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MC LC................................................................................................................. 1
Phn M U.........................................................................................................3
Phn 1 C S L THUYT.....................................................................................4
1.1.Khi nim axit-baz............................................................................................4
1.1.1. Thuyt axit-baz ca Bronsted v Lowry.......................................................4
1.1.2. Thuyt axit-baz ca Lewis............................................................................4
1.1.3. Thang pH v pOH...........................................................................................5
1.2.Vn chung v cht in li trong dung dch.....................................................5
1.2.1. Cht in li v s in li..................................................................................5
1.2.2. in li v hng s in li...........................................................................6
1.2.2.1. in li......................................................................................................6
1.2.2.2 Hng s in li..............................................................................................6
1.2.3. Phn loi cht in li.......................................................................................7
1.2.3.1 Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu............................................................7
1.2.3.2 Biu din trng thi cht in li trong dung dch..........................................7
1.3.Nhng nh lut c bn tnh ton cn bng trong dung dch axit baz.......8
1.3.1.nh lut bo ton vt cht.............................................................................8
1.3.1.1nh lut bo ton nng ...........................................................................8
1.3.1.2.nh lut bo ton in tch.......................................................................10
1.3.2. nh lut tc dng khi lng.....................................................................10
1.3.3.nh lut bo ton proton (iu kin proton)...............................................12
1.4.Cn bng trong dung dch axit baz...............................................................13
1.4.1.Dung dch cc n axit baz.......................................................................13
1.4.1.1.n axit mnh............................................................................................13
1.4.1.2.n baz mnh..........................................................................................13
1.4.1.3.n axit yu...............................................................................................15
1.4.1.4.n baz yu.............................................................................................16
1.4.2.Dung dch ca cc hn hp axit baz .......................................................18
1.4.2.1.Hn hp axit mnh v axit yu...................................................................18
1.4.2.2.Hn hp baz mnh v baz yu................................................................19
1.4.2.3.Hn hp n axit.........................................................................................20
1.4.2.4.Hn hp n baz.......................................................................................21
[1]
Phn M U
Trong 10 ho cht m th gii sn xut nhiu nht hin nay c n 6 cht l axit
[2]
hoc baz, l: H2SO4, CaO, NH3, NaOH, H3PO4 v HNO3. Phn ng axit baz
l phn ng rt quan trng c v mt nghin cu l thuyt v mt ng dng ha hc
vo thc tin.
Phn ln cc phn ng ha hc u c din ra trong dung dch nc, i vi
dung dch nc do trong thnh phn dung dch lun c s hin din ca ion H+ v
OH-. S c mt thng xuyn ca hai ion ny trong thnh phn dung dch gy ra
nhng nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cc cn bng khc trong dung dch.
Tnh axit hay baz ca dung dch c nh hng rt ln n cc qu trnh xy ra
trong dung dch nh kh nng to phc ca ion kim loi, phn ng oxi ha kh, kh
nng b thu phn ca cc ion kim loi
Do , vic tnh ton cn bng trong dung dch axit baz gi vai tr quan trng
khng ch i vi ha phn tch m c vi ha hc ni chung. Tuy nhin vic tnh ton
cn bng trong dung dch axit baz l kh phc tp v trong dung dch c nhiu cn
bng xy ra chn cn bng no ch yu l rt kh khn.
Trn nhng c s nhm 13 quyt nh chn ti Cn bng axit baz trong
dung dch phng php th logarit gii bi ton pH.
Trong phm vi nghin cu ca ti ny, nhim v t ra l:
- Nghin cu thut ton, lp chng trnh tnh v v chnh xc gin logarit
nng ca cc ion trong dung dch axit baz.
- Da vo gin v phng trnh iu kin proton tnh ton cn bng xy ra
trong dung dch axit baz (loi b phng trnh cn bng ph khng nh hng
nhiu n tnh axit baz ca dung dch).
Phn 1 C S L THUYT
1.1. Khi nim axit-baz:
[3]
BF3 + NH3
F3B-NH3
n
(2.2)
no
Nu chia c hai s hng ca biu thc (2.2) cho th tch V ca dung dch th:
C phnli
Cchatdienli
(2.5)
= 0 i vi cht khng in li
= 1 i vi cht in li hon ton.
1.2.2.2. Hng s in li:
p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng cho cn bng (2.1) ta c:
KC
M X
MX (2.6)
Ta c:
2C 2
KC
C 1
Vi 1 th
KC
C
2
KC
1
C
(2.7)
(2.8)
HClO4 H ClO4
NaOH Na OH
C oi .Vi
Vi
(3.1)
200.10 2
4.10 3 M
200 300
0
C HNO
C HNO3
3
300.10 3
6.10 4 M
200 300
HCl H Cl
HNO3 H NO3
H2O H+ +OHBi v CHCl, CHNO3 >> 10-7 nn c th b qua s phn li ca nc. Nng cc cu
t lc cn bng:
[Cl ] = 4.10 -3 M, [ NO3-] = 6.10-4 M
[H+] = [Cl ] + [ NO3-] = 4,6.10-3 M
OH HK w 2,17.10 12 M
- nh lut bo ton nng (LBTN) ban u: y l dng ph bin
nht ca nh lut bo ton vt cht thng c p dng tnh ton cn bng trong
cc dung dch.
Pht biu nh lut: Nng ban u ca mt cu t bng tng nng cn
bng ca cc dng tn ti ca cu t c mt trong dung dch.
[8]
V d 3.2: Cho dung dch KH2PO4 nng C mol/l. Vit biu thc bo ton
nng ban u.
Cc qu trnh in li xy ra trong dung dch:
Trong ,
V d 3.4: Vit biu thc LBTT cho dung dch KH2PO4 nng C mol/l
v d 3.2
Trong dung dch c cc ion: K+, H+, H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43-, OH[9]
Tng hp cn bng:
Hng
hp
khi
bng
vi
cc cn hng s ca cc cn bng ring l.
s cn bng t
cng
cc
cn
nhau bng tch
Trng thi chun (mc khng) l trng thi ty chn (trng thi ban u,
trng thi gii hn, trng thi cn bng,...). thun tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta
thng chn mc khng l trng thi nng ca cc cu t chim u th.
V d 3.6: Vit biu thc KP cho dung dch KH2PO4 nng C mol/l v d
3.2
Chn mc khng: H2PO4- v H2O
KP:
Hoc:
S c mt ca ion H+ do HY phn li ra lm chuyn dch cn bng (4.3) sang tri
v [OH ] < 10-7. V vy, trong trng hp CHY 10 -7 c th coi [H+] = CHY .
Ngha l, trong dung dch s phn li ca HY l chim u th cn s phn li ca
H2O xy ra khng ng k.
Trong trng hp CHY 10-7 th phi k n s phn li ca nc v php tnh
c thc hin n gin theo cn bng phn li ca nc.
V d 4.1:Tnh pH, H+, OH ca dung dch HCl 1,0. 10-3 M
-Mt cch n gin c th vit cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch baz mnh:
[13]
iu kin proton:
Hoc:
y do s c mt ca OH- gii phng ra t (4.7) m cn bng phn li ca nc
(4.8) chuyn dch sang tri v [H + ] << 10-7 .V vy, nu CXOH >>10-7 th:
[OH-] = CXOH (4.11)
Ngha l nng OH- trong dung dch bng nng ca baz mnh.
Trong trng hp CXOH 10-7 th phi k n s phn li ca nc nh i vi
trng hp axit mnh.
V d 4.2 : Tnh pH, H+, OH , ca dung dch NaOH 1,0. 10-4 M
CNaOH 10 -7 nn:
1.4.1.3. n axit yu
Cc axit yu phn li mt phn v dung dch c phn ng axit. mnh ca cc
axit c c trng bng hng s phn li axit Ka hoc ch s ca hng s phn li pKa
= -lgKa . D nhin Ka cng ln hay pKa cng b th axit cng mnh.
Cc axit yu c th tn ti dng phn t,cation hoc anion.V d :
[14]
Hay :
Gii
phng
cho php nh gi x
[A ].
trnh
tc
(4.18)
l [H+],
-4
Coi ta c gi tr gn ng ca [H+]
1.4.1.4. n baz yu
Mt phn cc baz yu thu proton ca nc v dung dch ca chng c phn ng
baz. Cc baz yu c th tn ti dng phn t, anion hoc cation:
Baz phn t: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHBaz cation: CaOH+ Ca2+ + OHBaz anion: CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH mnh ca cc baz yu ph thuc vo hng s baz Kb hoc ch s hng s
baz pKb = -lgKb .
Hng s Kb c t hp t hng s phn li ca nc v hng s phn li ca axit
tng ng.
i vi baz A-:
T t hp cc phn ng trn ta c:
Nh vy khi axit HA cng mnh (Ka ln) th baz tng ng cng yu (Kb b) v
ngc li .
Phn ng (4.19), c trng cho phn ng ca cc baz, phn nh cc qu trnh
thu proton ca nc trong cc dung dch baz yu. gii thch tnh baz ca Atheo thuyt Areniut phng trnh (4.19) c gi l phn ng thy phn ca A-.
Nh vy trong bt k dung dch baz no cng u c hai qu trnh.
Phn li ca nc: H2O H+ + OH-
Kw
Thu proton ca baz: A- + H2O HA + OHTrong trng hp tch s ion Kw = [H+][OH ] ca nc rt b so vi tch s ion
[16]
Vy [OH -] = x = 4,73.10-4
pOH = -lg(4,73.10-4) = 3,32 pH = 10,68
1.4.2. Dung dch ca cc hn hp axit baz
1.4.2.1. Hn hp axit mnh v axit yu
Trong dung dch axit mnh HY nng C1 mol/l v axit yu HA c nng C2
mol/l c cc qu trnh sau:
Phn li ca axit mnh HY: HY H+ + Y- (4.23)
Ion ha ca nc: H2O H+ + OH- Kw (4.24)
Phn li ca axit yu HA: HA H + + A -
K a (4.25)
V d 4.5 :Trn 20,00ml HCl 0,0200M vi 30,00ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,150
M tnh pH ca hn hp thu c ?
CHCl = 20.0,02/(20+30) = 0,008 (M)
CCH3COOH = 30.0,15/(20+30) = 0,09 (M)
Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
Vi x C1; x C2 ta c gi tr gn ng:
Vi x 1,0.10
-4
[19]
Vy x = [HNO2] = 10-7,71
[OH-] = 1,0.10-4 + x = 1,0.10 -4 + 10-7,71 = 10-4
pOH = 4,0 pH = 10
1.4.2.3. Hn hp n axit
Trong dung dch cha cc n axit HA1, HA2, HA3 c cc cn bng
Trong trng hp: Ka1CHA1>> Ka2CHA2 >> Ka3CHA3 >> Kw th c th tnh nng
ion H+ theo cn bng (4.33) nh i vi dung dch cha n axit.
Trong trng hp Ka1CHA1 Ka2CHA2 Ka3CHA3 th biu thc KP p dng cho h s
l:
+
Sau khi t hp cn thit vi ch [H ] [OH ] ta c:
[20]
[H + ] = 4,17.10-4M; pH = 3,38
T cn bng (1): NH 3
0,10
.10 9, 24 10 6 ,86 << 10-3,38, vy s phn li ca NH4+
3, 38
10
Vi gi tr tnh gn ng :
K b1 C 1 K b2 C 2 K w . p dng (4.44) :
Hoc:
Cn bng (4.45) m t ng hin tng khi dung dch c phn ng axit. Nu pH
7 th c th tnh [H+] theo (4.45):
Ca
v ta c cng thc gn ng tnh pH:
Cb
b
b
Khi x = [OH - ] << C a , C b th [OH - ] = x = K b C v pOH pK b lg C (4.48)
a
a
Tnh gn ng :
pH 9,24 lg
0,070
9,38 ;
0,050
pOH = 4,62
[23]
Khi Ka1 Ka2 Ka3 th Ka3-1 Ka2-1 Ka1-1 v vy Kb1 Kb2 Kb3.
Nh vy s proton ha nc 1 l chim u th v ta c th tnh cn bng ca a baz
nh mt n baz:
[24]
Vi Ka = 10-9,24,Ta c:
[27]
[28]
h = [H+] = 8,16.10-3
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg(8,16.10-3 ) = 2,09
Vy pH ca hn hp gm 20,00ml HCl 0,0200M v 30,00ml dung dch
CH3COOH 0,150 M l 2,09
2.1.4. Hn hp n axit
Xt trng hp sau: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH C1 = 0,010 M v NH4Cl
C2 = 0,100M [4]
Ly
logarit
[30]
Vi Ka2 = 10-4,76, ta c :
[31]
+
h = [H ] = 4,08.10-4
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg(4,08.10-4) = 3,39
Vy pH ca dung dch CH3COOH C1 = 0,010 M v NH4Cl C2 = 0,100M l 3,39
2.1.5. a axit
Cc a axit gm: H3PO4, H2CO3. H2S. . .
Xt trng hp sau: tnh pH v nng ion S2- trong dung dch H2S 0,010M.
[32]
h = [H+] = 3,09.10-5
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg(3,09.10-5) = 4,51
Vy pH ca dung dch H2S 0,010M l 4,51
Mc khng: H2O
KP: [H +] = [OH ] CNaOH
Trong :
[34]
Mc khng: H2O
KP: [H+] = [OH-](3)
[35]
[H +] = [OH-] - [HCN]
Trong :
nc.
T (*) : [HCN] = [OH-]
Vi Ka = 10-9,35 ,ta c:
[H+] = h = 2,16.10-11
pH = -lg[H+] = -lg(2,16.10 -11) = 10,67
Vy pH ca dung dch NaCN 0,010 M l 10,67
Mc khng: H2O
KP:
Trong :
[37]
[38]
Mc khng: H2O
KP: [H +] = [OH ] - [HCN] - [NH4+]
Trong :
[39]
Mc khng: H2O
+
Trong :
[41]
KP : [H ] = [OH ] + [NH3] C2
Trong :
[44]
[H+] = h = 4,11.10-10
+
pH = -lg[H ] = -lg(4,11.10 -10) = 9,386
Vy pH ca hn hp NH4+ C1 = 0,05M v NH3 C2 = 0,070M l 9,39.
Phn 3 KT LUN
[45]
Tm ti liu, nh my.
Tm ti liu.
[46]
[47]