Cc mch khuch i m tn s dng BJTs (thi

gian 2 ngy)
nh ngha:

Mch khuch i m tn l cc mch hot ng vi cc tn

hiu hnh sin v khng sin, c di tn nm trong khong tai
ngi c th nghe c. Thng thng, tai ca mt ngi c
sc khe tt, c th nghe c cc m thanh t 20 Hz n
20 kHz.

Gii thch v mt s t ng c lin quan n tn hiu m tn:

Sng m thanh c ngun gc t nhng dao ng c hc

lan truyn trong khng kh n tai ta. Ngi ta c th ghi

nhn li sng m thanh, bin i n thnh tn hiu in, hoc
bin i ngc li t tn hiu in thnh sng m thanh.
Tn hiu m tn l cc tn hiu in c bin i t sng
m thanh thnh.
Tn s: lin quan n trm bng ca m thanh. m
thanh bng c tn s cao, m thanh trm c tn s thp.
Bin : lin quan n ln mnh ca m thanh. m
thanh cng ln bin cng cao.
m sc: lin quan n phc tp ca sng m. m sc
cng phc tp cng nhiu ha tn. C nhng ha tn lm cho
m thanh nghe mt m hn, nhng cng c nhng ha tn
lm cho m thanh nghe chi tai hn.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Khi nim v tn

hiu mt chiu v tn hiu xoay chiu.

Trong in t, ngi ta thng phi lm vic vi nhng tn

hiu in phc tp, trong c cc thnh phn mt chiu

xen ln vi thnh phn xoay chiu. Chng ta cn phn bit

cc thnh phn ny

Thnh phn mt chiu trong tn hiu.

in mt chiu l ngun in c chiu v tr s khng i

theo thi gian. Tuy nhin tn hiu trong mch in t thng
thay i theo thi gian, nn khng cn n gin l in mt
chiu na. Ngi ta nh ngha thnh phn mt chiu l tr s
trung bnh ca tn hiu trong mt thi gian no .
Thnh phn xoay chiu trong tn hiu

Khi tn hiu c s thay i theo thi gian, th nhng thay i

so vi gi tr trung bnh c gi l thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn
hiu.

Nh vy cc gi tr o c trong mch in t lun bao gm 2

thnh phn: thnh phn mt chiu v thnh phn xoay chiu.

Thnh phn mt chiu nh hng n ch lm vic ca mch.

N c xc nh bng vic nh thin cho transistor. N lm nn
tng cho mch hot ng n nh v lu di. Tuy nhin, n
khng c tc dng bin i t sng in thnh sng m
thanh.
Thnh phn xoay chiu chnh l bn cht ca tn hiu m tn. N
l thnh phn do tn hiu m thanh bin i thnh in, v l
thnh phn s c bin i t in thnh m thanh.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Khi nim v chn

lc tn hiu mt chiu v tn hiu xoay chiu.

Tn hiu hu ch ca m tn l tn hiu xoay chiu, trong khi

thnh phn mt chiu li quyt nh ch lm vic ca

mch. V th chng ta cn phi n nh thnh phn mt

chiu, nhng cn tch ring thnh phn xoay chiu x l
n.
Trong mch khuch i m tn thng mt tng khuch i
khng khuch i n mc mong mun, nn chng ta
phi dng nhiu tng khuch i. Tn hiu sau khi c
khuch i tng ny s c a n tng k tip
khuch i thm. V th ta cn kt ni cc tng khuch i
vi nhau.

Cch kt ni gia cc tng trong mch khuch i m tn.

Gia ngun v u vo mch khuch i tn hiu, gia u ra

ca mch khuch i tn hiu vi ti, hoc gia u ra ca
mch khuch i ny vi u vo ca mch khuch i khc,
thng c s chnh lch v in th mt chiu.
Nu chng ta ni chng vi nhau, th in th mt chiu ca
mch ny s nh hng n mch khc v ngc li. iu
ny lm ph v s n nh ca cc mch.
V vy chng ta phi c bin php kt ni sao cho:
Thnh phn mt chiu ca cc mch khng nh hng
n nhau.
Thnh phn xoay chiu thng qua c t mch ny
sang mch kia.
C nhiu cch kt ni: kt ni trc tip, kt ni bng bin p,
kt ni bng t in.
Hin nay ngi ta chung cch kt ni trc tip v cch kt
ni bng t in.

Cch kt ni bng t in.

Cch kt ni bng t in n gin, d thc hin. i vi mt

chiu, t in l vt cch in. i vi thnh phn xoay
chiu, t in c mt tr khng XC = 1/ 2fC. Nu chn C
ln th Xc s nh khng nh hng n mch.

Khi kt ni bng t in, ngi ta c th tnh ton nh thin

cho tng transistor ring l. Sau tnh ton kt ni cc
mch vi nhau sao cho tn hiu xoay chiu c th i thng
sut.
T in dng kt ni cc mch vi nhau, thng l t ha,
c cc tnh. Khi rp mch phi t cc tnh cho ph hp.
T kt ni cn gi l t lin lc.

Cch kt ni trc tip.

Kt ni trc tip kh khn hn, v ngi ta phi tnh ton sao

cho gia cc mch vi nhau khng c chnh lch v in p
DC. Hay chnh xc hn l phi thit k DC cho ton khi, ch
khng thit k ring l tng tng.

Bi tp thc hnh 1:

S dng mch in lp rp t bi 1 di y.

Lp thm cc dy ra t cc B v cc C. Ni thm cc t
in, in tr v my pht sng nh hnh v di y.

 Cp in 15VDC cho mch.

o in p ti cc im A, B, C, D bng VOM thang
o mt chiu. Ghi nhn tr s.
o in p ti cc im A, B, C, D bng VOM thang
o xoay chiu. Ghi nhn tr s.
Dng my hin sng quan st dng sng ti cc im
trn.
Pht tn hiu 400 Hz, 0,2V bng my pht sng.
o li in p DC ti cc im A, B, C, D.
o li in p AC ti cc im A, B, C, D.
Dng my hin sng quan st dng sng ti cc im
trn.
Ghi nhn li cc thng s v nhn xt.

Bi tp thc hnh 2:

S dng 2 mch in lp rp t bi 1 di y.

 Lp thm cc dy ra t cc B v cc C. Ni thm cc t
in, in tr v my pht sng nh hnh v di y.

Pht tn hiu 400 Hz, 0,2V bng my pht sng.

o li in p DC ti cc im A, B, C, D, E, F.
o li in p AC ti cc im A, B, C, D, E, F.
Dng my hin sng quan st dng sng ti cc im
trn.
Ghi nhn li cc thng s v nhn xt.
Pht tn hiu 400 Hz, 0,02V bng my pht sng.
Lp thm cc t in vo gia cc E ca transistor v
masse.
o li in p DC ti cc im A, B, C, D, E, F.
o li in p AC ti cc im A, B, C, D, E, F.
Dng my hin sng quan st dng sng ti cc im
trn.
Ghi nhn li cc thng s v nhn xt.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs c tuyn tnh v

c tuyn ng.
c tuyn tnh.

c tuyn tnh ca mt transistor l tp hp cc im m

transistor s c th c lm vic trn h ta U / I. c

tuyn tnh ny ph thuc ch yu vo in tr RC, RE v

VCC.

Cch v c tuyn tnh trn h ta U/I.

c tuyn tnh ca transistor c biu th bng hm s bc

nht :

VCE = VCC IC*(RC+RE)

Nh vy c tuyn tnh ca 1 transistor l mt ng thng

i qua 2 im:
im khng dn:
im dn ti a:

I=0; VCE =VCEmax=VCC

VCC=0; IC=ICmax=VCC/(RE+RC)

Th d trn trong c tuyn trn, nu chng ta thit k cho

transistor lm vic 5mA th in p trn hai u C v E
s l:

VCE=VCC-IC*(RC+RE)=15-0.005*(1000+1000)=5V
(im A trn c tuyn)

Nhng nu chng ta thit k cho mch lm vic 2,5 mA

th in p trn hai u C v E s l:

VCE=VCC-IC*(RC+RE)=15-0.0025*(1000+1000)=10V
(im B trn c tuyn).
Cch v c tuyn tnh trn oscillo scope.

Mch in rp, ni vo ngun nh hnh v.

Oscillo scope knk 1 o in p cc C. Knh 2 o
dng bng cch o in p ri trn in tr.
Ch o ca Oscillo scope t ch o XY.
Mun o c tuyn tnh th g t ni t trans vo ti.
Mun o c tuyn ng th t ny.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs c tuyn tnh v

c tuyn ng.
c tuyn ng.

c tuyn ng ca mt transistor l tp hp cc im m
transistor s c th c lm vic trn h ta U / I di iu
kin mang ti v c kt ni AC. c tuyn ng ny ph
thuc ch yu vo im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn tnh v
dc ca c tuyn ng.

dc ca c tuyn ng.

dc ca c tuyn l t s I/U. i vi c tuyn tnh,

th dc ny l 1/(RE+RC). Nhng khi xt v mch xoay
chiu, RE b ngn mch bi CE, v Rti xem nh song song vi
RC. Vy dc ca c tuyn ng s l 1/(RC//Rti ).

Cch v c tuyn ng trn h ta U/I.

Xc nh im lm vic ca Transistor trn c tuyn tnh,

bng cch tnh ton nh thin nh trong bi 1.
V ng thng ni lin hai im:
im khng dn:

I=0; VCE =VCEmax=VCC

im dn ti a:

VCC=0; IC=ICmax=VCC/(RC//Rti)

T im tnh trn c tuyn tnh, v ng thng song song

vi ng thng trn.

Th d trong trng hp di y, RC=RE=1k. Rti=10k.

c tuyn tnh i qua 2 im:
im khng dn:
im dn ti a:

I=0; VCE =VCEmax=VCC=15V

VCC=0; IC=ICmax=VCC/(RC+Re)=7,5mA

Chn im lm vic:

U =5V, I = 5mA.

V ng m phng c tuyn ng i qua 2 im:

im khng dn:
im dn ti a:

I=0; VCE =VCEmax=VCC=15V

VCC=0; IC=ICmax=VCC/(RC//Rti)=16.6mA

c tuyn ng ca transistor l ng i qua im

tnh 5V, 5mA v song song vi ng thng trn

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Cc kiu lp t

transistor.
Ty theo cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra, mt
transistor c th c s dng cc kiu lp khc nhau.

Transistor lp kiu cc pht chung (CE: Common Emitter).

Vi mt transistor c nh thin nh hnh bn cnh, nu ta

a tn hiu vo gia cc B vi t, ly tn hiu ra gia cc C
vi t. Cc E xem nh c ni masse qua in tr RE (hoc

ngn mch qua t in CE). Mch ny c cc E chung cho c

ng vo v ng ra chung, nn gi l mch CE.
Mch CE l mch thng dng nht, c tng tr u vo ln
trung bnh, tng tr u ra ln trung bnh, h s khuch i
kh ln. Ngi ta c th iu chnh h s khuch i bng
cch iu chnh in tr ni t RE.
H s khuch i:

kU=(RC//Rti)/(RE+Re)

Trong RE l in tr ni t E xung masse xt v mt xoay

chiu. Re l in tr trong tng ng ca cc E, khong vi
chc n vi trm .
Di y l 2 cch nh RE = 100 v mt xoay chiu:

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Cc kiu lp t

transistor.
Transistor lp kiu cc nn chung (CB: Common Base).

Vi mt transistor c nh thin nh hnh bn cnh, nu ta

a tn hiu vo gia cc E vi t, ly tn hiu ra gia cc C
vi t. Cc B xem nh c ni masse qua in tr t in
CB. Mch ny c cc B chung cho c ng vo v ng ra
chung, nn gi l mch CB.

Mch CB l mch t thng dng nht, c tng tr u vo rt

nh, tng tr u ra rt ln, h s khuch i kh ln. Mch
CB thng dng ghp ni vi nhng mch tn hiu vo c
tng tr rt thp. Th d nh mch khuch i microphone
tng tr thp hoc cc mch khuch i cao tn.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Cc kiu lp t

transistor.
Transistor lp kiu cc thu chung (CC: Common Collecter).

Vi mt transistor c nh thin nh hnh bn cnh, nu ta

a tn hiu vo gia cc B vi t, ly tn hiu ra gia cc E
vi t. Cc C xem nh c ni masse qua in tr ngun.
Mch ny c cc C chung cho c ng vo v ng ra chung,
nn gi l mch CC.
Mch CC l mch tng i thng dng, thng dng lm
mch m v c tng tr u vo rt ln, tng tr u ra kh
nh, h s khuch i in p gn bng 1. H s khuch i
dng gn bng ca transistor.
Mch CC c ng dng nhiu cc tng cng sut, cc b
n p, cc b m phi hp tng tr

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Cc kiu lp t

phi hp hai hay nhiu transistor.
Transistor lp kiu Cascode.

Kiu cascode l kiu lp phi hp gia CB v CE.

Ng ra ca CE kh ln b ngn mch bi ng vo CB kh nh.
V th h s khuch i ca ton mch ch tng ng vi
mch CE thi. Tuy nhin kiu lp t ny c tc dng lm
tng ng k di tn, do loi b c hiu ng hi tip m
ni b tn s cao ca CE, v c tnh tn s cao kh tt ca
CB.

Transistor lp kiu vi sai.

Kiu cascode l kiu lp phi hp gia hai mch CE, trong

hai cc E c ni chung vi nhau.
Mch ny thng dng lm mch so snh tn hiu. Tn hiu la
ly t 2 cc C, v t l vi hiu s 2 tn hiu vo.

Transistor lp kiu Darlington.

Kiu cascode l kiu lp phi hp gia 2 mch CC. Kiu ny

tng cng h s khuch i dng kI = 1*2.

Nh h s khuch i dng cao, nn tng tr ra rt thp.

Thng c s dng trong cc mch cng sut m thanh.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Mch khuch i

cng sut.

Mch khudch i cng sut trong h thng m thanh l

mch khuch i a tn hiu ra loa.
Do loa nghe nhc a s c hiu sut tng i thp, v ta
cn mt cng sut m thanh kh ln nghe, nn mch
cng sut cn cung cp mt cng sut ln kch hot
loa.
Thng thng loa hin nay c tng tr kh thp (16, 8,
4, 3,2, hoc 2). Do , tng tr ng ra ca mch cng
sut cng cn phi rt nh.
Cc mch khuch i cng sut bng n chn khng v
transistor ni kiu CE c tng tr rt ln, do khng phi
hp c vi tng tr nh ca loa. Tn hiu ra loa s b suy
gim rt mnh. V th trong cc trng hp trn, ngi ta
phi dng my bin p xut m.

My bin p xut m c nhim v phi hp tng tr, thay i

mc in p cho ph hp v cch ly mch loa vi mch
khuch i.
Hin nay vi k thut bn dn tin trin hn trc, ngi ta
thng chuyn sang mch cng sut c ng ra khng bin
th xut m (OTL: output transformer-less). Mch ny kh
n gin, dng ngun n, in p ra c tr s DC bng
in p ngun, nn ni ra loa phi lin lc bng t in.
Sau ny, khi cc mch khuch i thut ton c s dng
rng ri, ngi ta bt u p dng cc nguyn l ca mch
ny vo mch cng sut dng BJT. Ngun cung cp s l
ngun i. Ng ra c mc DC =0, nn khng cn s dng t
lin lc, m ni trc tip ra loa, nn gi l mch cng sut
khng c t in ng ra. (OCL: output capasitor-less).
Chng ta bt u phn tch mt s mch cng sut n gin:

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Mch khuch i

cng sut khng bin p xut m (OTL).
Chng ta xem xt mch cng sut n gin di y:

Tng khuch i u vo.

Tng khuch i u vo l tng khuch i c bn kiu CE.

Tng khuch i tin cng sut.

Tng khuch i tin cng sut vo l tng khuch i kiu

CE c hi tip in p. Tng ny c thit k vi dng in
ln hn kch tng cng sut

Tng khuch i cng sut.

Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i kiu CC. Bao

gm 2 cp Darlington b ph, khuch i y ko ni tip.
li in p ca tng ny gn bng 1.
Tng ny c thit k lp AB, c dng tnh rt nh, c 10
mA. Khi c tn hiu, nhim v ca tng ny nh sau:
Cp Darlington D468 v C1061 s khuch i na chu k
dng. na chu k m, cp ny s ct.
Cp Darlington A671 v B562 s khuch i na chu k
m. na chu k dng, cp ny s ct.

Mch tinh chnh dng tnh.

Bin tr 1k cc C ca tng tin cng sut c tinh chnh

sao cho dng in i qua tng cng sut khi khng c tn
hiu trong khong t 10 n 20 mA. Trong trng hp khng
cn tinh chnh chnh xc dng tnh, ngi ta thng thay bin
tr ny bng 3 diode cng sut nh ni tip vi nhau, hoc
bng 1 n LED .

Mch lin lc ng ra.

Do ng ra c in th DC xp x bng in p ngun, nn
mun xut ra loa, cn phi lin lc bng t. T ny c cn
ty thuc vo tng tr loa v tn s lm vic ca loa. tn
s ct, tng tr ca t c gi tr bng tng tr loa. Vi loa 8
, t 100 F th tn s ct s l:

Xc = 1/ (2 f C)
8 Ohm = 1/ (2 * 3,14 * f *1000 * 106)
f = 1/ (2 * 3,14 * f *1000 * 106 * 8)
f = 20Hz.

Mch hi tip m.

in p ng ra ca tng cng sut c a v hi tip cho

tng tin cng sut qua 2 in tr 47k v 4.7k. Nh vy 1/10
in p ra s c so snh vi in p ng vo. Gi s h s
khuch i ca trasistor ln, th li ca c mch tin
cng sut + cng sut s xp x =10.

Mch Bootstrap.

in p ng ra ca mch cng sut s c a vo im

ni gia 2 in tr cc C ca tng tin cng sut. T ny cho
php in th im ny chy theo in th ng ra ca tng
tin cng sut vi chnh lch in th l 1 tr s c nh. Nh
vy na chu k dng, in th im ny c th cao hn
in p ngun, trnh cho u ra khng b suy gim cng sut
ra do gim dng qua RC.

Cc mch m tn s dng BJTs Mch khuch i

cng sut khng t ra loa (OCL).
Chng ta xem xt mch cng sut OCL n gin di y:

Tng khuch i u vo (Q1, Q2).

Tng khuch i u vo l tng khuch i vi sai.

Tng khuch i tin cng sut(Q3, Q5).

Tng khuch i tin cng sut vo l tng khuch i in

th kiu CE. Tng ny c thit k vi dng in ln hn
kch tng cng sut.
Dng in qua Q3 c a qua Q4 v sau a sang Q6.
Nh vy tn hiu vi sai ca Q1 v Q2 c chuyn thnh
tn hiu n a n tng cng sut.

Tng khuch i cng sut.

Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i kiu CC. Bao

gm 2 cp Darlington b ph, khuch i y ko ni tip.
li in p ca tng ny gn bng 1.

Tng ny c thit k lp AB, c dng tnh rt nh, c 10

mA. Khi c tn hiu, nhim v ca tng ny nh sau:
Cp Darlington Q7 v Q9 s khuch i na chu k
dng. na chu k m, cp ny s ct.
Cp Darlington Q8 v Q10 s khuch i na chu k m.
na chu k dng, cp ny s ct.

Mch tinh chnh dng tnh.

Bin tr 1k cc C ca tng tin cng sut c tinh chnh

sao cho dng in i qua tng cng sut khi khng c tn
hiu trong khong t 10 n 20 mA. Trong trng hp khng
cn tinh chnh chnh xc dng tnh, ngi ta thng thay bin
tr ny bng 3 diode cng sut nh ni tip vi nhau, hoc
bng 1 n LED .

Mch lin lc ng ra.

Do ng ra c in th DC xp x bng 0V, nn c th xut

trc tip ra loa m khng cn thng qua t.

Mch hi tip m.

in p ng ra ca tng cng sut c a v hi tip cho

tng tin cng sut qua 2 in tr 47k v 1k.
i vi DC xem nh ton b in p ng ra c a v so
snh vi in p ng vo. Do li ca ton mch s xp
x =1. V ng vo c ni t qua in tr 47k, nn xem
nh =0. Do ng ra cng =0V.
i vi AC: t in xem nh ngn mch, ni in tr 1 k
xung t. Nh vy 1/47 in p ra s c so snh vi in
p ng vo. Gi s h s khuch i ca trasistor ln, th
li ca ton mch s xp x =47.
Ngun: PQT