Cc nh l Weierstrass

Cc nh l Weierstrass
Bi:
inh Dng
Trong chng ny chng ta s xp x cc hm s trong khng gian C(A), khng gian
cc hm lin tc xc nh trn tp A, trong A l [a,b],T:=[0,2), hoc mt tp compact
trong Rn, hoc tng qut hn l khng gian tp compact Hausdorff, bi cc a thc
lng gic khi A = T v a thc i s trong nhng trng hp cn li.

Cc khi nim c bn
Gi s X l mt khng gian ca cc hm xc nh trn A, f X. Ta cn tm hm n gin
(thun tin cho tnh ton) t mt tp con ca X sao cho f rt gn vi .
Khng gian X thng l khng gian nh chun hoc l khng gian Bannach ca cc
hm xc nh trn A, chng hn nh C(A),Lp(A) vi 1p . Khi X l khng nh chun
th khong cch gia f v c o bng Pf PX. i lng Pf PX c gi l sai
s xp x f bi . Tp con l mt tp cc hm s c tnh cht n gin, thun tin cho
tnh ton. c gi l khng gian xp x. Di y l mt s khng gian xp x quan
trng.
(a) = Pn l mt tp cc a thc i s bc nh hn hoc bng n, tc l tp cc hm c
dng

Pn thng dng xp x cc hm xc nh trn [a,b].

(b) = Tn l tp cc a thc lng gic bc nh hn hoc bng n, tc l cc hm xc

nh trn T c dng

Hoc

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akeikxvi a n + an = 0.
Tn thng dng xp x cc hm xc nh trn T.

(c) Lp cc hm spline.
(d) Lp cc sng nh.
Chng ta bit rng khi A l tp compact th C(A) l khng gian Bannach vi chun
PfP:=max f(x).
xA

Hai nh l di y s gi quyt vn trn cho trng hp X = C(A) vi A = [a,b]hocT

.
nh l 1 ( Weierstrass-1 ) Mi hm f lin tc trn on [a,b] c th xp x bng a thc
i s vi chnh xc tu , ngha l vi mi >0 , tn ti a thc i s P sao cho
Pf PPC([a,b]).

nh l 2 ( Weierstrass-2 ) Mi hm f lin tc trn T c th xp x bng a thc lng

gic vi chnh xc tu , ngha l vi mi >0 , tn ti a thc lng gic T sao cho
Pf TPC(T).

Hai nh l ny c chng minh trong cc mc sau, da vo cc tnh cht ca mt s

ton t tuyn tnh c bit.
a thc Bernstein
Gi s f C([0,1]), cng thc

xc nh mt nh x t C([0,1]) vo Pn. Ta gi Bn(f) l a thc Bernstein bc n ca f.

Mnh sau cho ta bit cc tnh cht ca Bn:
Mnh 3
(i) Bn l ton t tuyn tnh b chn vi chun 1, xc nh dng, tc l
PBnP=1,Bn(f) 0vi f(x) 0 x A.

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(ii) K hiu ek(x):=xk,k=0,1,2. Ta c Bn(e0) = e0,Bn(e1) = e1,Bn(e2,x) = e2(x) + x(1 2 x) .

Proof. (i). Hin nhin Bn l ton t tuyn tnh v xc nh dng. Vi mi f C([0,1]) ta
c

Do PBn(fP) = PfP

t bit, vi f=1 th PBn(f)P = PfP. Suy ra PBnP=1.

(ii). Ta c e0=1 nn Bn(e0) = e0. Ta cng c

T(1.1) suy ra

, kt hp vi (1.2) ta c

Vy Bn(e2,x) = e2(x) + x(1 n x) .

Chui Fourier

Gi s

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Cc nh l Weierstrass

c gi l chui Fourier (dng phc) ca f, v f (n) l h s Fourier ca f. Chui

Fourier dng thc ca f l chui c dng

trong

l h s Fourier ca f.
Ta c

nh vy ak, bk c th biu din qua f (k) v f ( k). Ngc li ta cng c

f (k) = (ak ibk)/2.

Gi s f L1(T), i lng

c gi l tng Fourier bc n ca f. V PSn(f) fPL1(T) c th khng hi t n khng

khi n , nn ta khng dng Sn(f) xp x f. Ta c th khc phc nhc im ny
nh sau:
Vi f,g L1(T), tch chp ca hai hm f v g l hm f g c xc nh bi

Ta c

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Ta gi Dn(t) l nhn Dirichlet. t

Khi ta c

(1.3)
Ta gi Fn(x) l nhn Fejer. Di y l cc tnh cht n gin ca nhn Fejer v nhn
Dirichlet.
Mnh 4
(i) Dn v Fn l cc a thc lng gic bc n.
(ii)
Dn(x) =

sin

(2n + 1)x
2
vFn(x)
x
sin
2

(n + 1)x
2
x
(n + 1)sin2
2

sin2

(iii) n l ton t tuyn tnh xc nh dng, Dn i du.

(iv) PnP=1.
Proof. (i) Dn(x) v Fn(x) l a thc lng gic v

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Xp x bng ton t tch phn

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nh l Weierstrass trong khng gian Bannach

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Cch xy dng nhn

nh l Korovkin

nh l Korovkin s cung cp cho chng ta mt cch tip cn khc i n cc

nh l Weierstrass. nh l Korovkin khng nh rng: i vi mt dy cc ton
t tuyn tnh xc nh dng {Un} ( Un nh x C(A) vo chnh n), s hi t
PUn(f) fPC(A) 0, f C(A)c th c suy ra t s hi t ny i vi mt dy hu hn cc hm th
{gn}mn=1 C(A), trong A l mt khng gian compact Hausdorff.

Cho f l mt hm xc nh v lin tc trn A, ta vit f 0 nu f(x) 0 vi mi x A. Khi

k hiu f g c hiu l f g 0, v hm f c hiu l f (x) = f(x) ,x A.
Mt ton t U nh x C(A) vo chnh n c gi l ton t xc nh dng nu
U(f) U(g) vi mi f g. Mt ton t tuyn tnh xc nh dng th b chn,
PUP = PU(1)P.
nh l 3.1 Gi s rng tn ti mt dy cc hm thc lin tc {ai}mi=1 xc nh trn A sao
cho
(i)
a (y)gi(x) 0, x,y A. (1.13)

m i

(ii)
Py(x)=0nu v ch nu x=y. (1.14)

Khi vi mi dy ton t tuyn tnh xc nh dng {Un} trn C(A), s hi t

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Cc nh l Weierstrass
Un(gi) gi,n i=1,...,m (1.15)

ko theo
Un(f) f,n , f C(A).(1.16)

Proof. Xt hm s naigi(x). Ly hai im c nh y1,y2 A sao cho y1 = y2 . t

P:=Py1 + Py2.

Do (3.13) v (3.14) nn P(x)>0,x A. Nu tt c cc hm h s ai,i=1,...,m, l hm hng,

th do (3.15), Un(P,x) hi t u theo x n P(x). Nu x = y, th do (3.14), (3.15) v cc
hm ai b chn, i=1,...,n, ta suy ra
a (y)gi(y)=0,u theo y.

m i

Chn s a>0 sao cho 1=e0(x)aP(x),x A. Khi

Un(e0,x)aUn(P,x) aP(x),n .

V vy tn ti mt s M0>0 sao cho

PUn(e0)PM0.

Ta cn n kt qu sau: Cho fy C(A),y A l mt h cc hm sao cho fy(x) l hm lin

tc theo (x,y) A A v fy(y)=0, y A. Khi
Un(fy,y) 0,u theo y khi n . (1.17)

chng minh (3.17), xt >0 v tp ng cho ca A A, B:={(y,y):y A}. Mi mt

im (a,a) ca B c mt ln cn Va trong A A sao cho fy(x) < , vi mi (x,y) Va. Gi
G=
Va, v G l mt tp m, nn phn b F ca l tp ng, do F l tp compact
aA

(v A compact ). Ta xc nh cc s m,M bi
m:= min Py(x)>0;M:= max fy(x).
(x,y) F

(x,y) F

Nu (x,y) G, th fy(x) < . Nu (x,y) G, th fy(x) M

m Py(x). V vy
fy(x) +

M
m Py(x)

(1.18)

T (3.18) ta c

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Cc nh l Weierstrass
2 Un(fy,y) Un(e0,y) +
M0 +

M
m Un(Py,y)(M0

M
m Un(Py,y)

+ 1),vi n ln.

T y suy ra (3.17).
By gi ta c th hon thnh vic chng minh nh l. Vi mi f C(A), t
fy(x):=f(x)

f(y)
P(y) P(x).

f(y)
Un(P,y) hi t u v khng theo y khi n v
Chng ta va mi ch ra Un(f,y) P(y)
v Un(P,y) hi t u n P(y), nn ta thu c (3.16).

Nhn xt 3.2 S dng nh l Korovkin vi cc hm th g1=1,g2 = x,g3 = x2 trn [0,1]

v
Py(x) = (y x)2 = y2g1 2yg2 + g3,Un = Bn,

trong Bn l ton t Bernstein, ta suy ra H qu 1.2.4.

Tng t , trn T, ta c th xt g1 = x,g2 = cosx,g3 = sinx, v Py(x) =1cos (y x), Un = n,
p dng nh l Korovkin ta suy ra H qu 1.2.3.

Bi tp
Bi tp 1 Gi thit nh l Weierstrass cho hm tun hon l chng minh, hy chng
minh n(f,x) hi t u n f(x) khi n .

Bi tp 2 Cho {Qn}n=1
l a thc i s, Qn c bc mn , Qn(x) hi t u n f(x) khi
n , x [a,b] . Chng minh rng nu f khng phi a thc th mn , khi n
.

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