RS PHUONG PHAP GIAT TOAR THAM SO HOA trong phuong trinh nghigm nguyen CAO MINH QUANG (GV Truéng THPT chuyén Nguyén Binh Khiém, Vinh Long) jiucong tink nghiém nguvén li dang todn khé trong $6 hc. Cé ig ede tink char $6 hoe: plurang phip lea chon modulo; phicong phan cure han; phacong phap xuéng thang; phicong phép mis gié Sau day ching téi xin gidi thigu plucong phép than sé héa trong phuoug rink nghiém nguvén c6 hai dn sé. I. PHUONG TRINH NGHIEM NGUYEN BAC HAI VOI HAI AN SO Dé giai PT dang nay chung ta thudng st dung phwong phap mién gid tri. ¥ teéng chinh cba phuong phap nay la xét phuong trinh bac hai theo mot an nao do, an con lai 1a tham so. Sau kign cia tham s6 dé PT bac hai co . Tir day thigt lap duge bat dang thie dé chan gid tri cua tham sé va liét ké nghiém_ (néu ed), We Thi diy L, Zim nghnémn nguyen cria plueong trink x? +2y? -2xy+3x—3y +20. Lod gid, PT dugc bién déi vé dang x +(3-2y)x+2y7 -3y42=0 qd) Coi phuong trinh trén 1a PT bac hai an x. Dieu kién de PT (1) c6 nghiém la A>O © (3-2) -4(20? -3y+2)2 0 1 1 e4y-1s0@- 0 vai moi a). Do dé de {10;14:12;13:14}. Kiém tra tne tiép, ta nhan thay PT chi co nghiém nguyén Khi d=14, khi dé x=—7.y=7, cde trong hop con lai PT khong ¢6 nghiém nguyén. Vay PT da cho cé nghiém nguyén duy nhat (x:y) la (-7:7). * Thi dy Tim nghiém nguyén cia pueong trinh 3 410x-1= y? +637. Loi gigi. Dit x=y+d (dee). Khi do PT ban dau wé thank (3¢-6)y? +(3d? +10)y +d? +10d -1=0(5) Néu d= 2 thi PT (5) tr6 thanh (khong c6 nghiém nguyén). Voi d= 2, diéu kién dé PT (5) co nghiém 1a A=-3d? +24d? - 60d? + 252d +7620. 5. Bulgari 2004) 22y+27=0 ¢ Neu d ¢-l thi A=-3d?(d? -8d +20)+252d+76<0. @Néu d>8 thi A =3d°(8—d) +2(38-a?) + 2d(126-29d) <0. Kiém tra tre tiép, ta whan thay void=Ld=5 thi A la mot s6 chinh phuong. Cy thé khi thi A : 5 thi Vay PT c6 nghigm (x;y) nguyén la (6:5), (2-3). & Thi du 6, ea 1981) Tim nghiém nguyén diong etia plurong trinh xiay =ay+6l. Léi giai. Ta nban thay x > y. Dat x= 44d. d€0*. Khido taco PT (v+d} - -(y+d)y-61=0 © (3d -1)y? +(3ed? -d)y +d? -61=0 ) Chu ¥ ring voi moi d EC thi 37-1+0.Do 6 PT © cé nghigm khi vachi khi A > 0, hay(3a? - dy -4(3d-1)(a? -61) 20 © 3d* 42d —732d+244<0 = (Bd-I(a? +? -244)< 0. Néu d= 6 thi (3d-1)(d3 +d? - 244) & (3.6-1(6' +6? - 244) = 136 >0 Do 46 dé PT (6) c6 nghigm thi lsds3. Kiém tra tive tigp ta thay PT chi 6 nghiém nguyén khi d=1. Khi do y=5, suy ra x= 6, cae trrdng hop can lai PT khéng cd nghigm nguyén. VayPT da chocé nghigm nguyén duong (x; y) duy ahat la (6:5). © Midn xét. Trong truéng hop tim nghigm nguyén ca PT tren, ta ¢6 the danh gid nhw sau: dsl thi A=(3d-1)((d+1)—244) > 0. ti dé suy ra OS d=5 nhu da xét trén. Trong twudng hop nay ngoai nghiém (x :)=(6 : 5) ta con nhan duge them mot nghiém nguyen (x: 3) ntta la (-;- 6). *Thi (yea (adap (uP aye P00 Qa Voi moi de_ thi 3-40. Do do dieu kian d8 PT (7) cé nghiém 1a (3a? 4d)’ —4(8d -4)(a? a? -100) > 0 > 3d* —4d? -1200d +1600 <0. 7. Tim nghiginnguyéi cia planong inh © Néu d 28 thi + —4a -1200d +1600 Od? -1200d +1600 > 1280d -1200d +1600 = 80d +1600 > 0. eNéu d <0 thi dé thay Ad ~1200d +1600 >0. Do dé def 7}. Kiém tra truc tiép, ta thay PT chi cé nghiém nguyén khi d=2 hoie d=5. Cu the khi d=2 thi y=6, suy ra x=8;khid=5 thi y=0,suyrax=5. Vay PT da cho cé nghiém nguyén (x ; y) la (8:6) va (5:0). BAI TAP Hay tim nghiém nguyén cua cde phuong trinh y+2ytt3y4l. €(C1:-D.0: 9}. Dap s8.(x:9) € {Oz 1), (-1:0)}. 3.08 = 8 t2y7 41. Dap s6.(x:39) = (-2:-3).(1: 4.8 = xty-3xt2y+5. Dap 86 (x;y) © {-1:-3), (3 5)}. +2003. € (21:19), (-19; 2}. +8 Dap s6.(x: 3) = {(2;0).(0;-2)}.