc l chuyn t cc phn b lin tc theo to v thi gian
sang cc hm ri rc vi cc i s ri rc. Ni chung, cc kha cnh thc t c bn lin
quan n vn ri rc ha bao gm:
1. Bin i Fourier ri rc
2. Thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT)
3 .Thit lp ngng ri rc ho cn thit (nh l Kachenhicop Sennon)
4. Cc phng php ni suy
5. Cc phng php lp khi phc cu trc.
Trong s ny ch c kha cnh cui cng l mang tnh c th ca bi ton chp ct
lp nn ta xt k di y.
Cc phng php lp khi phc cu trc.
Xt li phng trnh c bn (6) ca chp ct lp my tnh v gi thit hm ( x , y )
c cho trc mt cch gn ng trong vng D bng mt s hu hn cc tham s, v d
nh cc gi tr 1 , 2 ,...s ti cc nt ca mng li cc phn t hu hn. S dng mt
php ni suy no cho hm ( x , y ) trong vng, c th tnh tch phn di dng hm
tuyn tnh no ca cc tham s i cho mi tia vi cc tham s , :

p ( , ) A ( i ) ( , ) i

(20)

Lc ny trong tng v phi ch hin din cc gi tr ca hm ( x , y ) ti cc phn t

m tia ang xt i qua. Tin hnh o cho M s v tr ca tia; sau k hiu hnh chiu

p ( , ) vi = i , = k l pik , tha s A(i ) vi = i , = j l Aij , ta nhn

c h phng trnh sau:

Ns

A
i =1

(i )
jk

= p ik

(21)

vi ma trn h s c m rng thnh ma trn vung bng cc tr s 0.

S dng dng ghi chun ca h phng trnh vi ma trn vung hoc ma trn ch nht
thay cho h (21) ta c:
Ns

A
i =1

ij

= pi

(22)

gii h (22) c th s dng cc thut ton chun ca i s tuyn tnh, tuy nhin
nu ch rng t ti phn gii chp nhn c ca thit b phi s dng hng nghn
gi tr ( x , y ) , th ma trn Aij s cha khong 1010 phn t. iu ny dn n l trn
thc t gii cc h dng (22) ngi ta ch s dng phng php lp. Ngoi ra cc phng
php lp cn c s dng gii cc h v nh v phim nh, ng thi chng cng d
ci tin khc phc cc vn lin quan vi tnh khng chun ca bi ton xc nh cu
trc bn trong theo kt qu o bn ngoi cu trc.
Di y lit k mt s cc thut ton lp ph bin nht dng gii cc bi ton
chp ct lp my tnh [3].
7

a) Phng php lp n gin. Thut ton ca phng php ny l:

i( k +1) = ( k ) + k H ij( k ) ( Pj A jl l( k )
j

(2.102)

, trong k l s vng lp; trong trng hp n gin nht H ij = ij , trong ij l

(k )

k hiu Croneker ( tc H ij l ma trn n v ). Tham s k v ma trn H ij

iu kin hi t tt nht ca phng php lp.
b) Phng php trt nhanh nht.
c) Thut ton ART (algebraic reconstruction technique).

c chn t

4. Kt lun

Nh thy, chp ct lp my tnh X-quang l bi ton phc tp c v ni dung ton

hc ln cch thc hin vt l. Nhng chnh v vy nn vic gii quyt n rt a dng v cho
php ci tin bng nhiu cch khc nhau, trong vic phi hp hp l phn mm ( cc
thut ton lc v lp ) v phn cng ( cc h thng o lng iu khin ) v ang mang
li nhng kt qu rt ng khch l. Hy vng theo hng ny trong tng lai khng xa s c
s ng gp ca cc chuyn gia Vit nam.
5. Ti liu tham kho

[1]
[2]
a aa a .
. a. . 2- a. . . a. .,
, 1991. 1 407 ., 2- 406 .
[3]
[4]

aa