H THNG TON B KIN THC SINH HC PH

THNG
*********************
A. C S VT CHT V C CH DI TRUYN CP PHN
T (ADN ARN PRTIN )
PHN I: CU TRC AND

I. Tnh s nucltit ca ADN hoc ca gen

1. i vi mi mch ca gen:
- Trong ADN, 2 mch b sung nhau, nn s nu v chiu di ca 2 mch bng nhau.
A1 + T1 + G1 + X1 = T2 + A2 + X2 + G2 =

N
2

- Trong cng mt mch, A v T cng nh G v X, khng lin k t b sung nn khng

nht thit phi bng nhau. S b sung ch c gia 2 mch: A ca mch ny b sung
vi T ca mch kia, G ca mch ny b sung vi X ca mch kia. V v y, s nu m i
loi mch 1 bng s nu loi b sung mch 2.
A1 = T2 ; T1 = A2 ; G1 = X2 ; X1 = G2
2. i vi c 2 mch:
- S nu mi loi ca ADN l s nu loi c 2 mch:
A =T = A1 + A2 = T1 + T2 = A1 + T1 = A2 + T2
G =X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2 = G1 + X1 = G2 + X2
Ch : Khi tnh t l % :

% A1 + % A2 %T 1 + %T 2
=
=......
2
2
%G1 + %G 2 % X 1 + % X 2
=
%G = % X =
=.....
2
2

%A = % T =

Ghi nh: Tng 2 loi nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng n a s nu c a ADN ho c
bng 50% s nu ca ADN: Ngc li nu bit:
N
hoc bng 50% th 2 loi nu phi khc nhm b sung.
2
N
+ Tng 2 loi nu hoc khc 50% th 2 loi nu phi cng nhm b sung.
2

+ Tng 2 loi nu =

3. Tng s nu ca ADN (N)

Tng s nu ca ADN l tng s ca 4 loi nu A + T + G + X . Nh ng theo nguyn t c
b sung (NTBS) A = T, G =X . V vy, tng s nu ca ADN c tnh l:
N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G)
Do A + G =

N
2

hoc %A + %G = 50%

4. Tnh s chu k xon (C)

Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu. Khi bit tng s nu (N) ca ADN:
N = C x 20
5. Tnh khi lng phn t ADN (M):

=>

C=

N
20

Mt nu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc. Khi bit tng s nu suy ra:
M = N x 300 vc
6. Tnh chiu di ca phn t ADN (L):
Phn t ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mch n chy song song v xon u n quanh 1
trc. V vy, chiu di ca ADN l chiu di ca 1 mch v bng chiu di trc c a
n. Mi mch c

N
nucltit, di ca 1 nu l 3,4 A0
2
N
L = . 3,4A0
2

n v thng dng : 1 micrmet = 10 4 angstron ( A0 )

1 micrmet = 103 nanmet ( nm)
1 mm = 103 micrmet = 106 nm = 107 A0
II. Tnh s lin kt Hir v lin kt Ha Tr P
1. S lin kt Hir (H)
- A ca mch ny ni vi T mch kia bng 2 lin kt hir
- G ca mch ny ni vi X mch kia bng 3 lin kt hir
Vy s lin kt hir ca gen l:
H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X
2. S lin kt ho tr (HT)
- S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 1 mch gen:

N
-1
2

Trong mi mch n ca gen, 2 nu ni vi nhau bng 1 lk ho tr, 3 nu ni nhau bng 2

lk ho tr

N
N
nu ni nhau bng
-1
2
2

- S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 2 mch gen: 2(

N
- 1)
2

Do s lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trn 2 mch ca ADN: 2(

N
- 1)
2

- S lin kt ho tr ng photpht trong gen (HT-P)

Ngoi cc lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trong gen th trong m i nu c 1 lk ho tr g n
thnh phn ca H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng. Do s lin kt ho tr P trong c
ADN l:

HT-P = 2(

N
- 1) + N = 2 (N 1)
2

PHN II: C CH T NHN I CA ADN

I. TNH S NUCLTIT T DO CN DNG

1. Qua 1 ln t nhn i (t sao, ti sinh, ti bn)
- Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton 2 mch u lin kt cc nu t do theo NTBS: A ADN
ni vi TT do v ngc li; GADN ni vi XT do v ngc li. V vy s nu t do mi loi
cn dng bng s nu m loi n b sung.
Atd =Ttd = A = T;
Gtd = Xtd = G = X

- S nu t do cn dng bng s nu ca ADN

Ntd = N
2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i (x t)
a. Tnh s ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 1 t t nhn i to 2 = 21 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 2 t t nhn i to 4 = 22 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 3 t t nhn i to 8 = 23 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua x t t nhn i to 2x ADN con
Vy:
Tng s ADN con = 2x
- D t t nhn i no, trong s ADN con to ra t 1 ADN ban u, v n c 2 ADN
con m mi ADN con ny c cha 1 mch c ca ADN m. V vy s ADN con cn li
l c c 2 mch cu thnh hon ton t nu mi ca mi trng ni bo.
S ADN con c 2 mch u mi = 2x 2
b. Tnh s nu t do cn dng:
- S nu t do cn dng th ADN tri qua x t t nhn i b ng t ng s nu sau cng c
trong cc ADN con tr s nu ban u ca ADN m.
+ Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con: N.2x
+ S nu ban u ca ADN m: N
V vy tng s nu t do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x t t nhn i:
N td = N.2x N = N(2X -1)
- S nu t do mi loi cn dng l:
A td = T td = A(2X -1)
G td = X td = G( 2X -1)
+ Nu tnh s nu t do ca ADN con m c 2 mch hon ton mi:
N td hon ton mi = N(2X - 2)
A td hon ton mi = T td = A(2X -2)
G td hon ton mi = X td = G(2X -2)
II. TNH S LIN KT HIR; HO TR -P C HNH THNH HO C B
PH V
1. Qua 1 t t nhn i
a. Tnh s lin kt hirb ph v v s lin kt hir c hnh thnh
Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton:
- 2 mch ADN tch ra, cc lin kt hir gia 2 mch u b ph v nn s lin k t
hir b ph v bng s lin kt hir ca ADN
H b t = H ADN
- Mi mch ADN u ni cc nu t do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hir nn s lin
kt hir c hnh thnh l tng s lin kt hir ca 2 ADN con.
Hhnh thnh = 2 . HADN
b. S lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh:

Trong qu trnh t nhn i ca ADN, lin kt ho tr P ni cc nu trong mi mch

ca ADN khng b ph v. Nhng cc nu t do n b sung th dc ni vi nhau bng
lin kt ho tr hnh thnh 2 mch mi.
V vy s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tr n i cc nu v i nhau
trong 2 mch ca AND.
HT c hnh thnh = 2 (

N
- 1) = N- 2
2

2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i (x t)

a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh thnh:
- Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v:
Hb ph v = H (2x 1)
- Tng s lin kt hidr c hnh thnh:
Hhnh thnh = H.2x
b.Tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh:
Lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l nhng lin kt ho tr n i cc nu t do l i thnh
chui mch polinucltit mi.
- S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trong mi mch n:

N
-1
2

- Trong tng s mch n ca cc ADN con cn c 2 m ch c c a ADN m c gi

li.
- Do s mch mi trong cc ADN con l 2.2 x - 2, v vy tng s lin kt ho tr c
hnh thnh l:

HThnh thnh = (

N
- 1) (2.2x 2) = (N-2) (2x 1)
2

III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M

C th quan nim s lin kt cc nu t do vo 2 mch ca ADN l ng thi, khi mch
ny tip nhn v ng gp c bao nhiu nu th mch kia cng lin kt c by nhiu
nu.
Tc t sao: S nu c tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy
1. Tnh thi gian t nhn i (t sao)
Thi gian 2 mch ca ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu t do.
- Khi bit thi gian tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 nu l dt, thi gian t sao c tnh
l:
TGt sao = dt .

N
2

- Khi bit tc t sao (mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu nu) th th i gian t nhn i
ca ADN l:
TG t sao = N : tc t sao
PHN III. CU TRC ARN
I. TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CA ARN:

- ARN thng gm 4 loi ribnu: A, U, G, X v c tng h p t 1 m ch g c ADN

theo NTBS. V vy s ribnu ca ARN bng s nu 1 mch ca AND.
rN = rA + rU + rG + rX =

N
2

- Trong ARN A v U cng nh G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi
bng nhau. S b sung ch c gia A, U, G, X ca ARN ln lt vi T, A, X, G c a
mch gc ADN. V vy s ribnu mi loi ca ARN bng s nu b sung m ch g c
AND.
rA = Tgc
; rU = Agc
rG = Xgc
; rX = Ggc
* Ch : Ngc li, s lng v t l % tng loi nu ca ADN c tnh nh sau:
+ S lng:
A = T = rA + rU
G = X = rG + rX
+ T l %:

%rA + %rU
2
%rG + %rX
%G = % X =
2

% A = %T =

II. TNH KHI LNG PHN T ARN (MARN)

Mt ribnu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vC, nn:
MARN = rN. 300vC =

N
. 300 vC
2

III. TNH CHIU DI V S LIN KT HO TR P CA ARN

1. Tnh chiu di:
- ARN gm c mch rN ribnu vi di 1 nu l 3,4 A 0. V vy, chiu di ARN bng
chiu di ADN tng hp nn ARN .
- V vy:

LADN = LARN = rN . 3,4A0 =

N
. 3,4 A0
2

2. Tnh s lin kt ho tr P:
- Trong chui mch ARN: 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tr, 3 ribnu ni nhau
bng 2 lin kt ho tr Do s lin kt ho tr ni cc ribnu trong mch ARN l
rN 1
- Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tr gn thnh phn axit H 3PO4 vo thnh phn
ng. Do s lin kt ha tr loi ny c trong rN ribnu l rN
Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN:
HT ARN = rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1

PHN IV: C CH TNG HP ARN

I. TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT T DO CN DNG.

1. Qua 1 ln sao m:
Khi tng hp ARN, ch mch gc ca ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu t do theo
NTBS:
AADN ni UARN ;
TADN ni AARN
GADN ni XARN ;
XADN ni GARN

V vy:
+ S ribnu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu loi m n b sung trn m ch g c c a
ADN
rAtd = Tgc
;
rUtd = Agc
rGtd = Xgc
rXtd = Ggc
;
+ S ribnu t do cc loi cn dng bng s nu ca 1 mch ADN
rNtd =

N
2

2. Qua nhiu ln sao m (k ln)

Mi ln sao m to nn 1 phn t ARN nn s phn t ARN sinh ra t 1 gen bng s
ln sao m ca gen .
S phn t ARN = S ln sao m = K
+ S ribnu t do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn t ARN. V v y qua K ln
sao m to thnh cc phn t ARN th tng s ribnu t do cn dng l:
rNtd = K.rN
+ Suy lun tng t, s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng l:
rAtd = K. rA = K . Tgc
rUtd = K. rU = K . Agc
rGtd = K. rG = K . Xgc
rXtd = K. rX = K . Ggc
* Ch : Khi bit s ribnu t do cn dng ca 1 loi:
+ Mun xc nh mch khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu cho s nu
loi b sung mch 1 v mch 2 ca ADN => S ln sao m ph i l c s gi a s
ribbnu v s nu loi b sung mch khun mu.
+ Trong trng hp cn c vo 1 loi ribnu t do cn dng m cha xc nh mch
gc, cn c s ribnu t do loi khc th s ln sao m phi l c s chung gi a s
ribnu t do mi loi cn dng vi s nu loi b sung ca mch gc.
II. TNH S LIN KT HIR V LIN KT HO TR P:
1. Qua 1ln sao m:
a. S lin kt hidro:
Ht = HADN
Hhnh thnh = HADN
=> Ht = Hhnh thnh = HADN
b. S lin kt ho tr:
HT hnh thnh = rN 1
2. Qua nhiu ln sao m (K ln):
a. Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v
H ph v = K . H
b. Tng s lin kt ho tr hnh thnh:
HThnh thnh = K.(rN 1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M:
* Tc sao m: S ribnu c tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy.
* Thi gian sao m:

- i vi mi ln sao m : l thi gian mch gc ca gen tip nhn v lin kt cc

ribnu t do thnh cc phn t ARN
+ Khi bit thi gian tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thi gian sao m l:
TGsao m = dt . rN
+ Khi bit tc sao m (mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu ribnu) th th i gian sao m
l:
TG sao m = r N : tc sao m
- i vi nhiu ln sao m (K ln):
+ Nu thi gian chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m m khng ng k thi th i gian sao m
nhiu ln l:
TGsao m nhiu ln = K.TGsao m 1 ln
+ Nu TG chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m lin ti p ng k l t thi gian sao m nhiu
ln l:
TGsao m nhiu ln = K.TGsao m 1 ln + (K-1) t

PHN IV: CU TRC PRTIN

I. TNH S B BA MT M - S AXIT AMIN

- C 3 nu k tip nhau trn mch gc ca gen hp thnh 1 b ba m gc, 3 ribnu k
tip ca mch ARN thng tin (mARN) h p thnh 1 b ba m sao. V s ribnu c a
mARN bng vi s nu ca mch gc, nn s b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m
sao trong mARN.
S b ba mt m =

N
rN
=
2.3
3

- Trong mch gc ca gen cng nh trong s m sao ca mARN th c 1 b ba m kt

thc khng m ho a.amin. Cc b ba cn li c m ho a.amin
S b ba c m ho a.amin (a.amin chui polipeptit) =

N
rN
-1 =
-1
2.3
3

- Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a.amin, m m u tuy c m ha a.amin, nh ng a.

amin ny b ct b khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin.
S a.amin ca phn t prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh) =

N
rN
-2 =
-2
2.3
3

II. TNH S LIN KT PEPTIT

- S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn t H2O to ra.
- Hai a.amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit, 3 a.amin c 2 lin k t peptit...chu i
polipeptit c m l a.amin th s lin kt peptit l:
S lin kt peptit = m -1
III. TNH S CCH M HA CA ARN V S CCH SP T A.AMIN
TRONG CHUI POLIPEPTIT
Cc loi a.amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loi a.amin thng gp trong cc phn t
prtin nh sau:
1. Glixrin: Gly 2. Alanin: Ala
3. Valin: Val
4. Lxin: Leu
5. Izolxin: Ile
6. Xerin: Ser
7. Treonin: Thr
8. Xistein: Cys
9. Metionin: Met 10. A.aspartic: Asp11. Asparagin: Asn
12. A.glutamic: Glu

13. Glutamin: Gln 14. Arginin: Arg

17. Tirozin: Tyr 18. Histidin: His

U
X
UUU
UXU
U U X phe
UXX
U
UUA
UXA
U U G Leu
UXG
XUU
XXU
XUX
Leu
XXX
X
XUA
XXA
XUG
XXG
AUA
AXU
AUX
He
AXX
A
AUA
AXA
A U G * Met
AXG
GUU
GXU
GUX
Val G X X
G
GUA
GXA
G U G * Val
GXG
K hiu : * m m u

15. Lizin: Lys

19. Triptofan: Trp

Bng b ba mt m
A
U A U Tyr
UAX
Ser
U A A **
U A G **
X A U His
Pro X A X
XAA
X A G Gln
AAU
Asn
Thr A A X
AAA
AAG
Lys
GAU
GAX
Asp
Ala G A A
GAG
Glu
; ** m kt thc

16. Phenilalanin: Phe

20. Prlin: pro

G
UGU
U
U G X Cys
X
U G A **
A
U G G Trp G
XGU
U
XGX
X
XGA
Arg A
XGG
G
AGU
U
AGX
Ser X
AGA
A
AGG
Arg G
GGU
U
GGX
X
G G A Gli
A
GGG
G

PHN V: C CH TNG HP PRTIN

I. TNH S AXIT AMIN T DO CN DNG:

Trong qu tnh gii m, tng hp prtein, ch b ba no ca mARN c m ho a.amin th
mi c ARN mang a.amin n gii m.
1. Gii m to thnh 1 phn t prtein:
- Khi ribxm chuyn dch t u ny n u n ca mARN hnh thnh chu i
polipeptit th s a.amin t do cn dng c ARN vn chuy n mang n l gi i m
m u v cc m k tip, m cui cng khng c gi i. V v y s a amin t do c n
dng cho mi ln tng hp chui polipeptit l:
S a amin t do cn dng: S aatd =

N
rN
-1 =
-1
2.3
3

Khi ri khi ribxm, trong chui polipeptit khng cn a.amin tng ng vi m m

u. Do , s a amin t do cn dng cu thnh phn t prtin (tham gia vo cu
trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc) l:
S a amin t do cn dng cu thnh prtin hon chnh:

S aap =

N
rN
-2 =
-2
2.3
3

2. Gii m to thnh nhiu phn t prtin:

- Trong qu trnh gii m, tng hp prtin, mi lt chuyn d ch c a ribxm trn
mARN s to thnh 1 chui polipeptit.
- C n riboxom chuyn dch qua mARN v khng tr li l c n l t tr t c a ribxm.
Do s phn t prtin (gm 1 chui polipeptit) = s lt trt ca ribxm.
- Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, to nhiu phn t mARN cng lo i. M i mARN u c n
lt ribxm trt qua th qu trnh gi m bi K phn t mARN s to ra s phn t
prtin:

s P = tng s lt trt RB = K .n

- Tng s axit amin t do thu c hay huy ng v a tham gia vo c u trc cc

phn t protein va tham gia m m u. V vy:
- Tng s axit amin t do c dng cho qu trnh gi i m l s axit amin tham gia vo
cu trc phn t protein v s axit amin tham gia vo vi c gii m m u ( c dng
1 ln m m thi).

aatd = S P . (

rN
rN
- 1) = Kn (
- 1)
3
3

- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin th c hi n ch c nng sinh h c (khng k

a.amin m u):

aaP = S P . (

rN
-2)
3

II. TNH S PHN T NC V S LIN KT PEPTIT

Trong qu trnh gii m khi chui polipeptit ang hnh thnh th c 2 axit amin k ti p
ni nhau bng lin kt peptit th ng thi gii phng 1 phn t nc, 3 axit amin n i
nhau bng 2 lin kt paptit, ng thi gii phng 2 phn t nc V vy:
- S phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh gii m to 1 chui polipeptit l:
S phn t H2O gii phng =

rN
-2
3

Tng s phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh tng hp nhi u phn t protein
(mi phn t protein l 1 chui polipeptit).

H2O gii phng = s phn t prtin .

rN
-2
3

- Khi chui polipeptit ri khi riboxom tham gia chc nng sinh hc th axit amin m
u tch ra 1 mi lin kt peptit vi axit amin khng cn s lin kt peptit thc s
to lp c l

rN
-3 = s aaP -1. V vy, tng s lin kt peptit thc s hnh thnh
3

trong cc phn t protein l:

peptit = Tng s phn t protein . (

rN
- 3 ) = S P(s aaP - 1 )
3

III. TNH S ARN VN CHUYN ( tARN)

Trong qu trnh tng hp protein, tARN mang axit amin n gi i m. M i l t gi i m,
tARN cung cp 1 axit amin mt phn t ARN gii m bao nhiu lt th cung cp
by nhiu axit amin.
S gii m ca tARN c th khng ging nhau: c loi gii m 3 l n, c lo i 2 l n, 1
ln.
- Nu c x phn t gii m 3 ln s aa do chng cung cp l 3x.
y phn t gii m 2 ln
l 2y.
z phn t gii m 1 ln
l 1z.
- Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn t tARN vn chuy n 3 loi cung
cp phng trnh.
3x + 2y + z = aa t do cn dng
IV. S DCH CHUYN CA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN
1.Vn tc trt ca riboxom trn mARN
- L di mARN m riboxom chuyn dch c trong 1 giy.
- C th tnh vn tc trt bng cch chia chiu di mARN cho th i gian riboxom trt
t u n n u kia. (trt ht mARN)
v=

l
(A0/s )
t

* Tc gii m ca RB:
- L s axit amin ca chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba c gi i trong 1
giy) = S b ba m RB trt trong 1 giy.
- C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba ca mARN cho thi gian RB trt ht mARN.
Tc gii m = s b ca mARN : t
2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn t protein (phn t protein gm 1 chui polipeptit)
- Khi riboxom trt qua m kt thc, ri khi mARN th s tng h p phn t protein
ca riboxom c xem l hon tt. V vy thi gian hnh thnh 1 phn t protein
cng l thi gian riboxom trt ht chiu di mARN (t u n n u kia).
t =

l
t

3. Thi gian mi riboxom trt qua ht mARN (k t lc ribxm 1 b t u

trt)
Gi t: khong thi gian ribxm sau trt chm hn ribxm trc
- i vi RB 1 : t
- i vi RB 2: t + t