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ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a study on the 05 sources of nitrogen in wastewater effluents in Hue city,
including: households (n = 27), hotels (n = 12), restaurants (n = 20), hospitals (n = 4), and markets (n = 5). The
analysis of wastewater samples (n = 204) showed that the medium total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the
wastewater sources was in range of 20 to 60 mg-N/L, the highest concentration of TN was recorded at market
wastewater and the lowest was household domestic wastewater. However, the household domestic wastewater was
a major contributing source of nitrogen (921.4 kg-N/day, ~84.7%) discharges into the environment, followed by the
wastewater source of hotels (~8.3%) and restaurants (~5.9%), the two remain sources (hospitals and markets)
displayed a similar proportion (0.50.6%). It should be noted that only 35.6% of nitrogen loading (~387.14 kgN/day) was discharged to the citys drainage system. The remaining (64.4%) of the nitrogen loading was directly
discharged to surrounding surface water (~7%) and soil (~ 57.4%). Therefore, this issue would be a challenge for
the water management work in the city.
1. Introduction
In urban of Vietnam, drainage systems were often the common sewers that collected and controlled
domestic wastewater, rainwater, and wastewater industry. Most urban wastewater was not processed or
was treated improperly specifications before discharge [1]. This situation caused environmental pollution
of water (ponds, lakes, canals, rivers) in urban areas of our country, affecting the health and quality of life
of the community. One of the development orientations of urban drainage in Vietnam (until 2020) was
that each collects urban will have drainage system with suitable technology, sanitation [2]. Currently, the
cities such as Ho Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Hue are actively implementing the project to
renovate and expand the urban drainage system consists of renovation of old canals to prevent flooding
during the rainy season, building sewers to collect municipal wastewater to the treatment area [2].
At the end of 2014, Hue City still had not system collection urban for wastewater treatment. The
connection between the common drainage system of city and the construction of waste treatment on the
spot was still low. For example, in Citadel of Hue areas, the ratio of wastewater collection was only 70%,
the rate the regional drainage network connections in general system was lower than 56% [3]. In addition,
according to many recent studies on urban wastewater characteristics in Hue, the water quality of some
main waterways (Huong River, Nhu Y river, the lakes in Citadel of Hue) have really worried about the
signs of organics and nutrients pollution in the water sources [4, 5, 6].
In fact, if the nutrients (N, P) in urban wastewater were untreated well, this will cause the eutrophiction
pollution to water source [4]. At the urban sewage treatment stations, the handling of nutrients was high
order processing, which required the complex operation system, large investment costs and many
difficulties to achieve high processing performance [1]. The current state of the drainage in Hue city does
not guarantee closure between disposal operation and nutrients reuse in wastewater. Therefore, the
researches to improve the efficiency of nutrients control in urban wastewater are essential. In this study,
we deployed a concentration survey, calculated loading and emission coefficient of five main nitrogenous
wastewater sources in the city Hue.
___________________________________________
*
Longitude
Latitude
Symbol
QNT,
(m3day)
26-Hoang Dieu St
2/64-Hoang Dieu St
64- Hoang Dieu St
76- Tran Quoc Toan St
112- Tran Quoc Toan St
114-Tran Quoc Toan St
16- Tran Nhan Tong St
25- Tran Nhan Tong St
27-Tran Nhan Tong St
33-Le Van Huu St
156-Le Thanh Tong St
16-Luong Y St
1/16- Luong Y St
3/16- Luong Y St
5/16- Luong Y St
11/16- Luong Y St
12/16- Luong Y St
48/20- Luong Y St
2/256-Phan Chu Trinh St
3/256-Phan Chu Trinh St
12/254-Phan Chu Trinh
14/256-Phan Chu Trinh
St
7/35-Ngu Binh St
9/35- Ngu Binh St
5/9-Han Mac Tu St
7/9- Han Mac Tu St
30- Dap Da St
107 o 56594
107 o 56691
107 o 56694
107 o 56513
107 o 56241
107 o 56241
107 o 56630
107 o 56625
107 o 56627
107 o 57780
107 o 58008
107 o 57786
107 o 57783
107 o 57791
107 o 57791
107 o 57786
107 o 57794
107 o 57783
107 o 59388
107 o 59388
107 o 59383
16 o 47163
16 o 47227
16 o 47225
16 o 47483
16 o 47836
16 o 47838
16 o 47630
16 o 47630
16 o 47633
16 o 48011
16 o 44300
16 o 48247
16 o 48241
16 o 48250
16 o 48252
16 o 48250
16 o 48247
16 o 48252
16 o 45600
16 o 45605
16 o 45611
SH01
SH02
SH03
SH04
SH05
SH06
SH07
SH08
SH09
SH10
SH11
SH12
SH13
SH14
SH15
SH16
SH17
SH18
SH19
SH20
SH21
107 o 59402
16 o 45600
107 60008
107 o 59933
107 o 59897
107 o 59900
107 o 59530
16 45286
16 o 45222
16 o 47316
16 o 47319
16 o 47450
CTN average
(mg/L, n = 3)
LTN,
(g/day)
1,5
1,3
1,1
0,9
0,3
0,5
0,9
1,5
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,9
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,4
0,3
0,7
0,7
1,5
1,1
74,6
9,3
15,8
43,0
8,8
59,4
1,7
5,9
8,9
9,8
20,2
39,8
13,5
26,1
17,6
10,2
11,5
21,7
3,4
3,7
30,1
111,9
12,2
17,0
37,9
2,2
28,7
1,5
8,7
2,2
1,6
5,0
34,1
5,7
14,0
12,5
4,4
3,4
16,0
2,5
5,4
32,1
SH22
0,2
10,8 7,6
1,6
SH23
SH24
SH25
SH26
SH27
1,1
0,3
0,3
0,5
0,5
20,5
13,2
15,8
10,7
12,6
22,9
4,4
4,8
5,7
6,7
47,3
1,6
6,3
49,7
3,9
38,0
0,6
4,6
7,1
7,6
9,6
14,5
8,8
17,8
9,4
13,0
9,1
15,4
2,4
2,3
7,5
2,3
4,8
5,2
5,2
5,8
405
Note: Samples of wastewater is a combination with time; SH1-SH11 sample coordinate company HEPCO to take in
sewage; Form SH12 - SH27: taken at the outlet the pit. The formula 2.1 determine LTN.
Longitude
Latitude
Symbol
QNT,
(m3/day)
CTN average
(mg/L, n = 3)
LTN,
(g/day)
107 o 57833
107 o 57766
16 o 47616
16 o 47572
NH01
NH02
0,7
0,5
20,5
11,6
7,4
1,7
13,7
107 o 60000
16 o 45277
NH03
3,7
7,4
4,0
27,0
107 o 59550
16 o 46369
NH04
6,2
3,0
22,6
7,5
68,7
107 60338
16 46052
NH05
9,8
28,2
25,0
275,6
107 o 53577
107 o 60391
107 o 59025
16 o 43941
16 o 46180
16 o 47780
NH06
NH07
NH08
1,8
6,1
2,4
18,9
62,0
20,3
5,1
50,3
17,3
34,8
378,8
107 o 60447
16 o,46219
NH09
9,1
18,9
12,6
172,9
107 o 59786
16 o 47300
NH10
9,1
43,0
15,4
393,0
NH11
7,6
19,4
7,7
147,7
NH12
NH13
NH14
9,1
1,9
2,1
25,4
19,0
43,5
18,5
8,8
23,8
232,0
36,4
164,3
107 59469
o
107 59186
107 o 59827
107 o 59077
o
16 46822
16 46375
16 o 46444
16 o 47769
o
49,2
92,7
107 59583
16 46997
NH15
9,1
18,0
4,9
107 o 60441
16 o 46305
NH16
3,0
12,8
8,0
39,0
107 o 60447
107 o 57466
107 o 56627
16 o 46352
16 o 45769
16 o 47600
NH17
NH18
NH19
7,6
0,2
0,1
27,5
18,5
21,2
10,5
4,1
15,0
210,0
3,0
107 o 56850
16 o 47305
NH20
0,2
90,5
21,2
16,9
2,3
2364
Table 3.3. The emission factor TN (FTN) from restaurants-eateries in Hue City
Restaurants FTN
the number of
The number of d-ts
restaurants
eateries
(g-N/restaurant.day)
FTN
(g-N/d-t.day)
Type 1
7,4
0,5
Type 2
2 ( < 10 d-ts)
3 (1120 d-ts)
4 ( > 20 d-ts)
5
9
3
118,9
148,5
136,9
14,5
9,4
4,9
Longitude
Latitude
Symbol
QNT,
(m3/day)
107 o 59025
107 o 58911
107 o 59169
107 o 58302
107 o 59513
107 o 58305
107 o 59480
107 o 59030
107 o 59447
107 o 58930
107 o 58916
107 o 58852
16 o 46683
16 o 46266
16 o 46677
16 o 45805
16 o 47063
16 o 45794
16 o 47041
16 o 46183
16 o 46605
16 o 46072
16 o 46094
16 o 46183
KH01
KH02
KH03
KH04
KH05
KH06
KH07
KH08
KH09
KH10
KH11
KH12
76,2
42,7
91,7
9,3
5,5
37,0
6,1
8,4
4,6
1,5
1,4
1,2
CTN average
(mg/L, n = 3)
LTN,
(g/day)
23,6
90,1
49,9
17,3
16,5
27,6
78,8
9,9
48,7
27,5
14,4
11,4
1800,5
3844,3
4576,2
161,5
90,6
1018,9
481,0
82,6
221,9
41,9
19,5
13,9
8,8
11,5
11,0
12,0
2,4
21,6
29,5
4,5
2,6
10,5
14,1
6,0
12353
Note: Samples were taken at each manholes hotels, motels in Hue city. Wastewater flow is based on data supplied
water from the water supply company Hue.
Table 3.5. Nitrogen concentrations and loading of wastewater hospitals in Hue city
Hospital
Central Hospital
Building ODA
central hospital
Railway hospital
Hoang Viet Thang
hospital
Longitude
Latitude
Symbol
QNT,
(m3/day)
107 o 58533
16 o 46297
BV01
22,7
107 o 58613
16 o 46075
BV02
6,7
CTN average
(mg/L, n = 3)
40,8
LTN,
(g/day)
23,3
924,8
57,7
18,3
384,7
107 56452
16 45411
BV03
5,3
69,6
6,9
371,2
107 o 58166
16 o 44816
BV04
21,3
12,7
0,8
270,2
1951
Note: Samples were taken at the output of the wastewater treatment system of the hospital. Wastewater flow is
based on data supplied water from Hue Water Supply Company.
3.1.5. Waste source from markets
The survey results and the concentration from Hue ammonia loading 5 markets (Dong Ba, Ben Ngu, Kim
Long, Cau Kho and An ) in Hue city is presented in Table 3.6. TN concentrations in the effluent on the
markets fluctuated at 28-75 mg-N/L, the average TN concentration (~ 62.6 mg-N/L, n = 5) 3 times higher
than the wastewater household activities, with a total loading emissions is 3694 g-N/day. On average
emission source markets emission coefficient = 0.09 FTN g-N/m2.day. markets have a large area in
proximity to the city center (Dong Ba and Ben Ngu An Cuu) with emission factors are similar (FTN=0.09
to 0.11g-N/m2.day). Cau Kho market has the highest emission factor FTN = 0.69 g-N/m2.day and Kim
Long market has the lowest emission factor FTN = 0.02 g-N/m2.day.
Table 3.6. Nitrogen concentrations and loads of wastewater markets in Hue city
Market
Dong Ba market
Ben Gnu market
Kim Long market
Longitude
Latitude
Symbol
QNT,
(m3/day)
107 o 58880
16 o 47263
107 58402
o
107 56030
o
CTN average
(mg/L, n = 3)
LTN,
(g/day)
CH01
37,3
74,6
18,0
2783,1
CH02
7,3
30,7
13,9
224,3
CH03
3,7
28,4
14,3
103,8
16 45 555
16 46650
Cho market
107 57416
16 48152
CH04
2,7
52,7
6,0
144,7
An Cu market
107 o 60061
16 o 45775
CH05
8,0
54,8
7,0
438,0
3694
Note: Wastewater flow was calculated from the water bills of the market, wastewater samples taken from the sewer
of the markets. The formula 2.1 determine LTN.
3.2. Evaluation of the nitrogen loading arising from wastewater sources in Hue city
According to the statistics in 2013, Hue city had 350,345 people living in 27 Ward. Hue city, there were
166 hotels and 223 motels; 420 restaurants-eateries authentic; 1032 small sidewalk eateries; 14 hospitals
and 16 markets [2].
Results estimate ammonia loading arising from the wastewater in the Hue city has is presented in Table
3.7. With the assumption, average value of the emission factor (FTN) from Hue the corresponding emission
source is determined according to data analysis of section 3.1. In Hue city, Central Hospital and Dong Ba
market are the two largest sources of emissions should be calculated separately waste loading. The total
nitrogen loading from Hue city wastewater discharged 05 main groups Hue city was 1087.34 kg-N/day.
Household waste sources accounted for the largest proportion (84.7%), followed by hotels and motels
(8.3%) and restaurants-eateries (5.9%). Hospital waste sources and markets sources contributed the
equivalent of lowest density from 0.5 to 0.6% (Figure 3.1).
Table 3.7. Loading of nitrogen arising from the wastewater in Hue city
Hotel
Sources of waste
Number
Households
5 stars
3-4 stars
1-2 stars
350345
4
19
143
223
420
1032
1
13
1
15
Motel
Restaurants
Eateries
Hospital
Market
Type 1
Type 2
Dong Ba
Different market
FTN
(g-N/day)
The unit
activities
Person
Hotel
Hotel
Hotel
Motel
Restaurants
Eateries
Hospital
Hospital
Market
Market
2,63
4576
1687
239
25
134,8
7,4
925
342
2783
227,8
LTN
(g-N/day)
921407
18304
32053
34177
5575
56616
7637
925
4446
2783
3417
1087340
Sales
8.29
5.910.490.57
Domestic
Hotel-hostel
Restaurant - cafeteria
Hospital
Market
84.74
Figure 3.1. The proportion of emissions load of nitrogen (%) of the 05 wastewater in Hue city
3.3. The simple nitrogen flow from wastewater sources in Hue city
According to the surveyed results of Hoang This My Hang (2013) from many different sources, the 100%
effluent from the hotels and motels and hospitals discharge into system sewer of the city of Hue. Whereas,
only 27.8% of domestic waste water from domestic waste into the sewer, 6.4% discharged directly to
surface water (rivers, lakes, and canals), mainly (65.8%) were discharged to the soil. Wastewater into
sewer of waste source restaurants-eateries is 53.4%, 19.5% discharged directly to surface water and 27.1%
went to the soil environment. Wastewater into sewer of sources of waste markets is low (18.8%), mainly
discharged directly into surface water (75%), environmental soil only received 6.2% [9]. Based on the
ratio of water into the components of the environment, which mentioned above, flow nitrogen simply of 5
wastewaters in the city of Hue is set and presented in Figure 3.2. The estimation results show that alternate
387.14 kg-N/day (~35.6%), 76,12kg-N/day (~7.0%) and 624,08kg-N/day (~57.4%) were into the sewer
system, surface water and soil environment in Hue city
Figure 3.2. Flow diagram of nitrogen from 5 waste sources in Hue city
4. Conclusion
This study was the investigation, analysis, calculated loading, emission factors and build diagram simply
flow of nitrogen in the wastewater from 5 domestic wastewater (SH), hotels and motels (KH), restaurantseateries (NH), hospitals (BV) and markets (CH) in Hue city. The concentration of nitrogen of wastewater
5 groups according to the ascending order SH (21.6 mg-N/L, n=27), NH (27,0 mg-N/L, n=20), BV (34.8
mg-N/L, n=4), KH (43.3 mg-N/L, n=12) and CH (62.6 mg-N/L, n=5). Determing some factors emission
nitrogen of discharge sources, such as: FTN (domestic)=2,63 g-N/member.day; FTN (restaurant)=7,7 g-N
/d-t.day; FTN (5 stars hotel)=78,9 g-N/room.day; FTN (3-4 stars hotels)=38,6 g-N/room.day;
FTN(motel)=4,2 g-N/room.day; FTN (hospital)=0,7 g-N/bed.day and FTN(market)=0,09 g-N/m2.day.
Despite the nitrogen concentration is lowest but contribution of domestic wastewater is largest (921.4 kgN/day, ~ 84.7%) of the total nitogen emissions into the environment of the 5 groups of waste sources the
main were mentioned. Nitrogen is dispered in surface water and soil environment accounted for 64.4%,
nearly two times larger than the amount of nitrogen is converted into the sewer system (35.6%) of Hue
city. Therefore, improving the drainage system is essential solutions to improve the efficiency of control
urban wastewater of Hue city. We can see that the database from this study will be useful information
needs of urban wastewater of Hue city.
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