Nhip nh nng cao - C bn v DSLR

Mt my nh thay ng knh, d c hay khng c gng lt, thng

kh kh s dng vi nhng ngi mi bt u do n c qu nhiu nt
v nhiu chc nng chnh.
Chun b
Thit b: Bt k my nh thay ng knh no.
Mc tiu: Nm vng c nhng phn c bn ca mt my nh
thay ng knh v cch cm my khi chp nh.
Thi gian: 10 pht.
Mt khi hiu nhng khi nim c bn, ngi chp s thy cc nt chc nng trn DSLR c b
tr kh khoa hc v d hiu.
Bi di y s trnh by nhng g c bn nht thng c trn mt my nh thay ng knh. D v c
bn l ging nhau, nhng ngi c cng cn lu l nhng my khc nhau, cc nt c th c b
tr nhng v tr khc bit.

Mt trc

Nhng nt ch mt trc my nh. nh: Cnet.

mt trc ca my nh, bn s thy iu u tin p vo mt l vng lp ng knh. y l ni bn
phi lp ng knh trc khi c th chp c nh. Lu , cc my nh khc nhau s c ngm ng knh
khc nhau v ng knh dnh cho my nh no ch c th lp trn my nh . Thng thng, trn ng
knh s c cc im trn c thn my v ng knh gip ngi dng xc nh c khp lp u
tin.

Nt tho ng knh thng b tr ngay cnh vin ng trn thn my. Khi lp ng knh v xoay, bn s
nghe mt ting "tch" bo hiu ng knh khp vo thn. Khi tho ng, ch vic bm nt tho v
xoay ng ngc chiu vi chiu va lp vo.
Nt xem trc su trng nh (DOF preview) kh thng dng trn cc my nh DSLR trong khi
li thiu vng nhng my nh khng gng lt. Khi bm nt ny, my nh s khp m v ng
thng s t gip ngi chp xc nh trc su trng nh ca bc nh s chp.
n h tr ly nt s t ng chiu sng ln i tng trong iu kin nh sng ti gip cm bin
nt ca my nh bt nt c tt hn. Tuy nhin, nu khng mun nh hng ti i tng chp, n
ny c th tt trong menu.

Mt trn

Cc ch mt trn. nh: Cnet.

Vng xoay ch trn mt trn gip ngi chp chuyn i gia cc ch chp. Cc ch thng
dng nht c t trn vng xoay ny l ch t ng, u tin ca trp, u tin m v chnh tay
hon ton (thng k hiu tng ng bng cc ch ci P, A, S, M hoc P, Av, Tv, M).
Bn cnh vng xoay ch l nt chp nh. Chc nng ca nt chp ny chc chn qu r rng v
tng t nh trn my nh du lch: dng ly nt v chp.
Khe cm n dng gn n flash ngoi. Mt s nh sn xut hin cn lm thm mt s ph kin c
th lp trn khe ny nh thc cn bng chng hn.
Hu ht cc my thay ng knh s cp u c sn n flash tch hp. n ny c bt bng mt nt
ngay cnh n mt trn ca my nh vi biu tng tia chp.

Mt sau

Mt sau my nh. nh: Cnet.

Chim phn ln mt sau l mn LCD v mt s nt chc nng khc. Cc nt ny thng thng bao
gm cc nt iu hng, xem li nh, nt xa nh. trn, mt s my i mi hn c th c thm nt
xem sng Live View hoc nt quay video.
Pha trn mn LCD l khung ngm quang cn hnh chp nh. nhng my khng gng lt hoc
mt s DSLR i mi c chc nng LiveView, ngi chp c th cn khung bng mn LCD thay v
khung ngm quang.
Nt xem li nh thng c k hiu bng hnh tam gic quay sang phi, gip xem li nhng bc nh
va chp. Nt Menu dng truy cp vo cc tnh nng su hn ca my nh hoc hiu chnh
nhng thng s khc nh phn gii hoc cc tnh nng khc.
Nt iu hng hoc vng xoay iu hng gip duyt gia cc tnh nng khc nhau ca menu v
cng l nt duyt xem cc nh chp. Thng thng, cc nt ny cn c thm chc nng l cc
"phm nng" truy cp nhanh cc ty chnh thng dng nh ISO, ly nt hay cn bng trng.

Mt di v cnh bn

Cc cng giao tip v khe cm pin. nh: Cnet.

Mt di y ca my l khe cm pin. mt s phin bn, nh sn xut c th tch hp thm khe cm
th. Nu khe cm th khng trong khe cm pin th thng c b tr bn sn my nh. Sn
my nh cn l ni c cc cng USB, cng A/V hoc thm ch cng mini-HDMI trn mt s phin
bn i mi.

Cch cm my ng

Cch cm my ng bn tri. nh: Cnet.

Khng ging nh my nh du lch, my nh thay ng knh nu khng cm ng cch c th khin nh

b rung hoc gim sc nt ca nh. Cch cm tiu chun l tay cm chnh lun nm vng phn nh
ra ca my nh, trong khi tay cn li di ng knh.

Nhip nh nng cao - ng knh v cc thng s

Do kh nng thay th c ng knh nn ngi chp bng my DSLR c th la chn cc ng khc
nhau cho nhng hon cnh khc nhau.
> Nhip nh nng cao - C bn v DSLR
Chun b
- Thit b: Bt k my nh thay ng knh no
- Mc tiu: Nm vng cch c cc thng s trn ng knh, khi no nn dng ng no v cc
ch c bn trn my nh.
- Thi gian: 15 pht

Khng ging nh my nh du lch, my nh thay ng knh, ng nh tn ca n, phi c thm ng

knh lp vo mi c th chp nh c. Do kh nng thay th c ng knh nn ngi chp c th
la chn cc ng khc nhau cho nhng hon cnh khc nhau. bi ny, ngi c s tm hiu nhng
phn c bn ca mt ng knh, cc loi ng knh v khi no th nn dng loi no.
Lu , v c bn d c tng t nhau nhng my nh khc nhau s c mt s khc bit v cch b tr
cng nh cch thc hot ng ca cc phm chc nng. V vy, ngi c vn cn tham kho sch
hng dn ca my nh ca mnh trc khi thc hnh chp.

Cc phn ca ng knh
Mt trc.

Mt trc ng knh. nh: Cnet.

Mt trc ca ng knh thng c cc thng s biu th di tiu c v m ca ng knh .

Mt bn.

Mt bn ca ng knh. nh: Cnet.

mt bn, bn s thy vng zoom (nu l ng zoom) v vng xoay ly nt. Xoay vng zoom s iu
chnh tiu c ca ng knh v xoay vng ly nt s iu chnh khong cch n i tng ly nt.
Mt s ng knh i c cn c thm vng m iu chnh m trn ng knh. Tiu c ca ng
knh cng thng c sn ln mt bn, nht l vi cc ng zoom.
Mt sau.

Mt sau ng knh. nh: Cnet.

Mt sau l ni b tr cc chu tip im in t v ngm lp ng knh vo thn my. Lu , do ng

knh l b phn rt nhy cm nn khi khng dng, lun nh y c mt trc v sau ca ng knh
trnh bi v xc.

Cc loi ng knh
V c bn, c hai loi ng knh: ng zoom c th thay i tiu c v ng prime ch c mt tiu c.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th chia nh ng knh thnh 4 loi, l ng gc rng, ng tiu c chun,
ng tele v ng c chng.
ng gc rng.

ng knh gc rng. nh: Wikia.

ng nh tn gi, ng gc rng cho mt gc nhn ln hn so vi gc tiu chun ca mt ngi. ng

ny thng c dng chp nh phong cnh c th thu c nhiu cnh vt hn. ng gc rng
c th l ng zoom hoc prime, biu th bng s v n v mm, theo , s cng nh ng knh gc
cng rng (chng hn ng 28mm, 24mm hay 16mm).
ng zoom tiu chun.

My Canon 50D vi ng knh zoom tiu chun. nh: Salestore.

Nu nh ng tiu chun cp n gc nhn tiu chun ca mt ngi th ng zoom tiu chun

thng c hiu l ng kit i km my. Hu ht cc my thay ng knh s cp u i km ng kit
ngi dng c th chp c ngay. Chng thng c di tiu c thng dng nht ko di t gc rng
ti tele v thng di khong t 28mm n 90mm.
ng tele.

ng tele ca Canon. nh: Letsgodigital.

ng tele gip thu i tng li gn hn. N c bit hu dng trong nhng tnh hung khng th vo
gn c ch th c chp, chng hn chp ng vt hoang d nh s t hay bo, hay i khi ch l
chim mung. ng tele thng c di tiu c t 90mm tr ln v cng theo nguyn tc s cng ln tiu
c cng di (nh cc ng 300mm, 400mm hay 600mm).
ng c chng.

ng knh Tilt-Shift. nh: The-picture.

Cc ng c chng thng ch hu dng mt s trng hp nht nh, chng hn nh ng macro,

mt c hay ng trt (Tilt-Shift).

Thng s nhn hnh (crop) l g?

nh miu t h s crop trn my DSLR. nh: Cnet.

Khi mua my nh thay ng knh, c th bn s nghe thy thut ng "nhn hnh" (crop factor). Thut
ng ny bt ngun t vic kch c mi kiu phim trn my nh c trc y l 24 x 36 mm. Kch c
ny c coi l kch c chun (full-frame). i vi cc my nh s sau ny, ch nhng my c cm
bin bng ng kch c ca phim (24 x 36 mm) mi c gi l my full-frame, v ch trn cc my
ny, ng knh mi th hin ng gi tr tiu c in trn ng knh . Cn cc my thay ng knh c
kch c cm bin nh hn, khi lp ng knh, tiu c trn s phi nhn thm mt gi tr nht nh,
gi tr ny chnh l crop-factor v n khc nhau ty thuc theo tng phin bn v tng nh sn xut.
V d, mt ng 24mm khi lp trn thn my c crop-factor l 1.6x, ng knh ny s c tiu c l
38mm.
Hu ht cc my nh s s, trung cp u c kch c cm bin APS-C vi thng s nhn hnh l 1,6x
hoc 1,5x. Cc my h Micro Four Thirds c thng s nhn hnh 2x, ch c DSLR cao cp mi c
kch c cm bin full-frame.

Nhip nh nng cao - Cch dng n flash

Mt trong nhng k thut kh nht trong nhip nh l s dng n
flash sao cho hiu qu nht.
Chun b
Thit b: Bt k my nh thay ng knh no km mt ng knh v mt n
flash ri.
Mc tiu: Nm vng cch s dng n flash sao cho hiu qu nht.
Thi gian: 15 pht

Hu ht cc my nh thay ng knh u c n flash tch hp (tr mt s phin bn nh Olympus EP1, E-P2 hay cc my DSLR chuyn nghip). Mc d cc n tch hp ny t ra kh hu dng khi
chp nh, nhng ni chung, cc n ny vn cha hiu qu trong mt s trng hp nht nh.
khc phc nhc im ny, cc my thay ng knh thng c thm chu lp n flash ngoi.
Cc n lp ngoi ny c cng sut ln s dng trong hu ht cc trng hp. Nhng nu
khng iu chnh ng cch, vi cng sut ln chng s d dng lm i tng c chp b chy
sng, hoc nu sng th hu cnh li ti en khin nh b bp v mt i chiu su cn thit.

Tm hiu v n flash lp ngoi

Cc b phn ca n flash. nh: Cnet Asia.

1. u ca n l ni cha bng pht sng. Mt s n c kh nng lt hay xoay theo cc gc khc
nhau, cho php ngi chp c th ht sng theo nhiu hng khc nhau.
2. Thn n l ni c cc nt iu khin, mn hnh hin th v khoang cha pin.
3. Chu n c cc u ni tip xc vi cc tip im trn chu lp n thn my. Cc chu ny
chnh l phn my nh v n c th nhn v truyn lnh ln nhau. Mi nh sn xut s c cc cch
b tr cc u ti tip xc khc nhau, v th n hng no ch c th dng trn my ca hng (tr
cc thit b n t cc hng th ba).

Mt s n c th lt xoay phn u theo nhiu hng khc nhau.

nh: Cnet Asia.
S dng k thut ht sng
Nu bn cha thng n flash vo i tng, nh c th s tr nn qu chi. trnh tnh trng ny,
bn nn lt u ca n flash hng cho ln trn nh sng p vo trn (nu trn thp) hoc
tng xung quanh i tng. Thao tc ny s lm cho nh sng c tri u trn ton b khung
cnh xung quanh i tng, lm cho nh trng t nhin hn.

iu chnh gc pht sng ph hp. nh: Cnet Asia.

Nu n flash c sn tm nha ht sng pha u n, bn c th ko ht ra ri b u flash hng
thng ln tri, khi chp nh sng s phn vo tm chn sng tch hp ny ri mi ta ln i tng,
lm cho nh sng trn i tng u v gt hn. Nu khng c tm ht sng ny, bn c th khc
phc bng cch ly bng dnh gn mt tm nha trng vo sau n thay th.

S dng cp ni di n

Dy ni di n flash. nh: Cnet Asia.

Nu c thm kinh ph, bn c th mua thm y ni di n flash. Vi dy ni ny, n khng nht

thit phi gn ln trn thn my na, v th bn hon ton c th iu chnh n ht t bn trn hay t
mt bn ca i tng. K thut ny c th to nn nhng hiu ng th v nh ch chiu sng mt na
i tng, to cm gic nh c chp t studio.
Mt s my nh chuyn nghip cn c th iu khin n flash t xa m khng cn dy ni. Nu my
nh ca bn khng c chc nng , bn hon ton c th khc phc bng cch lp thm b truyn tn
hiu khng dy gia my v n, bn cng s c c chc nng gn tng t.

Ch chnh tay
Cc n flash cao cp thng c thm chc nng cho php bn hiu chnh cng sut pht sng ca
n. Chc nng ny cho php ngi chp iu chnh mt nh sng pht ra ph hp ty theo
tng trng hp c th. Hin nay mt s my thay ng knh cng c chc nng tng t i vi
n flash tch hp trn thn my.

K hiu TTL l g
Khi s dng vi n flash, bn thng hay c c cm t TTL. T ny c vit tt t "Through
The Lens" (qua ng knh). Khi mt n flash c cm bin o sng TTL tch hp, c ngha l n c
th tng tc vi my nh bit chnh xc trong mt cnh nht nh, my nh s dng thng s phi
sng nh th no, t n s pht mt cng sut tng ng va chiu sng khung cnh.
Cc n flash hin ti u c nhng h thng o sng TTL rt tn tin, v th m nhiu nhip nh gia
thng khng cn quan tm ti vic hiu chnh thng s n na, h ch vic chiu n vo i tng
v bm my.

Bc nh bn phi c chiu sng cn bng nh k thut chp ht

sng (n nghing gc 45 ), trong khi bc bn tri do chiu thng
nn b bng pha sau. nh: Cnet Asia.

Khi cng sut n c iu chnh thch hp, nh trong s sng t

nhin hn. nh: Cnet Asia.
S dng n flash ban ngy
C th bn s thc mc: Th cn vic dng n flash trong iu kin nh sng ban ngy th sao? Thc
ra nh trong bi v flash trn my du lch cng cp, trong nhng trng hp chp ngc sng
(nh sng n t sau lng i tng), i tng lc ny s tr thnh bng en (silhouette). Lc ny s
dng flash b sng cho tin cnh s lm i tng ni bt tr li. Trong trng hp ny, nh gim
cng sut ca n, th chp mt vi ln vi vi mc khc nhau cho n khi c c mt bc nh ng
.

"Topic ny ti m ra vi mc ch gip cung cp nhng kin

thc cn bn cho cc bn mi BT U chp nh. V thi gian
cng c hn ch nn ti ch post ln y tng phn v s c
gng post song song phn K thut chp cn bn. Hai phn
ny s h tr nhau gip cc bn nhanh chng t mnh chp
c nhng bc nh nh .
Exposure (s phi sng)
Bn cht ca chp nh l s phi sng. My nh l mt hp ti.
Khi bm nt chp nh, mt cnh ca c m ra cho nh sng
bn ngoi i vo qua ng knh. nh sng tc dng vo film
(hay sensor i vi my digital _ t sau y ti ch ni n
film) to ra hnh nh. Mt bc nh ta c th tm chia lm
hai phn : sng v s cn i nh sng.
Ta hy hnh dung film l mt vt thu sng. V sng ca bc
nh quyt nh bi lng nh sng m film thu c. Khi lng
nh sng vo qu nhiu th nh s trng xa cn khng th
nh s b ti. Mt bc nh c sng ng vi i tng c
chp gi l ng sng.Ngoi yu t sng ra, s cn i nh
sng khc nhau s to ra nhng bc nh hon ton khc nhau

vi cng mt sng.
Lng nh sng film thu c gi l Ev ( Expoure value) .
Chng ta s quay li phn Ev ny sau.
Trc ht bn s tm hiu nhng yu t nh hng n
sng ca nh.
Apeture ( m ng knh)
m ng knh l phn iu chnh cng nh sng i qua
ng knh. Chng ta c th hiu phn ny nh l kh nng cho
nh sng i qua ca ng knh. Cu to b phn ny bao gm
nhng l mng ghp li to ra khe h dng hnh trn c th
iu chnh c. Tng ng vi cc m ng knh ta c dy
tr s tiu chun 1 , 1.4 , 2 , 2.8 , 4 , 5.6 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 32
cc tr s ny gi l F-stop hay Khu . Ti mi F-stop ta c
ng knh l m d tng ng f/1, f/1.4 , f/2 f/2.8 v f
chnh l di tiu c ng knh. Nh vy ta c th thy Khu
cng ln th ng knh d cng nh v nh sng i qua ng
knh cng t. V thm mt iu na l cng mt ng knh l
m d nu di tiu c ng knh cng di th khu cng
ln.

* Cc bn thng hay thc mc ti sao dy tr s F-stop khng

phi l 1 ,2 ,3 m l dy bi s ca cn bc hai ca 2. Trong
k thut chp nh, ngi ta chn tiu chun iu chnh sng
vi mt khong cch l gp i. Bn c th hiu l khi bn m
ng knh thm mt khu c ngha l lng nh sng thu
c s tng gp hai ln. Mun nh th din tch l m phi
tng gp i tng ng vi ng knh tng ln 1.4 ln.
l l do ti sao ta c dy tr s trn.
Shutter Speed (Thi chp hay tc )

Ngoi vic iu chnh cng nh sng i qua ng knh ta

cn c th iu chnh thi gian cho nh sng i vo thay i
sng ca nh chp. Yu t ny gi l thi chp hay tc
chp. n v tnh l giy.
Thi gian ny chnh l thi gian mn trp trong my m ra
cho nh sng i vo. Thi gian ny cng lu (tc chm) th
lng nh sng i vo cng nhiu v ngc li, thi gian ny
cng ngn (tc nhanh) th lng sng i vo s t i.
Cng nh phn m ng knh, theo tiu chun th khi tng
mt nc thi gian chp th lng nh sng i vo gp i. Tc
chp nhanh hn 1s c 1/2 , 1/4 , .1/125, 1/250.Cn lu
hn 1s l 2, 4, 8 , 16s.
Ngoi ra cn c k hiu B : mn chp m cho n khi bung
tay bm nt chp.
K hiu T : mn chp m cho n khi bm nt chp ln na.

Film speed ( nhy sng ca film)

Yu t ny th hin kh nng hp th nh sng ca film.C

nhiu loi film khc nhau. Tuy nhin hin thng dng nht vn
l film mu m bn .loi film ny d chp hn so vi cc loi
khc nn thch hp cho cc bn mi bt u. Trn mi cun
Film bn s thy ghi nhy sng l 50 , 100 hay 200 ASA
Film 100ASA tc thu sng gp i so vi 50ASA v bng
mt na so vi 200ASA. Film c nhy sng cng cao th hnh
nh cng mn ht cng km.
*Phn tip theo:
Exposure Value (Ev)
Trong nhip nh, s kt hp ca m ng knh v tc
chp cho ta mt i lng c trng gi l Exposure value
(Ev). Ev 0 l khi ta t khu l 1 tc chp l 1 giy. Ev
c tnh bng kt hp hai hm logarit ca gi tr m ng
knh (Apeture value) v gi tr ca thi chp (Time Value).
EV = Av + Tv
Gi N l tr s khu ( f-number) ta c Apeture value :

Nu t l thi chp tnh bng giy ta c Time Value:

Cc cng thc trn ch tham kho. Trong thc t th bn ch

cn hiu l vi khi bn m ng knh thm mt khu th thi
gian chp phi gim i mt na (hay ngc li) th Ev khng
thay i. Cc bn cn lu mt im m cc bn mi chp hay
nhm ln l m ng knh thm mt khu ngha l gim fnumber mt stop. V d nh t f/8 v f/5.6 .
nh sng tc ng vo film cn ph thuc vo nhy sng
ca film. nhy sng ca film th n gin nh khu hay
tc chp l tng gp i th lng sng vo s tng gp i.
Film 100asa th gp i 50asa, 200asa th gp i film 100asa
Ty thuc vo iu kin chp khc nhau s c nhng chn la
khc nhau .Tuy nhin n gin th cc bn mi chp nn
cn c vo mc chun 100asa.
Quay li sng ca hnh chp, l kt qu ca vic da vo
nh sng ca ch , nhy sng ca film, khu v tc
chp. nhy sng ca film th tt nhin l cng thp th hnh
nh cng mn. Nhng khng phi iu kin no cng c th
chn la film c nhy thp c. Chng ta s quay tr li
vn ny trong bi ni v film. Cn by gi n gin th
hy chn film 100asa v quan tm n khu v tc .
Di y l bng gi tr Ev cc bn tham kho:

Trong bng trn, cc gi tr Ev ging nhau s nm trn mt

ng cho t gc di bn tri sang gc trn bn phi. Ngay
ti mt Ev no trong bng, dng thng sang bn tri v
thng ln pha trn bn s tm c mt cp Khu v tc
tng ng. Nhn trong bng bn s thy c nhiu cp khu
khc nhau cho cng mt Ev. Nh vy khi chn khu v tc
khc nhau th hnh nh s khc nhau nh th no? Phn
tip theo ti s trnh by v cc yu t lin quan khi bn chn
khu v tc c c bc nh nh .
Depth Of Field ( DOF)

Mt thc t l khi bn chp mt bc nh, r nt khng

xuyn xut. Khi bn canh nt vo ch th trc v sau ch
s c khong khng r nt. Khong cch m nh cn r nt
trc v sau im ly nt (tm) gi l su trng nh v
thng gi tt l DOF.
Khong r nt do nhiu yu t nh hng n. Tuy nhin yu
t u tin c th ni l m ng knh.
Cc bn c th xem hnh minh ha sau y.

im ly nt trong tt c cc hnh l im gia khong 3 4

inch. S 3 v 4 r nt trong tt c cc hnh. Cc im cn li r

nt dn khi m ng knh kha nh li. n y cc bn c
th hiu rng khi ng knh khp nh li th khong r nt cng
thu hp li.
Gii thch mt cht v khong r nt. Cc bn xem hnh bn
di.

Ch l im mu vng v cng l im ly nt. V ly nt

vo ch nn hin nhin cc tia sng t ch qua ng knh
s hi t trn film. Cc im khc c cng khong cch vi ch
u hin r trn film. By gi hy xem im mu trng xa
hn ch . im nh r ca im trng s nm pha trc
film v nh ca n in trn film s l vng trn mu trng.
Khong trng gi l Circle of Confusion ( CoC ).
Vn t ra y l lm cch no thu hp vng trn l
m nh r nt hn. Trong hnh minh ha di y, bn
thy t mt im s c mt chm tia sng i qua ng knh v
to nh trn mt phng film. Khi kha bt ca iu sng li
ngha l mt s tia sng b chn li ( phn mu xanh nht). Do
phm vi ca CoC cng c thu hp li v hnh nh tr nn
sc nt hn.

Hyperfocal
Khi bn ly nt vo im xa v cc th hnh nh s r nt t v
cc cho n mt khonhg cch no trc ng knh. Khong
cch khng r nt trc ng knh khi bn ly nt v cc gi l
Hyperfocal.

Sau khi xc nh c khong hyperfocal bn ly nt li vo

khong cch . Lc ny su trng nh DOF s bt u t
gia khong hyperfocal n v cc. Thc t y l DOF ln
nht m bn c th t c. Tuy nhin bn phi lu rng
khong cch hyperfocal ny khng c nh m ph thuc vo
khu ng knh. mi F-stop th khong cch hyperfocal u
khc nhau.

Nh vy trong trng hp chp hnh cn ly dof tht rng, hnh

r nt trong phm vi ln nht th bn s ly nt vo khong

cch hyperfocal kt hp vi ng nh m ng knh .
hyperfocal ch hiu qu khi dng vi ng knh gc rng v khp
khu nh li. Asahi tui gi gn trong ci bng sau cho cc bn
d b ti.

Shutter Speed ( Tc hay Thi chp)

Qua phn trn, cc bn bit c s lin quan gia khu

v nt su ca nh chp. Phn tip theo cc bn s quan
tm n l tc chp. Nh cp phn u tin,
lng nh sng vo film ph thuc vo thi gian mn chp m,
tuy nhin c th kt hp vi vic thay i khu c c
hnh nh cng sng vi cc tc chp khc nhau. Trn
my tc nh hn 1s c k hiu bng mt con s thng
thng. V d 250 ngha l 1/250s, 30 l 1/30s... Tc ln
hn 1s th k hiu l con s i km vi du v d 2 l 2s, 8
l 8s...
Khi chp ch chuyn ng l lc bn s lu n tc
chp. bt ng ch bn s phi chp vi tc nhanh.
Ngc li c nh m dng chuyn ng (motion blur) bn s
chp vi tc chm hn. Xem hnh nh minh ha sau y
thy r hn.

Cng chp chic xe chuyn ng, nhng cc bn thy r rng

tc chp cng chm th ch cng khng r. Khi chp nh
khng c chn my khng b rung tay thng thng s
phi chp vi tc t 1/30s thm ch c th t 1/60s tr ln.
Chp vi tc chm hn, cn thit bn phi dng n chn
my.

Khi chp trong iu kin nh sng khng c kh nng chp

vi tc chm c th bn s phi dng n knh
lc ND (Neutral Density). Knh lc ny s gip bn gim cng
sng vo ng knh. Ngc li khi chp ban m iu kin
nh sng khng , bn phi c chn my chp vi tc
chp chm.
Ti s quay li phn knh lc ND ny chi tit hn sau bi ny.

Khi mun th hin s chuyn ng ca ch , bn s dng k

thut lia my (paning). C ngha l khi chp my s c lia
bm theo ch . Khi ch s r nt, phng nn s lu
m .

i khi chp phong cnh, cn c s th hin mt chuyn ng

no nh ma ri, nc chy .th bn cng s dng n tc
chp chm hn. So snh hai hnh di y bn s thy hiu
qu ca vic chp tc chm to ra hnh nh chuyn ng
ca dng sui.

Cc ch chp cn bn
Trn my SLR hin nay u c h tr bng cc thit b in
t. Thng thng trn cc my s c 4 ch cn bn sau
y:
1.Manual: (Th cng)
Cc thng s chp khu v tc s chn hon ton bng
th cng. i khi bn c mun chp mt bc nh vi cc
thng s khc bit dng nh d sng overexposure hay thiu
sng (underexoposure) bn s phi chn ch chp ny.
K hiu trn my: M
2.Progaram: (T ng hon ton)
Hai thng s tc v khu s do my hon ton t chn.
Cng vic cn li ca bn l ly nt v chp. K hiu trn my:
P
3.Aperture-Priority ( Chn khu _ Tc chp t ng)
Ch ny ngi chp s chn khu v tc chp s do
my t ng a ra. Ch ny thng c chn kim
sot vng nh r DOF. Tuy nhin cn lu khi nh sng thiu
vic chn m ng knh b c th lm tc chp gim thp
khin nh b run tay. K hiu trn my A hay Av
4.Shutter speed- Priority ( Chn tc chp _ Khu do my
t chn)
Ch ny ngi chp s chn trc tc chp, my s t
ng chn khu tng ng. Ch ny thng c chn
khi chp nh ng nhm kim sot hiu qu to ng trn nh.
K hiu trn my S hay Tv
Trn y l cc ch cn bn. Cc nh sn xut cn thit k
cc ch t ng khc nh chp th thao, chp phong cnh,
chp chn dung th cc bn s xem trong hng dn i km
theo my.

Neutral Density Filters ( Knh lc ND)

Tc dng ca knh lc ND l lm gim cng nh sng i
vo ng knh. Sau khi gn knh lc ND, nu gi nguyn m
ng knh th tc chp s chm li, nu gi nguyn tc
chp th ng knh phi m rng hn. Cc bn c th xem bng
di y.

ng mu th hin mt lng nh sng thu c (EV) trn

ng vi cc cp tc v khu c mt lng sng
thu c ging nhau. Sau khi gn knh lc ND th ng by
gi l ng t nt. V trn l hai v d v gi nguyn tc
v gi nguyn m ng knh sau khi gn ND.
Trn knh lc ND c cc cch ghi thng s khc nhau. y ti
a ra hai dng thng gp
Dng th nht l theo m ca knh(density) v di y l
bng th hin s gim khu tng ng (Reduction by fstops).

V d nh hng Tiffen hay B&W c filter ND loi 0.3, 0.6 v 0.9

gim sng 1, 2 v 3 f-stop.
Cn hng Hoya hay Nikkon th dng thng s 2,4 hay 8
gim 1 , 2 hay 3 f-stop
Tt c cc knh lc ND u lc dng thang xm (gray)
khng mu. Cc loi knh lc ND ch khc nhau v m nht
gim sng nhiu hay t. Trong hnh di y l hai knh lc
ND4 v ND8 ca Nikon. Cc bn c th d dng nhn thy
bng ca ci ND8 th m hn ND4.

V d p dng knh lc ND
*Dng gim tc chp
Trong nhiu trng hp chp cnh ng chng ta phi chp vi
tc mn chp chm hn bnh thng to hiu qu
chuyn ng trn hnh nh ( motion blur). nh minh ha di
y chp ch Av ( tc chp t ng). Chn khu
f2.8 (tc chp chm nht) m hnh nh vn cn b bt ng
do nh sng qu mnh. tc chp c th chm hn ta
dng n knh lc ND. So vi khng dng knh lc ND th dng
knh lc ND4 c tc chp bng 1/4 v knh lc ND8 c tc

chp bng 1/8.

Mt c im na ca knh lc ND l bn c th ghp nhiu

knh chng ln nhau. V d knh ND4 + ND8 s gim cng
nh sng 2+3= 5 f-stop
*Dng tng m ng knh.
Tc dng chnh ca knh lc ND l lm gim cng nh sng
i vo ng knh.V iu ny c th gip chng ta m rng ng
knh vi cng m tc chp nh nhau. C ngha l bn s
thay i c khong cch ca vng nh r (DOF). Trong cc
hnh minh ha di y dc chp ch Tv, tc chp l
30. Hnh u tin bn tri khng dng knh lc nn hiu qu
xa phng cha cao. Hai hnh bn phi dng thm knh lc ND4
v ND8 nn m ng knh tng 2 v 3 f-stop. Kt qu l
khong nh r thu hp li v ch ni bt hn trn phng
nn b xa m. Trong trng hp nh sng qu gt cng c th
dng hai knh lc ND ghp vi nhau ng knh c th m
rng hn.

o sng v b sng.
Metering
H thng o sng trong my chp cn bn c gi l TTL .
Trong camera s c thit b nhn v o nh sng phn x t
ch . V th c th ni thit b o sng trong thn my l
loi thit b o sng phn x. C loi thit b o cm tay kiu
thu nh sng trc tip, nhng trc ht chng ta s tm hiu
v thit b o sng trong my.
Cn bn th c 3 dng o sng ( metering) trong thn my.
1. Matrix metering : o sng ly tr s trung bnh trn gn ht
b mt hnh nh
2. Center metering : o sng trong mt vng nh trung tm
hnh nh
3. Spot metering : o sng ti im trung tm.

Ty theo cp my, c th khng c cc loi o sng k

trn hoc c thay i trong tng loi o sng. Vi cng ngh
hin nay th cc chc nng o sng thay i kh nhiu. V

d nh matrix metering c chia thnh nhiu im hn nn tr

s trung bnh trn ton nh c o chnh xc hn. ng dng
cc loi o sng ti s quay li trong bi cn bn thc hnh.
Khi o sng, nh sng phn x t ch rt a dng. Mu sc
, cht liu .... nh hng n s phn x nh sng nn nu
khng c mt tiu chun o sng th khng c. V ngi
ta chn mu xm gray 18% lm tiu chun o sng. Do
khi o sng trn thn my, bn cn phi hng my o vo
vng gn vi mu xm gray18% nht. Khi cn thit c th
dng ming giy gray 18% t gn ch o sng.
Bn cht ca thit b o sng trong thn my nh gii thch
trn,nn khi chp mc d o sng nhng chuyn hnh nh
khng ng sng vn xy ra l chuyn bnh thng. Chnh hn
nh trng hp hnh nh ton mu sc sc s... th o sng
trong trong thn my kh chnh xc.
Compensation
Ti tm gi nhng ch c mu sng nh mu trng ct
bin, mu da ngi da trng, mu mt nc trong... l A . Mu
en ca than, mu da ngi da en , mu mt nc en...
l B. V o sng bng nh sng phn x nn h thng o sng
trong my rt d b sai. Trong trng hp ny ta thy r cng
mt ngun sng nh nhau nhng khi o sng gia A v B c
th chnh nhau 2 n 3 F-stop. Cng v l do ny m trong
thn my c o sng phi h tr thm chc nng b sng (
compensation)
A nhiu mu trng nn tnh phn xa nh sngcao
B nhiu mu en nn tnh phn xa nh sng thp
Khi o sng vo A th phi iu chnh b sng theo hng cng
(+) v khi o sng vo B th phi iu chnh b sng theo

hng tr (-). Hu ht cc my c chc nng b sng u c

th iu chnh tng nc 1/2 hoc 1/3 F-stop.
cc bn hiu r hn v chc nng b sng, ti lm mt ci
test nh sau
Hnh nh c chp bng ch Av, o sng spot metering.
Hnh u tin chp o sng vo Graycard 18% lm chun.

Lot hnh tip theo chp o sng trc tip vo nn trng ca

xe

R rng cc bn d dng nhn thy nn trng ca xe lc ny

c h xung c sng tng ng vi Graycard. c
c nn trng th phi b sng theoi hng tng (+).
t quyn catalog vo im o sng ta c kt ngc li nh
sau:

nh chp ra tr nn d sng v my nng nn en ca

quyn catalog c sng tng ng graycard. Lc ny
cn phi b sng theo hng gim (-) c c nn en
ng vi thc t.
Kt qu cho thy o sng ca my hon ton ph thuc vo
sng ca im o sng do o sng bng phng thc phn x.
Nu c graycard chun hay my o sng trc tip th vic o

sng s chnh xc hn v bn s khng phi quan tm nhiu

n vic b sng trong nhng trng hp thng thng.