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Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE ML GAMBHIR Me amen (© 2000 by Prove of aa Pte Lint, New Debi lt es. No pat of fh book ray be roposced n my rm, by meneogagh ary er ears Atak main nr om be plot “The aig ts of is bok a at ly wth pea Pars by funk K Grea rr alo bea Prt Lire MS, Coma Cre, Now ont 900" aos bering by aera Eleare Paes 8.299, G7 Rama Road Indu vn ute 0080 Contents {1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN! 6 11 Induction —_1 12° Limit State of Collapee: Flexure 1 124 Design of Rectangular Beam: 6 1.22 Design of the Funged Beam Sections 12 13 Limit State of Collapse: Shear, Bond and Torsion — 16 134 Design fr Shear 17 132 Design for Torion 23, 133 Design for Bond 25 14 Use of Design Ads 32 LS Limit Ste of Collapse: Compression 32 151 Axialy Loaded Short Colum (aith ¢ = 0.10 ea) 34 1552 Column Sobjeced¢o Combined Axil Load and Uniaral Bending 46 153 Column Subjected to Axial Lood and Biaxial Bending 37 Sa Slender Colarns 3 155 _ Colum Design Interaction Diagrams 39 1.6 Shear Fowce in Columns Subjected 0 Moments 39 LI Limit Stes of Servicebibiy 3 1S Stusural Drawings 4 19. Detling for Ductliy 4 Tuaociat Problems Contents EES z 43__Determinason of Design Bending Moments 181 431 Direct Design Method 182 432 Equivalen Frame Method 186 44 Comparison of Ft Slab with Two-Way Slab 200 45. Openings in Flat Slabs 200 Tutorial Problems 201 203-250 S41 Induction 208 52. Basie Phnciples of Yield Line Theory 204 5.21 Location and Orientation of Yield Lines 205 5.22 Typical Failure Mechanisms 206 5.2.3 Bending and Twisting Morente Along a Yield Line 208 53. Methods of Yield Line Analysis 209 S31 The Virwal Work Method 210 532. The Equi Method 211 '53.3._Unifoom Stel Distbution 212 $4 _Blleet of Floxble Edge Beams 212 55 Comer Levers and Fans 214 536 Opening in Slabs 215 5.7 Application to Practical Design Problems 215 ‘S8_One-Way Isouopicaly Reinforced Coaiauous Slab 216 ‘59 Onbotropially Reinforced Rectangular Sis 208 510 Skow Slabs 237 SAL Tiangular Slabs 234 SALT saropcaly Reinforced Twangular habs 234 ‘S112 Onhoropically Reinforced Triangular Slabs 247 5.12. Regular Iotropiclly Renforood Polygon Sib Contnuoasly ‘Supported on All Sides 249 ‘arial Pablens — 247 ‘SPECIAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS oer ‘61 Intaducion 251 62 Dome 251 62.1 Structural Action 253 63. Beams Curved in Plan 270, G31 Clrular Beam Syrmecically Suppored 271 {63.2 Semictcular Beam Sappoed en Three Equally Spaced Columns 273, 63.3 Curved Beam Fixed at Ende 275, 64 Deep Beams 287 64.1 Recommendations of IS:56 259 65. Brcket or Corel 298 65.1 Design of Coxtel 30 Preface ‘The endeavour to write this book is a esol of challenges that I ave faced as « teacher, researcher, and practicing engine Working inthe field of inforced concrete design; and the long cherished desire 10 develop quality text on reiaforced eoperste design for civil enginccring undergraduate stadens covering the design of reinforced concrete structures generlly reeribed for reinforced ene design course in civil engineering curialum in Indian universities. The subject mater is generally tug in two courses, the fist couse covers the concept and design of independent suctural elements and thir detailing, whereas the second course deals with the design of stuctures which ae assembly of elements covered in the fist course and ae advanced in nature. Therefore, itis decided to cover the subject matter in to books. ‘The main objective of the fist book eniled: Fundamentals of Relnforced Concrete Design published by Prentice-Hall of India (2005), covering the fit cours on reinforced concrete, i to develop the ability to analyze ad design a reinfored concrete member subjected to different types of forces ins simple and gical manner using the basic principles of sates and code provisions which emphasize safety. serviceability and eeonor ‘This second book presents the applictions of design concept learted in the fit book. However, due to ever ineeasing use of concrete structure allover the word, the progress in the design concept has increased in the Inst few decades. At present efforts are being made to formulate unified design approach. Engineering companies expect civil engineering grates to understand the code provisions and. consequetly, tobe able to design a concrete strocture effectively and economically ith minimum taining period or overhead costs. Taking this ito onsideraon, the Book is writen to achieve the fllowing ebjctives: To preset a teat to cater mainly tothe clssroom or selF-sidy needs of senior undergnduate student in civil engineering, withthe subject mater based on cure Gesign practices and the requirements of the I:456 Py Proface ESE However the desig and deuiing of fla slbs by icc design and equivelest frame methods are covered in Chaper 4 CChapier Shas been devoted io the design of sats by yield line theory which is consistent with limit tates method used inthe book. All ypes of one-way and two-way isotopically and ‘athetopeally reinforced slabs incladiog uapensial, eangulr polygonal ciculue and skew slab, re presented with adequate examples (Chapter 6 explains the design of special snictral elements ke domes, curved beams deep beams, racket ar cobel nibs oF beam shelves, grid or cotfered floor system, ribbed slab fysom and spandel beams, et. which are frequemly used in stu srucares. Chapter 7 emphasizes onthe analysis of continuous bears and building ames under gravity lad pateres using approaimate methods like momen coefficies for continue beams, subsite frame methed of frame analysis. A unique feature of tis chapter is the ‘moducton ofthe design of frames, adjustment of design moments at beam- tugs ies Mg> Mua the section i over reinforced. As the oversoinforced section is not parm it should be redesigned, 12.1 Design of Rectangular Beams ‘Te design of 4 reinforced concrete flexural member generally consists of determining the cross-sectional dimensions, v2. and D and the area of tension steel Ay reqied ta revs the ‘esign moment, My, The material properties fy and fare generally prevcibedieleted the basis of exposure Conditions. availability of materials and economy. The selection of cross section dimensions of flexural members (thickness of slabs, in particular) fom a structural view pair is efter dicted by sericabiiy ertera andthe requirement elated to the placement Of reinforcement General guideines for beam sizes: In general iis economical o opt for singly reinforced sections with moderate percentage of tension reinforcement, 1,7, = 06 to O8 times Pn ‘The recommended ratio of overall depin D to width b in recungular beam Sections is generaly in the ange of 15 to 30, it may be higher for beams caning very heavy loads. The width and depth of beams are also governed by the shear fore on the seetion. Ifthe ies of beams 5 dicated by architectural or oter considerations ae oo restrictive then the desired moment ‘essing capacity ofthe beam inflenare can be provided by making dewby reinforced and! for by providing bigh strength concrete and steel In practice, the overl depth of beams are often fixed in relation to their spans. Span: to-overaldepth ratios of 10 Wo 16 are generally found to be site in the ease of simply ‘Supported and continuous beams. However, incase of cantilever, lower ratios ae adopted, 2d the beams are gecrlly tapered in depth along thei lengths for economy. Design of Singly Reinforced Beams TYPE I Determination of tensile steel for « given crosssection. The following example Iusraes te procedure. Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design Example 1.1 Determine the area of tensile reinforcement required for a singly reinforced beam Section of size 300 % 550 mm effective 1 cary factored moment of 195 kNm. The comerete mix used is M20 and tensile stool reinforcement i of grade Fel Solution For the given section and materials, = 300 mm, d = $50 mm, fi = 20 MPa, and f, = 415 MPa Limiting moment of resitance of the section, Mi g20.1388 fh = 0.1388 % 20 x 300 x 550" x 10% = 251.92 kNm Since acual factored moment M, = 175 ENm i less than the limiting moment of resistance, the section must be designed as‘ upéer-reinfoced section. From Eq. (110), 010 mm? naam ssn) [ -} ‘(=3]) OF Fv 3 Yn a 2 ed ca be of 10m 8 y= 5 mm 19981 sno poping of secon spr he gen oT sep ste ( Caeite e mairum fire being moet Me ape ot (> Ghooe 4 per ay oft tan ain pei en 2 ea 4 (i) Downie seal Sims ad’ d om hoe Ma = Manes (i) nam te ol ah Dy ning Cone coer ome ete coo a (0 Chamas he wet of aso énorenen wig te epopiae exon 1.2. Design a reinforced concrete beam having an effective simply supported span (of 5:3 m. The beam is reguited tO support live and superimposed loads of 15 KN ind TO kNim, respectively. The materials 10 be sed are M20 yrade concrete and HYSD steel of sade Fells Solution For M20 grade concrete and Fe815 grade wee, fig = 20 MPa and f, = 415 MPa Live lod 9) = 1S kN ‘Soperimposed load, = 10 kN For caleulstion of the sel-weight of the beam. conser the depth of th bear toe ithe range of LI2 iz, D = 50) mm and 5 = 250 mm (b = DP), Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Self-veight of the bear Total dead load w= Wy + m= 3125 + 10.00 = (025 « 050. 1 x 25 = 3:25 kN 3.125 kN ‘The pail safety factors fr loads ace: yy = = 1.5. Desigh moment at collapse de to factored loads wll oeour atthe mid-span of the beam: umd, owl 18031284 oy, = 2a, mate For the balanced file condin, s = 159.52 kN Mem, Msg, 0.1388 ghd! = 15952KNm Assuming b = 2, the receding relation reduces to, 0.1388 6d2M¢ = 159.52 10" 159.52 108 i388 20% 07 | = 49619 wm (ay 490 Adopt 20 nn bars ‘Overall depth D= d+ (ial diameter of bar) + Nominallear cover = 486.19 + 10 + 30 = 526.19 mm (sy 530 mm) Effective depth d= 530 — 10 - 30. = 490 mm “Thus, provide = 250 mm, D = 30 mm and d = 490 mm with an effective cover of 40 mm, ‘The dimensions assumed for calculating the sel-veight are close tothe actual values. Hence tere is mo ecessiy for repeating the calculations For M20 grade coocrete and Fodl5 grade stel, 0.961 Pim 0.961 x 250 490 100 177 eo? Provide 4 bars of 20 mm @ (Ay = 1257 mm. Design of beams reinforced in tension and compression: In practice, very frequently the section has wo cary a moment mor thin ican rest sea balanced section, Ax 1456 do a6 Permit the use of over reinforeed section iti preferable to design it as a doubly reinforced beam where the einferement is also provided in compression to pve aditional strength 1 the concrete due to additonal moment of resistance. Doubly reinforced sections ate aso ‘Provided inthe eases of load wheve reversal of suesen may ‘ake place, eg. wind and farhquake ood ‘Thus the moment of resistance of « doubly reinforced section is the sum of the Hmiing ‘moment of RSstnce Mju Of te singly winfored section and the addiioeal moment of Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design JEM resistance Miy(* My ~ Mya): The lever arm for addtional moment of resistance is equal to the distance between the cenzoids of tension and compression reinforcements (=~ d), where isthe effective cover to the compression reinforcement. The addtional tensile force is ‘olanced by the adsitonsl compressive force, i, ArAOST) = Auk fe ~ So) ay) May = Aes OSTEAE ~ at) May = Auli ~ LNd ~ as) ‘Area of additional tension reinforcement ‘Area of compression infreement Design suess in compression steel Design stress in concrete a the level of compression tela distance d” below the "op edge ‘The stress in eonrete is constant fom the top 10 8 depth 04 nae Geral, a 5 09 Sn Hence Ju 0447fa ‘The stress in compression tej ean be determined from is sta. The sans and stresses ‘developed in & doubly reinforced section ae shown in Fig. 1.3, The stain in concrete st ‘distance a” from the extreme compression fibre and hence in compression steel can be ‘eterined 0.003505 =’) Sm (16) For mild ste, stress emuins constant with the increase in sain beyond the yield point For the values of (ld) up 10 0.2, fe 18 equal to OST and fu 6 equal 1 O87}, Le foe = O8Tf, = 087 250 = 217.5 MPa When the reinforcement to be ase is HYYSD steel of grades Fet15 and FeS00, the sess in compression sel, can be obtained from Table 1.3 forthe given values of 7d For a doubly reinforced balanced section, equate total compressive force to toa tensile force, i 362 humee B+ Auth ~ fe) = O87 Ay a ‘Taking moment of compressive force about lesion steel, My = 0362 fp HnebMd ~ OMe) +A ~ Sa) (1.18) Design of Reinforu! Concrete Structures Design pro ede. ‘The varios steps involved are: (@) Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the section Mya. considering the section tobe singly minfored wo 9 Sra (© Sh roca pat ‘Fig, 13. Design of beam reinforced both in tnsian and compression. Tra" AelO87h) (6 ona a Table 13. Design Sees for Dierent Yates of (6) a D000 0045 0.080. 0055 0.080 0.086 2070 2.080 0.088 2.000 D006 ‘0.300 0.108 oxo ons 0120 an zi Sas Raa resid FD Feiso Fee rn irs aseartauas | ome 2s aon SATSURSLROMMARA] 188 27s os ars ase ans | ong irs et irs jeror aie | ows ays ane 2175 5ps0 2047 ROHAN RET SEED, hrs wot om | oe ats ora irs sere tear | 010 zis aoa ins sara tise | ore 27s Sano hrs iowa te | ome 2s Ses bs eam aisas | ovo airs 880 ars ates dies irs a0 avs asim ost | oto airs aes ins woe wea | ome ais snes irs Moa coras. [oaa 008 irs wes cosas | 0708 mss Feet 045 arn sao 30749 Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design MINN (i) Compare Mai with the factored design moment My IF Miiin > Ma singly reinforced station will be adequate, and FOF Mam My the beam sal be designed 8 doubly reinforced section. (ity Determine the area of tension reinforcement Ay required fr singly reinforced beam. of sep Mate Ae WRF 081 aad ey) (Gv) Calle the balance or additonal factored momento be resisted by the beam: Mag = My — Mun 120) ‘This moment is to be balanced by the additional tension steel Aye and the compression stel Ay the forces in these steels form an additonal items! couple of resistance. (9) Determine Aye and Ay from the relations: Mas ana M, fe oarganay ASTM aan ry where and fare design stresses in compression sel and concrete atthe level of the centioi of compression steel, (Gi), Determine tol tension steel: Ae hat es ay Bxample 1.3 A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular seeion of size 250 x $80 mm ‘overall is 10 be designed for a factored moment of 225 kNm. Compute the reinforcement ‘eure atthe effective cover of $0 mm, The concrete mix tobe used is M20 andthe grade (of eel is Fe. Solution The eees-sectonal dimensions and materi properties are: = 250 mm, d= $50 ~ 50 = 500 mm and d= 50 mm fin = 20 MP, f= 415 MPa and M, » 225 kNm ‘The limiting depth ofthe neural axis: Fame = 0479 X 300 = 23955 om ‘Mem for & singly reinforced setion is given by Mase" 01388 fd = 0.1388 x 20 x 250 x SOG! 17350 10° Nom For M20 grade cones and Fost5 grade sel, 173.50 kN Ae Pram = OF = WHEA_Devign of Reinforced Conerete Structures Therefore, 96 «250 x 500 Ay SEXES 1200 ma? Since M,> Meum: sdiional moment of resistance required is: My, = 25 = 1735 = 515 kNm ‘Adéisonal tension reinforcement is bined at follows: Mus = COBTS,) Ayla ~ 2) AM 515% 10" Mo ORT aT)” OaTKA Te ap -316 98 en? Total tensile steel Ay = Ayy «Ags = 1200 + 31698 = 1517 mm? ‘The compression see i piven by the relation: Maa = Anthe~ fod ~ ) M, fe Ga fama For did = 010 and sts grade sel fom Table 13. f, = 35193 MPa fo = 048TH, here, s1sx 10% Au = GS193= 8.98) x S00= 50) ~ 7967 mH 1.22 Design of the Flanged Beam Sections When a concrete slab is cast monokiially with and, comnecied 0 rectangular beams, & potion ofthe slab above the beam behaves structurally a8 part ofthe beam in compression. Te lab ortons is called the flange and beam the web. If he ange projections are on ether side of ‘he ecangular web o Hib the resin erossection resembies the Tape and hence i ealed 1 T-eam section. On the other hand. ifthe lange projets on one side, the resuling eros ‘ection resembles an inverted Land hence is teed as L-beam. The anged beams ae shown, 114. The effective width ofthe ange, 8 that acts along withthe rectangular, may be taken tr stilted by IS456 ae ra Yee tye (4) em, cares for thom (5) enon, was Basic Principles of Reinforced Conerte Design EM where isthe distance between zero moment (inflection) points inthe beams. This is equal to the effecive span for simply supponed beams and is 0.7 times the effective span for ‘continuous beams. However, the effactive flange width in no case should exceed the breath ‘of web plus half the sum of the clear distances to the adjacent beams on eter sie. In case of isolated beams, the effective fange width obtained below shall, in wo case, be greater than the actual width of the flange, For P-beam: by bet oR by + 70d For Pea: yo Tinea ae ‘Asin rectangular beams, the anged eections may be ether singly or doubly reinforced. Design of Flanged Beam with Tension Reinforcement only: ‘Te steps involved ae () Batimate the depth ofthe Nanged beam for preliminary computations as follows (@) V2 of the span for heavy loads (©) V2 to LAS ofthe span for medium loads (134 10 120" for ight touts bye yte) +20. bg Zi - (0) tect secon of ange bans 414 Iéeatization of @ floor system using longed booms. Design of Reigforced Conerote Structures oe WELLL LLL, Ls aa ecm bee wa ‘cn (0) Natl wit te Srge Ge > 0) 0086 ete — Lin (0 Creesecten (9 Seams) Wed coreston 9) Range cansbuon cove ) Newalac wed Ut 0 ig. 1.5, Nomel stress distribution in a reinforced concrete T-beam under lure. Determine self weight and hence the design moment Mf ‘Check depth from economic consieratins: 2 (efaterl” a5 here r isthe cost ratio of steel to cere However sine the width ofthe Mange of « T-bam is generally large and the neta axe falls within the Mange, the depth of the Beam may be selected such that she neural axis coincides withthe bottom of the flange 50 thatthe concrete in flange is fully tized. Thus, M, = 0.36% by Dd ~ 04160) d= 0.8160, + (126 aM D362f5;D, Revise the design moment My. if required, to be caved by the beam. Gi) Eximate the wid of rb 2, which is approximately one-half ofthe sib projection below the flange Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design (IE (ii), Ascenain the ype of section, Le, whether it is balaned, underceinforced oF ove reinforce, (iv) Caeulte the sectional area of reinforcement (©) Based on the sectional area of reinforcement obtained in step (iv), determine the actual postion ofthe neural axis and hence the actual value ofthe lever arm. (i). Recalculate the sectional area of reinforcement Bxample 1.4 Design a Thoam section witha Mange width of 1250 mm, a lange depth of 100 min, a veb width of 250 mm, and an effective dept of $00 mm, which is eubjeted to «factored moment of $60 kN. The concrete mix tobe used is of grade M20 and steel sof agode Fels Solution For the given cross-section and mute y= 1280 mm, Dy = 100 mam, by = 250 mm and d Sig= 20. MPa and f, = 415 MPa com = 0479 d = O79 x 500 = 239 mm Limiting moment of resistance ofthe balanced section is given by Mig = 036% by Sunald ~ 0416 ya) + O44 A2{b, ~ byNd ~ OY) 00 mm where (15% + 0450) 0€ Dy whichever is less OS % 2395 + 06S x 100 = 100925 mm > Dy Hence Y= 100 mm Therefore, (0.362 x 20 x 280 x 2395 x (S00 - 0416 x 2395) ++ 1487 x 20 x 100 x (1250 ~ 250) x (500 ~ 0.5 x 100) = 51586 % 10° Nom = 575.86 km Since My < Myjy it is an under-reinfored section. To ascertain the postion of neural axis ‘consider tha it coincides withthe botom of the ange. i. x4 = Dy The moment of eistance ofthe section Is given by Mesa = 0362 by D/d ~ 0160) = 0.362 x 20 x 1250 % 100 x (S00 ~ 0.416 x 100) x 10 = 414.85 Khim Since M,punge < Mu the actual neutral axis is inthe web. The value of x, can be determined fiom the moment equation. My = 0362f eb ld ~ 04165) + O47alb, ~ BOA ~ 054) where Y= 0S, + 0650, MEER. Desie of Renfred Coneete Stratos Table 14 Permisuble Shear Stostas i Concota % with Various Values of Crack Cont Parameter (Cont) ‘p= 100 Porn shar anos MPa) Fameabie amar sees Pa) agi Grate of canoe ‘of eoee on carr onze 07 290 ons 00 780 he oso He een, 10 ose 12 om 13 ome 138 one 12 oe va cae Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design EM Table 14 Pamictble Shear Sresses in Cerete t wih Varout Values of Crack Cont! Parameter (Con) = 10) Paria shor simon MPs) ‘Pens shear eas OPS) Pate ‘Gia of eonaee 2a 958 0916 0540 ae oa oote 0960 tort Nat The won Aue ae of natal lens entcaret wich cannons atest ore afc enh ‘jade ocar nang conte excels suppers ere the ul nes of ns febconem May 20 td pondol he duining contre le cures 2803 and 2829 of (OME ‘Maximum shear stress in concrete, fue When nominal sear stress, exceeds the shear strength of concrete tq suitable shear reinforcement is provided. However, ander a0 ‘Grcumstances even withthe sear reiforcerent, sll the nominal shea ste, eX Fann ‘When dhe shear sess, greater than fg he section is redesigned by using higher grade ‘of concrete mix or by providing greater depth. The values of Tue for different grades of ‘eonersie ae given in Table 1.5 Table 1.8 Manu Sheer Sess, fae Canara grade 20 2s wae ene PA) 28 34 38 a7 40 For solid slabs, tho nominal shear sass shall ot exe0ed 0.5F yx Shear reinforcement: When +, exceeds the shear stength of conerele tthe shear reinforcement in the farm of sirups shall be provided to cany the design shear Tore, Vg = Va 4 (128) whore Vis the shear force duc 4 externally applied design loud HED esign of Reinforced Concrate Siructuree ‘The design of sticrps is based on vera cognponent of diagonal tension wie horizontal component is resisted by the main tension sel. Consider 2egged simups with ttl area of legs of A, the spacing S, of stipe is ven by O87 And ae (129) where “Ay = Total crose-sectonal aca of sirup les effective in shear pocing ef simaps along the length af the member reaih of the beam (or the web inthe langed beam) f= Characerisic strength of stirrup steel in MPa which shall not exceed 415 MPa ‘Minimum shear reinforcement: If x, < the minimum or nominal seat reinforcement in the form of stirups shall be provided in all ube beams sch that tesou(t) wo Maximum spacing of stirrups, Syux To ensure that no potential crck shall remain tmerosed, che manimun spacing Sime should mot exceed 0.7Sd fr eral stimups and d for stimups inclined at 5°, where d i the effective depth ofthe section or 300 mun. whichever ales. Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement (@) Determine the factored or uikimate design shear fore, Vi i) Compute nominal shear sess onthe section by dividing V, by bd (i) Determine the shear strength of concrete, and hence the shearessting capacity of the um-reinfored concrete seston, V. = hk Go) Compare, With Fu HE > Kaa EUesgD the cross-section of the beam such that % < Fenn 0) Compare Vy with ¥ (0 with &). IF US Vn 90 shear design is required. Provide nominal reinforcement in form of vertical Simups throaghout the Beam at the Spacing S. given by or aay where Ay isthe tata cross-sectional atea of step eps (vi) IF > V provide shear reinforcement fr sessing the design shear force Vs given by Va = Ve Ye c 32) Basie Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design ETM (i) Choose the dlameter ofthe sirup bar (generally 68.10 or 12 mm) and the type of sup. Determine the spacing of the siraps a follows For vertical sirraps ost, ud O87f, Aw os = a3) For beneap bars If the tesion ste is available for shea, bend one or more bats fom tension steel at AS" at distanced from the suppors. The shear force taken by ben-up bar i V, = Gy Ay sin acy 4 ¥y) asp where Ay isthe total ers-sectonal are of bent up bar Design sheur fore for te veral str is given by Wa= Ve ~ Vy Vyp= O87 dy Hn 39) where ‘Ay ® Total crosssectional area of stinup legs or beat-up bars within a distance 5, S, = Spocing of sirup or beat-up bas along the Kngth +b Broadth of section (fora flanged section, b= b,) {fy = Characteristic strength of steel sed for simaps > 415 MPa (= Angle between the inclined stiups andthe axis ofthe member and shall tot be Jess than 45" 4d = fective depth ofthe section (ii) Cheek wheter the spacing of stirups obtained in Step () or (1) amd (i sates the code design requirement: (@) 8, ¥ 075d (spacing governed by the depth of the beam) 0) 8, ¥ nf WO4D) Coased on the minimum shear reinforcement) (6) 8, £ 60 1am (auggested foe beter compaction of conc. (8) Find the distance from the suppor up to which the designed stirups are require. For the rest ofthe portion provide minimum shear reinforcement. Bxample 1.5 A reinforced concrete eam of rectangular cross-section of 300 mim width and 550 mim overall depth is reinforced with 6 bars of 20 mm ¢ HYSD steel of grade Fes13, laced a an effective cover of $0 mm. Out of 6 bars 3 burs have been bent up st 45°. Design the shear reinforcemcat if the beam is subjected to & uniformly disubuted faired lad of 100 kNim over a simply supported clr span of 7 m. The concrete mix usd is MO. HEB enipn of Reinforced Conerte Structures ‘Solution For te given cross-sectional dimensions and material prope, b= 500 mm, d= 550 ~ 50 = 50 mm, fy = 20 MPa end f, = 415 MPa, The maximum focored shcar force is calcul at a distance from the Fae of the suppor Ths, we 1006 300 kN ‘Ava of inclined bars AS x 20 mm @) = 942 mn? Shear resistance of inclined bars ent up atthe same crossetion is SI) Ay sin = O87 x 415 5c 942 5 in 48 240493 N = 240.49 KN Aves of tension reinforcement a te section of maximum shear (Le. the aoa of continuing bas Tren AGS x20 mm @) 2 982 mn? 0A, _ 100942 m= Td * 300% 500 0.628 per cent Shear swongth of M20 grade conrate for p, = 0.628 per cen, = 0524 MPa Shear resisting capacity ofthe un-infoced concrete section We ohd = 0524 3005500 = T8600 N= 78.6 KN Marimum permissible sear strength with sear reinforcement Son = 28 MPO [Nominal shear sires an the erosssecton, 1M, _ 30010" {a ~ 300% 500 Since F< 5 € fun the Seton i seceptable with shear reinforcement Design shear fore Vy = Vy ~ Vp = 300 — 786 = 221.4 KN Since Vay < Var its resisted by 3 inclined burs. However. 18:456 stipulate that half of the ‘design shea force must be resisted by the vertical surups. Provide 8 mm @ 2egged vertical stimaps with y= 100 ma 2.0MPa O81 Aod OSh, Spacing, 5, = 87 4155 100 x 500 0.5% 2014 x10" 16308 ram Baio Prineipies of Reinforced Concrete Design ERM Maximum spacing based onthe depth of the beam, s, 175 mm oe 300 mm stichever i smaller 15d = 0.75 x 500 ‘Therefore, provide 8 mm @ 2egged vericalstinups at 160 mm cle whic is ls satisfactory ‘om the placement pot of view. The fir slimup i wally plced at a distance $,/2 from ‘he suppoet to prevent any possible propagntion of shear erick 1.32. Design for Torsion ‘The torsion reinforcement consists of closely spaced closed stimups or hoops with good anchorage being provided by hooking the stirup bar ends around the longitudinal reinforcement, 'AS per the simplified approach recommended by 18:456, the total longindlnal ‘enforcement is termined for 4 ficous equivalon? bending moment. Similarly, the transverse reinforcements determined fo a itisous equivalent shear which is obtained Fm ‘actual shear and torsion. In the flanged secions the contibtion of anges is neglected, i, the rectangular web portion alone is considered quivalent shear: The equivalent shear Vi, is ealealted as follows ve=neu() a9 Factred shear force T= Factor torsion moment ‘Wilh ofthe Beam (= b, forthe Nanged section) ‘The equivalet nominal sheer sess is clcultd as, wet for beams of uniform eth = ac 4,14 tan bd where and Bare the effective depth and the angle between the top and bottom edges ofthe eam, respectively. The -ve sign shall be ase when the moment IM increases numersly in the stme decton asthe effective depth for beams of varying depths aan HEEB Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘The value off shll not exceed the valve of fu olbervise cross-sectional dimensions should be revised. If < , minimum shear reinforcement shal be provided, which is given ty An 04 my a3) nd longitudinal enforcement for flere only shall be provided. IF exceeds x, both Tongitudal and transverse reitorcemens shall be provided as described herenaier. Longitudinal reinforcement: Longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided 10 resist equivalent bending moment Mf given by Maa Me My 439) where 1M, = Factoed bending moment atthe cross-section M,= Contribuion of torsion moment T, in te bending moment 1+DIb) 17 ‘where D and b are overall depth and breadth of the cross-section, respectively. “The bending equivalent M4, fr torsion induces tension on both faces of Beam along the length Therefore, if the numerical valu of as defined eater, is les than the numerical Value of moma! M,, the tension due 19M, adds to the tension due to My andthe stel for tou tension duc to M+ Mf, is provided on bending tension side ony. The tension effet of ‘Mon bending compression side being les than bending compression due tM, no addition see i required on bending compression side, ‘On the her hand, when #f,> My, the resolantfenie foree on bending tension side ‘emains hat due 10 M, + M, on bending compression side, tension due to M, being greater than bending compression di to My theres revallant tension due off, and longa reinforcement shill he provided on the Flexural compression face sls to resist an equivalent moment Ms = Mf~ M, taken as acting inthe sense opposite to the moment M, to take care reveal of moment 40) Transverse reinforcement: The crossscctioal orca Ay of tworegged cloned hoops oF simape encksing in the comers longitudinal bars is given by TS, __WS, BaWOSTA) * ESH0RTF) aay ‘But the transverse ste shall not be ess than rhs, (ON7h) aan Basic Principles of Reinforced Conerte Design EM where 'S.= Spacing of simup reinforcement y= Centretocenize distance between comer bars in the direction of width 4d, = Cente-o-cente distance between comer bars inthe direction of depth ‘b= Breadth of the member f= Characteristic strength of wansvere sel Detailing Requirements for Torsion (©) The longidinal tel shall be placed as close as practicable to the comers ofthe cross section. The spacing of longitudinal bars (¢ 10 mm ©) dstibued around the periphery (of closed stirups shall not exceed 300 rm. In all cases, there shall be at last one Tongitadinal bar in each comer ofthe sirup. In case the cross-sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm, aditional longitudinal bars shall be provided along the two faces. Tho tal area of sch reinforcement shall not he Tess than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on the two faces a a spacing nt exceeding 300mm or web width, whichever is less, (Gi The eansvere see for torsion shall be inthe form of rectangular closed stipe placed perpendicular to the axis ofthe member. The spacing of simups shall not exceed the Jeast ofr.) + 9;)4, and 300 mm. where x; and yy re the short and long dimensions ofthe simups, respectively, as shown in the Fig. 1.6) (ii) The torsion sel shall be provided atleast fora distance (d+ 5) beyond the point where its teoreclly required, were isthe width ofthe par of the crot-setion having closed stimaps resin tonion, ‘Beample 1.6 Design a recangular reinforced concrete beam section 0 camry @ factored ‘ending moment of 200 kN, factored shear force of 120 KN. and a Tacoved torsion moment ‘of 75 ENM. Concrete mix of grade M20 and HYSD see of grade Fed ae to be used ia Solution Foe the given materials, Jg= 20 MPa and f, = 415 MPa (My = 200 KN, Vz = 120 KN and 7, = 75 kN Consider the ease fg > 5: wherein both longiidinal and transverse reinforcements shall be ‘provided for resisting equivalent moment and equivalent shear free. respectively. Longitudinal reinforcement: Equivalent moment is given by Me = My + My shee m= 7,( 2) Conte at, Db = 20; hen see BXLD «035 aK 17 ‘etre TPT samme (2) Rescate of nam of Caste 1 Fig. 1.6. Dimensions ond reinforcement details of « rectangular section subjected to fle sheor and tonon. Since M, i ess than M,, no steel on the compression fae s required for equivalent moment of M, ~My My = My + M;= 200 + 13235 = 33235 kN ‘The design for lexure may result in cliher singly reinforeed balanced, undersenfored oe ovbly reinforced section. For a balanced section, int ‘To ensure the beam to be upderteinforced, liming p; to (4) x (0.00961) = Q0072 (ay 00075). IF x, be the depth of the actual neutral xis, then from the internal force equllciam condition, 0.362 bey O87h A, Kem "04794 and Pram) = 0.00961 087s, 03625 0362 fa JL bd ne d= 03608 (0362 x 20 « b x 03740 x dx (d ~ O16 x 03780 x d) = 2.286 bE ‘Therefore, 2.286 ad = 33285 x 10° Consider b = 0.54, therefore, pw 332352108 = Taoxos 4 = 662.50 mm Basie Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design EBB ‘Adopt b = 350 mm, d = 650 mm and D = 700 mm, with the ratio DYb = 700380 = 20. The ‘al i the same as coosdered caler and, hence, the section is satisfactory. Ars of steel requie, Ay © 0.0075 % 380 % 650 = 170625 ma? Provide 5-22 mm bars as tension reinforcement (Ay = 1900 mm!) and 2-12 mm @ bars a tp in compression zone as hanger bars. Side face reinforcements As the dept of the section i more than 450 mmm, side face reinforcement of 0.10 percent of te Web section is 19 be provided: eo tonal intoceat = 910,079 = 245m Provide 2 x 10 mm @ bars on each face. Transverse reinforcement: The sheer srength of concrete, depends on p. anim 0200835, ie. 0835 per cen From Tables 1 8 MPs. W115, 5 = 0583 MPS ad aol) Equivalen shear force. V, =. Equivalent nominal shear sess, 1, 462.86 010° tao i BBO 3.055 Moa Since f < fe < fom the scion is secepable with shear reinforcement Consider uansverse reinforcement consisting of 12 mm @ 2legged vertical sterups (Ay, = 226 mn’), the spacing of straps is given by OSTA Thay + VIOSH) ] = 28 se distance between corner bars in the direction of the width of the bear 390-25 - 25-22 = 278 mm e distance between comer bars in the diretion of the depth of the beam 660 = 25 - 6 = 619 mm, se 087 x 415% 226 _ {75 «10°78 6199] + [120% 1057125 619), 58.97 TEI _Design of Reinforced Concrete Sructeres Minimum reinforcement to be provided is given by Thus, os7fA, , Pan (= O8 percent) Therefor, x0) (uae a) (ar 885 mm*) ata clear cover of 40 mam over the els. ) = 08 et Provide 6 bars of 20 mm ® (A, Design of spiral tet Consider a bar diameter of 6 mm and pitch Diameter ofthe core, D, = 399 — 40 40 = 310 mm Diameter of the helix, Dy = 390 - 40 — 40 6 = 304 mam From Eq. (147), 11 Ma pean = 28.87 mm 390° = 3107 35 ) HED Design of Reinforot Concrete Structures However, 15:486 has imposed rections on the pitch as follows 25 mm 5 l39, 218 om 15 mm ** |310/6=51.67 mm Provide 6 mm @ spin at 28 mn cle pitch. 1.52 Column Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending ‘The teal eos-sctonal dimensions are generally fixe in advance during the stage of analysis for design forces. The crost-ectional dimensions are either based on architectural consideriions of on designer's judgement and experience. In onder to overcome lengthy ‘akultons, column design interaction diagrams may be used. The following procedue i recommended: (@) Consider the ares of longitodinal sel say, between and 2 percent of the gross ‘ronesectonal area of concrete. Wi Pf fy a al eawsctional dimensions, ing predetennied, check whether the columa is shoe or long. If there are no retstions onthe dimensions ofthe column, consider the eimentions ofthe clara such that i i a shor’ columa, Le ly/D € 12 and lyf < 12, I shor proceed as follows (i) Check te eccentricity we -(@)omm| CCompine the design paramters 1D, PylfgbD) a0 My fabD"). (iy For the given dD ratio, grade of sco, shape of the section and the ype of stabaton of eel, choose the appropriate column design interaction cue iv) For the computed values of P/fbD) and M,((fabD*) mack the pont som the curve selected in sep (i (1) Find the valu of pif comesponding to the pints pote in sep (i) (63) Caleulte the total area of reinforcement forthe vale of (pf) obtained in sep (8) ss follows POA) yf DY, a” Ta 100 (i) Distribute the tal ares of stecl as por the curve used. (vis) Determine wansvene steel and dex the sections suitably. Basie Principlos of Reinforced Conerete Design EE | Load and Biaxial Bending ‘Keeping in mind the following poins select sable tral section: 1.5.3 Column Subjected to Axi Mas. ™, 4 © exec, iw where d, and dy are effective depths in y+ and dictions, respectively. (i) From the point of view of god design practice, Per 2sr0 ‘The tal percentage of reinforcement can be determined by designing the columa section 5 vnianalyIoeded column for the moment, a= (ua M3, a9) 150 hus recommended the formula proposed by Breser forthe design of columns subjected to banal bending. The method is based on interaction surface forthe design lod sytem Py, May a08 Me, as) Gas) «(me where Mai ad May are the uniaxial moment capacities combining the given axial lod P, with bending moments about x and janes, eapectvey. “The value of ce depends onthe parameter PyIPux. For Py/Py values varying from 0.210 (08, cr vary nearly from 10 t0 20: to fe 02, 1 square inertace for E > 08, = 20 cirle interface wore Scot ax(2)-(3)£) assy OANA, + O73 Aw Ce = 0) ADA, + O6TfAy (0 < € < 05D) In pretical designs, r= 1.15 10 1.55 is generally satisfactory for rectangular sections ad 1.5 to 2.0 for square sections MBI Devign of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘The following procedure can be adopted for the design of biaxilly loaded column (i) Predatermine or assign the tal cross-sectional dimensions (Gi) Chock thatthe events eg = (Ma/P) ane, = (Mg/P4) are no less than the comespondimg minimum design eccenices i) Compute Mx. and Min comesponding to P, such that they are significantly preter than Mand My: cterwise vse the tal section. iv) For the given section, determine Pe and hence a (0) Chock the adequacy of the section, redesign if necessary. 1.5.4 Slender Columns For the columns with slendemess ratios /,D and ef > 12. the aditional moments Ma, end ‘Ma, in appropriate directions shall be taken into account while designing the eohumn section eo [BBNis)] me [RBI] oo P,= Axial load on the member |= Erfectve lngihs in respect of major and minor axes, respectively De Depth a nght angles to the major axis ‘b= Wiath of the section “These adinal moments are to be reduced hy the factor K given by ae Pas where, = axial load to be supported on the compression member, Pag = OMIA, + 0.75 Ae = axial lod comesponding to the balanced stains condition, be <1 sy) Calculation of Puy: For a secon with steel dstbuted on all 285, Pu For rectangular section Aon ) [oe(Z])am as) Fe eek ction ran[a onl f]fao% ass 1 and canbe oto’ from Table 5" of wh pis the perenage oft el nthe ‘tam. ‘andanct of infired concee dig by MLL. Gai jagrams, Tmeraction curves for recingular column sections with reinforcement of grade FedI5 disibwted equaly on wo sides parallel to the axis of bending and placed coverto-Seth ratios d'1D of 0.04, 006, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20, are gives in ‘Appendix D. The tel ratios represented by he paramcter pf onthe design curves vary fr (000 to 0.24 at an interal of OO. The readers shoul refer othe special publication of BS, *SP:16—Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS'456" and reference 3) for more details In the parameter pl. the term p represents percentage of ttl tel with respect 10 BD Aiseipued symmeticaly on two faces oF on all the faces i case of reetangular sections, and with respect to DK 9 for erela sections. 1.6 SHEAR FORCE IN COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO MOMENTS. ‘The columns subjected to ail load and bending should be checked for shear In the absence of aia lad, shear along the eotie height of column is given by Mag + Mean ‘Storey eight weer, due to presence of comprosice, the shea strength of concrete is larger than tha in ‘ase of pure shesr.BS'8110 has recommended enhanced shear strength, which is smaller of the following: oof), coors ocean Zi), oyna at eo soam teal 19 Di sto en cry tld of 201, Feo, Sada sin ft met ec SSorat eine ecu cia oan Renae Sta ld RAD np ei Ge ca cr sa Solution From the problem stipulations, fg = 25 MPa, f,= 415 MPa, b= 300 mm, P= 2250 KN My, = 150 kNm and M,y= 100 kN Preliminary design: To predetermine trial scion, consider an average reinforcement ratio (of 25 percent at an axially loaded column, P= Ohad. + O5T5A, 2250 x 10° = 040 x 25 & O9TSA, + 067 x AIS x 0.0254, Therefore, Ay = 1347206 mm? WED _Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘As one side of the setion is limited to 300 mm. oter side 49.07 ma For the column subjected to biaxial moments. considera bigger tal section of size 300 x 500 mn. The tal pereentage of sel can be obtained by designing the trial section for ecuivalent uniaxial bending moment. Mg = fi +H, = 50 + OF = 18028 KN sting about minor axis. Dimensionless load parameters: B__250«107 Fab ~ Wx 300% 500 = 0% Mag Fahd From the P-M curve coresponding to d'7D = 0.10 and FeAl, Pf aos Ia Therefore, p= 0185 x 25 = 4.625 percent Consider 300 x S00 mm section wih 4.5 per cent longitudinal reinforcement inifermly dstnbued along the four sides. Check for adequacy of the trial section: The moments due to minimum eccentricities ae less thin the applied moments, Uniavial moment capacity about the major ais, May . Beco De b= a0 am d= se nm = 4S e018 fe 2 wor sod R_ __ 80x10! Fab ~ Tx 300% 500 = 0 Refer wo the column interaction diagram of Fig. DC-12 corresponding to f, = 415, and {TD = 0.10. For PyiqbD) = 0.60 and pf, = 0.18, the dimensionless moment parameter i: MAeabD*) = 01S “Therefor, Magy = O15 fbD* = 0.15 25 x 300 x $00? = 281.25 ¥ 106 Nmm = 281.25 kN Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design ETM Uniacial moment capacity about the minor axis; My «50 b= 500 om, D = 10 mm. = FH, = O67 and 7S = 060 Refer to the column interaction diagram of Fig. DC-13 conesponding tof, = 415 MPa and AND = 0:15. For P,Af.bD) © O60 and ply = 0.18, dimensionless moment parameter is M, Tab sous Therefore, M, O13fyhD* = 0.13 % 25 x 500 x 300" = 146.25 5 10° Nem = 146.25 KN The pore axial load. capacity ofthe eolumn is Pye= OMIA, + OIF Au 1487 25 X (0955 « 300 X S00) + 0.75 415 % (045 S00 > SOO) = 3701.76 « 10° N = 3701.76 kN For the ratio, the exponent For checking the adequacy of the trial section. substitute the above values inthe interaction (ais) "+ = 0876 < 10 The section is overdesigned with 4.5 percent sel Second triak: Decree the amount of steel to 4 per cen. equally distributed or four sides snd recheck the adequacy ofthe section with the parameter, pig = 425 = 0.16. Refer tote column interaction diggram of Fig. DC-12 coeesponding to f,= 415 MPa and 4410 = 0:10. The vale of M/fxbD* conesponding to Py UEybD) = 0.6 and pif = 0.16 5s 0.134. Therefore, Mag = 0134/80 14 25 » 300 x 500? x 104 = 251.25 KN WEBI. Desien of Reinforced Concrete Structures Similan, fom the column intrston di an d7D'~ 0, ‘Therefore, My = ONT EDD 17 25 x 500. 300 10% 131.63 kN P= O47 x 25 % (096 x 300 x 500) + 075 x 415 x (0. x 300 x 500) 496.7 10'N = 347627 kN For the rato, fe e068 ®. the exponent, (0647-02) 1 _ ys woenoa t= Therefore = 10050 > 1.0 A lade increase in see! wil make the sction adequate. Heace adopt column secon of sae 300% S00 mm. Longitudinal reinforcement 300 « 500 : A= ID A300 6) k sm isem een Chutenpeee Fig, 1.7. enfcement details ofthe column of Example 1.8, _ Basie Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design EE Adope 8 mm @ mild scl es atthe spacing which is east of the following 6 300 mm, (i) 16 (#16 % 28 = 400 ram). and (it) 300 ram Provide 4 bars of 28 mm and 8 bars of 25 mm (Ay = 6390 me) with § mm & bar fies a 300 mam che. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 1.7 1.7 LIMIT STATES OF SERVICEABILITY ‘The serviceability exteria equi the conto of deflections and crack wid under service loads. For convenience in design, and as an aerative tothe actual calculation of defection, the code recommends certain base valves of spar-oefecve depth (id) tos which ate expected lo satisfy the requirements of defection contol, ie. All < 1/250, For prismatic member of rectangular crsssetions and slabs of uniform thickness with spans up to 10m, the limiting or maximum (Id) ratios spciiod by the IS:436 ae at = Tac ig Mg 11.56) were for cantilever spans n (2)... = |20% simply suppor spans Modification factors my and my fr diferent wales ofp yam ae dstermined fom he Table 6.3%. However, for convenience, the ende perms calculation of approximate value of Je 3 follows: 26 for continuous spans Area of st usr ~ 030 ‘rea of wel provided 1.8 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS ‘On completion of the structural design the design ideas normally need to be communicated for construction at the ste, by tarslaig them into detailed stucural drawings. tn fat. an elaborate analysis becomes wortles if the computations ae not translated imo succesful “Fanlaneaalr of enone conte design by ML: Ganbhir WEIR Design of Reinforcud Concrete Structures In addon wo graphic delineation of strctre a drawing act 862 guide and defines the ‘order to perform certtin operations om the ite sna specified mane, The drawing azo serves asa record of some ofthe imponant assumptions made in the design. Enginenng cravings Prepared by the designer should specify grades of concrete and steel, live load. dimeasions reinforcement. lp lengths conercte cove, and all other information seeded for detailing the reinforcement, bulding the foams. fabicaing the tenforcemeat and placing the concrete 1.9. DETAILING FOR DUCTILITY For the enhanced ductility the provisions of 18:4326, 18:13920 and ACISI8 should be followed, Tutorial Problems 11 A rinforcad concrete simply supported beam of rectangular cros-sction caries & bunitrmly distributed service lod of 12.75 kN inclusive of seveigh over an ffctive span of 810 m From arctectural considerations the with of the beam has been fied at 300 mm, deermine the effective depth and area of tesion steel. The muerials used are M2O grade concrete und HYSD stot of grade Fe415 1.2. A simply supported reinfored conerete rectangular beam caries a sniformly stributed service lad of 1250 kNim inclusive ofits con weight and slo a service ‘concentrated load of 20°KN at the midpoint over an effective span of 6.5 m. Design a suiable section for the Nesural action taking: () d = 2b and (ip d= 2.8b. The materials used are M25 grade concrete and HYSD steal of grade Fo41S, 13 Design a reinforced concrete etangular beam section of size 300 x $80 mm oven contacted with conerete mix of glade M20 and steel of grade FetlS. The beam is Subjected w factored moments of: () 180 KNm and Gi 328 KN. The effective covers to reinforcement may be taken as SO mm. 1.4 simply supported reinforced conerew beam caries uniformly distnbuted losd of 20 KN inclusive of self-weight over an effective span of 85 m. The ern-sction of the Beam i etic to 250 ram wide and 600 mm deep upto the cente of the tension sel and the compression sie! placed at an effective caver of SO mm fom the op fof the hear. Determine: (i the ares of terion and compression reinforcements tobe provided, ifthe maerals used are MBO grade conrete and rnild steel reinforcement, nd (i) te area of rinorcoment ifthe ellcive depth ix reduced by 25 per cent” 15 A reinforced concrete flanged beam has flange of size 1000 x 10 mm. The beam isto support a uniformly distributed loo of 24 KNim inclusive of slf-weight over an effective span of 100 m Determine the area of Fell sel to be placed in the ib at 8 epth of 600 mm below the top of the Mange slab, The concrete mix wsed is of grade M0. Basie Principles of Reinforced Conerte Design EE 1.6 An isolated L-bear hasan effective widh of 750 mm and sab thickness of 100 am. ‘A-nb of size 300 x 300 mam projects below the Mange slab. Find the areas of steel t0 be provided at an effective cover of 40 mm ata section of maximum service bending ‘moment of 200 Nm. The materials sed are M20 grade concrete snd FoUIS ste] rinforement. 1.7 _A simply suposted rinfored concrete beam of clear span of 7.6 m his a erse-scton (of size 200 S00 mam effective depth. I reinforce wth 5 are of 16 mm @ on the tension side. The beam cartes a riformly disibued service load of 20 kNim including its osm weight. Determine: (i) the length over which vertical stimu se 0 bbe designed and their spacing and (i) spacing of sirups when 3 bar are bent up at the same section, ‘Design the uansverse or shear reinforcement fra reinforced concrete L-shaped beam with a lange width of 600 mm, a flange thickness of 110 mm and a web width of 300 mm. The beam is enfored with § bars of 25 mm ¢ a a fective depth of 400 ‘am. The beam supports 4 uniformly ditnbuted factored load of 30 KN over Simply supported clear span of 9 m. The conerete Used ts of grade M20 and sel is of grade F250. (int: Design i a a rectangular section of width equal to the width of the web). 19° A reinforced concrete beam section of size 300 x 400 mm etfective i subjected to a factored torsion of 6 LNm i ation to a factored moment and a factored sheae force of 40 KNm and 80 KN, respecuvely. Design the tonion reinforcement. the grads of ‘omerte ad steel are M20 and Fes. respectively. 110 A reinforced concrete cantilever beam of span 3.75 m has a section 300 mm wide and 1550 mm deep (effective) atthe face of the suppt The depth is reed unify to 250 mom (etecive) at the free end. The bear ip renfored om the tension face with 6 bars of 20 mm ® atte suppor. Two of these tension bars are curtaled at a distance of 125 m from the support, Design the shear reinforcement forthe beam when it caries uniformly dstnbuted service load of 60 KN. The materials sed are M20 tzid conerete and HYSD steel of grade FodI5, 1.11 Taboraory floor consists of « monolithic one-way slab system on beams speced 53.0 m centre to cent. The clear span of the beam i 10.0 m. The Poor sopports & ‘uniformly distributed serve load of 5 kNin’ The flor finish may be taken a 10.75 kNin?, Design and detail the sla, ad the edge spaniel Lear. The grades of ‘concrete and ste! to be used are M25 and Fess, respectively. Take b, = DSA. 1.12 Design braced reinforced concrete columns of rocangular, square and cela sections to suppor an axial load of 3800 KN. The unnopported length ofthe comm is 35m swith effective lengths of 3.0 and 2.75 m in the direction of the long and short dimensions of the section, respectively. The grades of concrete and sel used ee M25 tnd Fodt5, respectively. 413A 300 mm wide column of «reinforced concrete framed sractu’ i subjected to & factored load of 2500 KN and a factored moment of 200 kNm. Design a suitable section HELE Desien of Reinforced Concrete Structures, sing concrete mix of grade MBS and stel reinforcement of grade Fe4IS at an effective ver of $0 mm, A reinforced concrete barrel arch is subjected to factored moment of 1200 KN ‘wgth and factored normal tint of 7500 kN width, Design the arch section reinforced with HYSD Fesl5 sel Beat an effective cover of $0 mm, The eonerste mix to be ased is M30, LAS A enforced concrete column section of size 300 x 450 amis subjected to biaxial excentiealy applied load of 1800 KN. The eccenties ofthe load Tro the centroid ofthe section in the directions ofthe larger and smlle dimensions are 75 mam and $0 run, vespectivly. Determine the reinforcement required ata nominal cover of 40 mm lng the faces. The grades of concrete mis and wel are MIS and Fedl5, respectively. 1.16 Design and deta tied, noo-slender renfored concrete column to eaty a service axial Toad of £00 KN and a Service moment of 300 kN. Assume the total reinforcement rato between 2 and 3 per cent, The materials to eased ae: concrete of grade NS tnd HYSD steel of grade FeAl, 1LAT A short column is subjected oa factored axial la of 1600 KN and a factored moment ff 175 kNan. Consider thatthe gross renforerent ratio ies between 2.0 and 35 per cen, and the effective cover to the cen of logitadinl see) is 60 mm. The trades of corte and soo to bo used are M2S and Fedl5, respecuvely. Design and Seal the columa when: (i) the cross-sectional dimensions ae ot restrete, and (i) one side is ested 6 275 ram. Design and deal a sender reinforced concrete member of a rigid plane frame 10 suppor a factored ial oad of 2000 KN, and factored bending moments about minor xs of Mg) = 8D KN and M2 120 KNm at the top and bottem ends respective ‘The gras of concrete and sel to be wed are M30 and Fels, respectively A reinforced coneree slender braced circular column of 325-mm diameter his an ursuppored length of 75 m and effective length of 5.2 m. Design the colurm which bends in single curvature fo support a factored axial lood of 480 KN, and fotored moments of 40 KNm and 22 kN atthe tp and atom, respectively. The masters to be used are M25 grade concrete mix and FedS grade MSD stcl bars CHAPTER 2 Design of Staircases 2.1. INTRODUCTION A sacase provides 4 means of movement fom one Fvel to anater fn 2 stetue. I consists of amumber of steps aranged in series of flights with landings a sable ners, to provide comfont, ease and safety. Various components of the staiease are shown in Fig. 2.1. Thee is 1 variety of saicares uted in practice depending on sesietic and satura considerations. In buildings, the Tocation, form and type of starases is governed by architectural and structural considerations, which include easy acesibility, freedom of movement or creulation, como. proper illumination and venulatio, aesthetics and siucturl feasibility. 2.2 TYPES OF STAIRCASES 2.2.1 Geometrical Classification Some of the commonly used geometrical configurations ae shown in Fig. 2.2. These inclede ‘might stairs, quer un stair, dog-legged stars, open wel ais, lables air. spiral airs, boicidal stair and free wading sires 2.2.2. Structural Classification Depending upon the predominant free component and ts direction inthe tir slab while supporting graviy loads, te staweasos ean be grouped as (a) str With canuever steps, © WEER_design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Hor or | cara: —| Fig. 21 Components of 0 staircase. (©) stat sab spanning wansversely or horizontally between suinger beams or walls, () stair flab spanning longitudinally, ()slablessc stair with only risers and weads,() spiral Sairease, tnd () belcodal slab ard 3-D or fee sanding sue slab ‘The Fit four types are encountered more frequently in practice and have been discussed fn the hook: Fundamentals of reinforced concrete design by the autor. Inthe canlever type the sepe are aupponed only on one sie By the sidewall ora singer beam In case of slabs spanning horizontally. walls on bth sides or wall on one side und bean on the oer or bears fon both sides may suppor the slab. For stairs spanning longiteinally. the slab may be Supponed a the hotom and the top of the fight and remains unsuppored on the sides. These lypes of stuicases are described a follows: Stair slab spanning transversely: This calegory generally facludes slab projected or ‘anilevered from a spaniel beam or wal, sia dovbly cantilevered frm central spine beara and slab suppored between evo singer beams or walls. The design of this typeof stairs has ten discussed in the Reference (3). The slab supported on to sides by means of singer beams er masonry walls may be esigned as simply supported, but near the suppor reinforcement should be provided a the top to resist the nopetve moments that may ange cn account of possible pal fixity. It may ‘be noted that althoagh the sai slab spans uansvesly, the supporting spandcUspine/singet ‘eains span lngitainally along the incline of the sar framing into supporting columns. Spiral staircase generally consists of precast tps fined ona cast-insitycental column for ‘entice fom one level o another. The sabes stirs are not provided wit any wast lb (o) Sel sta (Fett are Fig. 2.2 Plans of more commonly used sti Stair slab spanning longitudinally: In tis case te Might slab is supported parallel 1 he "ser andthe slab bends longitudinally between the suppons. The slab arangement may either ‘be the waist slab type or the treadriser type. The slab thickness depends onthe efecive span, Which should be taken as the cente-tocente distance between the beam/vall supports However, such an arrangement can result in large slab thickness for relatively long span (8 m ‘or mor) requiring adiional intermediate tuppors to reduce mispan posiive moment Bu induce negative moment near the suppors.. 2.2.3. Effective Span In case of canlever steps, he effective span lay may be taken asthe horizonal projection of steps In ease of stars Spanning horizontally, the effective span may be taken a the hoizoetal MEDI. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures stance between cent to cet of the suppons. Each step in this cases designed as spanning hortzontlly and considered equivalent to 8 beam of rectangular cros-secion. Tn case of stair slabs spanning longitudinally, the effective span Lg can be taken asthe orizontal dance shown in Fig. 23. (0) In case the landing slabs are supported on edges perpendicular wo the ier or spam parle to the ser, the effective span fr the Might (spanning longitudinal isthe Ihonzontl distance equal othe going ofthe stars plus at each end either half the width of landing or one metre, whichever ie smaller, as shown in Fig. 230), PE st Landing — A |, eh spans G+ X(or tm) ay mei (2) Yaron sarang lange Lad | cna (Lanna suppres en no ees eerie thes para aria vey Landing aig a Lang t Lareing tantra on (Laan sppnedt on bears Fig. 2.3. Efectve span of fights spanning longitudinal with efferent support conditions. nat: Design of Staircoce TM (©) Where landing sib spans inthe same direction a8 the stirs, they shal be considered 1 sting topether to form single slab and the spn if messed as the cenre-t- cen horizontal distance ofthe supporting beams or walls, the goings as usual ‘measured borzontally a8 shown in Fig. 2.30) (©) Where the star slab i supported atthe top ane botiom risers by beams spanning Parallel to the risers, the span i measured asthe centre-o-cenre horizontal distance (of supporting beams as shown in Fig. 23%). Another case frequently encountered in residential and office buildings is that of the landings support on thee sides. This case has not been explicitly covered by the Code. The effective span for his typeof light may be measured asthe cnue-tocente horizontal distance ofthe landings. However. an economical design can be achieved by designing for a mi-span positive moment of wi forthe going and a negative moment of wE atthe joncton of Innding andthe going. Here, i the ditbuted gravity lod acting om the going and fs the length of the going It shold be noted tat the suppor conditions of the landing inuence the distibuton of moment in te fight slab and landing. Basic deals of reinforcement atthe Junction of landing and the Might are shown in Fig. 2 2.24 Geometric Parameters ‘The numberof steps ina Hight may vary from 3 0 12 depending upon the type of srctuze and purpose of stair. The rise ofa sep and the tead shouldbe so a o give maxim comfort to the users. Generally, for maximum comfor the nser R and tead T sheuld be Such that (1 + 28) = 600 and Tt = 40,000 to 42.000 where R and T are in rm. The range of width ‘ofthe staircase, the sizes of the riser and tread for different buildings are given in Toble 2. Table 24. Goomotic Parmar fr Stare for OMrent Aspcatons Tipe of bulng ee fom) Tread (nm Wao sas) Pubic bulanos 20-200, 7250-300 120-250 Fesidential buildings 180-220, 220-200 090-150 Balustrade or perp: Height © 600-1000 mn Thickness : 70-120 mm 225 Gravity Loads ‘The stair slabs ae normally designed to resist gravity load, which include dead and iv lads. Live load: The live loads are generally uniformly distabuted toads on the horizontal ‘projection of the Hight. The live load on sir depends on the type of building where the Saircase is located. As per IS:875 (Part I) the minimam value of uniformly distbuted Design of Reinforead Concrete Sructures (ceri nas Fig. 2.4. Basic detatng of fights spanning longitudinally with different support conditions. Design of Staircases EM ‘characteristic ive load onthe plan are of sis for residential and public buildings shoul! be taken (a) Places not lable to overcrowding (Residence, offices end hospitals) 3 kN? () Places lable to overcrowding (Public buildings) 3 kN? Subject o minimum of 1.3 KN concentrated loa atthe unsupported end of each structurally independent cantilever sep, a horizontal load of O75 kNim is comsdered as acting on the ‘balustrade or parapet or the service stats meant fr maintenance as for wacr tanks. The live load may be taken as 15 EN Dead load: The components of dea lod wo be considered are sleight of sar slab (ead slafoead-iserslab/waist slab); step (in case of waist slab type stirs) and finish, (a) Seifneighe of the woist slab. The dead weight per unit are of the waist slab is fist, Caleulited at right angles to the slope and then converted to the coresponding loud per unit heizantal area by mipyng it by the ao [( JR ve and tad of the sep, respectively ICD isthe total thickness ofthe waist slab in mm. then the weight of the lab wil be (0.025 % D) kNim* of the inlined area. The weight of the wait slab per unit horzoatel f= (0028 Dy [REF]? (©) Selsneight of steps: The dead weight due to steps isnot uniform. However. fr desi, the wejght due 1 each sep is convened ilo uniform load on the tread idly rr]; where Rand Feet he Weight of one sep, yx Rx 725: 2.587 KN where R and T are in metre. When consiered uniformly dstibuied on horizontal length 7: the weight éue to step may be expresed as 125 KN? (Dead weight due to finish: The dead weight due to finish is usualy token as 05-10 kN Distribution of gravity loads on stairs: in case the staicase takes aright angled tum, where ‘wo spans partly cross at sight angles, the load on the areas corn to any 0 such spans ray be taken at one hall in eich direction as shoven in Fig. 24(0). Inthe case where longitadially spanning Might o landing i embedded into the sie wall Fra distance not Tes than 110 mm, and are designed to span in the direction of the fight, «150 mm sep may be deducted from the loaded area snd the effective breadth ofthe section incensed by 75 mm for MEDI Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures design purposes, as shown in Fig. 2.40) In other words if the with ofthe fight is B in mam, then the lad may be considered to act over a reduced width of (8-150) mm and the effective ‘with resisting Plenure may be taken as (2 + 75) mm. 2.26 Depth of the Section ‘The depth ofthe sevon stl be taken at minimum thickness perpendicular othe sf of the 70 a (0) toca ase fcr emedind Rawat Fig. 2.5 Load distribution on various fights and on sta Design of Sairoases EM 2.3. GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES OF COMMONLY USED STAIR SLABS 2.3.1 Tread Slabs ‘The wea slabs are strcuraly independent unis and are designed simply as one-way slabs. 1 the tread slab for stair widths less than 2m i Simply supported, te thickness required is generally minimal. A slab thickness of 80 mm ‘i usually provided, with minimum reinforcement comprising at least 38 mm © burs. The distnbution bars may be of 6 mum & with 4 nominal spacing of 250 mm. _ we ot age pan 4) [reioraar SF tome LE Faun (a Sa catered om ¢ spaniel beam ea ote an 7 Dates ( 1m Lan ten 88 250m oo) (©) Sib doubly centlevred rom a cena spre bear Fig. 2.6 Detailing for altemate arrangements for independent tead slabs. In the case of cantilevered tread slabs, the slab thickness may be taken at last one-tenth ofthe effective cantilever span. Fo large spas, iti economical to taper the slab thickness 10 1 minimum value of 80 mm atthe fee end ax shown in Fig. 263) 2.32 Waist Slabs In he waist slab type staircase, the eps are usually weated as non-structural elements and it ‘i the wait slab whichis designed to resi the load on the sai. Some nominal enforcement is provided in the concrete steps mainly 10 protect the nosing from cracking. The gravity Goetcal) loads w may be resolved into two omhogonal components, i the component sy = # cos @ating normal to the wns slab athe component w, = sn B acting tangential HEIN Devign of Reinforce Concrete Stractures to the waist slab. The manaer in which these loud components are resisted by the wast slab depends on whether the slab spans taasversely or longitudinal ‘Waist slab spanning horizontally or transversely: I this cas, the normal lod component vip causes the wast slab to bend in wansverse planes normal othe sloping saface ofthe sib. 11's desirable to provide a bur inline with every pone where the step moet the wis slab, 2 the effective depth is las at this location, ifthe Step is comsdered wo behave integrally ith the walt slab. Waist slab spanning longitudinally: As in te case of beams the slab thickness may be taken as approximately 120 for simply supported end conditions and 1/26 for continuous end ‘sndtins. The normal load component w, causes Hexare i vertical planes coming the span. ‘The bending moments may be convenienly computed by considering the entire verical load w acting ow the projected horizontal span, her than considering the nommal load component ‘acting On the inlined span. The distributor bas are provided inthe transverse directions "n deualing of the longitudinal bars a the junction of the Might and landing slb rst tbe ensure tha the our bars i the waist sab shouldbe extended to the top ofthe landing slab atthe e-encant corer as shown in Fig. 2.4. Tis is wo prevent the bars in tension from breaking out at re-entant comers. 2.33. Tread-Riser Stairs In the wead-ser ype of anangement the slab is repeatedly folded, and behaves essentially ike 1 folde pate as shown in Fig. 27(). Sometimes, tis type of si is refered to a8 a slabless Ste, referring to the absence of a continuous waist lab A rigorous analysis of such 9 tractors is dificult and laborious. However, simple design methods are deseibed a follows read-rser slab spanning transversely: Slabs spanning ansvrsly are basically one-way, Slabs, designed for uniformly disbuted gravity lads. Tn this case i is asumed that each ‘wea iser nit, comprising the riser slab and one-half of each tead slab on either side ean be sssumed to behave independently as a beam with x Z-sction, Tis tread-ser unit behaves sent asa flanged beam, which is transversely lowed. The overall depth ofthe beam is piven by (+ D), where is the riser and D the thickness ofthe slab s shown in Fig. 2.70). 1 generally suffices to provide a nominal slab thickness of 100 mm. For convenience in calculations, the flange portions of the beam may be ignored andthe rectangular potion of the ‘ier sab alone may be considered twill be found tha the reinforcement required ix nomi ‘The design and detalng of canblever readiae slab has boon given in the Reference (3). The nominal distributor. generally 6 mm @ bars @ 200 ef, may be provided inthe form of ies for stirups, both in rer sin and tee slab, at shown the Fig. 2.7). The main bars ate ‘comeentite inthe rer slab portion, and may be located at the top or botiom. depending on ‘whether the sob is camlevered or simply suppoed. At every bead inthe ties whete there ae ‘no main bars. «nominal 8 ram bar should be provided. The clear cover to the main ars should be as required for namal slabs Design of Staircases id AGE atone abbpate: 8 ig. 2.7. Treadviser arrangement and detaing of units of sors spanning longitudinal. HEER_Design of Reinforeal Concrete Sructures Tread-rise slab spanning longitudinally: The overall behaviour of the inter-connected twead-rser units, inching calculation of bending momens, is similar to longitudinally spanning waist slabs. The bending momen are considered to cecur in the longitadinsl rection, inthe riser a well as the treads. Each tread slab is subjected to «bending moment ‘combined with a shear force, wheres each nr slab is subjected to «constant bending mement ‘combined with an axial farce (which may be compressive of tensile). Its assumed thatthe connection between thers slab aed te adjoining ead sib isa igi jin. For all practical Purposes, ts suffice to design both uead slabs and se las for flexure aloe, asthe shear fess in ead slabs and axis steses i ser slabs are relatively low. The sb thickaess D ray be kept the same for both esd and riser slabs, end may Be taken as about span/25 for Simply supported stairs and span/0 for continuous sis. "The wead-iser anangerent i superior wo the conventional wast slab typeof staircase due to aesthetic appeal, However, this aesthetic advantage ofthe readies stuase is lst the flab thickness exceeds the rser R. Therefore, iis deimble to work out & suppor scheme for the wead-iser staiase, which results in a relatively low effective span ofthe order of 328 to 3.95 m. ‘While the distibuirs, generally 8 mm © bars, are located transversely. The ideal rangement ofthe main ar in the form of closed loops in the tread as well a the kr slab serves to provide the required development length as shown in Fig. 2:7. Furhermoe, this rangement also provides reinforcement atop required to resist negative moments near the suppor which are likely to be parally restrained It also enhances the capacities. a well as Auetity ofthe slabs. In err to achieve an economical design the diameter andor spacing of bars i the teadcrier unis may be suitably varied along the span to conform to he bending moment diagram 2.34. Design of Slabless Tread-Riser Staircase Depending upon the suppor conditions he stir may bebave os astaically determinate system fo simply supposed ends or statically indeterminate system for estained ends, Le. the ends ccannected to gid conerete beams or continous thick Noor or landing slabs. The designs of| twead and riser ean be based on maximam bending moment inthe stat and dhe thicknesses of tweads and sisers are usually kept same since both are subjected tothe moments of same _magaitude. In the case of statically indeterminate system, the design moments may be computed by any of the own mths of analysis. However, moment area theorem can be conveniently ‘sed to obtain a simple solution. Te gravity Toad P on Fiser-tead units of the staircase may te considered to be eapeentraed athe niser(Nedal) pois, Le. concentrated fds of magnitude acca interval T, throughout the stir as shown in Fg. 28(). The load on the landing may also be replace by concenrated load ofthe stme magnitide a in the cate of steps acting st lmerval . For analysis, the statically indeterminate system may be considered as a simply supported sysiem subjected to a ceiee of concentted loads and fixed moments ss the redundancies, The extemal loads and indeemninate moments My and Mg ot two ends are 1) Smet prota nda momenta % = (enn err aga a snon ‘Tsneur pr moment Fie. 28 Ancbss of troodviser ype storcase ‘pplied separately as shown in Fig. 28(¢). For tho fixed ends, the coresponding rations are zero. That, with usual notation the compastily coaditons ean be expressed as! % to + Oy + Oy = 0 and 8, Ban + Oy + Bon = 0 en where Oyo and Gyo are rotations atthe ends A and B, respectively, duc wo extemal loads (a Os) snd (Bye, By) a2 the reations atthe ends A and B due to moments My and Mp. ER. Daigo ine! ares Sr rete Temes ya ae ego Spor teren Season siese evecare Be ee waaay eens ds mmtcay taal opt ey came Morpepcaras nase ha sen es ees TELE caeclyar cece ant nerd ge mee LOD PON Pre D 4-4 pr oe ab Eenn e CASE We he ni eel i ce oie (Sf) sm even en Aan ene io twee shox (ES) im ome Jove oy a om nk et i al i pe moments, My = My = M. Then en For slope compat This, My = Me w ey oT Design of Staircases IN Jee] 29 NF =DE ) + m2) Jonson tac +B }wo7 eo From computbilty condition, 226. = E80 ” meme (Bf NaW=DE on aR Tr, ‘In unsymmetrical and ther genera cases it is desirable to compte the design moment by wing ‘the procedure ulin eater rather than using the expressions developed Example 2.1. Design srsight sai fora residential building consisting of individual seps projecting 950 mm from the fce of the wal. The se and tread ofthe sais are 180 mm and 260 mm, respectively, The lve load may be taken as 3 kN The matenals of construction ‘ae M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel of grade FetlS Solution For M20 grade conerete and Fe 415 grade seo Jog= 20 MPa, fy = 415 MPs Mei = O1388/ybE and Pai = 0961 per cent “Thickness d ofthe stp from the defection consideration with the modification facto my= LA is given by: Effecive spam 950 6654 man 8° Tm Tk ‘Using 10 mam bars with 15 mm sominal cover, the overall thickness, D= 9698+ 15 + 2 = 11695 mm Des Reinforced Conerte Structures ‘Consider 120 mm thik steps. Sell-vcight of a step W,= O12 x 026 x 0.95 x 25 = 0741 KN 095 Dead fond moment M, = 0741 x 225 Live ad on ep = 30 x (026 095) = 0741 AN Fore design of caieer ep an equal isimam concerned lo of 1.3 KN a teen fs ons Te ong nant ca ene lod salt i er or fo 1) de 1 Une kn, Le. Wi = 074 x 0950) = 0352 KN Ci) te wt equilem Senile, (13% 095) = 1238 KN Tit main Gedag et wc apa coat he pa Mage = Mg++ Mi = 0382 4 1.235 = 1.587 kXm 382 kN Foctored moment, Myyuy LS X 1.587 = 2381 kNm veto! ese depth d = | 528810 [atin] =a sp 5 © with 1 nds oe srs (8) Provide 890 mm thick slab with effective depth d = 71 mm 16.60 mm < 120 men (ihe assumed value) Main tension reinforcement: Flesurl reinforcement parameter 46M, 4.62.38) 108 abi” 20% 26071 i (i OATFR] = 105.41 mm? Provide 3 ars of 8 mm @ (Ay = 150.78 mm) atthe top ina wid of 260 sum ofeach step. Distribution steel, t 04178 “Therefore, 20% 26071 0.12 « 950 « 90 2 Ag = 2X98 1026 mn? Provide 4 bars of 6 mam 10 ti the main stel, Development length, os7s, @ ay, 087415 x8 = SSS 37609 wm, Design of Swireases EE Provide @ bend atthe cad of the bar as showa in Fig. 2a) for spaniel beam supped. Enough anchorage is available. It should be realized thatthe cantilever steps iiroduce fovertuming and bending moments inthe wall and hence must be taken care of Bxample 2.2 Design the dog-lepaed reinforced concrete staircase shown in Fig. 29(a) for ‘= mulstorey building in which the sorey height (distance between Moors) 383.0 m. The Stoirall measures 28 m x 4.3 m (internal. The wih ofthe stairs is 1.25 m. Take the rise 8 150 mm and the tead as per arrangement. The staircase isnot abe to overcrowding. The ‘weight of finishes may be taken as 0.125 Nin of the finshed surface of the sep. The materials used ae M20 grade concrete and HYSD stel of grade FedIS, Solution For M20 grade coneree and Fetl5 grade ste, S220 MPa, f, = 415 MPa Masig = 0.1388 fab and Py = 0961 per cent ‘Adopt two Highs per storey height with 100 mm asthe disunce between fights, and fights and sidewalls. Therefore, [28-3 (10) z With R= 150 mm, numberof rises required = 3000/150 = 20 and. numberof treads per Hight = 10~ 1 = 9. Adope read T of 255 mm; hence Space oveupied by treads = 9% (0.255) = 2.295 m Width of sais 125 m ‘Therefore, Landing width = 43% ss shown in Fig. 2910) ‘The landing slab is supported on the walls onthe sides. Consider the landing slab to be spanning inthe direction perpendicular to that ofthe sai slab, The first light from the ground ‘as landing on one end ely zonal span of Mighs = 9 (0.255) + 05 = 2795 m “Te depth ofthe stair slab canbe estimated from deletion ctiteria, Consider sel of grade FotlS with p,= 00; the mesifeation factor if 12. Therefore, Etfective span x12 2795 16.46 mm Weld i ee SSE) at] a ae i 5 loupe Fig. 2.9, Design and detaiting of dogleqged stair of example 2.2. Design of Stairosee EM Overall depth with 10 mm © bars at 15 mm nominal cover D = 11646 + 15 + (102) = 13646 mm (Consider 180 ma thick sab with effective depth of 130 mam Loads and bending moments: Sele-weight ofthe waist slab w = 0.150% 1 x 25 L750 KN? (030 #28579 35) gin? 150 x ‘Weight ofthe waist sl on plan wy 85) Weight of ep ng = Q/210150 70285425) 575 kN? Weigh offi w = 0150 + 0255404 190 in? Tas de ond Wy = wy + my 6:25 kN? Since the stam, ae oot liable to overcrowding the live load may be taken as 3 KNMn?, i, y= 30 RNn?, Thos, Tota design fad at service sate, w = wy 4 y= Consider 11m width of waist sab, w = 9.425 kim. Then Factor load, w, = 1.5 x 9425 = 14.138 EN ‘The lod of steps isnot acting on the landing. However, for practical purposes, assume the load fn the landing o be same a6 on the flight, ie, for design, a uniform value of load on ene span is considered. Consider the fight span to be simply supponed. The maximum beading 1425 Nin? Ma = TE IDX OS 04) ey For the required effective depth ete Mana 1 Mi 0.13887 be? = 13.81 > tot = 7053 mm ef aco O.T348 20% 1000, pt 10 © me amen 15 Ta nel eh, D506 154 32 9059 am hc, med ph f 10 tay fr he vers WDD esign of Reinforced Concrote Structures Aebfrcment () Lover GH. With d+ 130mm fifo pet, 46M, Oat saeissrs0! Box 1000x108 Terie 204100130). FTA = 109.7! Provide 10 mm © bars @ 250 mm ele (Ay = 3140 mn? or 6 bars in Might width of 125 m) Secondary or distribution steel 0.12% 1000 150 Ag = 91221000150 59 a? Sc fm 6h = (108 ) 503 27 mm 150 Provide 8 mm @ bars @ 250 mm ele (Ay = 200 mn’) 258 Maximum fatord shear forse V, = 14.138 x 2795 = 19.76 kN 19.7610" [Nominal shear sess, x, = $BIS™ IE 0.152 MPa ‘This value is very small and hence the tir sla is safe in shea. Development lengh, Ly = 470 ‘Av the suppor, Mas +h ey Consider by = 8 @, then 438110) +802 4709, i0, © 5 1791 mm 1976 Hence 10 mm @ bars provided are sasaetry. ‘From the crossing point the bas should extend up wo a distance of 47.0 10 = 470.12, say. ‘500 mim. The renforcement details are shown in Fig. 290) Design of Staircases i) Upper Right. Te effective span of the upper Aight is 2.795 + 0.5 (= 3295 m) andthe Toad on its the same as on te lower flight. Hence, maximum bending moment: Mame = 1135 x 22257 4 a7 aN a [pat 16 a O-13R8 x 20» 1000, (Overall depth requir, Hence provide 150.mm thick slab with d = 120 om. ‘The flexural reinforcement paramcter, om, Lace 162 19.187 10 _ 5 ay 20x 1000 1307 ‘Therefore, “1000 361] = 459.65 mm en ( geet) Provide 10 mm @ bars @ 175 mm ele (Ay = 448.8 mn?) as main reinforcement and Te sh wl esate a sha nd. The wncemet dele soa ‘The slab willbe safe in shear and’bond, The reinforcement deals are shown in Fig. 292). Example 2.3 Design the open-vell stircase with the general arangement shoven in Fig. 210() fora public building whieh likely be overromded. The rs and ead 0 be ‘provided are 150 mm and 250 mm, respectively. The dead weight of finishes may be taken 850.1875 kN of the finshed surface ofthe step. The mateals used are M2O grade coneree and HYSD stel of grade FetlS. Solution For the given geometry of stars and material propeties, R= 150 mm, T = 250 mm. fg = 20 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, 1388 fll and Pig = 0961 por cont Effective spansi Consider the landing sl to be spanning inthe se direction asthe ight Slabs. Effective horizontal spans ae Flight y= 2254125 = 350 m Fight kus 125+ 1.04 125 = 350m Flight I, yoy= 125 + 225 = 3.50 m M, a é 7 3 e " E ® | ae Fy ro i ic : * W g 1 : tan oh 93-220] pan ratengezarr on ratengsoreen (asec tape (© Paocnet ne tp Fig. 210 Design ond detailing of open well staircase of example 2.3. Design of Staircases KEM Loads: Waist sib thickness can be estimated from deflection enteia. Consider 0.0 per cent Fel grade steel with my = 1.2, Therefore 10 ssa + 15+ 2 Consider waist elab of thickness of 175 man SelE-weight of the waist slab wig = (O75 x 1.0.x 25) = 4375 Nin? Self weight ofthe waist slab on pln,» 5.102 kN Weigh of one step Tread [yeusxaznoan| 20a Weight of sep Wy = 0.25 + 0.1510,0.1875) ‘Weight of finishes. eM 0.300 kN? Toaal dead lad, j= my + ey + my 1277 kN Consider & 1 m wide sip of fights, wy = 7277 kim Since the stair is lable to overerowding, lve load. w= 5.00 KN Toual gravy load, w= wy + m= 7277 +500 = 12277 kNim Factored load, w= 1 x 12277 = 18616 kN Bending moments: The landings oft fights cross cach other at ight angles. and, as such, ‘oe-half of the tol Toad om the landing is taken in each direction. (0) Por fights F and Ry = 3018 KN, and Ry = 22.77 4N ‘The distance of point of zero shear (maximum bending moment) from the support A: 30.18 isis me = 166m ‘Maximum beading moment, Mona = G08) x (68) H8AN6) x (L6H! = 24729 1m HM 2 Brae Sn ke he imi gon i ee (9.208 41.25) (0.625 + 05) + (18.416) «057, z For computing the effective depth of wat lab, Thickness of stair slab . ‘Width of fights ond landing Ay, Ris Vy + Reactions at the lower support Mar, Moy. Ma +Moments a he lower support haying moment vectors parle 1,» nd Ha Vp + Reactions at the upper support wyand Loads on fights and lending, respectively. per anit length of horizontal jection a, a Inetinations of lower and upper fights with horizon Properties ofthe setion of staircase slab 1k: Second moment of area of effective section of stair about horizontal axis = BDZ 4, + Second moment of area of effecive section of staie about vertical axis = L'DM2 J: Polar second moment of area of effective section of staircase slab kp? WEDB_Design of Reinfovenl Concrete Sructures Ts IE 1200 x (100)? = 10 « 108 mm ty px aoo x20? = 144% 10° ant - 1 (las -(8le] 175, i ratio of moduli of eastcity £7G to be 2.35 for concrete. Then, aoa (mma B73" oxi Behera }=r0 stex(22) scout Boa (ee) ‘The redundants acing at supports ae directly compued by the aplicstion of the pancple of least work and equations of equilibrium to the whole staircase. The energy due to direct ‘compression or fension in the pune ofthe ight is neglected Port I: Statieal considerations: Consider te equilibrium of the sir as a whole, EF, 0, RR ” AV, + 06 + 1.78) « wy # 120 w Vy + 10316 Consider the pot 0 located atthe level of landing sla, vertically below D, and the mi point of support, 0 be the origin of x, = sjsem of aes. Therefore, EM,= 0, My + (47S + L525), H.28¥; ~ 1529 % = (1829 % 1.78) x (128 + 089) ~ 243 « 12) x B06 + 06) = 6.05; 2 Ma = -4.0H, ~ L28v, + 23737 EM,=0, My L2Y, + QATS + 1525, + (1829 178 x 12 + 243 & 12) x 060 = Design of Staircases EM “ My = 12¥)~ 408, ~ 50.16 EM, = 0, My = 1.204 1.288, ‘Thus, tbe moments and reaction at both the suppocs are expressed in tems of HR, and Vi, ‘These unknown quanites are taken tobe the redundant, which can conveniently be ealealted by enerny apprsch ‘Port Ii: Brergy calculations: Since the wcsin energy in the landing is independent of unknowns and hence need not be computed. Total stn emery, se ts Ue [see °F Mow ine (ort ote sa Ks , se nin an = (2) oy an = Vo Mroa= 0 Myon ® Rzs 608 @ = Ry 5 608 & ‘Thus, sess resukants in both the members are expressed in tems of unknown reactions Ri ‘Hand Vj, Since no deflection or rotation occurs atthe suppor A, from Castiglano’s Theorem, au, uae an * au am, je henna ae | Mateciacmat parte (2) sete fm) gg f 00 (pve fi 80m) verter Esmee @90rm oe ran 2, ——____} (00a of foramen nhac sag te Fig, 2.15 esion forces on the fleestantng stor and detain ofthe slab of example 2.6. Design of Staircases ET ‘The torsion moment is small. The nominal torsion shear stress, as per ACIBIB, is given by 3x0.38% 10" 34038 510" 9.092 MPa 185110" «1200 te OT “Tis ses i es than he shear strength of pun concrete r= 036 MPa Design for shear: For checking the adequacy of slab section in shear due to Vy and Ry ‘components of reactions, consider V, = = 56.72 KN which i ecal Nominal shear suess 1, = SE72210" 0501 MPa < fy (© 3.1 MPa) 1130100 For p= ge 8 MPa> hence safe, However, nominal tanionishear reinforcement shall be provided in the form of closed siups with spacing 901 exceeding the smullest ofthe following: 6) G+ 9 = (1100 + 604 = 290 mm i) 300 mm Provide nominal see inthe form of closed stirups of 8 mm © bar atte spacing of 290 mm ‘le. The reinforcement from fight slabs is cared imo landing slab. The reinfereement details tre shown in Fig. 2150). 242 Horse Shoe Staircase ‘The horseshoe sircse beam is architecturally equally fascinating and useful as helical ‘beam but simple to const. For ilastation consider the Beam to be fiaed atthe ends. This ‘space struc is statically indeterminate tothe sath degree. However, fr symmetrical louding ‘Considered all but two of the redundant actions vanish at mi-point. The nonzero redundant factions are: My the bending moment acting in vertical plane and Vy the horizontal shear in ‘ada direcon, denotd by X; and X;, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2-16. Inthe following treatment the influence coefficients are computed by direct integration, For analysis the rotcons shown in te figure are used on ib PW dtd = =) 1 est lng ot ag wroteon tl eng, pec pe ite fos aa fs f+ Ia deel i fon cared pron or ding a, B+ Ras of cement wes « Hem +8) Fy Rad fen of eyo a on tg «3 ©: Agu psin of eso decision o Inclination of lower and upper fights with hrizomal. of Reinforced Concrete Structures Ae oe nent Fig. 2.16. Symbols used inthe onaysis and design of horse shoe sticase “Moments and forces produced by unit values of XX, and the uniformly loads wand wy ae shown in Fig. 2.1. The vals are listed inthe Table 2.2 Table 22 Moment and Forces Produced ty Unt Values of rdant Aton Member Daw X,= 1 Die lX=1 Due t Astibued bad w ie Me Maso Mg = Reon & Maso Incined mombsr (over fg) M)=0 Mg=-xtane Myton 0 Mg= Reena M2008 8 Ma= Rese where pM rene TEER Design of Reinforced Concrete Struct “The final moments and forces at any point ae (©) Horizontal ring beam Veriat moment M, =X, cos © = wAiAl~ cos 0) es Lateral moment, = 1k sin es) ‘Torsion moment Mi = Xsin @- soni (Kosa °) 210) Radial horizontal shear fre V, = Xe coe & Vet she fore ~ who ew Tint, a-ha (etn member tem ayeene 784 )-[ ) ==, e080 + Xo sing +( Reg 28 seemoune naan (eB) ay My =Xysin + XR, cose o Vi =Nysin8+(Feos 0+ wy xe0s8) ste eo a el ah ue on pn tye tin te cect a es Maal Hine re Manbloe fi ey fe Mi Miki) Ja a er Nea here E and G are the moduli of lasticiy of conerete i bending, and shea, respectively. and fy ace second moment of area of effective section of stair slab about horizontal axis and ‘cis normal to the slope, ie, = BD'/I2 and = BPDII2, respectively Ji polar second moment ‘of area of effective section of staircase slab = ED? see 1_(o8y/0)f, om" eda a-20] aw Design of Staircases EB ‘The modalit E and G are related by the expression: E £ o-geg oo Betw Consider 1 = 0.175, ie. rato of moduli of elasticity £1G w be 235 for conrete. Various Aeriblty coefficients are computed as follows: sos |e at) (Bi) Bahan) seo) aus i (2s Mab Mala Ma ae so fegent ese ss) i cone. 216) a *) ats) a (e} sll (Elser) oy Design of Staircases Ea Ap, and Ap) can be evaluated. Knowing these coefficients, following compatibility equations are established: GX, + b2X> + 4g, = 0 OX, + OnX> + A = 0 Solution to these equations will provide the values of X, and X which can be used for computing the design values. (2.20) Example 2.7 Design the horse shoe staircase with the general arrangement shown in Fig. 2.18 for an office building with floor height of 3.85 m. The stairs are not likely to be overcrowded. The width of stairs is 1.20 m with rise and tread of 160 and 250 mm, respectively. The weight of finishes may be taken 0.20 kN/m*. The materials to be used in construction are: M25 grade concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 under moderate exposure: conditions. Solution For M25 concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415, f= 25 MPa, f, = 415 MPa My jim = 0.1388f4bd? and pyjim =1.201 per cent The inclination of flight with horizontal, 6 = tan“!(1.92/2.75) = 34.92°. Loads: Basically the horse shoe staircase is a cantilever structure. A trial thickness of waist slab of 300 mm at fixed ends reducing to 150 mm at its junction with horizontal curved landing is considered. For analysis consider average thickness of waist slab of 225 mm with thickness of landing slab as 150 mm. (i) Load per metre length of landing Weight of landing slab in plan, w, = (0.15 x 1.225) = 4.50 kKN/m Weight of finishes, wy= 0.2 x 1.0 x 1.2 = 0.24 kN/m Live load, w, = 3.0 x 1.2 = 3.60 kKN/m Total load, w = w, + wy + Wy = 8.34 kN/m Factored load on landing, w,; = 1.5 w= 1.5 x 8.34 = 12.51 kN/fm Radii of landing, R, = 1.7 m and &,= 0.5 m. Therefore, R= Landing load factor, F = Ww, (x Ry2) = 12.51 x x 1.21/2 = 23.78 KN (Vetta ens neers 1025mm¢ [Bam pes @ 220 refs) rr (0 Rectorcamert di tne super on tt Fig. 2.18 Detling ofthe hose-shoe staicase of example 2.7. of Staircases (i) Load per metre length of flight Weight of wast sab in plan w, = (0.225 x 12% 25) sec 9 = 823 KN Weigh due to steps ny = [(12) ¥ 0.16 x 0.250 % 1.2 x 250.250 = 2.40 KN Weight of finishes w= 0.2 1.0 x 12 0.24 kN Live lod wy = 3.0.x 12 23.60 kN Tonal load w = Wy + me mp + my 1447 kN Factored wl. on fight, egy = LS w= 15 x 1447 = 2171 kim ‘Thickness of waist slab at distance x fom its junction with landing: A= de t where dj = 150 mm and d= 300 mm Tova factored weight of wast sab weet [Hosea siaeaaineesad) «sas ‘Acting a distance, from the fixed suppor, [sous 030/278 1 [B9u4930225) nam 3 Computation of design forces: Ratio of sites cowficients ae: Curved portion 1 a 3378 5 104 mt FRX 12% (0.150)= 3375 % 10 5% 0.150% (1.2)? = 21600» 1074 CESS] -GSy] -o7 0.3071 x 1.20 x (0.150)? = 12.438%104 m* ,, (1238x104 3.375% 107 ) = 8 1 ae Gr, 1, (12438%10") FH, ~ 235 *\21600%107) ~ HDD design of Reinforced Conarete Structures i) IneinedFortion. For simplifying the calultions the waist slab is considered to be of ‘niform section of thickness of 225 mum (average thickness) 11391 104 mt 1 . fx12xons' 5% 0.225 (1.20) = 32400 x 104 mt CS -eS] - Y= 0294 « 1.20 (0225) = 40.18 x 10° mt 1 Therefore, G) 1, ( 40.48% 10~ = hp {SOSA | = 150 z (Pie) bor alt (gue 801810) «9953 soa) Fei eins Fos e019) 21, ctv Aye dycc u,b 680 feat et an=s899 0st sf a pu 2 [na com ef feoss] ‘The values of redundant ae: ‘The landing and flight moments (kN) ae (0) Horizontal ring beam ‘Vertical moment Ma, Lateral moment My 40 cos @ ~ wiRPUL ~ 08 14ST R, sin ® ‘Torsion moment M, 7.4039 = fi Feo ~aind Design of Stoireases MI Radial horizontal shear force Viz. = 74.57 cos @ ‘Vertical sear free Vy Torus Va (i) Inctined member: Final moments (Nin) and shear fores (KN) a any pot are: -A8-9-E) Mip =7405in 0+ T47R, 08 0 Mip =-7455% tan ® ay --taoano ensin indo )(n-28) Mip = 74.57 cos 8+ (F sin 8 + win 8) Vjp = TAS7 sin 8 + (eos 8 + w, x 6088) v5 =0 ‘The variations of moments slong ight and landing are shown in Fig. 2.18(0) The critical quantity determining the desig of sarease ic usually the negative vertical moment M, a the fixed ends, ie, atx = L in Eq. 212). Design of stair slabs: Design moments sce: Plexural moment Mj, = ~30994 Nim (waist slab) Flexural moment My, = -62.05 kNm (landing) ‘Torsion moment Ty = Mg, = 48.52 kNen (waist slab) (0) Mats slab, Taekness trom fexural considerations: ‘Mya = 0.1388 X25 « 1200 x d 230994 10%, Le, dy = 2722 mem Provide overall hickness D = 300 ram with effective depth of 265 mm. Thus, atthe support bx D = 1200 x 300, Mg, 308.94 KNm, T,= 48:52 kNm Equivalent design moment is given by Mag = Mag + Mus (5-8 Mye= 30086 4 35.68 = 345.62 kNm ‘Main Congitudinal reinforcement along the flight, «(a - where, WBL_Desien of Reinforced Concrete Structures For M,= M562 kNm, b = 1200 mm, d = 265 mm, = 489387 mm? For M, = 8203 kNm, b =150 mm. d = 1150 mm, Ay = 20157 mm! Provide 10-25 mm @ bars (Ay = 4908 mm’) a op and 10 ~ 16 mm @ bars (A= 2011 man?) ‘at bottom of flight slab longitudinally. Also provide 3 ~ 12 mm @ bars (Ay = 339.00 mm") fom each vertical face Transverse rebforcement Vee TAST x O57 4 2578 x O82 + 2171 x 275 x 082 ‘Shear strength of concrete: 1908 100 row A = AS08100 1543 per cen From Tables 14 and 15, % = 0789 MPa and fing = 3:1 MPa Bguivalent shear fore V, (0.6% 48.52) 12 sro [ = 7469 Equivalent nominal shear stress, ve ba (174.69510°) 1200265) 0.549 MPa Since > fe < fom the section is safe i shear However, nomial steel of $m @ bars in the form Of cked sirup is provided atthe spacing the least of the following: (y= shorter dimension of stimaps = 220 mm Gy CAI) _ homer + Longer dimension of stierup) + 100 + 220) (100220) 5 330 mm (68) 0.784 = 225 me (9) 300 mm Provide nomial see! of 8 mm @ bar stirs atthe spac ‘ets are shown sn Fig. 218). of 220 mm ee, The reinforcement (i Landing slob. Design forces are: Flexural moment My, = 1832 KNm Flexural moment Mf, 82.08 kN Torsion moment T, = Mj, = 4852 kNm Shear force V, = 62.38 x O57 + 2878 x 082 Design of Swireases (NY [At the junction with landing, thickness from flexural considerations, Muy = 0.1388 x 25 « 1200 x d= 18.32 « 108, tend ‘Overall avaiable thickness D = 150 mm with effective depth of 120 mm. Thus, tthe junction swith landing, bx D =1200 x 150 mm, My, Equivalent design moment is given by Mae = Mae + Mas 2) (8) My 1832 + 32.11 = 5043 EN Reinforcement on compression fae for reversal of moment is ako required for the moment 6633 en 1832 kN, T= 4852 kN S2A1KNm > Mf, Mya © 4852 — 3011 = 1641 bm Moin (ongitudina) reinforcement along the flight For My= $0.43 kNm, b = 1200 mm, d= 120 mm, Ay 138599 mm? ‘Thus, 7-16 mm @ bars (Ay,= 1407 awe!) axe required at tp. The requisite sumber cof baton bars from waist slab of fight are arid in tthe top of landing slab and the balance 316 mm @ bars ae cared on 10 the bouom face of landing sla Also provide 3512 mm @ bars (4, = 33800 mm) on each verial face of landing. Transverse reinforcement: "The perceniae of ste, 1004, n= 1a 1407 x10 OTH 100 = 0.977 per cent From Tables 14 and 1.5, = 0637 MPa and mua = 3.1 MP HDD. Design of Reinforend Concrete Structures Equivalent nomial shear stress: 019.73 x10) (200% 120) Since % < Fe < Tapas the Section is acceptable with shear reinforcement ‘Consider iansverereinforement consisting of 10 mim @ legged links (A, ‘Minimum reinforcement to be provided is given by 053 MPa Ag» Coe EID > ORT, O87f An SS tb 0.87 «415% 157 (3 — 01637) x 1200 ~ 4478 mm “The spacing shall not excoed the smallest of following (2) x)= Shoner dimension of ssirups = 110 mam 49) Shorter + Longer dimensions of sirup aty on 4 100-4110 4 (6) 0754 = 90 mm (@) 300 mm Provide 10 mm bar links atthe spacing of 90 mm efe near he junction. Increase the spacing 10 300 mm near the Fixed suppor. 3025 mm, Tutorial Problems 24 Explain the basic difference in structural behaviour between stir slabs spanning transversely and those spaning longitudinally 22 Explein the Cadal recommendations for the effective span of the sat slabe with Afferent sapport conditions ofthe landings. Design of Stairs TS) 23° Sketch the reinforcement detils of longa bars in longitudinally spanning waist Slab eye stars ar the junction of the fight and () lower landing sab, i) upper landing sua, 2A Design a cantilever staircase consisting of independent steps cantlevering out of the wall. The width of sepsis LO m with rise and tead of 175 mm and 250 mm, respectively, The sarease isto support a superimposed load of 3.0 KN subject 19 ‘minimum equivelent concerted load of 1.3 KN at the end ofthe steps, Use M20 trade concrete and HYSD steel of grade FediS a reinforcement 25° Design and details dog-legaed staircase located in stir hall measuring 2.75 4.50 m fora public building. Tee storey or floor-t-lor height is 3.30 m. The service live load on srs is 4.0 kN with the weight of finishes of 0.5 kNAm. Adopt riser end twead of 180 mm and 250 mm, respectively. The grades of concrete and steel tobe used are M20 and Fed, regecvey. 26 A dog-lepged waist slab ype saieate isto be provided for an office bling, sith 1 floortofloor height of 3.3 m, the flight and landing widths are spulated to be 125 ‘The sss are 1 be supported on 230 mm thick masonry wall a the edges of the landing, parle 1 the risers. Design the sarease, whichis Table wo overcrowding, thing canrete of grade M20 and HYYSD tur of grade Fes 2.7 Repeat problem 2.6, consiserng each of the landings to be supported only cn two edges perpendicular to the risers 28 Repeat problem 2:7, considering a uead-iser type of suitcase, instead of a wast slab ‘ype 29 Design a fight between landing to landing of a wead-iser type of staircase, with 10 sis, each 150 mm, and with tread of 270 mm. The upper and lower landings are 1200 ‘um wide each supped oa 230 mm thick masonry wall atthe edges, parallel tthe ‘iter. The stars habe tobe overroided. The materi o be wed for construction are M20 grade concrete and HYSD bars of grade Fe 415. 210 Design a single fight straight stirs in a residential building for the movement fom the ground to the roof ata height of 3.3 m. The stirs ae bul i the wall with @ bearing of 120 mm along te fight and support superimpoeed load of 3.0 EN. The ‘weight of finishes is 0.30 kN of finished sep surface. The ite and read of the step ae 175 mm and 250 ram, respectively. The width of the str is 00 m. The materials of constuction are M20 grade concrete and FeAl5 grade ste 21 Redesign the sas ight of Problem 2.10 when the stairs ae supported on wall on oe Side end singer beam on the oer. The horizontal span ofthe sais is 135 m. The rmateals to be used are M20 grade concrete and mild steel reinforcement. Hint: Treat the stair as 9 one-vay slab of effective span of L45 m (21.35 + 0.10) HDD Design of Reinforced Conerate Structures = (U2) (Effective depth of waist sib + Average thickness of steps) = (U2) (Effective depth of waist slab + RI JR +71 212 Design a dogeegged stair for a mukisorey building having a wait hall of size 2:75 45 m The storey height, .c, the vertical dance between Noors is 3.30 m. “The rise has been predetermined to be 150 mm and the mead is as per arangement ‘The landings span longitudinally and have 200 mm bearings on the wal. The waist slabs have 150 mm horizontal gp (i plan) between fights. Te eair isto camy superimposed loud of 3 KNin®. The weight of fishes is 0.15 EN’ ofthe finshed step surface, The materials are M2O grade concrete and mild steel reinforcement. CHAPTER 3 Design of Slabs 3.1 INTRODUCTION {In enforced concrete constriction, the slab isan extensively used structural clement forming floors and roofs ofthe buildings. A concrete sla isthe plane element having the depth D inch ‘small than it span and wideh may be suppored by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry walls or dieely by columns. It usually cartes uniformly disbuted gravity loads acting ‘normal to its surface and transfer the same to the supports by flexure, shear and torsion. Slabs ‘reclassified aconding to the system of supports a: (0) ommay sata, () twonay slabs, (6) flat slabs supponed diectiy on columns without beams, (@) velar and nooetangular slabs, and (©) eid or wae slabs Some of these slab systems ae illustrated in Fig. 3.1. The slabs of types (2) and (2) will be discussed in Chapter 4. Typically non-rectngular slabs are shown in Pig. 3.17 ‘Slabs supported only on two opposite sides by rigid suppor as shown in Fig 3.2(a) cary load by flexure inthe direction perpendicular t the suppons. The plane surface of & predominanty uniformly losed slab deforms ito a cylindric surface in which curvature end ence bending moment develops ony in oe direction. Sach slabs ae called ene-may slabs snd ‘estetally act ax sallow beats with large width. The slabs supported on all fou sides also ‘eave as one-way slabs ifthe ratio of longer to shorter spans is greater than two as shown in Fig, 320) . Design of Slabs B09] Moment diagram (supported on two opposite edges) (a) One-way slab action Lz 2h, (c) Two-way slab action SS Moment diagram: | over short strip (b) Predominantly one-way slab action Fig. 3.2 One-way and two-way slab actions. EDD _Design of Reinforcad Concrete Structures “he slabs shown in Fig. 3.16) which are supponed diretly on clams without beams or Binders are called flat slabs. In such slabs, args moments and shear forces are induced inthe Vicinity of the columns. Therefore, the slabs ae thickened in the region surtounding the ‘column and the column ate flared a the top, as asad in Fig. 3.te(), 0 reduce sess ‘ve to shear force and neyaive bending moter, these arangemeats are refered to a dep ‘panels and column heads, respectively. When the spans of sla are not large and loads ae not excessive both the panel drop and column bead may be omitted. Such sab is calle the fat plate as shown in Fig. 3. Lei, A lt sla having recess formed (by removable or filer blocks) ‘om the soffit so that it comprises a series of ribs in two directions i called wae slab. The Slabs suppoced on a seis of intersecting long rigid beams called slab-grid is shown in Fig. 3.10. 3.2 GENERAL CODAL REQUIREMENTS Following design requirements are generally considered forthe slabs 32.1 Serviceability Requirements Deflection control criterion: The slabs are designed for serviceability requirements of TERT 26) x Modieation Taco? Maitication fast my = mp me El Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Since there is no compression steel at mid-span, my, = 1.0 and as the slab is to be designed as an under-reinforced section, i.¢., p;< P,jim. Consider p, = 0.5 per cent and f, = 0.58 x 415 = 240.7 MPa. The modification factor mg is 1.2, thus my = 1.2. Therefore, 3600 d= 3x2 = 130.43 mm. Consider 10 mm ©® bars for reinforcement, the overall depth: D= 130.43 + clear cover + (Diameter of bar/2) = 130.43 + 15 + (10/2) = 150.43 mm Consider 150 mm thick slab with d = 130 mm. Design for moment: Loads Dead load of slab w, = 0.15 x 1.0 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m Load due to partition w, = 1.35 kN/m Load due to finishes wy = 0.65 kKN/m Total dead load wg = w, + Wy + wy = 5.75 kN/m Live load w; = 3,00 kN/m Factored dead load w,g = YX wy = 15% 5.75 = 8.625 kN/m Factored live load w,) = y X w= 15 x 3.00 = 4,500 kN/m The maximum values of factored bending moments occur in the end span: Waal. Wal? 12 10 My said = = 8:625%3.6" | 4.5 x 3.67 ~ 12 10 = 9.32 + 5.83 = 15.12 kNm _ 8.625 x3 i0 11.18 + 6.48 = 17.66 kNm Thus, M,, for calculation of thickness is 17.66 kNm. Consider that the thickness of the slab is proportioned to the moment near its balanced value: 0.1388 fubd® = My 0.1388 x 20 x 1000d? = 17.66 x 10° or d = 79.99 mm Design of Slabs Fea Consider 10 mm ®@ bars at 15 mm clear cover. Then, the overall depth D = 79.99 + 15 + (10/2) = 99.99 mm. However, from the serviceability limit state criterion of deflection the depth adopted is 150 mm. Reinforcement, -(44 JI fe ith) “fybd yor ml ae = 402.27 mm? 2x 415 (ease) Adopt 10 mm ® bars at 195 mm cle (A,, = 402.56 mm?): 100 x 402.56 = 000x130 = 0.31 per cent Modification factor for p, = 0.31 per cent is 1.3. The depth of the section required from the serviceability limit state criterion of deflection: _ Effective span ~ 0.5(26 + 20) x Modification factor 3600 = xa = 120.4 mm < 130 mm (provided) Therefore, the slab is safe in deflection. Distribution steel, 0.12bD _ 0.12 x 1000 x 150 100 100 Provide 8 mm © bars at 270 mm c/c (< 5d or 450 mm); Ay = 186.15 mm’, Ag = = 180 mm? Curtailment of positive steel: Alternate bars shall be curtailed at distances not more than 0.157 and 0.25! from discontinuous and continuous edges, respectively. The development length, _ O87 f,0 — O8TX 41S X@ _ For the development length criteria, (a) At simply supported end, (i) Length beyond cut of point = 0.15 x 3600 — 0.50 x 230 + 160 = 585 mm > Ly (= 470 mm) (ii) Length of curtailed bar from the mid-span = 0.501 - 0.15! = 0.35! = 0.35 x 3600 1260 mm > Ly | 122 | Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures (b) At interior support, (i) 0.25 x 3600 - 0.50 x 300 + 150 = 900 mm > L, (= 470 mm) (ii) 0.50 x 3600 - 0.25 x 3600 = 900 mm > Ly Curtailment of negative steel: The length of the bars extending from the discontinuous and continuous edges shall not be Jess than Ly. Length of bars from centre of end support = 0.10/ or Ly i.e., 470 mm Length of bar from centre of interior support = 0.15! or Ly ie, 540 mm Check for shear: Maximum factored shear force: V, = 0.66w,) + Wys) = 0.6(8.625 + 4.5)3.6 = 28.35 kN Nominal shear stress: z= Ma 28.3510" "bd 1000 x 130 For M20 grade concrete with p, = 0.31 per cent, T. = 0.389 MPa. For solid slab permissible shear strength, T. =1.3 x 0.389 = 0.506 MPa. Since t, > 7,. no shear reinforcement is required. = 0.218 MPa. Check for development length: (i) The minimum length of the bar to be embedded in the support = L,/3 Las 0 3 = 47x 3 160 mm ba 3 For 10 mm @® bars, For 8 mm © bars, = 47x = 125 mm t2| 00 Consider that the reinforcing bars are embedded up to the total width of the support with a clear side cover of 25 mm. Thus, the length of the bar embedded into the support is: = Width of the support — Clear side cover of 25 mm = 230 — 25 = 205 mm, more than the minimum length required. (ii) At the simple supports, M, Ly # 13( 4] +L, And at points of inflection: M, Ly 4 ( ss) thy At the simply supported end, M,,,, the moment of resistance of the section at the support may be taken as half the span moment as alternate bars have been bent up, i.e., M,,, =0.50 x (15.12) = 7.56 kNm V, =(0.40 x 8.625 x 3.6) + (0.45 x 4.5 x 3.6) = 19.71 kN Design of Slabs JER) L, = the anchorage length beyond the centre of support which should not exceed d or 12, whichever is more. Consider, L, = 8 (for 90° bend). Thus, for Ly F (L3 x My /V¥,) + Ly ie. 47> F 1.3(7.56 10°V(19.71 x 10°) + 8 @ or d F 12.79 Since, Pyrovicea (= 10 mm) ¥ 12.79 mm, the diameter of bars is satisfactory. The preceding condition of development length will also be satisfied at the points of inflection since the value of M,,, remains the same as half of the span moment and V, has a smaller value. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 3.8. Figure 3.8(a) illustrates an arrangement with bent-up bars, and Fig. 3.8(b) an arrangement with straight bars. However, former arrangement is preferable. Distrowton bars 7 “i frunkaom two bars) £ OSA. Ay (a+b) 10 mm @ 195 cle 034 0.15), a {e+ a) Sl tAy (8) An arrangement with bent-up bars 0.31, Distribution bars at top {minimum two bars) 4 150 mm 25mm + (min.) Ay 10 mm @ 195 cic 0.48) 8mm @ 270 cle = 3600 (b) An arrangement with straight bars Fig. 3.8 Detailing a one-way continuous slab. El Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Alternatively, if a slab of lesser thickness, e.g. 130 mm instead of 150 mm with 10 mm ® bars at 160 mm c/c (Ay = 491 mm or p, = 0.446) is adopted, the effective depth d of the slab reduces to 110 mm which is safe (> 89.82 mm) with respect to the limit state of collapse in flexure. However, this depth is unsafe (< 117.06 mm) with respect to the serviceability limit state of deflection. Hence deflection check is required. The short- and long-term deflections can be computed as follows: (a) Short-term deflection: The constants required for the computation of deflection, E,= 5000/F, = 5000/20 = 2.236 x 10! MPa E, 2x 10° E. 2.236104 fr= 0.7/4 = 0.7J20 = 3.13 MPa Gross moment of inertia, bD* 130° I= F> = l000x <5 = 1.83 x 10° mm* Let x be the depth of the neutral axis in the cracked section; take moment of effective areas about the neutral axis: tx(3) = mAfd — x) 1000s( +) = 8.94 x 491 x (110 - x) x? + 8.779x — 965.7 = 0 Therefore, x = 26.99 mm d- (3) = 110 - (2422) = 101.00 mm Therefore, moment of inertia of the cracked section, bx" > lee + + mA,(d - xP (26.99) 3 3.6801 x 107 mm 1000 x + 8.94 x 491 x (110 — 26.99)* Design of Siabs Ea Cracking moment Ferls y M, = (1.83 x 108) (1230/2) Maximum moment at the midspan in the service state: = 3.13x = 8.812 x 10° Nmm 6 a= Ma = D12X1O 9.08 x 10° Nmm 1 15 baru fi (ela)e-aes)] 1 [ee 4 101.00 (,_ 26.99) 10.08 x 10° 110 “THO Next, = (3.6801 x 10’) x{a-{ _ 3.6801 x 107 “0.5943 Thus, [cp < leq < /, and hence is satisfactory. Total load on the slab strip W = (5.75 + 3.00) x 3.6 = 31.5 kN. Also, 5-3 (¥e +384 | Els _ 5x (31.5 x 10°) x (3600)' 384 x (2.236 x 10°) x (6.1927 x 10") = 6.1927 x 10’ mm* = 13.82 mm (b) Long-term defiection: (i) Deflection due to shrinkage: 8, = kaWed? Here, Be 0.086 for a member continuous at one end. In this case, = 0.446, p, = 0 and hence p,—- p, = 0.446 Ves = Shrinkage curvature = ky £1 where y= 0.72 x PEP) <0 P, Ea Design of Reinforced Conerete Structures 0.446 = 072 x = 0.481 0.446 €., = Ultimate shrinkage strain in concrete = 0.0003 Therefore, 0.481 x 0.0003 Yes = yg = LL x 10% Hence, 6, = 0.086 x (1.11 x 10%) x (3600)? = 1.24 mm. (ii) Deflection due to creep: Assuming that the permanent load is 60 per cent of the total service load, i.c., W, = 0.6 x 31.5 = 18.9 KN Consider the creep coefficient, @ = 1.6. Then E, _ 2.236 x10" Fe = TG" 1s16 = 8.6 x 10? N/mm? Total short-term plus long-term creep deflection due to permanent load is: 5 wie Sno 384 * Ele 5 x 18.9 x 10°) x (3600)° = = 21.56 mm 384 x (8.6 & 10°) x 6.1927 x 107 i. = 0.68, = 8.292 mm Therefore, Op = 21.56 — 8.292 = 13.268 mm Total long-term deflection: 6 = 6, + 6. + Oy = 13.82 + 1.24 + 13.268 = 28.328 mm Compare these values with the permissible deflection; Span = 3.6 x 10° 250 250 14.4 mm < 28.328 mm Hence the calculated deflection is much higher than the permissible value. Deflection permitted after the erection of partitions and the application of finishes _ Effective span _ 3600 ~ 350 ~ 350 1. Permissible final deflection = wv = 10.29 mm or 20 mm, whichever is less. ’ Design of Slabs [ER Consider that half the total shrinkage occurs within the first 28 days; then deflection occurring after 28 days would be 6, = 0.5 x (1.24) + 13.268 = 13.888 mm > 10.29 mm Thus, none of the serviceability requirements for the deflection is satisfied; hence the section should be revised. 3.4 TWO-WAY SLABS As explained earlier, in two-way slabs the load is carried by flexure in two directions; hence, these slabs carry more load and exhibit smaller deflection compared to one-way slabs. Thus, an improved structural efficiency is obtained. Such slabs having the ratio of longer to shorter spans less than 2, and supported on four or three or two adjacent edges, are difficult to analyze by classical theory using differential equations. Therefore, analysis is generally cartied out by using approximate theory which provides a satisfactory solution for design purposes. The approximate methods are based on experimental investigations into the behaviour of slabs under imposed loads. The two-way slabs can be simply supported or restrained to different degrees at the edges. The simply supported slabs deflect into a form of saucer, if the comers are not held down or restrained as shown in the Fig. 3.2(b), and the corners are twisted and lift upward from the support, while in restrained slabs the corners are held down and prevented from lifting upward. However, it must be realized that the largest moment in the slab occurs where curvature is sharpest, Le., at mid span of short strip for symmetrical end conditions. The long and narrow slabs deflect in the form of bath tub. The long central strip is essentially flat and consequently without moment except near its ends as shown in Fig. 3.2(b). Only the short strips have significant curvature and hence the moment over most of its length. In a restrained slab, the deflection and moments are reduced and it can support more load. However, corner reinforcement is necessary for resisting the torsion induced due to edge restraints, This situation may arise when a slab is supported on the edges by beams constructed monolithically with the slab or when the slab is supported on the edges by walls with superstructure walls over the edges. The edge beams shall also be designed for torsion. When there is continuity in the slab, the comers are held down by means of continuity effect; hence no provision for torsion is required for a continuous slab on all the four edges. 3.4.1 Methods of Analysis Elastic analysis: An approximate but practical analysis has been proposed by Rankine- Grashoff. The method visualizes a two-way uniformly loaded and simply supported rectangular slab as consisting of two orthogonal intersecting sets of parallel strips (beams with unit width), one in each of the two directions. These intersecting strips transfer the load to the respective pair of edge supports. The fractions of load transferred to the supports by any two typical intersecting strips are such that the deflection of two strips at the common point is the same. Figure 3.9(a) shows Design of Slabs [ERY The corresponding moments in the strips are: wR if rt 2 M,= [ 7 }-LA = Ne =a,wie (3.7) we) fifo > M,= (“#)- Eres Jee (3.8) " — where (3.9) = —— and OF ger) It should be noted that the maximum moment in short direction is 7 times the moment in the longer direction. Thus, for the case where |, > 2/,. for all practical purposes it may be assumed that all the loads are carried in the shorter direction even for the slabs supported on four sides. The distribution steel provided along the longer span takes care of moment generated in that direction. IS:456 has adopted these moment coefficients for the analysis of simply supported rectangular slabs carrying a uniformly distributed load with comers free to lift. The values are given in Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Moment Coefficients for Simply Supported Two-way Slabs Ith, 1.0 141 1.2 13 14 15 1.75 2.0 25 3.00 Oy 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0104 0113 0.118 0.122 0.124 Gy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014 Notes: 1. Intermediate values of a, and a, may be interpolated. 2. At least 50 per cent of tension reinforcement provided at the midspan should be extended into the supports. The remaining 50 per cent should extend within 0.10l, or 0.10ly of the support, as appropriate. 3. The shear stresses will be checked as per one-way slab. 4. For two-way slabs, the shorter of the two spans should be used for calculating the span to effective depth ratio which controls the serviceability requirement for deflection. If the intersecting parallel strips in the two directions are analyzed as a grid system, it is seen that the strips are twisted and result in twisting moment near the comers. Consequently the load of slab is carried not only by bending in two directions but also by twisting. Thus, the twisting moments relieve a portion of bending moment. For this reason bending moments in an elastic slab are smaller than that computed by Egs. (3.7) and (3.8) derived for the sets of unconnected El Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures strips. Thus, the analysis considering discrete strips free of interaction from the rest of the slab results in conservative estimate of design bending moments. For the slab with comers held down Marcus has modified the Rankine-Grashoff coefficients by multiplying them with correction factors. The moments obtained by using Marcus's corrections vary within 2 per cent of those obtained by rigorous elastic theory. Thus, the modified values of moments taking torsion effects into account are: Mz = C, M, and My = Cy My where the correction factors C, and C, for simply supported slabs are given by 5 or C,=C, =|1-= G.10) | a+r) | The reduction in moments due to corners being held down is about 42 per cent for a simply supported square slab and 9 per cent for a simply supported one-way slab. The corresponding values for fixed edge square and one-way slabs are 14 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively. Codal analysis of restrained rectangular slabs: The results based on the elastic analysis do not reflect the behaviour of slabs near collapse. The bending moments coefficients recommended by IS:456 are based on yield line theory discussed in Chapter 5. The values of moment coefficients for nine standard configurations of slab panels depending on the number of discontinuous edges (zero, one, two, three or four) and degree of restraint at the edges (ie., fixed suppor, simple support and continuous support) given in Table 3.6. have been adopted from CP:1 10-1972. The coefficients are based on the assumption that the negative moment at a continuous support is approximately 1.33 times the positive span moment. The procedure recommended by the code is applicable to the slabs restrained on all the sides with comers prevented from lifting and adequate provision being made for torsion. The beneficial effect of comer restraints with provision of corner reinforcement is the reduction of deflections and curvatures in the middle region of the slab. It may be noted that the sum of negative and positive moment coefficients is approximately one-third higher than the corresponding value based on Marcus theory. For illustration consider the case of a square slab restrained on all the sides. The yield lines divide the square slab into four identical parts. Consider element El, the external done by the load on this part is: Internal work done over the reinforcement in the middle strip is Wj, = 0.75 (m + km) L. From work equation, W,= W, wi * jaa +H Gu) With k = 1,33 as adopted by the code the positive span moment m = 0.02384 (= 0,024) wl? and mk = 0.0317 (= 0.032) wl? as given in the table. Design of Slabs Ea 3.4.2 General Expressions for Moment Coefficients Positive moment coefficients a,", a,': It may be noted that the short span positive moment coefficient, @," increases considerably as 7,/I, increases from 1.0 to 2.0. However, the code recommends a constant value of a for all aspect ratios 1,/l,. The values of a7, have been obtained from the formula: + _ 244 2ny +1503 a = 1000 (3.12) where ny represents the number of discontinuous edges. Corresponding to ny = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, the values of obtained are 0.0240, 0.0275, 0.0340, 0.0435 and 0.0560, respectively, as against the code specified values of 0.024, 0.028, 0.035, 0.043 and 0.056. The values of a,* may be obtained in terms of a,* and aspect ratio, r = 1, /1, from yield line analysis as follows: (3.13) 3 a +] (3) 1 J2es (Cy + Cr (Cy tp) where C has values of 1.00 and 1.5275 for the discontinuous and continuous edges, respectively and the subscripts x and y denote short and long edges, respectively while the additional subscripts 1 and 2 represent the two edges in either direction. Thus, for example, for the slab panel of Type 3 (one long edge discontinuous): Cy + Cyq = 1.0000 + 1.5275 = 2.5275 and Cy + Cyy = 1.5275 + 1.5275 = 3.055 For this type of panel, ny = 1; hence, o,* = 0.028. The moment coefficient a,” may be obtained, from Eqn. 3.13 as: _ () 1 — {2 x 0,028(3.055)/r 3 (2.5275)° = 0.1043 x [I - (0.7229/r)] For illustration consider r = 1.0, 1.75 and 2.0, the values of span moments a," are 0.0289, 0.061 and 0.066, respectively, as compared to the values of 0.028, 0.059 and 0.065 given in Table 3.6. Similarly, the values of af and a} can be obtained for different values of r = (#,/1,) in the range 1.0 to 2.0 and given set of boundary conditions. For the value of (1,/l,) exceeding 2.0, the Code recommends that the slab should be treated as one-way slab; the provision of the secondary reinforcement in the long span direction is expected to take care of the nominal bending moments that may arise in this direction. Design of Slabs j 133 | Negative moment coefficients a,*, o,': As explained earlier, the Codal negative moment coefficient at a continuous support is approximately 1.33 times the positive span moment and at a discontinuous support, the negative moment developed is zero. However, the possibility of partial restraint must be considered at the time of detailing. The maximum moments obtained by using moment coefficients shall apply only to the middle strip and no redistribution shall be made. 3.4.3 Strength Requirements Slabs supported on stiff beams: The Code does not provide any specific recommendations for the design of beam-supported two-way slabs. Generally, for design the continuous beam- supported slabs are treated as identical to continuous wall-supported slabs. When the supporting beams are relatively rigid, the analysis assuming supports non-deflecting results in conservative estimates of moments in the slabs except at the discontinuous edge of the exterior panel. In the latter case appropriate top steel is provided at the discontinuous edge of the slab to account for negative moments due to partial fixity. For other edge conditions the various code pro’ are: Simply supported slab: The reinforcement in the shorter direction is placed in the bottom layer, At least 50 per cent of the reinforcement provided at mid-span in each direction shall extend into the supports up to a length of L,/3 where L, is the development length based on full design stress in the reinforcement. The remaining 50 per cent of the reinforcement shall be extended to within 0.15/, or 0.15, of the supports and then cranked up and extended to within 0.101, or 0.10/, of the supports, where /, and 1, are the effective spans in the shorter and longer directions, respectively. The curtailment of reinforcement shall satisfy the development length criteria described earlier. Continuous stabs: The continuous slab may be analyzed by considering individual slab panels with appropriate support conditions. However, the negative moments at the common edges are generally unequal due to: (i) the two adjacent spans being unequal; and/or (ii) the difference in the boundary conditions of two adjoining panels; and/or (iii) the difference in the loading ‘on two adjacent panels. In two-way continuous slabs designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load where comers are prevented from lifting up the IS Code provisions shall apply. However, since the moment coefficients are based on yield line theory which is an inelastic analysis with the ratio of negative to positive moment capacities being fixed (k = 1.33) no redistribution of moments is permissible. Hence, larger factored moment is considered as the design negative moment at the continuous edge. Although the code recommends the use of same coefficients for design by working stress method. but use of moment distribution to obtain design negative moments is not valid since the basis of codal coefficients is not clastic. Moreover, as each panel is analyzed separately for its worst (collapse) loading, the concept of pattern loading is irrelevant. The IS codal provisions are: Gi) Slabs are considered as divided into middle and edge strips in each direction as shown in Fig. 3.10(a). The width of the middle strip shall be equal to three-fourth Design of Reinforced Conerete Structures (8) Plan of ending and torsion reinforcements . — 03 j-— 0.21, ——-»} Hoth Fe 1 0.5), | ors 4 me 184, +4 " tf oO ' 954, 0.28, les) t (@) Middle strip with bent-up bars. (b) Reinforcement dataits in the middie strip 1s ke ys vd a a Tye - 4 {€) Eege stip wit straight bare (, direction) Fig. 3.10 Arrangement of strips and reinforcement in two-way slab. Design of Slabs Ea of the total width and the width of cach edge strip shall be cqual to one-cighth of the total width. Gi) The tension reinforcement provided at mid-span in the middle strip shall extend along the same face (lower part) of the slab to within 0.25! at continuous edge or 0.15/ at discontinuous edge, and at least 50 per cent of the reinforcement shall extend into the support, the remaining 50 per cent of the reinforcement shall be terminated or cranked up as illustrated in Fig. 3.10(b). (iii) The tension reinforcement over the continuous edge in the middle strip shall extend in the upper part of the slab at a distance of 0.157 from the support, and at least 50 per cent shall extend a distance of 0.30! from the support as shown in Fig. 3.10(b). (iv) At a discontinuous edge, the tension reinforcement equal to 50 per cent of that provided at mid span shall be provided in the upper part of the slab extending a distance of 0.10 from the support to take care of partial fixity. (v) Reinforcement in the edge strip parallel to the edge shall comply with the requirement of minimum reinforcement. It shall be placed at the bottom of slab and shall extend along the same face of the slab into the support as illustrated in Fig. 3.10(c). (vi) Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at corners where a slab has either one or both edges discontinuous. It shall consist of top and bottom reinforcements, each with layers of bars parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a distance of one-fifth of the shorter span as illustrated in the Fig. 3.10(a). At corners where the slab is discontinuous on both edges, the area of torsion reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three-quarters of the area required for the maximum span moment per unit width in the slab. At comers where slab is discontinuous on one edge only, the area of torsion reinforcement in each of four layers shall be three-eighth of the area required for the maximum span moment per unit width in the slab as shown in Fig. 3.11. At any comer contained by edges over which the slab is continuous, torsion reinforcement need not be provided. The reinforcement curtailment provisions given above at (ii), (iii) and (iv) shall satisfy the development length criteria stipulated for different edge conditions. The reinforcement detailing of a slab is shown in Figs. 3.10 and 3.11. The following examples will illustrate the procedure and types of problems encountered in practice. Example 3.2 The floor slab of a room with internal dimensions of 5.5 x 4,0 m is to carry a live load of 2.0 kN/m? and dead load due to flooring, finishing and partitions of 1.5 KN/ m?. Design the slab if it is simply supported on all four edges when: (i) corners are free to lift, and (ii) corners are held down. Use M20 grade concrete mix and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. Solution Since there is no compression steel at mid-span, my, = 1.0 and as the slab is to be designed as an under-reinforced section, i... py < Pym Consider p, = 0.20 per cent (> 0,12 per cent) and f, = 0,58 x 415 = 240.7 MPa. The modification factor mp is 1.6. HE Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures O.75A,, at top i 1 i and bottom in O.375Ax, i 1, 4 (22h | both directions : t i 0.75 Ag, at top & bottom d in both directions i Wee Bars at top ‘ and bottom *Gomer-I (may be U-shaped) Fig. 3.11 Torsion reinforcement details in slabs at typical locations. Thus, m;= mg X mg = 1.6. The effective depth is given by _ (4.0.x 10°) +d 3. d= ga 0x10) 20x16 or = 3016-17 129.03 mm Consider 10 mm © bars with nominal cover of 15 mm, the overall thickness, D = 129.03 + 15 + 5 = 149.03 mm Provide 150 mm thick slab with effective depths in the two directions being: d,= 150 - 15 - 5 = 130 mm and d, = 130 - 10 = 120 mm The effective spans are: /, = 4.130 m and /, = 5.620 m. Aspect ratio, r= ly _ 5.620 = 4130 = 16 Ir toads: Consider 1.0 m wide strip Self weight w, = 0.15 x 1.0 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m Superimposed dead load wy+ w, = 1.50 kKN/m Design of Slabs a Live load w; = 2.00 kN/m Total load w = wy + (Wy + w,) + Ww, = 7.25 kKN/m Factored load w, = 1.5 x 7.25 = 10.875 kN/m Design moments: CASE I The slab comers are free to lift, i.e., torsionally unrestrained, the Rankine-Grashoff method may be applied. The moment coefficients are: 1j_ rt 1} (1.364 a@,=5 =5| {| = 0.0967 * ls] | ifr 1{ 36)? a, = =| — |= =| ——— | = 0.0523 , li sf oe] The design moments are: Mx = 0.0967 x 10.875 x (4.130)? = 17.937 kN/m My = 0.0523 x 10.875 x (4.1307 = 9.701 kN/m Depth from flexural considerations: d= Then D= 80.38 + 15 + (10/2) = 100.38 mm < 150 mm Reinforcement: Ane= (224 fp -( OMe 2f, Subd? = (aoe) je 2x 415 (eee) = 409.05 mm? Minimum steel = 0.12 « (1000 x 150) = 180 mm? 100 . _ 1000 % 78.5 _ Spacing of 10 mm ® bars s= 40905, = 191.91 mm Provide 10 mm © bars @ 190 mm e/c (< 3d = 390 or 300 mm c/e and A, = 413.16 mm/m) in short span. However, the bars cannot be bent or curtailed because if the alternate bars are eurtailed, the spacing of remaining bars will exceed the permissible value. Therefore, provide 8 mm © bars @ 120 mm cc (A,, = 416.67 mm’/m) and alternate bars can be curtailed safely. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures A - (a) 1 he 4.6 x 9.703 x 10° “ 2x 415 20 x 1000 x 1207 = 233.49 mm? Minimum stee] = 0.12 x 1000 x 150 = 180 mm? 100 1000 x 50.26 i = 2: Spacing of 8 mm ® bars, s 733.49 215.25 mm Provide 8 mm ® bars @ 215 mm c/e (< 3d = 360 or 300 mm c/e and Ay = 233.76 mm’/m) in long span. However, the bars cannot be bent or curtailed because if the alternate bars are curtailed, the remaining bars will provide area which is less than the minimum. Therefore, provide 8 mm @ bars @ 135 mm c/c (Ay = 372.34 mm?/m) and alternate bars can be curtailed safely. Checks for serviceability requirements: (a) Deflection control _ 416.67 x 100 Pu = 990x130 = 0.318 per cent and 409.05 409.05) _, aaa) 238.31 MPa Ff, = (0.58 « 415) x ( As discussed earlier the modification factor my = my = 1.44. Therefore, (a) dS required r) 4130 = =~ = 3177 (3 provided 1.44 x 20 = 28.8 Since UD provided > (UADrequirca the depth is inadequate, revise the slab depth, D to 160 mm which will be found to be safe. (b) Crack control. The spacing of main or primary steel bars is less than 3d or 300 mm Check for shear, Shear is critical along the long edge at a distance d from the face of support: = 1304120 ’ 2 Average effective depth, d, = 125.0 mm V, = w,(0.51,,. — d) = 10.875 x (0.5 x 4 -— 0.1250) = 20.39 kN/m _ (2039x103) 5= TTo00 x 135.0) = 016 MPa For p, = 0.167 per cent, tT, = 0.326 MPa, and k = 1.3. Thus, the slab is safe in shear. Ea Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Checks for serviceability requirements: (a) Check for deflection control: 348.9 x 100 Pix = T0900 x130 = 0.268 per cent For p, = 0.268 and o, = 0.58f, x (345.68/348.9) = 238.5 MPa, the modification factor my = mg = 1.58. Therefore, (7) J eequited ! 4130 (5) sn = Sap = 3L77 = 31.6 Hence satisfies the deflection criterion. 20 x 1.58 = 31.6 (b) Cracking. The spacing provided for main or primary stee! is less than 3d or 300 mm. Check for development length: Proceed as in the Case I. Corner reinforcement: Since the slab is torsionally restrained at the comers, corner reinforcement is to be provided over a distance of 1/5 = 826 mm (say 830 mm) beyond the face of supporting walls in both directions at top and bottom (four layers) with each layer having 0.75A,,,. Using 8 mm ® bars with spacing, 1000 x 50 s= 075x348.9 > 191.08 mm Provide 8 mm ® 190 mm c/c both ways at top and bottom at each comer over an area 830 x 830 mm, i.e., 5 — U shaped bars in two directions as shown in the Fig. 3.13. Example 3.3 A multi-panel floor slab system supported on 230 mm thick load bearing masonry walls shown in Fig. 3.14 is to carry a live load of 4.0 KN/m?, and floor finish and partition load 1.25 kN/m?. Design and detail the floor slab using M20 concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe415 for a mild exposure. Solution Due to similarities in geometry and edge conditions, the number of different slab panels to be designed is four which have been designated as 5), 53, S; and Sy. Thickness of slab: Consider the slab system to be singly under-reinforced with uniform thickness. The thickness can be based on deflection control criteria. The corner slab panel Sz with two adjacent edges continuous and remaining two discontinuous governs the thickness. The effective depth of S; and S$, panels is given by {4000 — 230) +d _ (4000 — 230) =O5x@Q0426x15 9 4165x0436) x15)=1 ~ 254 mm Design of Slabs 5 nos 8 bars AC (U-shaped) both ways at each comer (— 86 distribution steo! (2 bars min) Fig. 3.13 Reinforcement details of a two-way simply supported slab with corners held down. Thickness of 5; and S, panels is given by 4500 — 230 D= Rxis-i = 112.37 mm EEE) Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fig. 3.14 Multipanel floor slab system. The total thickness of slab with 8 mm & bars and a nominal cover of 15 mm is: D = 112.54 415 + s = 131.54 mm Consider D = 140 mm with d, = 140 - 15 — 4 = 121 mm and d, = 121 - 8 = 113 mm. Load on slab panels Self weight wy = 0.14 x 1 x 25= 3.50 kN/m? Weight of floor finish wy = 1.25 kN/m* Live load w;, = 4.00 kNim? Total load, w = 8.75 kN/m* Factored load w, = 1.5 = 13.125 kN/m? Design moments For panels S, and 5), 1, = (4500 — 230) + 121 = 4391 mm 1, = (3500 — 230) + 113 = 5383 mm 1, Aspect ratio r = = = 1.226 i Thus, For panels S; and Sy, 1, = (4000 — 230) +121 = 3891 mm = (5500 — 230) +113 = 5383 mm Ho Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures | 5.56 os. 9. = Se e| (8) . 9 7.09 | 931 6.07 3} 9. 28 8] 23) BD 23 (a) Negative moments at continuous (b) Design moments, kNmim edges for each panel, kNemvm “Minimum reinforcement @ 0.12 per cent (c) Reinforcement, mm/m Fig. 3.15 The moments and reinforcements in various panels of the slab of Example 3.3. (b) 0.5 x (13.91 + 12.35) = 13.13 kNm (4EI/1, Js.2 GEM) ,2 + GEM, 4 = 7537 0.5714 (c) Distribution factors, D, and D,4 = 1.0 — 0.5714 = 0.4286 Unbalanced moment = 13.910 — 12.349 = 1.561 kNm Design of Slabs The adjustments in the edge and span moments can be carried out as in Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Adjusted Values for Edge and Span Moments Panel S& Se Moment, kKNm Span moment Edge moment Edge moment Span moment Original value +9.313 -12.349 - 13.910 +10.393 Adjustment 0.892 -0.892 + 0,669 +0.669 Adjusted values +8.421 13.241 13.241 +11.062 Thus, the adjusted negative design moment is 13.241 kNm. However, in the present case the design negative moment at a continuous edge is taken as the larger of the two values on the sides of the edge. The design moments are shown in Fig. 3.15(b). Reinforcement: The reinforcement in panels is computed from: a, =( 252 Vf fy [46 Me 2, Fa bd? where jf, = 20 MPa, f, = 415 MPa and 6 = 1000 mm. The areas of reinforcement for span and support moments are shown in the Fig. 3.15(c). The area in edge strips shall be equal to 0.12 per cent of gross cross-sectional area, ie., 0.12 x (1000 x 140)/100 = 168 mm7/m width. Curtailment of reinforcement: The curtailment of positive and negative reinforcements is based on development length criteria. The continuing bars shall be embedded into the support a minimum distance of L4/3, where Ly = 47. Therefore, 10 mm © and 8 mm ® bars are embedded a length of 160 mm and 125 mm, respectively into the support. The positive reinforcement provided along the shorter span is curtailed alternatively at distance not more than 0.15! and 0.257 from discontinuous and continuous edges, respectively. (i) Distance beyond cut-off point at: For discontinuous edge, 0.150 x 4000 - (0.50 x 230) + 125 = 610 mm > Ly For continuous edge, 0.25 x 4000 = 1000 m > Ly (ii) Length of curtailed bar from mid-span: For discontinuous edge, 0.50 x 4000 - 0.15 x 4000 = 1400 mm > Ly For continuous edge, 0.50 x 4000 — 0.25 x 4000 = 1000 mm > L,; (iii) At simply supported end: Mat 13( V } +i< lg ul Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures A continuous edge attracts higher fraction of load than a discontinuous edge. A practical method for computing shears on the edges is to estimate the fractions of load on the slab transferred in the two directions and using the shear force coefficients given in Table 3.4 for one-way slab. Factored dead and live loads: Wyg = 15 x 4.75 = 7.125 kN/m? and wy = 15 x 4,0 = 6.0 KN/m?* Fractions of load transferred in x-direction: r Mars le vs 4 = 0.78 +r where r = [,/l, = 5.5/4.0 = 1.375 and factor ; Therefore, > Wyay = 7-125 * 0.78 = 5.56 kNim? Wyaty = 7-125 = 5.56 = 1.57 kNim? Wut = 6.0 X 0.78 = 4.68 kKN/m’, and Wydy = 6.0 - 4.68 = 1.32 kNim* Thus, Va = O4w ade + O45 wary = 04 x 5.56 x 4 + 0.45 x 4.68 x 4 = 17.32. kN Vay = 0.4 x 157 x 5.5 + 0.45 x 1.32 x 5.5 = 6.72 KN Therefore, for the reinforcement along shorter span, M1. = 0.5 x Span moment = 0.5 x 9.240 = 4.62 kNm M, 4.62 x 10° 230 13) Ly (=376 mm) For reinforcement along longer span, = 0.5 x 5.564 = 2.782 kNm 6 + L,= 13x 2.782 x10" 0 + [ts0 -(22)| 6.72 x 10° 2 = 553.2 mm > L, (=376 mm) Therefore, development length criteria are satisfied. and and Design for shear: In solid slabs shear stress is not critical. However, to illustrate the method consider maximum shear force which occurs at the interior support of comer panel Sy in the Design of Slabs Ey shorter direction. The shear force at distance d from the face of interior supports, Vax = Vain ~ 05s + Vaes) % [+2] where Vizex = 17.32 kN/m (as computed earlier) Vuix= 0.6 x 5.56 x 4.0 + 0.6 x 4.68 x 4.0 = 24.576 KN/m Therefore, V2 = 24.576 — 0.5(24.576 + 17.32) x (0.12 + 0.115) = 19.63 kN/m Shear strength of concrete V,,. = kt,.bd. where, for D = 140 mm & = 1,3 from the Table 3.2 and 100 x (50 x 1000/290) P= 1000x121 For p, = 0.1425, 1, from Table 1.4 is 0.28 MPa. Therefore, Vue = 1.3 x 0.28 x 1000 x 121 x 10 = 44.04 kN/m > V, The slab is safe in shear. = 0.1425 per cent Detailing of reinforcement: The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 3.16. (i) Flexural steel: For practical convenience, only two bar spacings of 145 mm c/c and 200 mm c/c are adopted. The reinforcement in various middle strips is shown in Fig. 3.15 (c). Nominal top steel @ 50 per cent of bottom steel is provided at the discontinuous edges to take care of negative moments due to partial fixity. (ii) Torsion steel: It is provided in the form of mesh extending over a distance of 0.20!, beyond the face of supporting wall. The bars may be U-shaped providing bars for top and bottom mesh. At the comer of slab panel Sy with two adjacent edges being discontinuous, requires spacing of 8 mm & bar = (4/3) x 200 ~ 270 mm over a distance of 0.2 x 3891 = 778 mm (say 780 mm) provide 3-8 mm &@ U-shaped bars in both the directions over a distance 780 x 780 mm. The steel at the comers with one edge discontinuous is half of the above. However, provide 3-8 mm © bars at the top and bottom over a distance 780 x 780 mm at junctions of 53 and Ss. The size of mesh at the junction of S; and S, is 0.2 x 4391 = 878.2 (say 880 mm). Provide 3-8 mm ® bars at the top and bottom. Check for serviceability requirements: (a) Check for deflection control: For critical panels $; and Ss with p, = (344.82 x 100)/(1000 x 121) = 0.285 per cent and f, = 0.58 x 415 x (348.6/344,82) = 173.5 MPa, my = My = 2.0. (4) = 0.5 (26 + 20) x 2.0 = 46.0 4 Jrequirea (5) = 3891/121 = 32.16 dS provided HI Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3-80 at top and bottom (4 layers, at each comer) Plan (showing main bars) 8mm @ 200 ce BmmO@145cs Bmmo@ 290cle 4 140 ae Lenin 9 @ 200 ce ce r 8 mm & @ 200 cle Section ‘AA’ Fig. 3.16 Detailing of multipanel slab system. Since WA requires > WD povided» the depth provided is satisfactory. (b) Check for cracking: The spacing of main bars in the two directions is less than the smaller of 3d and 300 mm. 3.5 NON-RECTANGULAR SLABS Non-rectangular slabs such as trapezoidal, triangular, polygon and circular are frequently encountered in practice. Some of the non-rectangular slabs are shown in Fig. 3.17. They are generally analysed by the yield line theory. The bending moments can also be approximated by considering equivalent two-way rectangular slab or a circular slab depending upon the shape of the slab, fa Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CASE IT Slab clamped at the edges and carrying uniformly distributed load: The radial and circumferential moments, and radial shear per unit width are given by: _ w(a* -3r’) M,= “Se (3.20) _ (a - 7?) Mo= (3.21) Ver = (3.22) The values at the critical points per unit width of the slab are: Mie = ae Maa Ma = 0 The distributions are shown in Fig. 3.18(b). The point of contraflexure of radial moment occurs at r = a/,/3. The deflection at distance r from the centre is given by 1 6,= SET (wav - ry] wat &= 64E I, (3.23) CASE III Slab partially fixed at the edges: This case falls between the cases of freely supported slab and the clamped slab. In case of uncertainty in the degree of fixity, fifty per cent fixity may be assumed and the moments may be taken as the average of the corresponding moments of the two cases. The values of average moments per unit width are: +w(2a” — 377) Mr= 16 3.24) +w(2a? - ry Me= 16 (3.25) Design of Slabs Ea Thus, My. = Mg = 226% 16 2 wa M,= — r= TG 2 +wa Ma= 7 For radial moment the point of contraflexure occurs at 273. For a solid circular slab subjected to uniformly distributed load with support moment expressed as: Myuy = KMypan, the value of k may be taken as 1.30 (as in the case of rectangular slabs) for the continuous edge and 2.0 for the clamped edge. Thus, the design moments M = war/[5 (1 + &)] for the circular slab with following edge conditions are: 2 (i) Freely supported (k = 0.0): M = >= 2 ree .. wa (ii) Continuous (& = 1.3): M= Ts 2 (iii) Clamped (k = 2.0): M= = Altematively, the slab can be designed on the basis of average moment across the diameter, eg. for a freely supported slab, wa? 15 CASE IV Simply supported stab carrying (oad W uniformly distributed along a concentric circle: Consider a simply supported circular slab of radius a, carrying service load W uniformly distributed along the circumference of a concentric circle of radius b as shown in Fig. 3.19(a). The forces per unit width are: For r < b, Ww a ry M,= Mg = Wat, (2) +1 -(£) l (3.26) v,=0 (3.27) w a)\_(bY (by) M,= 2m. (2)-(2) -(¢)| (3.28) w a) (by by Mon if2me.(2)-(2) +2-(2)] G29) V,= mr (3.30) The distributions of internal forces are shown in the Fig. 3.19(a). May = (2/3) Mmax = For r > b, Eo Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures W= total around | orcumforance “ TE [rm (s)-+-(3)] 4 +! i] w | = #[-(] | 48 % + | we | Prod (a) Stab carrying load W along a concentric circle W= total sound orcumeranca we? Ta (b) Carrying uniformly distributed load inside a concentric circle Fig. 3.19 Stress resultants in the circular slabs carrying loads over a part of surface. CASE IV Simply supported slab carrying unifo: circle: Consider a simply supported slab carrying rmly distributed load inside a concentric uniformly distributed service load w per unit area inside a concentric circle of radius 6. Various internal forces per unit width are: For r < b, 3wr? wh? b) (by j= 20 [1m (2)-(2) | 63» wr wh? b b ? Mom 6 t-toe(2)-(35) 622) (3.33) For r > 6, wb? r) P(t 1 Me 7 | -t0e(£)-4(4-3)| B34) Mo= 1~tog,(2)-2 (244 3.35) oF Bel G tle Pp (3. wi 2 a (3.36) The distributions of M, and Mg are shown in Fig. 3.19(b). Design of Slabs FER CASE VI Circular stab carrying concentrated load at the centre: In the limiting case where bis infinitely small, the terms B*[(1/a?) — (1/*)V4 and b{(1/a?) + (Lf) V4 of the Eqs. (3.34) and (3.35), respectively, approach zero and the expressions reduce to: Ww a u,= ¥ tog.(2) G37) Ww a , w= & [: + te.(£)| (3.38) Ww V,= Oar (3.39) where, wb? = W/m and W is concentrated load at the centre, the deflection at the centre is given by 2 3Waé = Tone I, 3.40) CASE VII Circular slab fixed at the edge and carrying concentrated load at the centre: The expressions for internal forces are: Ww @ M2 f)L . r WY i. (2) i] B4D s Ww a M,= Gq Be (2) (3.42) Ww “* Dar (3.43) CASE VII Simply supported circular slab with circular hole at the centre: Consider a simply supported circular slab having a circular hole of radius b at the centre. Expressions for internal forces for the two load cases are: (1) Slab subjected to a total load W distributed along the circumference of a concentric circle of radius c. The bending moments and shear force per unit width of slab are given by: © wets) (-Z[a GPS] om -Ff@)-@(E] 9» (3.46) Ea Design of Reinforced Conerete Structures For r > c, Ww c 1 M,= Ele (:) - The bending moment and shear force diagrams are shown in Fig. 3.20(a). Ww. w Ko al Hole CC fe » > » — 4 bbs ba {a) Loaded slab -#——— 8 ——+}-—— a >} (a) Loaded slab be oP (b) M-diagram (b) Mydiagram (c} Mdiagram (6) Mediageam (b) Uniformly distributed load {0) Load W distributed along circumference to) Un isin of concentric circle Fig. 3.20 Circular slab with circular hole at the centre. (2) Slab subjected to uniformly distributed service load w per unit area bchafs) Es Let )96) 2» Design of Slabs Ey) (3) (3.51) (3.52) The variations of moments M, and Mg along diameter are shown in Fig. 3.20(b). 3.5.4 Detailing of Circular Slabs As it has been mentioned earlier the placement of steel along radial and circumferential directions is difficult. Hence, the alternate simpler arrangement in the form of rectangular mesh at the central portion of the slab is usually adopted for practical designs. The amount of reinforcement in either direction of mesh being that required for the larger of the radial and circumferential moments, thus forming an isotropically reinforced slab. However, due to non- availability of enough development length for these bars near the edges the mesh will not be able to take circumferential tension. Therefore, for positive circumferential moments near the edges additional steel in the form of circular ring bars are placed at the bottom as illustrated in Fig. 3.21. For negative radial moments at the edges, separate radial steel with adequate anchorage is provided on top of the slab which extends to a distance of at least 12 or the effective depth d beyond the point of inflection. Thus, the following types of steel are to be provided: (i) Rectangular mesh for positive moments M, and Mg in the central portion at the bottom. (ii) Circumferential steel at the edges for Mg at the bottom of slab. (iii) Radial steel for negative moment M, at the edges placed on the top of slab. (iv) Circumferential steel at the edges for fixing the radial steel at the top of the mesh. The placement of steel along radial and circumferential directions for reinforcing the slab of radius a uniformly over its surface can be achieved by starting at the outer perimeter towards the centre. To facilitate cut-off bars adjust the spacing of radial bars at the outer edge such that the total number of bars is multiple of four. The alternate bars can be theoretically cut off at radius 0.5a, as shown in Fig. 3.21(a). Further at radius 0.25a, alternate of the remaining bars can be theoretically cut off. At each cut off the bars are extended for development length. As it is difficult to continue steel through the centre, it is preferable to place the steel as rectangular grid at central portion as shown in Fig. 3.21(a). It should be noted that there is no difficulty in placing radial and circumferential steel in annular slabs, i.c., circular slabs with hole at the centre. Alternatively, rectangular gird-arrangement shown in Fig, 3.21(b) can be used, EOD Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures g 6 (a) Radial and circumferential bars (c) Rectangular grid arrangement arrangement Fig. 3.21 Detailing of circular slabs. 3.5.5 Applications Sometimes the solution to a real problem is obtained by combining two or more of the above cases for computation of elastic moments and shear forces for circular slabs with different loading and boundary conditions. In case of circular slabs with edges partially restrained (say k = 0.2S) and carrying uniformly distributed load, the maximum radial bending moment is 0.8 times that for simply supported edge. Near the edges radial reinforcement should be provided at the top face for resisting bending moment of at least one-third the maximum positive bending moment for the simply supported edges. Following examples will illustrate the application of various cases. Example 3.4 A circular roof slab for a room of inside diameter of 6.10 m is partially restrained at the edges (k = 0.3). It carries superimposed load 4.0 kN/m? (including that of finishes). Design the slab using (i) elastic and (ii) yield line analyses. The materials to be used are M20 concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. Design of Stabs [IN Solution Design constants for the given materials are: Sr = 20 MPa, f, = 415 MPa Xumax = 0.479d, Myjim = 0.1388fxbd? and pyjimn = 0.961 ‘Consider, thickness of slab = (6.10 x 1000)/40 = 150 mm. Effective span 2a = 6.10 + 0.15 = 625m Dead load of slab w, = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kNim? Superimposed load w = 4,00 kN/m? Total service load w = 7.15 kN/m? Factored load w, = 1.5 x 7.75 = 11.625 kN/m* Design using etastic analysis: Maximum radial and circumferential moments at the centre of slab are 1/(1 + k\=0.77) times that for the simply supported slab: Moa = My= on( ut") = 16.39 kNm Negative moment at the support is k times that at the centre of the simply supported edge slab: M,, = 0.30 (22"} = 639 kNm The effective depth of slab is obtained from: 0.1388 fubd® = 16.39 x 10° or d = 76.84 mm (average) Using 10 mm ® bars at clear cover of 20 mm. There may be three layers near the edges. Therefore, D = 76.84 + 20 + (10 + 10) = 116.84 mm Adopt an overall depth of 125 mm. Consider the positive reinforcement in the form of right- angle mesh for maximum bending moment of 16.39 kNm in both the directions. Thus, the reinforcement is to be computed on the basis of average effective depth. dy, = 125 — (20 + 10) = 95 mm Reinforcement: y= (£4) |a— he 46 My 2h Six bal _ (20% 1000 x 95 4.6 x 16,39 x 10° ) | _ 2 Ase = (221000 x28) f -fl- eee) = 542.33 mm Minimum steel A, = 212125 x 1000 = 150 mm? El Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Provide reinforcement in the form of a mesh consisting of 10 mm © bars @ 140 mmc/c in each of the two layers at right angle to cach other at a clear cover of 20 mm. Since the bars are free and does not have adequate development length near the edges they may have a slipping tendency. This tendency can be avoided by providing extra circumferential reinforcement in the form of rings placed in a width equal to L,. Available d for the rings = 95 — 10 = 85 mm (>77.06 mm) Area of negative radial steel required at the edges, _ eee | serene) (Ay), =( 25ers Ix 415 Jp 1-( [eee J] xs Adopt 10 mm © @ 250 mm c/e at the top in the radial direction in a distance of 0.15 x 6.25 x 103 = 937.5 mm (say 940 mm) from the edges. Provide 4-8 mm ® bar rings to tie this radial reinforcement. Circumferential bending moment at the edge = 0.77 times that for simply supported slab 2w,a" 16 = on } = 10.93 KNm ° (Ay. = (2exionx ts) y— fy —(4:810:93 10°) | 506 08 mm? 2x45 20 x 1000 x 85* Using 10 mm © bars in the form of rings @ 190 mm c/c. The development length for 10 mm & bars, L,; = 47 © = 470 mm. Since the moment at the edges is two-third of that at the mid- span, beyond 2/3 of Ly the mesh becomes effective. Hence 10 mm @ bar rings are required only in (2/3) 470 = 313 mm distance. Use 2-10 mm ® bar rings. The remaining area will be provided by the mesh. Since the slab is quite thin no temperature or distribution steel at the top face of slab is required. However, for thicker slabs (D > 200 mm) such reinforcement @ 0.12 per cent of cross-sectional area is required. The reinforcement details are given in Fig. 3.22. Check for Shear: Maximum shear at the edges, v,= (“2 — 11.625 x 3.05 _ 17-93 kn 2 2 Nominal shear stress, V, _ 17.73 x 10° = bd = tooo x95 = 0187 MPa The shear stress is very low and hence slab is safe in shear. Design of Slabs ce 10 mmm @ 140 mm cle in both the directions (a) Plan of reinforcement 10 mm® @ 250 mm cfc {in both the directions) {b) Section of stab Fig. 3.22 The reinforcement details for the circular slab of example 3.4. Design using yield tine analysis: This case using yield line has been discussed later in Chapter 4. However, for comparison with elastic theory the results are given below: Design Moment: The ultimate load by yield line theory: wy, = én(* +) a where m and km are the positive and negative bending moments, respectively. In this case k = 0.3 and ultimate design moment 2m is given by _ wa? m* @l+h _ 11.625 x (3.125)? a+ 0.3) = 14.79 kNm | 164 | Design of Reinforced Conerete Structures Reinforcement: Thus, the positive reinforcement, in the form of mesh, in each direction is: 20 x 1000 x 95 4.6 x 14.79 x 10° 2 (Ay 1, - (2) 1 ft - | —————__ | | = 482.2 mm? d 2x 415 20 x 1000 x 95? mm Provide 10 mm @ bars @ 160 mm c/c in each direction. Negative reinforcement at the support, km = 0.30 x 14.79 = 4.437 kNm and corresponding reinforcement is 133.31 mm? (< 150 mm”). Provide 150 mm? as radial reinforcement at the top face as explained in elastic analysis method, i.c., 10 mm © @ 250 mm c/e for a distance of 940 mm. Negative steel is always provided even in the case of circular slab with simply supported edges to take care of accidental partial fixity. Following example illustrates the application of the combination of various cases discussed earlier. Example 3.5 Design the circular slab of radius a, for a traffic control post, supported at the centre by a reinforced concrete column of radius b. The slab carries a total uniformly distributed load of intensity w. Solution For the purpose of analysis the slab may be considered to be simply supported on fictitious support at the outer periphery and loaded with: (i) uniformly distributed factored load w, acting downward over the entire area of slab, and (ii) upward uniformly distributed load of intensity w,, acting inside the concentric circle of radius b. For equilibrium of the structure: wb? = wer? CASE I At the outer edge, from Eqs. (3.15) and (3.16) 2w,a? 16 Since the slab is cast monolithic with the column, the critical section is at the edge of the column, i.e., at r = b, The moments at this section are: M,,- = 0 and Mg. = w,(a? - b*) Ma = 16 and _ 3w,(a* -b*) My = SE CASE IT The bending moments due to upward load w,, are: From Egs. (3.28) and (3.29), wn (222) (2 Jn (2)-(45) ti Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CASE I From Egs. (3.15) to (3.17), the forces per unit width are: _ 43x 75.0.x (5.045? - r°) r 16 +75.0 x (3 x 5.0457 - r°) Mo= 16 = 75.0 xr . 2 CASE IT Since b = a, M, = Mg=0 CASE Hi From Eggs. (3.26) to (3.20), the forces per unit width are: For r < 5, 7149.17 5.045 40 ¥ M,= Mo = ( 8x J[2te.( 40 )+1-(49) = 237.7 KNm wer (4p) ame #28) -(ss) “(47 | ton (om (S)-(2F 2-85) 7149.17 Ve= Oar The factored values of M,, Mg and V, are listed in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 The Factored Values of M, Ms and V, Factored values of internal actions Distance Radial moment Circumferential Shear force Vin am May KNmimn Moment M2, KNm/m kN/m Case | Case ill Net | Case! Case Ili Net | Case! Case Iii Net 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 1.0 37.5 0.0 37.5 2.0 75.0 0.0 75.0 3.0 112.5 0.0 112.5 4.0 150.0 -284.5 -134.5 5.045 189.2 -225.5 -36.3 Design of Slabs Ee) The maximum bending moment 120.2 kNm/m. The effective depth of base slab is obtained from: 0.1388/,bd" = 120.2 x 10° d@ = 208.08 mm or Using 10 mm ® bars at clear cover of 25 mm. There may be three layers near the edges. Therefore, D = 208.08 + 25 + 10 + 10 = 248.08 mm 2 From serviceability criteria of deflection, the depth adopted is 360 mm. The effective depth is 320 mm. Reinforcement: The reinforcement for positive radial moment, in the form of mesh, in each direction is: 6 i= (005 p= [oxiasans9 ) 2x45 35 x1000 x 3208 | |~ 43 Be Provide 10 mm ® bars @ 70 mm c/c in each direction near the centre of slab. Provide 3-10 mm ©® bar rings near the edges. Reinforcement for negative radial moment, 25 x 1000 x 320 4.6 x 104.8 x 10° 2 Aw) = 1- jl -| ———, | |= 954.82 mm (Au ( 2x 415 | (exe) " 1000 100 Provide 10 mm ©® bars @ 80 mm c/c at the top in the radial direction in a distance of 2.5 m from the edges. Use 11-10 mm ® bar rings to tie this radial reinforcement. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 3.23(c). The methods for moment computation in slabs described in the preceding sections are essentially based on the elastic behaviour without considering the inelastic nature of deformations before failure. Thus, there is inconsistency in using elastic moments with the limit state procedure, Moreover, elastic analysis is applicable to slabs of simple geometry and boundary conditions for which elastic solutions are available. However, the method is known to be safe and conservative. = 384.0 mm’/m Minimum steel, A,, = 0.12 x 320 x Tutorial Problems 3.1 A rectangular laboratory hall of internal dimensions of 27 x 10 m is provided with a floor slab supported on 300 mm wide beams 4.0 m cfc, the two end spans being 3.5 m each. The floor slab carries live load of 4.0 kN/m? and surface finish of Ek Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 32 33 34 35 3.6 1.25 kN/m? in addition to its self weight. The supporting load bearing masonry walls are 345 mm thick. Design the continuous slab using concrete of grade M20 and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 under mild exposure condition. The floor of a hall of internal dimensions 20.5 x 9.25 m consists of slab built monolithically and supported on simply supported beams spaced 3.6 m c/c, The effective span of beams is 10.5 m. The floor is to carry a live load 4.0 kN/m?, Floor finish and plaster weigh 0.75 kN/m?. The materials to be used are M20 grade concrete mix and Fe415 grade steel. Design: (i) continuous slab and (ii) T-beams. A floor slab supported on 345 mm thick brick masonry walls 4.5 m apart projects 1.25 m beyond the wall. The slab supports a live load 2.0 kN/m? in addition to its self weight. The live load may be placed for the maximum effect. Design the slab with M20 concrete mix and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. Design a two-way simply supported slab to cover an underground rectangular water tank of internal dimensions of 6 x 4 m (in plan) with wall thickness of 200 mm. In addition to its self weight the slab is to support live load 3.0 kN/m? and finish load 0.75 KN/m?. Consider that (i) corners are free to lift up, and (ii) comers are held down and torsion reinforcement is provided, Use M20 concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 under moderate exposure condition. An interior room of a building has internal dimensions of 6 x 4.5 m. Design the floor to support a live load of 3.0 kN/m?* and surface finish of 1.25 kN/m*. Consider concrete of grade M20 and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 subjected to mild environmental exposure. The thickness of brick masonry walls is 230 mm. Design slab panels 5), 5; and 53, and the continuous beam B; of floor system shown in Fig. 3.24. The thickness of brick masonry walls is 230 mm. The floor is to carry a live load of 3.0 kN/m? and finish load of 0,6 KN/m?, Use HYSD steel of grade Fe415 with M20 grade concrete, 230 mm 230 mm 230mm Fig. 3.24 Idealized typical floor plan of a building. Design of Slabs fa 3.7 3.9 3.10 3.01 3.12 Design slab panels 54, and $5 of the typical floor plan shown in Fig. 3.24 using concrete of grade M20 and HYSD steel of grade Fe415 under mild exposure condition. The floor is to support a live load of 4.0 kN/m? and surface finish of 0.80 KN/m?. Draw complete working details of the slab. Design the slab of a traffic control post of 2.0 m diameter and supported on a central column of 200 mm diameter which is enlarged to a diameter of 300 mm at the top. The total service load inclusive of self weight may be taken 2.0 kN/m?. The materials to be used are M20 concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. (Hint: Take b = 300 mm]. Design a roof slab for a circular room of 6.5 m inside diameter supported over 230 mm thick brick walls. The slab projects all around outside the wall by 1.0 m. The service load inclusive of self weight may be taken 3.25 kN/m?. Construction materials to be used are M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. A pump house is to be provided with a circular roof supported on 345 mm thick masonry walls. The interior diameter of the room is 6.25 m. A super-imposed load of 2.0 kN/m? is estimated to act on the slab. Materials to be used are: M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. Design the roof slab when (i) edges are simply supported, and (ii) edges are fixed. Design a circular slab of 10.5 m effective diameter supported on a 300 mm wide ring beam at its periphery. The loading on the slab due to self weight, floor finish and live load may be taken as 5.0 KN/m*. The slab thickness is 125 mm and the depth of rib (beam projection below the slab) is 500 mm. The slab may be assumed to be fixed at the edge. Materials to be used are: M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. The bottom slab of a circular water tank resting on the ground is modelled as. a circular slab of 6.5 m effective diameter. The total upward pressure from the base soil on the slab is estimated to be 7.5 kN/m?, Design the slab using M25 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. The boundary condition of slab may be assumed to be partially restrained at the edges. Show reinforcement details. [Hint: Treat the boundary condition of slab as a case between simply supported edge and fully restrained edge, the average of the forces obtained for these two cases may be used for design). CHAPTER Flat Slabs 4.1 INTRODUCTION The reinforced concrete floor systems with supporting beams completely eliminated provide plain ceiling surface giving better diffusion of light, easy constructability with economy in the formwork, larger head room or shorter storey height and pleasing appearance. Such slabs are . directly supported on suitably spaced columns with or without flared column heads as shown in Fig. 4.1(b). Considering the possible load transfer mechanisms shown in Fig. 4.2(a), it can be visualized that the domain 1-1-1~1, defined as middle strip (MS), carries load by two-way action with column strips (CS) 2-1-1-2 and 3-1-1-3 providing supports. The column strips in their tum transfer the loads to the columns by one-way action. The column strips function as shallow beams with in the slab thickness. The idealized column and middle strips are shown in Fig. 4.2(b). The zones in immediate vicinity of columns are subjected to high negative moments and shear forces. In case of heavy loads and large spans, the structural requirements dictate the provision of thickened portion of slab around the column, called drop and a flared profile at the top of column known as the capital or column head as shown in Fig. 4.1(c). Various types of flat slabs are shown in Fig. 4.1(b). IS:456 has given fairly exhaustive guidelines for design of flat slabs and related aspects. 4.2 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS Drop: The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan and the minimum length in each direction shall not be less than one-third the panel length in that direction. For exterior panels, 172 Flat Slabs Edge beam (optional) —t Flat plate system yor t ee qT. 1 1 i it TIS I eT cana eee B iL 4g gb = Slab with panel drops only ru + Slab with column capital only (b) Types of flat-slabs ‘Column (¢) Flat slab system with pane! drops and column capitals Fig. 4.1 Floor slab systems supported directly an column. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures cs-x MS-X Cs-x (a) Actual column and middie strips (b) Idealized column and middle strips transferring load Fig. 4.2 Load transfer mechanism. the width of drop at right angles to the discontinuous edge and measured from the centre line of the column shall be equal to one-half the width of the drop for interior panels as shown in the Fig. 4,3(a). The drop panels increase the shear strength of slab with minimum interference, increase negative moment capacity of slab, and stiffen slab and thus reduce the deflection. The minimum thickness of drop panel slab is usually taken 1.25 times the thickness of the slab. Column heads: In general the column head size is approximately kept one-fifth of the span as illustrated in Fig. 4.3(a). However, where column heads are provided, the portion of a column. head which lies within the largest right circular cone or pyramid that has vertex angle of 90° and can be included entirely within the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be: considered for the design purposes as shown in Fig. 4.3(b). The column head increases the shear strength of the slab and reduces the moments by reducing the clear span J,. When the spans are long and loads are heavy, two-way joist or grid system popularly called a waffle slab can be used. Such waffle slabs must use solid panels acting as drop panel around. the columns. The size and shape of the solid part depends on the requirements of shear and. moment. Beams can also be formed by eliminating a row or two of waffles on the column centre line. Alternatively, the long spans can have a flat banded slab. The bands or wide beams are provided 1.5 to 2.0 times as deep as the slab and as wide as necessary up to the width of column strip. The use of this system is, however, limited. 4.2.1 Design Requirements Thickness of slab: The thickness of flat slab is generally controlled by the stiffness considerations expressed in terms of span to effective depth ratios given in Section 1.6. Flat Slabs [RE ——-x CP: Comer panel EP: Exterior panel LL | | beeen XE hel ~)" IP: Interior panel op 2g 2 hygl6 , Br RAAB pty nf TF 1 ¥y 2 lygl6 a | rn | 4 [Drop panel In \ootumn head Cy=1,/5 Ip > ——Gy “4s co yt =D> 125 mm Oroppanel t Sova ‘Column ‘Column capital Glear span !ry4, Clear span Ineo Effective capital size ——2 13 ———+} (b) Section I-t Fig. 4.3 Design stipulations for strips, drop panels and column heads. However, the average percentage of steel across the whole width of the panel at mid-span should be used for computing the modification factor for tension reinforced. For slabs with drops as mentioned earlier, the longer span to effective depth ratios can be applied directly, whereas for other cases the ratios shall be multiplied by 0.9. The adequacy of thickness has to be ascertained for shear and bending moments. The minimum thickness of the slab shall be 125 mm. Design strips: As illustrated earlier in Fig. 4.2 the strip of slab joining columns bends primarily in the direction along the column supports. The rate of change of curvature of a strip at right angles to the lines joining columns is high at the column lines. Therefore, the hogging moments Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures concentrate in narrow bands joining columns. This concentration of moments and above behaviour give rise to the concept of division of slab into column and middle strips for practical design. A narrow strip of slab along the centre line joining columns is called the column strip and the middle portion of slab between two column strips is called middle strip. Though the column strip is narrower than the middle strip it carries larger portion of the total moment in the slab. Even if the actual distribution of moments across the width of slab is not uniform, it is assumed to be uniform of average value over the widths of strips for design purpose. The column strip acts as a flexible wide beam or a slab spanning in one direction along the columns line like a continuous beam. The positive moments are developed in the mid-span region and negative over the column supports. The part of the slab between column strips may be considered as a slab suspended across flexible column strips. It deflects like a two-way slab supported on flexible beams on four sides inducing positive moment in the central region and negative moments over column strips at right angles to column lines. Since the middle strip is supported on flexible column strips on the edges which themselves deflect, the resultant maximum central deflection of the flat slab is generally larger than that in the slab supported on beams or walls. For design the rectangular portion of a slab bounded on its four sides by centre-lines of columns or centre-lines of adjacent spans, is termed as panel. The division of flat slab panel into column and middle strips is shown in Fig. 4.4. Width of column strips on each side of the column centre line is taken as 0.25/, or 0.251,, which ever is smaller, where J, and 1, are the panel lengths measured centre to centre of columns. As explained earlier the strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by column strip is termed as middle strip. As the column strips carry heavier moments than that carried by middle strips, they control the thickness of slab for moment and shear requirements. The portion of slab around the column behaves somewhat like h tay \y y Sq 8a Fig. 4.4 Column and middle strips in a slab panel. Ey Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures - Solution For the given materials: Sch = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and prim = 1.201 per cent Since the slab has more than three continuous panels of nearly equal spans in each direction, with length to width ratio less than 2, and design live load being less than three times the design dead load, it satisfies the direct design method criteria stipulated in IS:456. Factored load, w, = 1.5 x (7.5 + 6.25) = 20.625 kN/m? Width of column strips in both the directions = 5.70/2 = 2.85 m Width of middle strip along 6.5 m span = 2.85 m Width of middle strip along 5.70 m span = 3.65 m Consider under-reinforced slab with 0.8 per cent steel at a clear cover of 20 mm over 12 mm ® bars. Minimum thickness of slab from practical considerations is 125 mm. The thickness of slab based on serviceability limit state criteria of deflection is: 6.5 x10 d= 26 x 1.2 Adopt D = 220 mm with average effective depth, day = 220 - (20 + 12) = 188 mm = 208.33 mm Shear forces: The critical section for shear is located at d/2(= 94 mm) from the column face. Maximum factored shear force around the critical section is given by V, = 20.625 x [570 x 6.5)- (*)oss + 0.188" | = 755.333 kN 3 Nominal shear stress, 1, = 722333* 10 _ 1.733 Mpa ~ (mx 738 x 188) Permissible stress = k,t, where k, = 0.5 + B, = 1.5 ¥ 1.0 Hence, k, = 1 and 1, = 0.25 /f4 = 1.25 MPa The nominal stress exceeds the permissible value; therefore, D has to be increased. Consider D = 280 mm with d,, = 248 mm. V,, = 20.625 x [cs70 x 6.5) - (Z)oss + o2ssy |= 753.84 kN _ 753.84 x 10° v RX 798 x 248 Hence the total depth of 280 mm is adequate. = 1.212 MPa < 1.25 MPa Flat Slabs Ea Bending Moments: Side of equivalent square column head is 0.886D (= 0.48 m for the diameter of 550 mm). Clear span along longer dimension /,, = 6.5 — 0.48 = 6.02 m Clear span along shorter dimension I. = 5.7 - 0.48 = 5.22 m Width of strips: (i) Along 6.5 m span; } = 6.5 m and /; = 5.7 m Width of column strip = 0.51, 2 0.51), Adopt 2.85 m wide column strip with 2.85 m wide middle strip. (ii) Along 5.7 m span: /; = 5.7 m and 4; = 6.5 m Width of column strip = 0.5/, ¥ 0.5/;. Adopt 2.85 m wide column strip with 3.65 m wide middle strip. Moment along longer span: 2 Total bending moment M,,, = me = Mate 20,625 x 5.70 x 6,02? 8 Total negative design moment, M,,,, = 0.65M,, = 346.164 kNm Total positive design moment, M,o, = 0.35M,. = 186.396 kKNm Distribution of moments in the strips: In the column strip of width 2.85 m, -ve bending moment M,, = 0.75 x 346.164 = 259.623 kNm +ve bending moment M,, = 0.60 x 186.396 = 111.376 kNm In the middle strip of width 2.85 m -ve bending moment Mm, = 0.25 x 346.164 = 86.541 kNm +ve bending moment M,,, = 0.40 x 186.396 = 74.558 kNm Maximum bending of 259.623 kKNm occurs in the column strip. Thus, the effective depth along 6.5 m span is given by = 532.56 KNm 259.623 x 10° x 25 x (285 162.03 mm ) Total thickness required from flexural consideration is 200 mm. Thus, the total depth of 280 mm obtained from shear consideration is adequate. Reinforcement: The area of steel is generally calculated on the basis of the lower effective depth. With 12 mm ® bars, d= 280 — (20 + 12 + 6) = 242 mm and b = 2850 mm Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures (4 Jp. 1-(% M, } Ane (4 Sexbd? (Ayden = 3222.88 mm*, ic. 12 mm @ @ 95 mm cic (Agep = 1317.90 mm?, ic, 12 mm ® @ 240 mm c/e (Aun = 1015.80 mm?, ic, 12 mm @ 315 mm cle As )mp = 872.05 mm’, ie., 12 mm © @ 360 mm cle Total bending moment in the direction of 5.7 spans, w _ 20.625 x [6.5 x 5.227] 2 SSE Ae TEI The corresponding total negative and positive fractions are: Myon = 0.65Myo = 296.80 kNm and M,, = 0.35M,, = 159.82 kKNm Distribution of moment in the strips, Moy = 0.75M , = 222.6 kNm M., = 0.60M,, = 95.89 kNm Ma = 0.25M,,, = 74.2 KNm Myy = 0.40M,, = 63.93 kNm Reinforcement: Using 10 mm ® bars in the shorter direction, d = 280 - (20 + 12 + 5} = 243 mm with 6 = 2850 mm and 3650 mm for the column and middle strips, respectively. The reinforcements are given by _(faba)|,_ f,_(4exm, (Be } ' (“ia J (Agen = 2715.15 mm’, ic, 10 mm & @ 80 mm cle (Aglp = 1123.76 mm’, ic. 10 mm > @ 195 mm cic (Ama = 860.00 . 10 mm & @ 330 mm c/c (Amp = 739.26 mm”, i.e, 10 mm & @ 380 mm cfc The reinforcement details are shown in the Fig. 4.11. The depth of slab is utilized fully only in the region of high negative moment at the supports. For heavy loads considerable economy may be achieved by providing drops for negative moments local to the supports and a thinner slab elsewhere. = 456.620 kNm where Yield Line Theory for Stabs BERY ‘Consider moment about AC, Q,(x sin 8) + (Feo, z = ma X (a—x)cos @- my x bsin @=0 __ x b)wy (my la) (a) | Mb = 6 +( x b)* x Similarly, consider moment segment BCD about BC, 0,(a- x) +|(Ge--96».](52)}-m, xb=0 _f mb bw,(a- x) 0 [EL S) For nodal force condition, Q1 + 0, =0 Substitute Q, and Q>, ( 6 J m,, (a — x) (alb) + al Ww, = Se a a ab (ax -x*) This equation is the same as the one obtained in the work method. 5.12 REGULAR ISOTROPICALLY REINFORCED POLYGON SLAB CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED ON ALL SIDES Consider the slab to be subjected to uniformly distributed load w,, per unit area in addition to a concentrated load P, at the centre. Equilibrium method is convenient in this case. A tal yield line pattern for a polygon ‘slab is shown in Fig. 5.19(a). Since the slab is isotropically reinforced, the nodal forces meeting at the centre are zero. In an n-sided polygon, the point load carried by each of n elements is P,/n. Consider the equilibrium of element E-1. Taking moment about AB, m,L(1+k) = g(t) + (2) Pop \t ie., m,(1+k) = “s +(4)(7) (5.57) ~ (= Special Structural Elements ERR RUZ (AI) _ At ¢ = 90°, Mu = z — 0.429w,R* (hogging) (6.35) For maximum sagging moment, Me 9 si (r-2) =0 a sin @— (1 -— 2) cos O = tn 6= > = 0.5708 giving, @ = 29.72° Substituting the value of @ in Eq. (6.34), My max = 0.152w,R? (6.36) For torsional moment, balance the moments about the tangent at point P: 9/2 Typ = - Vi(R = R cos 6) + onto e- ( Rsin gn) cos on] - —w,R?(m — 2)( - cos ¢) + wR? [9 — sin 2 = MR - sin 9) ; (x —2){1 — cos 9)) (6.37) Maximum value of torsional moment occurs where dT, = = —_ Mug= 0 ( a) m= 59-44° and Tynax = 0.1045w,R? (6.38) 6.3.3 Curved Beam Fixed at Ends A circular beam of radius & fixed at ends A and 8 subtending angle 2@ and carrying a uniformly distributed load of intensity w, is shown in Fig. 6.13. Due to fixity at the ends there are three reaction components at each support, namely (i) shear force (ii) bending moment and (iii) twisting moment. The beam is, therefore, statically indeterminate to first degree. Because of symmetry in geometry and loads, the shear force and twisting moment at the mid-point C are zero. The mid-point moment M,, is measured about the radial axis CO. Consider a point P at an angle ¢ with OC. Load on the length CP, Wy» = w,(RO) Eg Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fig. 6.13 Curved beam fixed at ends subjected to uniformly distributed load. Distance of c.g. D of load W,, from the centre The shear force at a support x z " lz u = & 2 At point P the moment M,,, can be resolved along the radial line PO and at right angles to it. The two components, M,,, cos @ and M,,, sin @, respectively, are bending moment and torsional moment components at point P as shown in Fig. 6.13. Therefore, balancing the moments about the axis PO, Mup = Myy cos 0 — oko [22E)) in (¢/2) a = M,, cos 6 ~ w,R(1 — cos ¢) (6.39) To determine twisting moment at the section P, balance moments about the tangent at P: Tags Ma sin 6 (nt) -(#22,02)) cos,o/2) = M,, sin 6 ~ w,R[d - sin 6] (6.40) The shear force at the point P, Vug = wyRO (6.41) Special Structural Elements [335 Hence A,, = 273.22 mm? in compression zone will take care of both modes of failure. 2. At midspan, the section behaves like L-beam section. The distance between points of zero moments, L,= L = 2x = 825-2 111 = 6.03 m = 6030 mm Therefore, by= (9) + 300 +3 x 120 = 1162.5 mm 12 The moment carrying capacity of flange for x, = Dy. Mug= 0.362 * 20 « 1162.5 x 120 x (500 - 0.416 x 120) x 10° = 454.57 kNm > M, (= 95.10 kNm) Since x, < Dy < Xymox (= 0.48 x 500 = 240 mm) i.e. neutral axis lies in the flange, fs Ay -(2 ees p= fy — 48% 95:10 210° | 9 37 sam? 2x 415 20 x 1162.5 x 500° 3. At points of inflection, M, = 0.00 kNm, 7, = 44.97 kNm and V,, = 63.19 kN 1 + (550/300) 17 ae _(20%300x500\) ff 4.6x74.95x10° | 4 WV 2x 415 20x 3005007 | This reinforcement is required at both the faces. The reinforcement details are: Mu = My = x 44.97 = 74.95 kNm > M, ‘Thus, Table 6.5 Reinforcement, Ay, mm? Location Support Midspan Point of inflection 4. Steel required: At top 1169.32 Hanger bars 442.47 At bottom 273.22 537.37 442.47 2. Steel provided: At top 2-20 mm 6 216 mm 9 316 mm ¢ +316 mm o (As = 603 mm?) (Ag = 603 mm?) (Ag = 1232 mm?) At bottom +16 mm ¢ HIG mm ¢ 16 mm 6 (Ag = 603 mm?) (Ag = 603 mm’) (As: = 603 mm?) Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Check for serviceability requirement of deflection: Ignoring the contribution of flanges, effective depth d from serviceability requirements can be calculated as: 8250 d=35 my where, 100 x 603 P= 3099x500 7 0.402 per cent. A . fy = 0.58f, x eae Aa, provided 0.58 x 415 x 537.37 =O 214.5 MPa Therefore, for f, = 214.5 MPa, my = 1.5, and 8250 dain = 36x15" 211.54 < 500 mm Therefore, the section is adequate. Check for development length for curtailment of reinforcement: At the end supports, 0.87 x 4150 Development length Ly = 197 — = 479. 2 - 20 mm 6 bars of the top tension reinforcement which are not required beyond point of inflection may be curtailed after continuing the same for a distance of Lj. Thus, minimum distance of actual point of cut off from the support, = 1110 + 47 x 20 = 2050 mm However, adopted length of curtailed bar on either side of support, 0.30! = 0.30 x 8250 = 2475 mm is satisfactory. From the requirement of 7,, at the point of inflection, all the bars should continue at the bottom for a distance of L, beyond point of inflection, i¢., to a distance of 358 mm (=1110 - 47 x 16) from the support. Thus, as point of curtailment is very close to the support where both shear and torsion are large, the curtailment is not recommended. All the bottom bars continue through the support. Design for shear force (a) At supports. The distance of critical section from the centre of support is 650 mm [=(300/2) + 500). Therefore, T, = 61.53 — 14.916 x 0.65 = 51.83 kNm V,, = 86.46 ~ 20.96 x 0.65 = 72.84 kN Special Structural Elements [337 | Equivalent shear V,, = V, + 16(%) b 51.83 = 72.84 + 16 x ( O30 ) = 349.27 KN 1232 x 100 P= 00 x 500 = 2-82! per cent For M20 grade concrete with p, = 0.821 per cent, from Table 1.4, 1,. = 0.579 MPa. Equivalent nominal shear stress: Vv, = mee FS, 349.27 10° = 300x500, = 733 MPa Since ty < Ty < Tyemax: the section is acceptable with shear reinforcement. Consider transverse reinforcement consisting of 10 mm @ 2-legged vertical stirrups (A,, = 157 mm’), the spacing of stirrups is given by O87 fAy 1 E,Pod) + V,A2.5d)) where, b= 300 - 2(25 + 22) = 230 mm dy = 500 - (25+12) = 467 mm Thus, 0.87 x 415 x 157 = ——__P 87 x 00 8157) __ 194.02 mm [51.83 x 10° (230 x 467)] + [72.84 x 10°/(2.5 x 467)] 5, Minimum reinforcement to be provided is given by OTF Ay _ _0.87 x 415X157 _ 07 51 sam (lye — Ty (2.33 - 0.579) «300° The spacing of stirrups 5, is restricted to the least of the following: (i) x, = Shorter dimension of stirrups = 300 - 2(25 -16/2) = 266 mm (ii) Gx, + y)/4 = (266 + 483)/4 = 187.25 mm Gii) 0.75d = 375 mm (iv) 300 mm CHAPTER Design of Foundations 8.1 INTRODUCTION The foundation or substructure is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the soil (generally below the ground level) and transfers the loads from superstructure to the subsoil safely. The foundation is generally enlarged at the base to distribute the load over a larger area such that the pressure on the soil does not exceed its permissible bearing capacity. The enlarged portion of the foundation is called the footing. Consolidation of the soil causes the supported structure to settle. The settlement should be restricted to be within reasonable limits. It depends upon the intensity of load, size of footing, type of soil and depth at which the load of the structure is transferred. Differential or unequal settlement under different parts of the structure can be minimized by providing foundation components such that the intensity of pressure on the soil is equal under different parts of the footing. The variation of pressure depends upon the rigidity of the footing base, size of footing, type of underlying soil and depth of the base of footing below the natural ground level. Pressure tends to be uniform with the increase in the flexibility of the footing. All foundations shall be carried to a depth of at least 0.50 m below the natural ground level for normal soil conditions. In case of rocks or other similar weather resisting natural ground, it is the top soil only that is required to be removed and prepared to provide a suitable bearing and prevent undesirable movements (such as slipping). However, if soil of adequate bearing capacity is not found immediately below the structure, it becomes necessary to use deep foundations, such as piles or caissons to transmit the load to deeper and firmer layers. 418 Design of Foundations J 419 | 8.2 DEFINITIONS Some of the commonly encountered terms in the design of foundations are as follows: Permanent loads are the loads which remain on the structure for a period long enough to cause consolidation settlement of the soil. This load is generally referred to as service load or working load. Safe bearing pressure on the soil is the intensity of the load at the base of the foundation that the soil can sustain without undergoing settlement more than the permissible value for the structure. Safe bearing capacity indicates the maximum intensity of load that the soil can support safely without the risk of shear failure of any settlement that may occur. The safe bearing capacity of soil is determined by its strength and settlement characteristics, and is obtained by dividing ultimate capacity of soil by a suitable factor of safety thus represents a serviceability condition. Ultimate bearing capacity is the intensity of the loading at the base of a foundation which will cause shear failure of the soil support. The ultimate bearing capacity is generally established from field tests. Allowable bearing pressure is the maximum allowable net loading intensity taking into account the ultimate bearing capacity, the amount and kind of settlement expected, and the ability of the structure to take up this settlement. Allowable bearing pressures under service loads are usually based on a factor of safety of 2.5 to 3.0 against exceeding the ultimate bearing capacity of the particular soil. The factor of safety provides a margin to keep settlement within tolerable limits. The types of footings commonly used in general practice are illustrated in Fig. 8.1. Spread footings are designed to distribute a heavy load over a large area of soil near the ground surface in order to reduce the intensity of load at the base of the footing so that the soil will safely support the structure. These footings, when provided for independent columns, are called isolated footings, as illustrated in Figs. 8.1(b), (c) and (d). The footing may be circular, square or rectangular in plan. The foundation for a structure may be composed of many isolated footings, in addition to the other types of footings. Figure 8.1(a) illustrates the strip footing for a wall. Combined footing or multiple column footing is a single footing provided for two or more columns, as shown in Figs. 8.1(¢) and 8.1(f). It acts as a beam or slab resting on the soil or piles, and is proportioned in such a way that the centroid of the column loads coincides with the centroid of footing slab. Depending upon the shape in plan, they are called rectangular, trapezoidal and strap footings. The trapezoidal and strap footings may be utilized advantageously when two columns carry loads of unequal magnitude or when one of the columns is located near the property line (or other structures). The proximity of the property line to a column limits the projection beyond that column to avoid encroachment of adjoining Property. Raft and mat footing is a thick reinforced concrete slab provided to support many columns and walls of a building, as shown in Fig. 8.1(g). It acts as a continuous slab to distribute the loads over a large area and hence is suitable when the bearing capacity is so low that the independent column footings are impracticable. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Pile footings, shown in Fig. 8.1(h), are designed to transfer large loads to individual piles. The piles, in turn, support and transfer the forces to a lower level by means of skin friction between the soil and the pile surface and point bearing of pile on dense soil strata at its base. w Column Padestal (a) Wall footing (>) Padestal w w Column Footing ‘Column (c) Isolated pad (uniform) (d) Isolated stoping footing footing Ww, a) | Colufins, Footing (8) Combined footing (0) Strap footing W, Columns + Column or pier Ww, W, Pile (a) Raft foundation (h) Pile footing Fig. 8.1 Common types of footings. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures For M, eye 4.6 x 382.56 x 10° Ru ad 20 x 500 x 1250 bd Ag = (4 Ju-=R = 873.41 mm? Provide 8 bars 12 mm @ (A,, = 904 mm?) at the lower face of the beam continue all the bars 1250 mm beyond the point of contraflexure. At this point 4 bars can be curtailed. Shear reinforcement: At the point of maximum shear force, = 0.11263 1519.2 x 10* Nominal shear stress f, = 500 x 1250 = 2.43 MPa < Temax (= 2.8 MPa) The section is adequate with shear reinforcement. Now, _ 100A, B= _ 100. 3455 = 00x1250 7 0.5528 per cent Corresponding 1, = 0.496 MPa Shear-resisting capacity V.= Ty.dd = 0.496 x 500 x 1250 x 107 = 310.0 KN It should be noted from the shear force diagram shown in Fig. 8.9, that points where shear force V,,, equals V,, exist on either side of the two columns. To left of column C,, 307.36x + 32.64x7 = +310.0 or x? + 9.417x - 9.498 = 0, ie, x = 0.919 m To right of column C), 307.36x + 32.6427 - 1500 = - 310.0 or + 9417x - 36.46 = 0, ic. x = 2.949 m To left of column C, 307.36x + 32.64x7 — 1500 = 4310.0 or x + 9417x — 55.453 = 0, ie, x = 4,102 m To right of column C, 307.36x + 32.64x7 — 1500 — 2250 = — 310.0 ign of Foundations Eg or + 9.417x - 105.39 = 0, ie, x = 6.586 m Near column C, Var V,- Vy = 1519.2 - 310.00 = 1209.2 kN Consider 12 mm 4-legged stirrups (A,. = 452 mm’), 5 = 08TH Ane a Vas _ 0.87 x 415 x 452 x 1250 = 168.70 mm 1209.2 x 10° Provide 12 mm 6 4-legged stirrups @ 160 mm c/c in the portion of the beam given by x = 4,102 to 6,586 m. Near Column C, Vus = 1160 - 310.0 = 850.0 kN Consider 12 mm @ 4-legged stirrups (A,, = 452 mm?) _ 0.87 x 415 x 452 x 1250 = 239.99 850.0 x10" = Thus, provide the stirrups @ 230 mm c/c in the portion of the beam given by x = 0.919 to 2.949 m. In the remaining portion, consider 12 mm 2-legged stirrups (A,, = 226 mm’), From minimum shear reinforcement considerations, Ant SF 0.4b 226 x 415 ¢ 04x500 = 468.95 mm S, # 0.75d = 937.50 mm 5, 4 100 mm Hence provide 12 mm 6 2-legged stirrups @ 450 mm c/c in the remaining portion of the beam. Side reinforcement: As the depth of beam is more than 750 mm, provide side reinforcement @ 0.10 per cent. _ 0.10 x 500 x 1250 = 2 Ag = Ti} = 625 mny Provide 8 bars of 10 mm $ (A,, = 628 mm”), four on each face. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 8.11. EEE] Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 16mm 4 bars @ 200mm de_prlll ; 16 mm 9 @ 270mm cle " e =< 8 é I T t g1 b 8) Ea4}--F 4-4-4 4-F FE -A= EE 8 lE SSS EES " : 10mm o = @ 160 mmc 0 {2) Plan of footing reinforcement ir 2020 129 2LGD Stps Fe 1250 =| L 8-12mme '*— iin two lay @ 450 cle 2490 ers 1204 LGD Strps @ 160 cle {(b) Longitudinal section at I-1 500 as Bee 420mm 9+ gs 410mm 9 333 11-20 mm 6 33 3232 in two layors. 32 28 3a Spmesicn g 88 02 Ke 4-129 (c) Transverse section at 11-11 (G) Transverse section at I1/-I1l Fig. 8.11 Reinforcement details of beam-slab trapezoidal footing of Example 8.3. 8.7 CANTILEVER OR STRAP FOOTING A strap footing consists of spread footings of two columns connected by a rigid (strap) beam. This arrangement is useful when the exterior column is very near the property line, and the footing can not be projected beyond the property line. If a combined trapezoidal footing is provided, it is subjected to excessive bending moments due to its continuity under both columns. The exterior column footing in such cases is kept eccentrically under the column such that it does not project beyond the property line. Such an eccentric isolated footing arrangement would result in a highly non-uniform distribution of bearing pressure which may lead to over- fl Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures The flange width corresponding to an isolated T-beam is given by L, b= {rans val + be where 1, = Distance between points of zero moments = 6.350 ~ 1.509 = 4.841 m 6, = Width of the web = 500 mm b= Actual width of flange = 2600 mm Therefore, 4842 b= eae Fay * 500 = 1326.0 mm Consider the depth of inverted T-beam be such that the neutral axis coincides with the top surface of slab (flange): M. d=0416D,+ ——Ms__ * V362f4b,D, 6 = (0.416 x 300) + [ 957.55 x10) | 0.362 x 20 x 1326 x 300 = 124.80 + 332.47 = 457.27 mm Depth for rectangular beam action Moin = 0.1388f-,bd° = M, or 0.1388 x 20 x 500 x d* = (776.27 x 10°) or d = 747.85 mm Consider an overall depth of 950 mm with effective depth of 860 mm. Reinforcement: For reinforcement in rectangular beam, 6 R,= 4.6 X 776,27 x 10 = 0.4828 20 x 500 x 860° fabd Ay = (2824 |p — fT (4 Jo Vi-R] = oe [1—¥1—0.4828] = 2909.84 mm? a Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Hence shear reinforcement is necessary wherever shear force exceeds 236.93 KN. At the inner face of exterior column, Viv = Va — Vue = 861.11 - 236.93 = 624.18 kN Consider 10 mm @ 4legged stirrups with Ay, = 314 mm? 5 = O8ThAnd _ 0.87 x 415 x 314 x 860 , Vas 624.18 x 10° = 156.2 mm (say 155 mm c/c) Distance of the point where shear force is 236.93 kN from the inner face of exterior column, V, _ 624.18 472.22 q = 132m ‘t Distance from the end of the beam = 1.32 + 0.4 = 1.72 m Hence provide 10 mm 6 4-legged stirrups @ 155 mm from the end of the beam upto a distance of 1.72 m. At the inner face of interior column, _ 0.87 x 415 x 314 x 860 = ————__—_———_ = 161.97 mm (838.89 — 236.93) x 10° Provide 10 mm 6 4-legged stirrups @ 155 mm c/c from the inner face of exterior to the inner face of interior column, At the outer face of the interior column, for 10 mm @ 2-legged stirrups, _ 0.87% 415 x 157 x 860 =— = 259.2 mm (425 — 236.93) x LO" Maximum spacing based on minimum shear reinforcement, _ AySy _ 157 x 415 * 0.4b, ~ 0.4.x 500 = 325.775 mm Maximum spacing based on the depth of beam, 5S, = 0.75d = 0.75 x 860 = 645 mm Hence in the remaining portion provide 10 mm @ 2-legged stirrups @ 255 mm c/c. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 8.14. Punching shear: The beam can be checked against punching shear, as explained in Example 8.3. The beam section will be found to be safe at both the locations. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures jp 4 —_—-+j eheste te oe (a) Annular raft footing F >| bh ao ab fo (b) Strip raft footing Fig. 8.15 Raft foundations. coincides with centroid of the raft, the upward soil pressure is taken to be uniform. Unlike in other footings, the weight of the raft is not considered in the structural design because this load is presumed to be carried directly by the subsoil. When column loads are equal, a flat slab construction may be adopted. For analysis the raft foundation is divided into a series of longitudinal and transverse strips centred on the appropriate beams carrying rows of columns. The widths of these strips are determined such that the upward soil pressure acting on a strip balances the downward load from the columns on the strip. The shear and bending moment diagrams of continuous beams/ strips may be drawn using simple principles of statics. The method is conservative since the interaction of adjacent strips is neglected. The raft foundation may be viewed as a floor slab resting on a system of beams and columns. The portion between beams is designed as a conventional one-way or two-way slab. If the beams are deep, they may be designed as deep beams. Frequently the raft foundations are provided with cut outs. The annular (circular) slabs with cut outs supported on inverted beams between the columns, called ring beams, provide an economical solution, for the foundation of over head service reservoirs. In this case the columns are generally so spaced that the solid slab results in much larger area than is required to carry the load and overturning moments with adequate safety. The ring beam slabs are discussed in detail in Chapter 10. Mat foundation: As discussed earlier a single combined slab footing with uniform thickness supporting four or more columns arranged in a grid pattern is generally called a mat footing. Thus, a mat foundation is similar to an inverted flat plate with soil pressure as the load on the plate, except that mat Joads are much heavier than the flat plate loads and the mat slab is much thicker than most of the flat plates. Sometimes, the slab is thickened around the columns, i.e., drop panels are provided to increase the shear resistance. As compared to the provision of drop panels below the slab, a provision above the slab has construction advantages, Design of Foundations 350 350 | | ———— ut kNym per m width —>|0.75}«——__—_— 45 —————+|075|- m (a) Load diagram (c) Bending moment diagram Fig. 8.17 Shear force and bending moment diagram for transverse strip. Thickness of footing based on moment: Overall maximum bending moment for computation of thickness, Mya = 530.33 KNm. To compute thickness of footing slab, equate M, max 10 Matis. (= O.1388f-,bd"), 0.1388f,bd? = 530.33 x 10° Therefore, 5 530.33x10° 7" d= [aaiae2 30% 1000 | = 497-08 mm Thickness based on shear considerations: The effective depth d of the footing may be determined by considering that the shear in foundation slab is resisted without shear reinforcement, i.e., Vusmax = Vue = AsTuebd where V,., is the maximum ultimate one-way or two-way shear at the critical section. The shear strength of concrete in the slab is k,t,.. where &, = 1.0 for assumed total depth Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2 300 mm and the trial 1, may be taken as the minimum value of 0.36 MPa ignoring the effect of tension steel. (i) Flexural or one-way shear. The maximum ultimate shear force occurs at the critical section at distance d, from the inner face of the heavier column, C}. Vy, max = 320.8 — 116.67d = V,.= (1.0 x 0.36 x 10°) x (1.0 x d) d= 0.673 m = 673 mm (ii) Punching or two-way shear. The critical section for punching shear is the periphery at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the column, The shear strength parameters are: or Tue = 0.25 Fes = 0.25920 = 1.118 kN/m? and k= 05 + B, 0.40 =05 + (o#?) =15 4 10 Hence, k= 1.0 Thus, permissible punching shear stress = 1,0 x 1.118 = 1.118 MPa (a) Around comer column Perimeter b, = 4 x (0.45 + d) Column load — Upward pressure on the area within perimeter 1350 -116.67 x (0.45 + d) x (0.45 + d) Punching shear force V,, Equating V, and V,-. 1118 x (1.80 + 4d) x d =1350 — 116.67 x (0.45 + d) x (0.45 + d) " d= 0.355 m or 355 mm (b) Around interior coltumn Perimeter b, = 4 x (0.45 + d) Punching shear force V, = 1800 — pi, (0.45 + d) x (0.45 + d) us, 1118 x (1.80 + 4d) x d = 1800 — 116,67 x (0.45 + d) x (0.45 + a) or d = 0.433 m = 433 mm Therefore, the thickness of the footing is governed by one-way shear near the interior column, ie., d = 673 mm and using 16 mm @ bars, the overall depth is: p= 673 + 40 + (16) = 721.0 mm Design of Foundations Consider 730 mm thick slab. The effective depth, d= 730 - 40 - (18) = 682 mm Flexural reinforcement: The reinforcement in a slab, p, ¢ Prmine WHETE Prmin = 0.12 (for HYSD steel) as distribution reinforcement. The corresponding minimum ultimate moment above which design reinforcement is required can be obtained as follows: _(fabd)|, [ 4.6m, Aaa =[ 2, I: ' =| Ley fai, 46 Prin so 4) ' ae] 2 Set Pravin fy 2 M, -d1- a in -(4 1 30 }*laelt | For the current problem, My nin = 0.4223bd". Since the transverse moments are smaller than the longitudinal moments, i.e., require smaller depths, the bottom and top transverse reinforcements are placed above the bottom and below the top reinforcements, respectively. Therefore, the effective depths and minimum design moments are: {a} In longitudinal direction d= 730 - 40 - (48) = 682 mm, or and My grin = 0.4223 x 1000 x 682? x 10% = 196.42 kNm/m (b) In transverse direction d= 730 - 40 - 16 - (‘8) = 666 mm Mumia = 0.4223 x 1000 x 6667 x 10 = 187.31 kNm/m The minimum reinforcement, Ag,min = 0.0012 x 1000 x 730 = 876 mm”, i.e. 16 mm bars @ 225 mm c/c (Ay, = 893 mm*). Reinforcement (a) Along the length of the footing (i) Exterior span moment, M, = 530.33 kKNm/m io Ay = (22% Jono = $82 1 fp 4:6: 530-33 10° | oe a5 mam? 2x 415 “20 x 1000 x 682? Provide 20 mm bars @ 135 mm c/c (A, = 2326 mm?) at the top. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Ht FO —{ KH - (c) Rigid base joint (d) Behaviour under water pressure Fig. 10.3 Behaviour of water tank walls with different base conditions. The section of the wall should be designed for hoop tension and, accordingly, hoop steel is the main (horizontal) steel and the vertical steel is the distribution steel. In hoop steel, the lap length should be equal to 2L,,. Generally, a 125 mm thick base slab of M25 grade concrete is non-porous for a 3 m head of water, while a 150 mm thick slab is non-porous for a head of 6 m and 175 mm for a head of 10 m. The base slab should rest on at least 80 mm thick concrete layer covered with a layer of bitumen paper. Rigid joint between the base and wall: In this case, as shown in Fig. 10.3(d) no horizontal displacement of the wall at the base is possible. The upper part of the wall will predominantly have hoop tension, while the lower part will bend like a cantilever fixed at the base. Thus, a part of the load will be carried by hoop tension and a part by cantilever action. For a shallow tank with large diameter, the forces carried by cantilever action will be more predominant, while for deep tanks with a small diameter, hoop forces will be the controlling factor. The analysis giving the exact behaviour is generally more involved. Following methods have been suggested for the design of this type of tank: (i) Reissner’s method (ii) IS: 3370 (Part IV) method (iii) Carpenter’s simplified method and (iv) The approximate method. In this chapter, the method suggested in IS: 3370 (Part IV) will be used. This method gives the hoop tension and bending moment at different heights and shear at the base. The values of coefficients are reproduced in Tables 10,4 to 10.7. Water Tanks Table 10.4 Shear at the Base of Cylindrical Wall tot? (triangular toad) Shear V = coefficient x+pH (rectangular load) MIH (moment at base) HEIDE Triangular foad, Rectangular joad, Triangular or Moment fixed base fixed base rectangular load, at edge hinged base 04 +0.436 +0.755 +0.245 1.58 08 40.374 +0.852 40.234 1.75 1.2 40.339 +0,460 +0.220 2.00 1.6 +0.317 +0.407 +0.204 2.28 2.0 +0.299 +0.370 +0.189 -2.57 3.0 +0,262 40.310 40.158 -3.18 4.0 +0.236 +0.271 +0.137 -3.68 5.0 40.213 40.243 +0.121 4.10 6.0 +0.197 +0.222 +0.110 4.49 8.0 40.174 +0.193 +0.096 5.18 10.0 +0.158 40.172 +0.087 5.81 12.0 40.145 40.158 +0.079 6.38 14.0 40.135 40.147 +0.073 6.88 16.0 +0.127 40.137 +0.068 -7.36 Notes: 1. % Density of the liquid 2. Positive sign indicates shear acting inward. Table 10.5 Hoop Tension in Cylindrical Walls Fixed at Base and Free at Top (IS: 3270-1967, Part IV) Hoop tension f= (Coefficient) x (yHn HIDE Coefficients at point GOH O1H O0.2H O.3H 04H 05H O6GH 0.7H O8H 09H 0.4 +0.149 +0.134 +0120 +0.101 +0.082 +0.066 +0.049 +0.029 +0.014 +0.004 0.8 40.263 +0239 +0.215 +0.190 +0.160 +0.130 +0.096 +0.063 +0.034 +0.010 1.2 40,283 +0.271 +0254 +0.234 +0209 +0.180 +0.142 +0099 +0.054 +0.016 1.6 40.265 +0.268 +0.268 40.266 +0.250 +0.226 +0.185 +0.134 +0.075 +0.023 2.0 40.234 +0.251 +0.273 +0.285 +0.285 +0.274 +0.232 +0.172 +0.104 +0.031 3.0 40.134 +0.203 +0.267 40.322 +0.357 +0.362 +0.330 +0.262 +0.157 +0.052 4.0 +0.067 +0.164 +0256 +0.339 +0.403 +0.429 +0409 +0.334 +0.210 +0.073 5.0 +0.025 +0.137 +0.245 +0.346 +0.428 +0.477 +0.469 +0.398 +0.259 +0.092 6.0 40.018 +0.119 +0.234 40.344 +0441 +0.504 +0514 40.447 40.301 +0.112 8.0 0.011 +0.104 40.218 +0.335 +0.443 +0534 +0.575 +0.530 +0.381 +0.151 10.0 -0.011 +0.098 +0,208 +0.323 +0.437 +0.542 +0.608 +0.589 +0440 +0.179 12.0 -0.005 +0.097 +0.202 +0.312 +0.429 +0.543 +0.628 +0.633 +0.494 +0.211 14.0 -0.002 +0,098 +0.200 +0.306 +0.420 +0539 +0.639 +0.666 +0.547 +0.241 16.0 -0.000 +0,099 40.199 +0304 +0.412 +0531 +0.641 +0687 +0.582 +0.265 Note: Positive sign indicates tension. Water Tanks Eq The following examples will illustrate the procedure and the problems encountered in practice. Example 10.3 Design a cylindrical water tank of capacity 500 m? (500,000 litres) resting on the ground and having a flexible base. The materials used in construction are M25 grade concrete mix and HYSD steel of grade Fe415. The overall height of the tank is restricted to 5 m with a free board of 300 mm. The bearing capacity of soil at the site is 150 kN/m?, Solution For M25 grade concrete mix and Fe415 grade steel, the design constants are: Sexe = 8.5 MPa, fy = 150 MPa, m = 11, j = 0.872 Q = 1423 MPa, fe; = 1.30 MPa, fiye = 1.80 MPa Capacity of the tank = 500 m Depth of water in the tank = 5.0 - 0.30 = 4.7 m Consider D to be the internal diameter of the tank, therefore, 2 aa x (4.7) = 500, or D = 11.638 m Adopt D = 11.64 m. Design of tank wall Maximum hoop tension 7 = SF %HD = ; x 10 x 4.7 x 11.64 = 273.54 kNfm 273.54 x 10° 150 Adopt 16 mm bar rings @ 220 mm c/c on both the faces (A, = 1828 mm’). Area of hoop steel required A, = = 1823.6 mm? 273.54 x 10> 3 = 210415.4 mm* A, = A, + (m= DA, = whence, A. = (210415.4) - (1828 x 10) = 192135.4 mm? Thickness of the wall required 1 = 2221354 _ 199.14 mm 1000 Provide a 200 mm thick wall. Minimum steel, 200 A, = 0.0035 x 1000 x — = 350 mm*/m Provide 10 mm 6 vertical bars @ 220 mm c/e on each face (A, = 714 mm’). Index Compression member, 34 Compressive stress block, | Concrete piles, 476 Concrete slab, 107 Conical dome, 260, 614 Conical shell roof, 263 Conical shell umbrella, 268 Construction joints, 634 Continuation of reinforcement, 29 Continuous beams, 13 Continuous edge, 113, 148 Continuous on all the three edges, 234 Continuous slab, 216 Contraction joint, 633 Control of deflections, 43 Corbel, 298 Corner lever, 214 Corner reinforcement, 142 Counterfort, 537 Crack control parameter, 17 Crack widths, 43, 546 Critical perimeter, 427 Critical section for shear, 427 Curtailment, 121, 122 Curtailment of tension reinforcement, 30 Curved beam fixed at ends, 275 Curved beams, 270 Cylindrical tanks, 585 Dead loads, 638 Deep beams, 287 Deep foundations, 418 Deformed bars, 17 Depth of the neutral axis, 1 Design of base slab, 508 braces, 626 counterforts, 539 cylindrical wall, 612 foundation, 627 key, 516 raft slab, 630 staging, 620 staircase, 620 toe, 515 top, 611 Design seismic force, 646 Design shear strength, 17 Design stress block, Design wind pressure, 655 Design wind speed, 655, 657 Detailing, 2 Detailing of joints, 635 Detailing the deep beams, 292 Development length, 17, 28, 122, 139, 424 Differential, 418 Differential settlement, 422, 467 Direct design method, 181 Discontinuous edge, 113, 148 Distributed, 349 Distribution of base shear, 650 Distribution reinforcement, 110 Dome, 251, 611 Double shuttering, 258 Doubly reinforced, 6 Doubly reinforced beams, 3 Doubly reinforced sections, 8 Dowel, 424 Driven cast-in-situ piles, 480 Drop, 172 Drop panels, 174 Ductile response, 376 Duetility, 16, 44, 407 Earthquake, 376 Earthquake design, 645 Earthquake magnitude and intensity, 645 Effect of joint widths, 358 Effective lengths, 34 Efficiency of a group of friction piles, 484 Elevated water tanks, 582 Elliptical section, 278 End bearing pile, 477 Equilibrium method, 209, 21) Equivalent, 349 Equivalent bending moment, 23 Equivalent frame analysis, 186 Equivalent frame method, 181 Equivalent shear, 23 Equivalent static loads, 375 Expansion joint, 634 Factor of safety, 419 against overturning, 521 against sliding, 521 index FEY Failure mechanisms, 206 Flanged beams, 12 Flared column, 172 Flat grid floors, 311 Flat plate, 110 Flat slabs, 110 Flexible edge beams, 212 Flexural, 277 Foundation, 602 Fracture lines, 203 Frame-type staging, 591 Free-standing staircases, 82 Friction failure, 299 Friction pile, 477 Fundamental natural period, 646 Geometric parameters, 51 Geometrical classification, 47 Gravity load, 51, 345, 397, 637 Gravity retaining wall, 500, 502 Grid floor, 311 Grid foundation, 469 Heel, 502, 508 Heel slab, 525, 537 Hoop compression, 253 Hoop tension, 253 Horizontal grids, 332 Horizontal seismic coefficient, 592 Horse shoe staircase, 91 Hydrostatic pressure, 504, 505 Importance factor, 647 Imposed, 345 Imposed loads, 639 Inflection points, 381 Interaction curves, 39 Intze-type container, 586 Isolated beams, 13 Joint, 633 L-beam, 12 Lever arm, 1, 2 Limit states of serviceability, 43 Live load, 345, 641, 642 Load patterns, 346 Load-carrying capacity, 16 Loading pattern, 187 Loads, 345 Long-term deflection, 125 Longitudinal reinforcement, 24, 32 Longitudinal steel, 25 Marcus's corrections, 130 Mass of steel in a mesh, 712 Mat footing, 419 Mat foundation, 467, 468 Maximum, 666 Maximum depth of the neutral axis, 3 Maximum nominal, 16 Maximum percentage of steel, 4 Maximum shear stress, 19 Member sizes for preliminary design, 343 Meridian, 251 Meridional thrust, 253 Methods of yield line analysis, 209 Modified portal method, 383 Moment coefficient, 131 Moment distribution method, 360 Moment redistribution, 343 Moment resisting capacity, 668 Movement joints, 633 Natural frequency, 375 Nibs, 299, 304 Nodal force, 209 Nominal cover, 111 Nominal shear reinforcement, 20 Non-rectangular slabs, 150 ‘Offset columns, 409 ‘One-way action, 172 ‘One-way slabs, 107, 116 ‘Open joints, 635 Opening, 258 ‘Opening in flat slabs, 200 slabs, 215 ‘Over-reinforced section, 6, 8 Overhang or cantilever slab, 115 Overhead tanks, 590 | 722 Rees Pattern loading, 185 Pattem loading method, 390 Pedestal, 424, 425 Perimeter, 711 Pile foundation, 476 Piles, 418 Plastic hinge, 360 Point-bearing piles, 476 Points of contraflexure, 278, 363, 664 Polar moments of inertia, 278 Polygon slab, [51 Polygonal shaft, 596 Portal method, 377, 381 Pre-cast driven piles, 479 Pre-cast piles, 476 Preliminary design, 343 Pressure distribution, 421 Primary beams, 349, 351 Property line, 433 Punching, 438 Punching shear, 427 Quadrant slab, 248 Radial, 151 Radial steel, 159 Raft, 419 Raft foundation, 467 Raker piles, 476 Rankine-Grashoff coefficients, 130 Reactions coefficients, 666 Rectangular section, 279 Rectangular slab continuous on all sides, 218 three edges, 220 two adjacent edges, 223 Rectangular tanks, 569 Redistribution of moment, 347, 354, 360 Reduction in live load, 350 Regular polygon, 244 Reinforcement, 292 Reinforcement mesh, 710 Reinforcing, 711 Response acceleration coefficient, 647 Response reduction factor, 647 Retaining wall, 500 Reversed loading, 407 Ribbed slab system, 322 Ring beam, 256, 468, 612, 617 Rotation capacity of a plastic hinge, 360 Rupture lines, 203 Safe bearing capacity, 419, 506, 602 Secondary, 110 Secondary beam, 349, 351, 388 Secondary reinforcement, Lil, 131 Seismic force, 598 Seismic zone factor, 646 Semi-circular beam, 273 Serviceability criteria, 6 Serviceability requirement, 110 Settlement, 418 Shallow beam, 289 Shear failure, 16 Shear force in columns, 39 Shear reinforcement, 20 Shear resistance, 17 Shear strength, 111 Shear stress, 17 Shell, 251 Side face, 292 Simplified sub-frames, 354 Singly reinforced beam, 4 Skew slabs, 231 Slab, 111, 468 Slab clamped at the edges, 154 Slab partially fixed, 154 Slabless tread-riser staircase, 58 Slender columns, 38 Slenderness ratios, 34, 38 Sliding joint, 634 Sloping footing, 424 Solid slabs, 17 Spacing of reinforcement, 110 two-legged stirrups, 680 Span-to-overall-depth, 6 Spandrel beams, 407 Spherical dome, 251, 253, 265 Spiral in the spirally reinforced column, 33 Spread footings, 419 Staircase, 47 Standard reinforcing bars, 708, 709 Starter, 424 Steel, 121, 122 Stem, 525, 537 Stem key, 522 Stiffness of the staging, 598 Storey drift, 377 Storey shear, 381 Strap footing, 419, 458 Structural classification, 47 Structures class, 657 Submerged weight, 504 Substitute frame, 351, 353 Supporting shaft, 600 Supporting tower, 590, 596 Surcharge, 500, 504 Surcharge angle, 500 Surcharge pressure, 505 T-beam section, 12, 279 Tanks resting on the ground, 559 Terrain category, 656 To-overall-depth, 6 Toe, 502 Toe slab, 508, 526 Torsion reinforcement, 23 Torsional, 277 Torsional moments, 271 Torsional rigidities, 277 Tower foundation, 593 Translational stiffness, 375 Transverse reinforcement, 23, 24, 33 Trapezoidal slab, 151, 249 Tread slabs, 55 Tread-riser stairs, 56 Triangular, 151 Triangular slabs, 234 Tributary areas, 349 Trimming reinforcement. 258 Twisting moment, 272, 275 Index ERY Two-way action, 172 Two-way ribbed, 325 Two-way ribbed slab, 324 Two-way shear, 438 Two-way slabs, 108 Typical free standing stairs, 83 Ultimate bearing capacity, 419 Ultimate moment of resistance, + Ultimate shear strength, 17 Umbrella shell, 262 Under-reamed pile, 480 Under-reinforced section, 4 Uniaxial bending, 36 Uniaxially loaded column, 37 Unit weights, 637 Virtual hinge, 360 Viral work method, 209 Waffle slab, 110, 174, 325 Waist slab, 55 Water tanks, 546 Web reinforcement, 16 Wide beam action, 438 Wind force, 596, 607, 623 Wind load, 256, 652, 654 Wind speed and pressure, 652 Yield line pattem, 205, 206 Yield line theory, 203 Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE M.L. GAMBHIR Designed primarily as a text for the undergraduate students of civil ‘engineering, this compact and well-organized text presents all the basic ‘Topics of reinforced concrete design in a comprehensive manner. The ‘text conforms to the limit states design method as given in the latest revision of Indian Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, 1S: 456 (2000). This book covers the applications of design concepts and provides a ‘wealth of state-of-the-art information on design aspects of wide variety of reinforced concrete structures. However, the emphasis is on modern design approach, The text attempts to: @ Present simple, efficient and systematic procedures for evolving design of concrete structures. @ Make available a large amount of field tested practical data in the appendices, @ Provide time saving analysis and design aids in the form of tables and charts. @ Cover a large number of worked-out practical design examples and problems in each chapter. @ Emphasize on development of structural sense needed for proper detailing of steel for integrated action in various parts of the structure. Besides students, practicing engineers and architects would find this text extremely useful, Rs. 425.00 Dua wi Structures THE AUTHOR ML. GAMBHIR, B.E. and M.E. (IIT Roorkee), Ph.D. (Queen's University Kingston, Canada}, has been Professor and Head of Civil Engineering Department, and Dean (Planning and Resource Generation) at the Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala. He has wide experi- ence in structural design of diverse types of structures in reinforced concrete and structural steel. His major research interests are in the areas of structural engineering and dynamics; and high performance concrete and reinforced concrete design. A member of Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE) and the Indian Society for Earthquake Technology (ISET), Dr. Gambhir has published over 60 papers in reputed peer reviewed journals and has authored five books including Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design (Published by Prentice-Hall of India). SON'S78-81- = 81-203-3193-8 Wi

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