TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Vin in T Vin Thng

TIU LUN
MN AN TON BC X V AN TON IN TRONG Y T
TI: NGHIN CU MY PHT HIN V GIM ST DNG R

Ging vin hng dn:

Sinh vin thc hin :
Lp:
SHSV:

H Ni, 12-2014

ThS. Phm Mnh Hng

V Hng Cng
KT, T-Truyn thng
20106059

Mc Lc
Tm hiu v dng r...................................................................................................... 4

I.
1.

nh ngha v dng r......................................................................................... 4

2.

Nguyn nhn b r in....................................................................................... 4

3.

Phng php gii quyt vn dng r.........................................................4

II. Nghin cu my pht hin v gim st dng r........................................................6

1.

Phng php pht hin dng r......................................................................6

2.

Nghin cu v cu giao chng git......................................................................6

2.1.

Cu to cu dao chng git...........................................................................7

2.2.

Nguyn l hot ng..................................................................................... 7

Ti liu tham kho......................................................................................................... 9

KT LUN...................................................................................................................... 9

LI NI U
X hi ngy cng pht trin, in l mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin
i, bi v in nng l ngun nng lng c dng rng ri nht trong cc ngnh kinh t
quc dn, vi vai tr nh vy mt yu cu t ra cho h thng in l lm th no h
thng cung cp in lm vic c tin cy cao, p ng mt cch tt nht nhu cu s dng
in nng ca x hi. Trong , h thng cc thit b ng ct bo v an ton cho con
ngi c mt ngha quan trng trong h thng in. N m bo cho s an ton ca con
ngi khi c dng in r r ra ngoi cng nh la bo v cc thit b in trong gia nh v
ton b h thng in lm vic an ton v tin cy.
Bi vit ny ca em ch l cch nhn s qua v cch pht hin dng r. Do ti c
khi lng kh ln nn trong tiu lun em ch tp trung nhng phn nh: tm hiu v dng
r, phng php pht hin dng r, thm vo em c nghin cu thm v cu giao chng
git l mt trong nhng thit b rt hay c s dng trong cc h gia nh m bo an
ton cho con ngi khi s dng in.
Em xin cm n Thy Phm Mnh Hng nh hng v hng dn em hon
thnh bi tiu lun ny. Do s hn ch v kin thc chuyn mn nn bi tiu lun s khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st, v th em rt mong nhn c s gp t pha thy c v cc
bn tiu lun ca em c hon thin hn.

I. Tm hiu v dng r
1. nh ngha v dng r
Sau mt thi gian s dng my mc, thit b c s dng in s pht sinh mt hin
tng r r in ra v thit b c gi l dng r. Vy dng r ny l g? - Dng r l mt
hin tng vt l trong k thut ngnh in c hc, n l dng in d tha trong tn hao
nng lng in. Khi dng r ny s khng c li trong cng nng c ch, m n s lan
truyn ra v thit b, gy nn cc tai nn v in trong sn xut khi cng nhn chm vo
v thit b.
2. Nguyn nhn b r in
Nguyn nhn dn n b r in :
- Do m t, ma bo, dy in, thit b in tip xc vi nc v ct in
- Dy in tip xc trc tip vi v t, v hp, ct kim loi
- H thng tip a b hng, mt tc dng, km
- Dy in b r in do v cch in, bng dnh cch in ti mi ni b lo ha, b
chy do c dng in ln i qua sinh ra nhit...
Hu qu ca r in ny gy ra tht khn lng l cc tai nn dn n cht hoc thng
vong cho con ngi, gy hao tn in nng ...
3. Phng php gii quyt vn dng r
gii quyt vn dng r ny, v cng m bo an ton trong sn xut, ngi
ta ch yu dng bin php ni t an ton vo thit b s dng in, v a ton b
dng r ny i hon ton vo t mt cch an ton theo h thng.
- Trong h gia nh, ta nh bnh vin,..v..v.
Trc ht, khi xy dng nh, cn thit k ngay mt dy ni t v dy ni t cho
php cc dng in r thot i - y l b phn an ton v in. Dy ni t cn qua mt
cu dao tng, t nhng thit b in trong nh nh m t bm nc, my tm nc

nng, dn my... v mi cm u qua cu dao tng ny. cm v phch cm u s dng

loi 3 chu.
Cht lng mt ng dy ni t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh dn in
nhiu hay t ca t, m t, kch thc - hnh dng ca u chn... Cch no t yu
cu?
C th nh th hay nh chuyn mn v in kho st v lp t dy ni t ng
chun. Tuy nhin, vic dng n c mt ng dy ni t khng th bo m an ton
tuyt i cho ngi. Do cn thit kt hp thm cu dao chng git s an ton hn.
- ni cng trng xy dng
Trc khi xy dng, ngi ta lin ngh ngay n vn an ton in trong lao
ng, v tc hi ca dng r gy nn. Cho nn ngi ta lin chn vo trong nn t mt h
thng li st, v kt ni vo h thng li st ny km theo l nhng cc st c tc dng
dn dng r i su vo trong lng t, v nhng cc st ny s c ng su vo t ty
thuc vo a tng v s kim tra thng s cho php trong chuyn ngnh.
V cc cc st ny s c ni vi thit b s dng in, cn h thng li st bn
di s c tc dng khng gy ra hin tng in p bc

Mt im ni t an ton vo cc st (hay cn gi l cc te)

II. Nghin cu my pht hin v gim st dng r

1. Phng php pht hin dng r
Phng php c bn pht hin dng in r: l dng relay t ngt: r le s t
ngt dng in khi pht hin dng r, thng dng cho thit b trong nh, hot ng khng
n nh nu t ti hin trng ngoi tri hoc mi trng cng nghip.
V d v r le pht hin dng r

2. Nghin cu v cu giao chng git

Hin nay c rt nhiu cc thit b trn th trng c ch to pht hin v gim
st dng r, tuy nhin cu giao chng git l loi thng hay s dng trong cc cn h, ta
nh.. V vy, em xin nghin cu ring v cu giao chng git
Nh trc y, thng thng h gia nh s dng cu dao in ch phc v cho vic
ng ct in v lp dy ch (dy chy) dng bo v ct in khi c qu dng, qu ti.
Ngy nay c th la chn thit b in hin i hn t ng ct mch in khi c qu dng,
qu ti v ngt mch hay b r in vi nhy cao, m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
Hin nay ngoi cu dao in thng thng, th trn th trng cn c 2 loi : Cu
dao t ng ( tn thng gi l CB ) v cu dao chng git ( tn thng gi l ELCB hay
RCD ). Theo cu to v nguyn l hot ng th cu dao chng git s c nhiu u im

khi la chn lm thit b bo v cho con ngi v thit b in trong gia nh v an ton l
trn ht.
2.1. Cu to cu dao chng git

2.2. Nguyn l hot ng

Hot ng theo nguyn l cn bng dng in. Khi c dng in r th trong cun
dy hnh xuyn s xut hin s mt cn bng v s cm bin n mt rle in t c
ct mch in tc thi. nhy ca ELCB/RCD theo tiu chun thng dng l 30 mA, tc
khi c dng r vt mc ny, thit b s t ng ngt mch in
T nguyn l nu trn, cu dao chng git s c nhiu li ch khi khch hng c
t vn s dng trong gia nh v ngnh in cng c li trong vic phng chng trm cp
in.
i vi khch hng s dng in:
- An ton cho ngi v thit b in khi xy ra chm chp in trong gia nh v
c loi tr ngay khi c s c.

- Khng b mt mt lng in khng s dng khi xy ra hin tng r in trn

ng dy hay thit b in m cu dao thng thng khng t tc ng ct c mch
in.
Cc v tr lp t trong gia nh nh cu dao tng, nh bp, nh tm. Cn c
ELCB/RCD bo v an ton cho ngi v thit b. Gi thit b hin nay trn th trng
dao ng trong khong t 140.000 ng/ci n 220.000 ng/ci ty theo xut x nh
Trung Quc, Hm Quc hay Nht Bn c bn i tr ti cc tin bn thit b in a
phng.
i vi ngnh in:
C rt nhiu cch ly cp in khc nhau nhng trong c trng hp ly cp in
bng cch o pha lm thay i s u dy ca in k v ly ngui t ln s dng.
Trong trng hp bnh thng, khch hng s dng nng v ngui qua in k th cu dao
chng git hot ng bnh thng nhng khi khch hng ly cp in th cu dao chng
git s b ct mch tc thi, khch hng khng th s dng in.
Mt khc, Kim tra vin n kim tra s dng in ti nh khch hng m thy ti cu
dao tng ngay in k c s dng cu dao chng git th lc lng kim tra vin an tm
n vic khch hng khng ly cp in bng cch ny m kim tra ly cp in bng cch
khc, loi tr c mt hnh thc ly cp in ht sc kh khn khi kim tra pht hin
vi phm s dng in.
Qua phn tch nu trn, ngnh in c th t vn cho khch hng thay cu dao s dng
thng thng bng cu dao c chc nng chng git mang li li ch cho c hai bn.

III.

Ti liu tham kho

IV. KT LUN
Trn y l nhng tm hiu ca em v my pht hin v gim st dng r m thit b
em tm hiu l cu giao chng git.
Sau cng, em thy rng vic lp mt thit b bo v an ton in trong h thng
mng in gia nh l rt cn thit bi khng nhng m bo cho s an ton ca con ngi
m cn bo v cc thit b in trong nh.