Professional Documents
Culture Documents
O THY LINH
H Ni 12/2014
LI CM N
hon thin c bi nin lun ny em nhn c rt nhiu s
quan tm ng vin, h ch v gip ca thy c v cc bn
Em xin gi li cm n su sc n C hng dn ca mnh,
TS.Nguyn Th Thy ngi ch bo em rt nhit tnh trong thi gian
lm nin lun va qua
Em xin gi li cm n n cc Thy, C trong khoa kh tng Thy
Vn Trng i hc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng H Ni tn tnh gip
em trong qu trnh lm nin lun.
Do nin lun c thc hin trong thi gian c hn, ti liu tham kho
cn thiu thn, kinh nghim bn thn cn hn ch nn ni dung nin lun cn
rt nhiu thiu st. V vy, rt mong nhn c s ng gp qu bu ca thy
c gio v ton th cc bn sinh vin bi lm c th hon tin tt hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
MC LC
M U ........................................................................................... 9
1.
2.
3.
KT LUN .......................................................................... 31
KIN NGH.......................................................................... 32
DANH MC BNG
DANH MC CH VIT TT
CLN
WQI
NSF-WQI
CCME-WQI
BOD5
COD
DO
TSS
TC
TCMT
TCVN
QCVN
QD
CSCL
TUR
Cht lng nc
(Water quality Index) ch s cht lng nc
(Canadian Council of Minieters of the Environment
Water Quality Index) ch s cht lng nc ca hi
ng b trng Mi trng Canada
(National Sanation Foundation Water quality Index)
ch s cht lng nc ca qu v sinh M
(5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cu oxi
sinh ha
(Chemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cu oxi ha hc
(Disolved Oxygen) Oxi ha tan
(Total Suspended Solids) Tng cht rn l lng
(Total Coliform) Tng coliform
Tng cc mi trng
Tiu chun Vit Nam
Quy chun Vit Nam
Quyt nh
C s cht lng
c
.........................................................
M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Trc y, Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii nh gi phn
vng cht lng nc (CLN), mc nhim nc sng, knh, rch, ao, h,
mngi ta thng da vo vic phn tch cc thng s CLN ring bit,
sau so snh gi tr tng thng s vi gi tr gii hn c qui nh trong
cc tiu chun/qui chun trong nc hoc quc t. Tuy nhin, cch lm ny
c rt nhiu cc hn ch nh: Khi nh gi phn vng qua tng thng s ring
bit s khng ni ln din bin cht lng tng qut ca cong sng (hay on
sng), do vy kh so snh CLN tng vng ca mt con sng, so snh CLN
ca con sng ny vi con sng khc, CLN thi im ny vi thi im khc
(theo thng, theo ma), CLN qu kh, hin ti v tng laiV th, s gy
kh khn cho cng tc theo di, gim st din bin CLN, kh nh gi hiu
qu u t bo v ngun nc v kim sot nhim nc ng thi,
khi nh gi phn vng cht lng nc qua cc thng s ring bit, khi c
th c thng s t, thng s vt, iu ch ni ln CLN i vi tng
thng s i ring bit. Do , ch cc nh khoa hc hoc cc nh chuyn
mn mi hiu c. V vy, kh thng tin v tnh hnh CLN cho cng ng
dn chng, gy kh khn khi cc nh qun l a ra cc quyt nh ph hp
v bo v, khai thc ngun nc khc phc kh khn trn, cn phi c
mt hoc mt h thng ch s cho php lng ho c CLN (ngha l biu
din CLN theo mt thang im thng nht), c kh nng m t tc ng tng
hp ca nng nhiu thnh phn ho l sinh trong ngun nc. Mt
trong s ch s l ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index - WQI).
WQI (Water Quality Index) c xut hin u tin M vo thp
nin 70 v hin ang c p dng rng ri nhiu bang. Hin nay, ch s
WQI c trin khai nghin cu v s dng rng ri nhiu quc gia nh n
, Canada, Chil, Anh, i Loan, c, MalaysiaMt trong nhng b ch s
10
11
12
13
3. B cc nin lun
M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
2. Mc tiu v phm vinghin cu
3. Cch tip cn v phng php nghin cu
Chng 1. Tng quan v ch s WQI
1.1 C s l thuyt ca ch s WQI
1.2 Phn loi ch s WQI
1.3 ng dng ca ch s WQI
Chng 2. Mt s ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng
2.1 Mt s loi ch s WQI dng phn vng cht lng nc sng
2.2 Mt s nghin cu ng dng ch s WQI phn vng cht lng nc sng
Kt lun v kin ngh
1. Kt lun
2. Kin ngh
14
CHNG I.
TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC
1.1 C s l thuyt ca ch s WQI
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung v ch s CLN
Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index-WQI) l mt ch s t
hp c tnh ton t thng s cht lng nc xc nh thng qua mt cng
thc ton hc.WQI Dng m t nh lng v cht lng nc v c
biu din qua mt thang im
Vic s dng sinh vt trong nc lm ch th cho mc sch c t
nm 1850 c coi l nghin cu u tin v WQI
Ch s Horton (1965) l ch s WQI u tin c xy dng trn thang
s.
Hin nay c rt nhiu quc gia/a phng xy dng v p dng ch s
WQI. Thng qua mt m hnh tnh ton, t cc thng s khc nhau ta thu
c mt ch s duy nht. Sau cht lng nc c th so snh vi nhau
thng qua ch s . y l phng php n gin so vi vic phn tch mt
lot cc thng s.
1.1.2 Quy trnh xy dng WQI
Vic xy dung mt hnh tnh WQI gm 4 giai on c bn:
Xc nh thng s cht lng nc la chn (Xi): mt s t cc thng s
c la chn t nhiu thng s cht lng nc tnh vo WQI. S thng
s c la chn tnh vo WQI thng thay i, n c hiu chnh thay
i cho ph hp vi tng dng sng, cho tng mc ch s dng nc, nhng
thng l 3:13 thng s.
Xc nh thnh phn trng lng ng gp ca cc thng s la chon
(Wi): phn trng lng ng gp th hin tm quan trng ca mi thng s
la chn trong m hnh tnh WQI. Ty theo dng sng v mc ch s dng
nc khc nhau m tm quan trng ca mi thng s trong m hnh tnh cng
khc nhau. Song, cng co mt s loi WQI khng tnh n phn trng lng
ng gp ca thng s la chn.
Xc nh ch s ph (qi): qi th hin cht lng ca thng s la chn v
do vy n ph thuc vo gi tr ca thng s la chn. Mt khc, do cc thng
s la chn thng c n v khc nhau nn phi quy v thang im (hay ch
15
Dng tch
1/n
wi
Dng solway
(
2.1.3 u v hn ch ca WQI
T cc ti liu tham kho c v phng php nghin cu cht lng
nc bng ch s WQI, ti tng hp v nh gi v cc u im ca WQI
trong nh gi din bin cht lng nc:
Cho php gim mt s cc thng s phn tch vt l, ha hc v vi sinh
xung cn mt con s n gin theo mt phng php n gin.
Cho php lng ha cht nc (tt, xu, trung bnh,) theo mt thang
im lin tc v n th hin tng ha nh hng ca cc thng s cht lng
nc.
Thch hp vi vic tin hc ha, nn thun li cho qun l v thng bo
cht lng nc cho cng ng v cc nh hoch nh chnh sch.
S to iu kin thun li cho bn ha cht lng nc thng qua
vic mu ha cc thang im WQI..
Khng nhng ng vai tr l ch th ca s thay i cht lng nc
m cn ch th cho nhng thay i v tim nng s dng nc.
16
Cho php nh gi khch quan v cht lng nc, ng thi cho php
so snh cht lng nc theo khng gian, thi gian v do vy, thun li cho
phn vng v phn loi cht lng nc.
Tuy c nhiu u im, nhng WQI cng c nhng hn ch sau:
Tnh m h: trong mt s trng hp, WQI khng phn nh r rng v
thc trng cht lng nc, chng hn cht lng nc km nhng gi tr
WQI li phn nh l trung bnh, thm ch tt v ngc li, cht lng nc tt
nhng gi tr WQI li phn nh l trung binhg
Tnh khng mm do: mt s m hnh tnh WQI khng cho php b
sung thng s do phng php c c nh
Tnh che khut: mt thng s no y c gi tr ch s ph thp c th
b che lp bi nhng thng s c gi tr cao hn
1.2 ng dng ch s WQI
Phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh: WQI c th c s dng lm c s
cho vic ra cc quyt nh phn b ti chnh v xc nh cc vn u tin.
Phn vng cht lng nc
Thc thi tiu chun: WQI c th nh gi c mc p ng/khng
p ng ca cht lng nc i vi tiu chun hin hnh
Phn tch din bin cht lng nc theo khng gian v thi gian.
Cng b thng tin cho cng ng
Nghin cu khoa hc: cc nghin cu chuyn su v cht lng nc
thng khng s dng WQI tuy nhin WQI c th s dng cho cc nghin
cu v m khc nh nh gi tc ng ca qu trnh th ha n cht lng
nc khu vc, nh gi hiu qu kim sot pht thi
nh gi cht lng nc
17
CHNG II
TNG QUAN NG DNG CH S WQI TRONG NH GI
PHN VNG CHT LNG NC SNG
2.1 Phn loi ch s ch s cht lng nc
2.1.1 Phn loi theo b thng s
2.1.1.1 Ch s cht lng nc ca T chc V sinh quc gia M (NSFWQI)
Ch s cht lng nc ny c xy dng vo nm 1970 nh l mt
cng c truyn thng tin v cht lng nc n cng ng v cc nh ban
hnh lut, l mt trong nhng CSCL nc c s dng rng ri nht Hoa
K. WQI l kiu ch s CLN tng qut, tc l chung cho a mc ch s dng
nc. NSF-WQI c xy dng bng cch s dng k thut Delphi (ca tp
on rand) xc nh cc thng s CLN la chn (Xi), sau xc lp phn
trng lng ca tng thng s(wi) v tin hnh xy dng cc th chuyn
i t cc gi tr xi (gi tr o c ca thng s la chn) sang ch s ph
(qi). trnh nhng vn do quan i ch quan v s khc nhau a
phng, vic xy dng cu hi c da vo mt bng cu hi ly kin
nhn xt ca nhiu chuyn gia nhiu vng a l khc nhau.
u tin cc chuyn gia s chn ra cc bin s cn c trong ch s v
trng s ca tng bin s. Theo kt qu kho st kin ca tng chuyn gia,
11 thng s c chn trn tng s 35 thng s ngh, bao gm: DO,
TC, pH, BOD5,NO3-,PO43-, nhit , TUR v tng cht rn (TS), cc cht c
v thuc tr su. Vi 9 thng s u, cc chuyn gia a ra cc ng
cong th hin s thay i ca cc ch s ph ng vi nhiu mc nhim khc
nhau cc vng khc nhau. Sau s ly trung bnh v hnh thnh ng
cong phn hng tnh ch s ph. i vi cht c v thuc tr su, ch s
c ly bng 0 gi tr ti a cho php v ch s tng dn theo s gim nng
ca cc cht ny. Ch s NSF tng th c tnh bng cch cng tt c cc
tch ca ch s ph v trng s tng ng ca chng:
NSF WQI =
18
19
)1/n x 100
Trong :
Fi: gi tr hm nhy ca thng s th i
n: s thng s la chn (n ty thuc vo mi mc ch s dng nc).
WQI tng qut (hay WQI cho a mc ch s dng) c tnh bng
cch ly bnh qun s hc cc gi tr WQI ca cc mc nh s dng nc
khac nhau vi gi thit tm quan trng ca chng l nh nhau.Nu tm quan
trng ca cc mc ch s dng nc khc nhau, c th gn h s khc nhau
cho mi mc ch s dng khi tnh WQI tng qut. Da vo thang im
Bhargava-WQI, CLN c phn loi v nh gi theo 5 mc (5 loi) nh sau:
mc I: WQI = 90:100 (rt tt); mc II: WQI = 65:89 (tt); mc III: WQI =
35 : 64 (trung bnh); mc IV: WQI = 11: 34 (xu); mc V : WQI = 1:10 (rt
xu)
2.1.1.3 Ch s cht lng nc ca Canada (CCME Water Quality Index)
Ch s cht lng nc Canada CCME-WQI c xy dng da trn
c s k tha v pht trin m hnh WQI ca bang British Columbia (Canada)
v nm 2001 c hi ng B trng Mi trng Canada chp nhn a
vo s dng. CCME-WQI l loi m hnh WQI cho mc ch ring hoc mc
ch tng qut v c th p dng cho c ngun nc ngt, nc l v nc
mn. Song m hnh ny ch p dng khi c 4 thng s cht lng nc v 4
t o hay quan trc. Nhng thng s cht lng nc cn quan trc (cc
thng s la chn) v nhng tiu chun cht lng nc cho cc mc ch s
dng khc nhau ph thuc vo cc tiu chun v quy nh ca quc gia v
quc t.
CCME-WQI c tnh ton t cc h s i din cho 3yu t: phm vi
(F1), tn s (F2) v ln (F3) trong F1 v F2 c xc nh trc tip, F3
c xc nh gin tip.
Xc nh F1 (phm vi): F1 th hin thng s cht lng nc khng t
chun, vt qu (hoc nh hn) gii hn cho php trong tiu chun cht
lng nc ng vi mt mc ch no . F1 c o bng t s gia s thng
s khng t chun v tng s cc thng s c quan trc:
20
F =
(4)
F2=
-1
-1
Nse=
21
2.1.2 Phn loi ch s cht lng nc WQI theo trng s ti Vit Nam
Ti vit Nam, trong thi gian qua, tng cc Mi trng ban hnh quyt
nh s 879/Q-TCMT v vic ban hnh s tay hng dn tnh ton ch s
cht lng nc. Tuy nhin WQI c cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v p
dng cho mt vi lu vc sng t lu, mt s nghin cu in hnh nh sau:
Tn Tt Lng (2006). Xy dng ch s cht lng nh gi v qun l
cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, trong nghin cu ny tc gi s
dng phng php Delphi v phn tch tng quan a ra ch s
WQI.ng thi tc gi xy dng mt h thng cu hi gi n cc chuyn gia
v cc thng s cn c quan tm la chn, cng nh cc trng s cho mi
thng s . C 6 thng s c la chn nh sau:
Bng 2-3: Cc thng s c la chn theo phng php Delphi-Tn
Tht Lng.
Trng s tm
Trng s cui
STT
Thng s
thi
cng
1
BOD5
1
0,23
2
DO
0,76
0,18
3
SS
0.7
0,16
4
pH
0,66
0,15
Tng N
0,63
0,15
5
6
Tng coliform
0,56
0,13
22
Ch s WQI cui cng c tnh theo cng thc trung bnh cng c
trng s:
I=
i
Trong qi, wi ln lt l ch s ph v trng s tng ng ca
thng s cht lng nc i.
nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, da vo kt qu
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v kinh nghim thc t, tc gi ti xut
phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s WQI nh sau:
Bng 2-4: phn loi cht lng ngun nc mt Tn Tht Lng
nh gi cht lng
Loi ngun nc
Ch s WQI
nc
1
9<WQI<10
Khng nhim
2
7<WQI<9
nhim rt nh
3
5<WQI<7
nhim nh
4
3<WQI<5
nhim trung bnh
5
1<WQI<3
nhim nng
6
9<WQI<10
nhim t nng
Theo L Trnh v cng tc vin .Nghin cu phn vng cht lng
nc theo cc ch s cht lng v nh gi kh nng s dng ngun nc
sng, knh rch trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong cng trnh
nghin cu ny, tc gi a ra 3 m hnh tnh ton WQI. V c bn cc m
hnh u da trn hai m hnh gc NSF-WQI v m hnh Bhargava-WQI
tnh ton.Cc m hnh khc nhau ch xc nh b thng s v trng s ng
gp ca tng thng s trong b thng s chn sao cho ph hp vi mc
ch v c trng ca khu vc nh gi. Do , khi gii thiu v phn tch cc
m hnh, chng ti xin trch tm tt cc im khc bit v b thng s v
trng s ng gp m khng lp li cch tnh ton c th. Cc m hnh c th
c trnh by cc mc di y:
a.M hnh 1: Da theo m hnh NSF-WQI (NSF-WQI/HCM)
Da theo m hnh NSF-WQI/HCM do L Trnh v cng s xut
nm 2007. Trong c bn iu chnh 4 thng s trong 9 thng s ca NSFWQI. Phng php, cng thc tnh v trng s wikhng thay i so vi NSFWQI. Xem bng sau:
23
NSF-WQI/HCM
Thng s la Trng s ng
chn
gp wi
Nhm thng s
Bin i
0,12
nhit
SS+DS
0,08
c
0,10
pH
0,08
Oxy ha tan
0,17
(DO)
Thng s vt l
Nhu cu oxi
0,10
sinh ha
Tng N
0,10
Thng s ha hc
Tng P
0,10
Thng s sinh hc
T.coliform
0,15
Tng wi
1,00
24
25
Kt qu nghin cu
nh gi cht lng nc h thng Hu, da vo mt s kt qu nghin
cu v kinh nghim thc t, chng ti xut phn loi ngun nc mt theo ch s
WQI nh sau:
Bng Phn loi nhim ngun nc mt
nh gi cht
lng
Mc ch s dng nc
Loi
ngun
nc
K hiu
mu
Ch s WQI
Xanh
dng
90<WQI100
Khng nhim
S dng cho tt c cc mc ch
s dng nc m khng cn x l
Lam
70<WQI90
nhim rt nh
Lc
50<WQI70
nhim nh
Gii tr ngoi tr cc mn th
thao tip xc trc tip, ph hp
vi mt s loi c
Vng
30<WQI50
Ch ph hp vi s gii tr tip
xc gin tip vi nc, GTT
Da cam
10<WQI30
nhim nng
26
WQI10
nhim rt nng
Ch s dng vi GTT.
27
Kt lun
Din bin cht l ng nc khu vc nghin cu
Thng qua vic tng quan ti liu v o c cht lng nc lun n
xc nh c nhng vn ct li v cht lng nc vnh H Long. l
cc vn v nhim cht rn l lng, cht dinh dng, cht hu c v du
m. Gi tr cc thng s cht lng nc lin quan n cc loi nhim ny
c xu hng tng ln theo thi gian. Trong tng lai, vn nhim cht rn
l lng, cht dinh dng, cht hu c v du ti khu vc ven b vn c xu
hng tng v vt qu gii hn cho php ca quy chun QCVN
10:2008/BTNMT, nh hng trc tip cht lng nc vng li vnh.
Mc tc ng c a cc khu vc ngun th i n cht l ng nc
v nh
Lun n lm sng t cc ngun tc ng n cht lng nc vnh H
Long, c bit xc nh c mc ng nh hng ca cc khu vc ngun
thi bn trong v bn ngoi vnh thng qua tnh ton m. Kt qu tnh ton
m phng cho thy vng li vnh H Long chu tc ng mnh t cc ngun
thi ven b thnh ph H Long v hot ng tu thuyn, nui trng hi sn
lng b trn vnh.
Cc ngun thi ti khu vc Yn Hng, Cm Ph, Ct B nh hng ch yu
n vng m v khng tc ng nhiu n vng li vnh H Long.
Xy dng v tnh ton ch s cht l ng nc cho v nh H Long
Lun n ng gp v lm sng t phng php lun xy dng ch s cht
lng nc bin, phc v vic nh gi v phn vng cc vng, vnh ven bin
thng qua vic pht trin mt cng thc tnh ch 23 s cht lng nc cho
vnh H Long.
Chn thng s tnh WQIHL c la chn
c theo c im ca nc bin ven b v cc c trng mi
trng vnh H Long. Cc thng s tnh bao gm %DOBH (vi trng
s 0,07), COD (0,11), TOC (0,08), du v m (0,17) tng coliform
hoc feacal coliform (0,07), TSS (0,17), TN (0,11), TP (0,11) v
chlorophyll a (0,11). Cc ch s ph c xy dng da trn QCVN
10:2008/MONRE, cc tiu chun cht lng nc bin ven b ca
ASEAN, Australia, Nht,v cc yu cu cht lng nc cho cc
h sinh thi bin. Thang phn loi cht lng nc theo WQI gm 5
mc: rt tt (97-100), tt (qi min 67 hoc WQI = 92-96 v qi min
67), trung bnh (70-91), xu (50-69), rt xu (1-49). Qu trnh tnh
ton bng cng thc c ci tin v xy dng trn vn c
tin hnh nh bnh thng khi thiu s liu.
Phn vng cht l ng nc v nh H Long
Lun n ng gp cho phng php lun p dng ch s cht
lng nc bin nh gi v phn vng cht lng nc bin ven
28
29
30
Kt qu
Bng so snh WQI quan trc v WQI tiu chun
31
32
2.Kin ngh
Nng cao nhn thc v nguy c nhim mi trng, i vi s pht
trin bn vng, th hin r trong quy hoch, k hoch pht trin ca tng a
bn phng x, tng ngnh, trong tng d n, vi tm nhn di hn.
Tip tc kin ton h thng c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng
n cp huyn (thnh ph). T y mnh cng tc thanh tra, kim tra vic
chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng; x l nghim cc hnh vi vi phm
php lut v BVMT, trong t trng tm i vi cc c s gy nhim
mi trng trn phm vi tan thnh ph, thc hin ni dung bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng ca cc c s sn xut,
kinh doanh v dch v.
Trin khai quy hach chi tit s dng t trong lu vc, b tr s dng
nc hp l, hn ch cc d n lm gia tng cc cht thi gy nhim.
xut tip tc tranh th ngun vn ti tr u t m rng h thng
x l nc thi tin n ph kn thu gom nc thi cho tan b c dn th
trong lu vc.
Thc hin chng trnh thu gom v x l cht thi t sn xut nng
nghip (trng trt, chn nui); u t mt s im thu gom rc thi t sn
xut nng nghip nh h rc, b rc... ng thi kt hp vn ng nhn dn
t thu gom, x l, tn dng ph phm t sn xut ch bin phn hu c...
Xy dng vn ha ng x thn thin vi mi trng, y mnh tuyn
truyn, gio dc php lut, nng cao nhn thc, xy dng cc chun mc,
hnh thnh thc, hnh vi ng x thn thin vi thin nhin, mi trng.
a cc ni dung bo v mi trng vo cuc vn ng Ton dn on
kt xy dng i sng vn ha khu dn c v cuc vn ng Xy dng
np sng vn minh ni cng cng
33