Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

KINH T HC VI M DNH CHO CHNH SCH CNG
Hc k Thu, Nm hc 2006 2007
Li gii gi Bi thi gia k
Th 4, 25/10/2006
Thi gian lm bi: 150 pht
Cu 1 (40 im): Mt s khi nim c bn [cu bt buc]
1) Anh, ch hy phn bit s khc nhau v cho v d c th minh ho cho s khc nhau
gia cc cp khi nim sau:
a) Chi ph c hi (opportunity cost) v chi ph k ton (accounting cost).
b) Chi ph chm (sunk cost) v chi ph n (implicit cost).
c) Chi ph hin (explicit cost) v chi ph n (implicit cost)
Chi ph c hi l mt khi nim gip cho cc nh kinh t v qun tr ra quyt nh. C s
cho khi nim chi ph c hi l (1) ngun lc khan him v (2) c nhiu phng n s
dng ngun lc cnh tranh. Chi ph c hi ca ngun lc l gi tr cao nht c to ra
bi ngun lc trong mt phng n thay th cnh tranh
Chi ph k tan l mt khi nim thng s dng phn nh kt qu ca hat ng sn
xut kinh doanh. Chi ph k tan ca mt ngun lc l s tin b ra mua ngun lc
. Chi ph ny c phn nh trong s sch k tan
Chi ph c hi ca ngun lc c th khc xa so vi chi ph k tan ca n. Th d, cng ty
Alfa u t 1 triu la mua mt my in m n nhanh chng lc hu v cng ngh v
s lng lm ra ca my ny thua km hn so vi cc my hin i hn. Hin nay my in
ny bn nhng khng ai mua v n cng khng cn c s dng cho vic in n ca
cng ty na. R rng trong trng hp ny chi ph k tan ca my in l 1 triu la
nhng chi ph c hi ca my in ny gn nh bng khng. Kiu k tan hin nay thng
ch trng n gi tr mua sm (khu hao quy c) nhng c th tnh tan theo kiu ny
l khng chnh xc.
Chi ph chm l chi ph trong qu kh nhng khng th thu hi c nn n khng nh
hng n vic ra quyt nh. Chi ph n l chi ph cho vic s dng ngun lc m ngi
s dng ngun lc ng thi l ngi ch. V ngi ch v ngi s dng ngun lc l
mt nn vic s dng ngun lc ny khng lm pht sinh giao dch bng tin v n khng
c ghi chp trong s sch k tan
im khc bit cn bn ca hai lai chi ph ny l chi ph chm l chi ph k tan nhng
khng phi l chi ph kinh t trong khi chi ph n l chi ph kinh t nhng khng phi
l chi ph k tan.

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Th d : ng Huy c c nguyn dnh c vn ling v sc lao ng ca mnh vo chnh

hng sn xut nc mm ti qu nh do ng ta lm ch. Trc ht ng b ra mt s
tin 100 triu tin hnh kho st th trng v nghin cu tin kh thi lm c s cho
vic ra quyt nh. Vi nng lc ca mnh nu khng dnh cng sc cho hng ca mnh,
ng Huy c th i lm thu cho mt hng khc vi mc tin lng l 360 triu mi nm
v thay v dng tin u t vo hng , ng ta c th dng tin mua c phiu mt
hng khc vi c tc c chia hng nm l 200 triu. Trong th d ny chi ph chm l
100 triu ng cho nghin cu tin kh thi v 560 triu l chi ph n
Rt ng tic l nhn vin k tan v lnh o cng ty khi tnh tan chi ph b qua chi
ph 560 triu ny, mt ngun lc c s dng cho sn xut nhng li khng c tnh
tan!
Chi ph hin v chi ph n l hai b phn ca chi ph c hi. Khc bit gia chi ph hin
v chi ph n l chi ph hin c th hin thng qua nhng giao dch bng tin v c
ghi chp trong s sch k tan trong khi chi ph n khng lm pht sinh giao dch bng
tin v khng c ghi chp vo s sch k tan .
Vi th d nh trn, gi thit ng Huy thu thm 10 cng nhn ph vic sn xut vi
mc tin lng chung c nm l 1t 2 mi nm. y l chi ph hin v n nh hng n
vic ra quyt nh ca cng ty.
2) Mt hc vin va hc kinh t vi m pht biu rng: Trong th trng cnh tranh khi
li nhun kinh t ca tt c cc hng trong mt ngnh bng khng vn khng th t
c cn bng th trng nu nh cc ngnh khc c li nhun kinh t dng. Pht
biu trn ng hay sai? Hy gii thch?
Trong phn tch cn bng cc b vi gi thit l gi u ra v gi yu t u vo ca cc
ngnh khng lin quan l c nh nhng lng hng ha v yu t c th thay i gia
cc ngnh, cn bng th trng cnh tranh s t c khi hi 3 iu kin
(1) Tt c cc hng u ti a ha li nhun
(2) Cc hng khng c ng c gia nhp hoc ri khi ngnh v li nhun ca tt c
cc hng trong ngnh u bng khng v cc hng khng c tim nng cho mt
c hi u t mi c t sut sinh li cao hn cc ngnh khc.
(3) Lng cung bng vi lng cu th trng ng vi mt mc gi cn bng no
m n c th b p y chi ph kinh t.
Vn tr nn rc ri khi sinh vin a ra gi thit nu li nhun ca mt ngnh no
khc dng th kt lun trn c cn ng khng? Cho d ta xt cn bng tng qut (ch
trng n mi quan h gia cc ngnh) vi tng ngun lc l khng i trong khi gi
c u vo v u ra ca tng ngnh thay i theo quan h cung- cu th trng th kt
lun trn vn ng. Thc ra vi nhng gi thit nh nu s khng c trng hp li
nhun kinh t ca cc hng trong mt ngnh bng khng trong khi cc ngnh khc c li
nhun kinh t dng khi m ngun lc c t do dch chuyn gi cc ngnh. Li
nhun kinh t theo nh ngha bng doanh thu ( gi tr u ra ca vic s dng ngun lc
mt hng i din trong mt ngnh) tr chi ph kinh t ca ngun lc (gi tr u ra
cao nht ca vic s dng ngun lc mt hng i din trong mt ngnh cnh tranh
khc) th s khng c trng hp m ngnh ny cc hng c li nhun kinh t bng
khng trong khi cc hng trong ngnh khc li c li nhun kinh t dng. Trong trng
V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

hp ny, t sut li nhun bnh qun ca cc ngnh l nh nhau . Nh vy vn t ra

ca sinh vin trn l khng ng.
3) Anh, ch hy phn bit chi ph trung bnh v chi ph bin. Hy v th biu din mi
quan h ny. Theo anh ch, th ny c nhng c im g, v ti sao n li c
nhng c im y.
a) Chi ph trung bnh l mc chi ph bnh qun sn xut ra mt n v sn phm,
c tnh bng cch ly tng chi ph chia cho s lng sn phm: AC = TC/Q.
Cn chi ph bin l chi ph tng thm khi sn xut thm 1 n v sn phm: MC
= TC/Q.
b) th m t mi quan h gia AC v TC (xem hnh v).
Mt c im quan trng ca th ny l MC ct AC im thp nht ca ng
ny (tc l ti ACmin). Mt cch tng qut, ban u nng sut bin (v do vy sn
phm bin) tng dn nn MC gim dn, v chng no MC cn ang gim dn th
chng y AC cng vn cn tip tc gim.
Khi tip tc tng sn lng th n mt quy m no xut hin hiu ng nng sut
bin (v do vy sn phm bin) gim dn nn MC bt u tng. Mc du MC tng
nhng chng no MC cn nm di AC th AC vn tip tc i xung. Ngay khi MC
bt u cao hn AC th ti AC bt u i ln. chnh l l do khin cho MC ct
AC ti ACmin.

TC, AC, MC

MC
AC

Min AC

4) Hy nu nhng gi nh c bn ca mt th trng cnh tranh hon ton.

a) Mt s gi nh c bn ca th trng cnh tranh hon ton
-

Sn phm ng nht

C nhiu ngi bn, nhiu ngi mua

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Khng c ro cn gia nhp, rt lui khi th trng

Chi ph giao dch bng 0

Thng tin hon ho

C y tt c cc th trng

b) Vi nhng gi nh ny, anh ch hy gii thch c ch vn hnh ca th trng

cnh tranh hon ton khi gi thc t trn th trng thp hn mc gi cn bng.
Khi gi thc t trn th trng thp hn mc gi cn bng, lng cu m ngi tiu
dng mun mua v c kh nng thanh ton ln hn lng cung m nh sn xut
mun bn v c kh nng cung ng, tc l c tnh trng thiu ht. Khi y, v khng
c ro cn gia nhp th trng nn mt s nh cung ng trc y khng tham gia
th trng c do gi thnh cao hn mc gi th trng by gi s c th gia nhp
th trng. Lng cung nh tng ln cng vi s tng ln ca gi. Lng cung
ny tng cho n khi no khng cn tnh trng thiu ht na, tc l khi th trng t
im cn bng.
c) C ch ny s thay i th no nu nh: (i) hng ha khng cn ng nht na?
(ii) chi ph giao dch trn th trng l mt s dng v tng i ln.
Gi s by gi trn th trng tn ti 2 loi hng ha khc nhau, tuy nhin trong mi
mt nhm hng ha vn ng nht. Khi y, v c bn, c ch th trng vn tip tc
vn hnh trong mi th trng nu nh cc iu kin khc ca th trng cnh tranh
hon ton vn c p ng. Ngc li, chng hn nh v by gi c 2 loi hng
ha khc bit nn s lng ngi mua, ngi bn trn mi th trng khng cn
ln na th s sut hin tnh trng mt s ngi mua hay ngi bn c quyn lc th
trng. C ch th trng khi y s b hn ch tc dng.
Cn trong trng hp chi ph giao dch kh ln, thi gian iu chnh (tham gia th
trng, tm khch hng, k kt hp ng, cung ng sn phm v.v.) s di hn nhiu,
ng thi gi bn sn phm cng s tng cao mt cch tng ng b p li chi
ph giao dch.
Cu 2 (20 im): L thuyt hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng
Bnh l mt hc vin ca trng Fulbright c hai s thch l phim nh v ca nhc. Hng
tun, Bnh quyt nh dnh 6 gi v 120.000 ng cho hai hot ng vn ha ny.
Thi gian cho mi ln xem ca nhc l 1 gi v gi v l 30.000 ng; cn thi gian cho
mi ln xem phim l 2 gi, vi gi v cng l 30.000 ng.
a) Trn cng mt th, hy v ng ngn sch ca Bnh.

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

M
6

E
B

ng ngn sch v thi gian ca Bnh l AB, cn ng ngn sch v tin ca Bnh l:
CD. Hai ng ny ct nhau E c ta (2, 2). tha mn ng thi c hai rng
buc v thi gian v tin bc, Bnh ch c th la chn cc im tiu dng nm trong
din tch t gic OBEC. s dng ti a ngun lc, Bnh phi tiu dng trn on gp
khc BEC v y l ng ngn sch tng hp.
b) Gi s hm tha dng ca Bnh l U(m, f) = min{m, f}, trong m l s bui xem ca
nhc, f l s bui xem phim. Dng th v khng cn tnh ton, hy ch ra im
phi hp tiu dng ti u ca Bnh.
Vi hm tha dng ny, ca nhc v phim nh l hai sn phm c tnh b sung hon ho.
im tiu dng ti u E (hnh v)

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

ng 450

E
B

c) By gi gi s rng hm tha dng ca Bnh l U(m, f) = m + f. Dng th v

khng cn tnh ton, hy ch ra im phi hp tiu dng ti u ca Bnh.
Vi hm tha dng ny, ca nhc v phim nh l hai sn phm c tnh thay th hon
ho. Bt k mt im no nm trong on CE (ba im (0, 4), (1, 3), (2, 2)) u mang
li tha dng ti a (bng nhau) cho Bnh.
d) By gi gi s rng hm tha dng ca Bnh l U(m, f) = m.f. Dng th v
khng cn tnh ton, hy ch ra im phi hp tiu dng ti u ca Bnh.
Hm tha dng ca Bnh c dng Cobb-Douglas U(m, f) = mf, trong = = 1.
Khi y, ti im tiu dng ti u, t l ngn sch chi tiu dnh cho m l: /( + ) =
; v tng t t l ngn sch chi tiu dnh cho m l: /( + ) = (tng t nh
Cu 1, Bi tp 2.) Vi ngn sch phn b bng nhau, ng thi v PM = PF = 30.000
nn ti im tiu dng ti u, m* = f*. Nh vy, im tiu dng ti u ca Bnh l E.

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

E
B

Cu 3 (20 im): ng cu c nhn v cu th trng

Gi s mt th trng ch c 2 ngi tiu dng l Gip v t. Hm tha dng ca Gip
UG(x,y) = x1/3y2/3 , v ca t l UA(x,y) = x1/2y1/2. Thu nhp ca Gip v t ln lt l 90
v 80 ng. n gi ca hng X l pX, ca hng Y l pY.
a. Tm hm s biu din mc cu mt hng X v Y ca Gip v t.
Phng php 1:
Hm tha dng ca Gip v t u c dng Cobb-Douglas. i vi Gip, G = 1/3; G =
2/3, IG = 90; cn i vi t, A = A = 1/2, IA = 80. p dng cng thc tm im tiu
dng ti u trong trng hp hm tha dng c dng Cobb Douglas ta tm c:

xG =

1 IG
30
2 IG
60
1 IA
40
1 IA
40
=
=
; v x A =
=
=
.
; yG =
; yA =
pX
pY
pX
pY
3 pX
3 pY
2 pX
2 pY

Phng php 2:
im tiu dng ti u ca Gip phi tha mn hai iu kin:
1 2 / 3 1/ 3
pX
MU X
x y
y
3
(1)
=
= 2 1/ 3 1/ 3 =
2 xp X = ypY
pY
MU Y
x y
2x
3

(2) xp X + ypY = 90
T (1) v (2) suy ra hm cu ca Gip i vi mt hng X l xG = 30/pX, i vi mt
hng Y l yG = 60/pY.
Tng t tm ra c hm cu ca t i vi mt hng X l xA = 40/pX, i vi mt hng
Y l yA = 40/pY.
b. Hy tm hm tng cu ca th trng i vi mt hng X v Y.
V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Ta tm c tng cu ca th trng bng cch cng cu ca tt c c nhn tham gia th

trng. Nh vy:
x M = xG + x A =

30
40
70
+
=
pX
pX
pX

y M = yG + y A =

60 40 100
+
=
pY
pY
pY

c. Gi s pX = 5. Hy tnh co gin ca cu v mt hng X theo gi cho Gip ti im

c mc gi th trng ny.
T kt qu phn (a), d thy rng xG.px = IG/3 = 30 = hng s nn co gin ca cu
so vi gi ca Gip bng 1.
d. Nu gi ca X tng (chng hn PX = 6) th kt qu tnh co gin c thay i g
khng? Hy gii thch ti sao ?
Tng t nh phn (c), co gin ca cu th trng so vi gi cng vn bng 1 (v
co gin thc cht l khng ph thuc vo mc gi). Lu rng co dn ca cu lun
bng 1 ch l mt trng hp c bit, xut pht t dng thc c bit (Cobb-Douglas)
ca hm tha dng.
Cu 4 (20 im): Tc ng ca thu i vi hng ho phi ngoi thng

Gi s mc cung, cu th trng dch v taxi hin ti l:

(S) : PS = (3/5)QS + 20, v
(D) : PD = (-2/5)QD + 75
Trong , n v tnh ca QS, QD l ngn chuyn/ ngy, v
n v tnh ca PS, PD l ngn ng/ chuyn.
a) Anh/Ch hy xc nh trng thi cn bng ca th trng dch v taxi
Th trng cn bng khi
QS = QD = Q0
v
PS = PD = P0
(3/5)Q0 + 20 = (-2/5)Q0 + 75.
=> Q0 = 55 ngn chuyn/ ngy l lng cn bng ca th trng v mc gi cn
bng l P0 = 53 ngn ng/chuyn.
b) By gi gi s chnh ph nh thu gi tr gia tng i vi ngnh kinh doanh dch v
taxi vi mc thu sut l 10%. Anh/Ch hy xc nh s chuyn taxi c khch bnh
qun mi ngy, gi mi chuyn taxi bnh qun khch phi tr v gi mi chuyn taxi
bnh qun cc cng ty taxi nhn c sau khi np thu.
Th trng cn bng khi
QS = QD = Q1
v PS + T = PD
=> 1,1 PS = PD
(3,3/5)Q1 + 22 = (-2/5)Q1 + 75.
=> Q1 = 50 ngn chuyn/ ngy l lng cn bng ca th trng khi c thu.
V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Th Q1 = 50 vo hm s cu => PD = 55 ngn ng/chuyn

Th Q1 = 50 vo hm s cung => PS = 50 ngn ng/chuyn
c) Anh/Ch hy tnh ton s thay i trong phc li ca ngi tiu dng, ngi sn xut
v phc li ca ton x hi di tc ng ca thu.
CS = - [1/2*(PD P0)*(Q0+Q1)] = - 105 triu ng/ngy
PS = - [1/2*(P0 PS)*(Q0+Q1)] = - 157,5 triu ng/ngy
S tin thu thu c ca chnh ph l 250 triu ng/ngy
=> NW = -12,5 triu ng/ngy
d) Ai l ngi chu thu? Cn c no bin minh cho cu tr li ca Anh/Ch?
C ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut cng chu thu. C 2 cn c thuyt phc khn
nh iu ny. Th nht, gi ngi mua phi tr cao hn, gi ngi bn nhn c
sau cng thp hn. Th hai, phc li ca ngi tiu dng v ca nh sn xut u
gim do c thu.
Cu 5 (20 im): L thuyt sn xut

Gi s mt hng sn xut qun o xut khu vi hm sn xut nh sau q = 2 kl .

1. Vi gi thit q, w, v r cho trc, hy la chn lng vn k chi ph l thp nht?
ti thiu ho chi ph sn xut, hng phi tho mn 2 iu kin:
MRTS lk =

MPl w0
=
MPk
r0

q 0 = 2 kl

(1)
( 2)

Trong q0, w0, r0 l cc gi tr cho trc

Sn phm bin ca lao ng
MPl = k 1 / 2 l 1 / 2
Sn phm bin ca vn

MPk = k 1 / 2 l 1 / 2
T l thay th k thut bin gia 2 yu t sn xut
MRTS lk =

MPl k 1 / 2 l 1 / 2 k
=
=
MPk k 1 / 2 l 1 / 2 l

(3)

T (1), (2) v (3)

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

k w0
=
l
r0

(4)
k
l

q0 = 2

(5)

Gii h phng trnh ny ta xc nh c k v l theo w0, r0 v q0

k* =

q0
2

w0
r0

l* =

q0
2

r0
w0

ti thiu ho chi ph sn xut, hng phi la chn k = k* =

q0
2

w0
.
r0

2. Dng kt qu phn 1 xc nh hm chi ph trong di hn ca hng sn xut qun

o xut khu.
LRTC = w0 l * + r0 k * = w0 (

q0
2

r0
q
) + r0 ( 0
w0
2

w0
q
)= 0
2
r0

w0 r0 +

q0
2

w0 r0 = q 0 w0 r0

3. Gi thit w = 4 v r = 1, hy v ng tng chi ph sn xut di hn v ngn hn vi

k va la chn phn 1 ln cng mt th v cho nhn xt v mi quan h ny?
Khi w = 4 v r =1
Hm chi ph sn xut di hn
LRTC = q 0 4 1 = 2q 0
Hm chi ph sn xut ngn hn

SRTC = w0 l (q) + r0 k *
q
k* = 0
2

w0 q0
=
r0
2

4
= q0
1

q
dSRTC/dq

q2
q2
l (q) = * = 0
4k
4q
SRTC = (

SRTC

0
q0

q0

0
+

2
2q0

q2
) + q0
q0

d ( SRTC ) 2q
=
dq
q0

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

10

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

ng SRTC v ng LRTC s tip xc vi nhau ti mc sn lng q0 cho trc.

Trn th, chi ph ngn hn lun cao hn chi ph di hn tr ti mc sn lng q0.
Khi hng la chn quy m k* th tng chi ph trong di hn v tng chi ph ngn hn
s bng nhau (=2q0) ti mc sn lng q0. Ni mt cch khc, vi mt mc sn
lng cho trc q0, quy m k* s cho chi ph thp nht.
Cu 6 (20 im): Hiu qu trong trao i

Nam v Huy t do tham gia trao i 2 loi hng ho l thc phm (F) v qun o (C).
Ban u Nam c 12 b qun o (C) v 9 kg thc phm (F) v Huy c 8 b qun o (C) v
11 kg thc phm (F). S thch cu Huy v Nam i vi 2 loi qun o c th hin bi
2 hm tha dng
U H = 0,15QC QF
U N = 0,08QC QF
1. Hy cho bit trao i c li gia Nam v Huy c xy ra khng?
V l thuyt, phn b t hiu qu trao i khi t l thay th bin ca qun o (C) i vi
thc phm (F) ca Nam v Huy bng nhau. Lc ny khng cn cch no mang li li
ch cho Nam m khng gy tn tht cho Huy. Do vy, xem xt trao i c li tim
nng gia Nam v Huy, chng ta phi tnh MRSCF ca Nam v Huy ng vi ngun lc
ban u. Sau so snh MRSCF gia hai ngi, nu MRSCF khc nhau th c ng c
cho trao i c li gia hai ngi
T l thay th bin ca C i vi F ca Nam
MRS CF

MU C
0,15QF
dQ
Q
9
= ( F ) N =
=
= FN =
= 0,75
N
N
12
dQC
0,08QC
MU F
QC

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

11

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

T l thay th bin ca C i vi F ca Huy

H

MRS CF

= (

0,08Q F
dQ F H MU C
Q
11
) =
=
= FH =
= 1,375
H
H
8
dQC
0,08QC
MU F
QC

Trong trng hp ny MRS ca Nam v Huy khng bng nhau nn c tim nng cho
vic trao i c li .
2. Hy cho bit t l sn sng trao i gia hai hng ho cu Nam v Huy? Ai s trao
i hng ho g?
gi mc tha dng nh c, Nam sn sng hy sinh 0,75 kg thc phm nhn thm
mt b qun o v Huy sn sng hy sinh 1,375 kg thc phm nhn thm mt b qun
o. T l trao i (TOT: term of trade) c li cho c hai ngi s nm trong khang
0,75<TOT<1,375. n gin, ta gi s t l trao i tha thun gia hai ngi l 1kg
thc phm i ly 1 b qun o. Lc ny Nam s mang qun o i ly thc phm v
Huy s mang thc phm i ly qun o.
3. Hy vit phng trnh ng hp ng trao i ?
ng hp ng trao i l tp hp tt c cc phng n phn b t hiu qu Pareto.
Ni cch khc ng hp ng l tp hp tt c cc phng n phn b tha mn iu
kin
MRS CF

= MRS CF
N

Q C = QC + QC
Q F = QF + QF

Vi MRS CF

QF

QC

; MRS CF

QF

QC

; Q F = Q C =20 . T cc iu kin trn, ta c h

phng trnh:
QF

QC

QF

QC

20 = QF + QF
20 = QC + QC

QF

= 1 . y chnh l phng trnh ca

N
QC
ng hp ng trao i. Vi gi thit ngun lc ca Nam v Huy c cho trc, tp
hp cc phng n t c hiu qu trao i ch l mt phn ca ng hp ng trao
i nm trong gii hn ca hai ng ng ch (an c t m hnh v bn di).

Gii h phng trnh ny ta xc nh c

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

12

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

Huy

QF

11
ng
hp ng

Nam

QC

12
Cu 7 (10 im): im thng

a. Trc thm gia nhp WTO, nc ta c mt s quan im cho rng vo WTO, nng
dn b thit. Anh, ch c ng vi quan im ny khng? Ti sao?
-

y l mt quan im ny phin din t nht di ba gc . Th nht, n gi

nh nng dn l mt nhm ng nht v li ch trong qu trnh gia nhp WTO
ca Vit Nam. Th nh n khng da trn nhng phn tch c c s v phc li.
V th ba, n khng phn bit tc ng ngn hn v di hn.

Nng dn va l ngi sn xut, va l ngi tiu dng, v ng thi l mt

ngi dn - ngi chu tc ng ca chnh sch cng v mi trng kinh t chnh tr - x hi vn ha.
-

L ngi sn xut, nng dn c th c li hoc b thit khi Vit Nam

gia nhp WTO ty thuc vo ngnh ngh c th. Nhng ngnh Vit Nam
hin c li th v c th cnh tranh c trn th trng th gii (th hin
qua kim ngch xut khu cao nh la go, thy-hi sn, c-ph, ht iu,
ch v.v.) so vi nhng ngnh mc d c bo h nhng gi trong nc
vn cao hn so vi mt bng gi th gii (nh ma ng chng hn.)

L ngi tiu dng, v c bn l nng dn c li. C s ca khng nh

ny xut pht t nhng phn tch v thng d ngi tiu dng khi mt
bng thu gim bt, khi cc bin php kim sot thu quan v phi thu
quan c ni lng, khi dng sn phm nhp khu a dng v cht lng
cao hn c nhp khu vo th trng Vit Nam.

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

13

8/30/2007

Chng trnh ging dy Kinh t Fulbright

Kinh t hc Vi m

Bi thi gia k

Nin kha 2006-2007

L ngi chu tc ng ca chnh sch cng v mi trng th ch, ngi

nng dn nh l mt b phn dn ca ca Vit Nam c th hy vng rng
vic gia nhp WTO s thc y tin trnh ci cch vng hai ca t nc
theo hng nng cao hiu qu ca nn kinh t, tng cng tnh minh bch
v chu trch nhim ca h thng cng quyn i vi ngi dn.

Ngay c khi mt s ngnh nng nghip ca Vit Nam c th b thit thi

trong ngn hn, khng ai c th bit chc tng lai ca nhng ngnh ny
trong di hn. Tt c ty thuc vo nng lc cnh tranh tnh v ng ca
cc ngnh ny. Tt nhin, iu ny cng ng vi c cc ngnh nng
nghip hin ang c tnh cnh tranh.

b. C xut cho rng nh nc nn thnh lp Qu h tr tr cp cho nhng nng

dn b thit thi v gip h nng cao nng lc cnh tranh. Theo anh ch, xut ny
c da trn nhng gi nh c bn no? Tnh hiu qu ca cc bin tr cp thun
ty (gi s tr cp bng tin mt) s nh th no?
-

Qu h tr c da trn mt s gi nh quan trng: (i) Thng mi quc t

(m c th l vo WTO) s em li li ch tng th (thay i tng phc li l
mt s dng); (ii) Tuy nhin, phn phi li ch v thng mi khng ng
u, trong c mt s nhm c li, mt s nhm b thit hi; (iii) C th
dng cc bin php tr cp phn phi li, ly mt phn li ch chung b
p cho nhng nng dn b thit; (iv) Vn c bn l nng cao nng lc
cnh tranh, v v vy mt mc tiu quan trng ca Qu h tr l gip nng
dn ci thin nng lc cnh tranh ca mnh.

V l thuyt, tr cp bng tin mt s hiu qu hn cc hnh thc tr cp khc

nh tr gi v tr cp bng hin vt. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, hnh thc tr
cp bng tin mt c mt s kh khn:
-

Kh khn chung i vi mi hnh thc tr cp l lm th no xc

nh mt cch chnh xc i tng ng c hng tr cp, v c
hng bao nhiu.

Thm vo , nh phn tch, kh c th xc nh chnh xc ai l

ngi c li, ai l ngi b thit (trong di hn v ngn hn).
Chng hn nh khng d xc nh b phn nng dn no c li hay
b thit t vic Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, v c th mt b phn nng
dn b thit nh l nhng nh sn xut, nhng vn c li vi t
cch l ngi tiu dng.

Khc vi hnh thc tr gi (nh chit gim gi chng hn), trong hnh
thc tr cp bng tin, rt kh xc nh chnh xc lng tin cn tr
cp cho nng dn, n gin l v nh nc khng th bit c hm
tha dng ca h (vn l mt thng tin c bn xc nh cc khon
tr cp bng tin bng cc phng php tiu chun trong kinh t hc.)

Chi ph giao dch trong hot ng tr cp cng l mt vn ln, c

tim nng nh hng nghim trng ti cc bin php tr cp.

V.T. T Anh, .V. Thanh, T.Q. Hng, N.H.P. Chi

14

8/30/2007