Chng 1: CC

C TRNG C BN CA L CNG NGHIP

1.1. PHN LOI L CNG NGHIP

1.1.1 KHI NIM
L cng nghip (LCN) l thit b nhit to ra mi trng c nhit cao
thc hin cc qu trnh cng ngh nung nng, nu chy, syTrong sn xut, LCN
thng gp nh: l cao, l nung, l luyn thp cn, rn dp, l nu thy tinh, l ng
quay sn xut ximng, l sy, l in.
Trong LCN, lng nhit cp cho l l nhit nng ta ra khi t chy nhin liu
hoc nhit to ra t vt liu c gia cng nhit hoc in nng bin i thnh nhit
nng. S trao i nhit, cu trc l, vic s dng nhin liu vi thit b t cng nh
ch nhit v nhit ph hp yu cu cng ngh l nhng nhn t c nh hng
nhiu ti:
-

Cht lng sn phm;

Nng sut ca l cng vi cc thit b lin quan ti l;

Gim t l ph phm, chi ph vt liu, sut tiu hao nhin liu;

Khng lm nhim mi trng.

1.1.2 PHN LOI LCN

Ngi ta chia LCN thnh 4 nhm l theo cc c im sau:
1.1.2.1. LCN theo c im ngun nhit. Da vo cc dng nng lng c th
bin i thnh nhit nng LCN c phn lm 3 loi:
a Cc l nhin liu. y l cc l c s dng nhin liu. Nhit lng sinh ra
trong cc l ny l do qu trnh t chy nhin liu v th chng cn c gi l l c
ngn la.
b Cc l in. y l cc l s dng in nng. Theo nguyn l bin i in
nng thnh nhit nng, cc l in c phn thnh l in tr, l in h quang, l
in cm ng, l nung in mi v l Plazma. (Phn ny s c trnh by k trong
chng 8)
c Cc l t pht in. y l cc l khng cn cung cp nng lng t bn
ngoi. Trong cc l ny nhit c ta ra t bn thn vt liu c gia cng nhit. V
d nh l luyn thp LD, trong qu trnh cng ngh, ngi ta rt vo l gang lng c

---- 1 ----

cha t 2 n 4% cacsbon. Khi thi gi vo gang lng s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc

c ta nhit gia oxy vi cacbon:

C O2 CO2 Q
1.1.2.2 LCN theo c im cng ngh. Ph thuc vo tnh cht qu trnh gia
cng nhit vt liu ngi ta phn thnh 2 loi:
a Cc l nu chy. Trong cc l ny vt liu gia cng c nu chy. V d
nh l nu thy tinh, l nu chy men, l nu chy kim loi en c hoc hp kim
ha
b Cc l nung. Trong cc l ny vt liu gia cng c nung nng nhng
khng ha lng. V d nh l nung thp rn, cn; cc l nhit luyn kim loi (l
ti, , ram)
1.1.2.3 LCN theo ch nhit. Theo c im qu trnh trao i nhit t ngun
nhit ti b mt vt gia cng, c s tham gia trao i nhit ca tng l, ngi ta phn
LCN thnh 3 nhm:
a Cc l lm vic ch bc x nhit. Trong cc l ny s trao i nhit
ch yu bng bc x nhit, nhit l thng 6000C. Cc l ny li c chia thnh
3 nhm: bc x phn b u, bc x trc tip v bc x gin tip. Th d nh cc l
nung nhit luyn, l nung trong xng cn v rn.
b Cc l lm vic ch i lu. Trong cc l ny s trao i nhit ch yu
bng trao i nhit i lu, nhit l nh hn 600 0C. Th d nh cc l sy, l mui,
l nung gi
c Cc l lm vic ch theo lp. Trong cc l ny vt liu c gia cng
nhit dng cc, dng ht hoc bi v c cht trong khng gian lm vic ca l.
Khi nng chuyn ng gia cc ht liu v tn ti ng thi c ba dng trao i nhit:
dn nhit, i lu, bc x. ch theo lp c 3 dng:
- Lp cht: y vt liu nm thnh lp, cht y trong khng gian l v
chuyn ng t trn xung. Khi nng c thi t di ln, chuyn ng qua khe h
gia cc ht liu. V d: l cao luyn gang, l ng nu gang.
- Lp si: y cc ht liu c xo trn mnh m trong trng thi ging nh
s si di tc ng ca dng kh c tc cao. V d: cc l nung manhdit, oxy
km.

---- 2 ----

- Lp l lng: y nghin nh v l lng trong khng gian l di tc ng

thi ca dng kh. V d: cc l nung qung sunfua, l nung dung dch c ca sunfua
km.
1.1.2.4 LCN theo c im cu trc. Da vo hnh dng, cu trc c cc loi l
nh: l bung, l b, l ng quay, l hm, l nung lin tc.
1.2. CC C TRNG C BN CA LCN
nh gi, so snh v cu to, ch nhit, cht lng thit b cn xt n
cc thng s k thut v kinh t c trng nht. i vi LCN c cc thng s sau:
1.2.1. CH NHIT CA L
1.2.1.1. Nhit l. y l nhit trung bnh trong khng gian lm vic ca
l. Nhit ny mang tnh quy c, thng nh hn nhit ca ngun nhit v ln
hn nhit ca tng, nc l; k hiu: tk hoc Tk ; tl hoc Tl.
Nhit l ph thuc vo nhit chy l thuyt ca nhin liu, ph ti nhit,
cu trc v cch nhit ca l; c xc nh gn ng theo cng thc:
tl .tlt ;

(1-1)

y: - tlt: nhit chy l thuyt ca nhin liu, 0C

- : h s nhit , ph thuc vo cu trc v cht lng cch nhit ca
l; thng c gi tr t 0,65 n 0,85 thy thuc vo kiu l 1
1.2.1.2. Ch nhit ca l. Ph thuc vo cng ngh gia cng vt liu,
nhit ca l c th thay i theo thi gian, theo khng gian lm vic ca l.
S thay i nhit l theo thi gian gi l ch nhit ca l: tl = f
Khi nhit khng thay i, ta c ch nhit l n nh. Khi nhit l
thay i theo thi gian l ch nhit khng n nh.
1.2.2. CH NHIT CA L
Trong qu trnh gia cng vt liu, ph thuc vo cng ngh m lng nhit
cung cp cho l c th thay i cc thi im khc nhau (cn gi l ph ti nhit).
S thay i ph ti nhit theo thi gian c gi l ch nhit ca l. Q = f
Khi ph ti nhit khng thay i ta c ch nhit n nh; cn khi ph ti
nhit thay i l ch nhit khng n nh .

---- 3 ----

Ch nhit c quan h mt thit vi ch nhit ca l. m bo ng

ch nhit theo yu cu cng ngh, cn tin hnh tnh tan cp nhit d trn c s
tnh cn bng nhit.
1.2.3. CNG SUT NHIT CA L.
Cng sut nhit ca l l ph ti nhit ln nht m l c th tip nhn c
trong mt n v thi gian ; c k hiu bng Q hoc P, n v o kW.
1.2.4. NNG SUT CA L.
ay l lng vt liu c gia cng nhit ca l tnh trong mt n v thi
gian,k hiu l G ; n v o : t/h hoc kg/h hay t/ngy hoc kg/ngy .
Nng sut l ph thuc vo nhit bung l, nhit khi ra khi l, cng
, c im qu trnh truyn nhit t kh l ti vt liu v cu trc ca l.
Khi so snh cc l khc nhau cn c khi nim nng sut ring ca l( cng
y l ). y llng sn phm gia cng ic tnh trn mt mt vung din tch
y l trong mt n v thi gian ; k hiu l h; n v kg/m2.h.
1.2.5. CC HIU SUT
1.2.5.1.Hiu sut s dng nhit c ch. y l t s gia lng nhit c ch gia
cng vt liu v tan b lng nhit cung cp cho l .

c ch =

Qcoich
.100%
Q cap

(1- 2)

y: Qcoich bao gm nhit giacng vt liu QVL,kJ/h; nhit gia cng cho x khi
cng ngh c to x Qx,kJ/h; nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc QPUHH,kJ/h.
- Q cap : bao gm lng nhit ta ra khi t chy nhin liu Qc, kJ/h; lng nhit vt l
ca khng kh qc nung nngQkk,kJ/h; lng nhit vt l ca nhin liu c nung
nng( thng ch tnh i vi nhin liu l cht kh)QNL.kJ/h.
C th cc lng nhit ny c trnh by trong chng 6.
1.2.5.2. hiu sut s dng nhit:
y l t s gia tng lng nhit c ch v lng nhit tn tht trong khu vc
l vi tan b lng nhit cung cp cho l.

q=

Qcoich Qtonthat
.100%
Q cap

(1-3)

---- 4 ----

 y : - Qtonthat l lng nhit tn tht di tt c cc dng ( dn nhit qua tng,bc

x qua ca m,do nc lm mt), kJ/h.
1.2.5.3.Hiu sut s dng nhin liu :
y l t s gi lng nhit c ch gia cng vt liu Qcoich v lng nhit ta ra khi
t chy nhin liu QC.
nl

nl
=

Qcoich
.100%
QC

( 1-

4)
So snh cng thc (1 -2) v ( 1 -4) ta thy : khi khng nung nng trc khng kh,
QKK = 0 v khng nung nng trc nhin liu QNL = 0 th c ch= nl.
1.2.6. SUT TIU HAO NHIN LIUTIU CHUN
Do vic s dng cc loi nhin liu khc nhau hoc tuy cng mt dng nhng
nhin liu li c nhit tr khc nhau nn nh gi v so snh cc LCN v phng
din s dng nhit ngi ta dng mt c trng c bn : sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu
chun, k hiu : b. y chnh l lng nhin liu tiu chun gia cng mt n v
khi lng vt liu.
b b

B.Qr
, kg nhin liu tiu chun / kg vt liu
29300.G

( 1 -5 )

y : - B l lng tiu hao nhin liu, kg/h hoc m3/ h;

- QT l nhit tr thp ca ca nhin liu, kJ/kg hoc kJ /m3
- 29300 l nhit tr ca 1 kg nhin liu tiu chun (quy c),kJ/kg
- G l nng sut ca l, kg/h
Theo 1 , gi tr cc hgiu sut s dng nhin liu v gi tr sut tiu hao nhin
liu chun ca LCN hin nay nh sau:
Loi l
L nung lin tc

nl , %
30 50

b, kg/kg
0,05 0,15

L bung cn v rn

15 30

0,1 0,25

L bung nhit luyn

5 20

0,1 0,50

---- 5 ----

Chng 2 CC CH LM VIC CA LCN

Qa trnh trao inhit (QTTN)trong khng gian lm vic ca l c chia
lm 2 thnh phn:
-

QTTN bn ngai : gia ngn la , kh l v b mt trong ca tng, nc l

vi b mt vt liu c gia cng nhit .

QTTN bn trong ; T b mt ngoi vo trong tm ca vt liu.

Ph thuc vo cng ngh, i vi LCN c 3 ch lm vic : ch lm vic bc

x ( CLVBX), ch lm vic i lu ( CLVL) v ch lm vic trng
thi lp ( CLVTTL).
2.1. CH LM VIC BC X
i vi nhng l lm vic nhit cao (hn 600 0C) th QTN bn ngai
bng bc x nhit ng vai tr quyt nh. Cng trao i nhit ph thuc nhiu
vo cc yu t : Tnh cht ca ngn la, s lng v cch b tr cc m t cng
nh ming knh khi. B mt trong cc tng l nhn nhit bc x ti vt liu
c gia cng.
ch nhit n nh, cho cc h s gc bc x tng h 1 , gii h cc
phng trnh trao i nhit gia : ngn la - vt liu - tng l . ta c cc phng
trnh cn bng sau:
V

qv = Q N QT (1 N ) QV
qT =

T
N

(2 -1)

QV (1 N ) Qt

(2 -2)

y :
- qV,qT l cc dng nhit tng hp ca vt liu v tng l;
- QNV , QNT l cc dng nhit t ngn la ti vt liu v tng l;
- QV,QT l cc dng nhit hiu qu ng vi b mt vt liu v tng l.
- N l en ngn la.

a Ch bc x phn b u khi:

Ph thuc tng quan gia

N
V
N

ngi ta chia CLVBX lm 3 ch :

=

---- 6 ----

T
N

b Ch bc x trc tip khi:

c Ch bc x gin tip khi:

N
V
N

>

<

N
T
N

2.1.1. CH BC X PHN B U (CBXPB)

2.1.1.1. S truyn nhit. CBXPB

V
N

T
N

, trng nhit v en

ngn la phn b u hoc i xng v pha vt liu v tng l. en ngn la

ng vai tr quan trng v n xc nh kh nng bc x cng nh hp th ca ngn
la. tng cng trao i nhit cho b mt vt liu cn phi tng en ngn la,
tng nhit tng l.
2.1.1.2. Chn nhin liu v phng php t. to CBXPB cn chn
phng php t nhin liu to nhit , sng ca ngn la ( N ) c gi tr cao v
ng u.
Cacbua hydro (CH4, CnHm) c trong nhin liu cng nhiu th N cng cao v
trong qu trnh chy to ra cc ht cacbon c sng cao. Cng nh nhin liu bi,
nhin liu lng thch hp vi CBXPB (tr du mazut c cha m ln).
Cn to ra s cacbon ha t nhin ca ngn la trong qu trnh chy nhin liu.
iu ny c thc hin bng vic nung nng trc khi t v khng kh. Ch
khng tin hnh hn hp trc kh t v khng kh, v iu ny li ngn chn qu
trnh cacbon ha. Cho nn khng s dng cc loi m t c hn hp trc. Trong
thc t thng dng m t lng ng v ng phun thp p. Cc m t c cng sut
nh vi s lng nhiu c b tr thnh nhiu hng; hng di c s lng m t
hoc cng sut ln hn hng trn.
Cn m bo trng nhit ng u trong khng gian lm vic ca l, trnh
to ra cc vng khng c kh l lun chuyn. Cc ming knh khi khng nn t i
din vi m t (c th c khi khong cch gia ming knh khi v m t ln
hn chiu di ngn la). Ming knh khi c th t pha trn hoc pha di bung l
v thng t gn y l trong trng hp khi ca thoa tc t di ( khng kh
lnh lt vo l thot ra d dng).
2.1.1.3. Lnh vc s dng. CBXPB ph hp khi cn nung vt dy vi tc
cao v nung u (nung cc thi thp trong l ging).

---- 7 ----

2.1.2. CH BC X TRC TIP (CBXTT)

2.1.2.1. S truyn nhit. CBXTT

V
N

>

T
N

, ngun nhit v trng nhit

c phn b gn v pha vt liu hn so vi tng l, ngn la hng st b mt

vt nung. Nhit v en ca ngn la ng vai tr ln trong qu trnh trao i
nhit, cn c gi tr cao. Ngoi ra phi tng en ca lp kh gia ngn la vi b
mt vt nung. Khng to vng kh chuyn ng tun hon v n lm gim tc ca
dng chnh, tng tri rng v lm ng u c tnh quang hc ca ngn la (
en, nhit ). Chc nng cng tc nhit ca tng l khng ng vai tr quan trng.
2.1.2.2.Chn nhin liu v phng php t. Vic chn nhin liu cng ging
nh CBXPB. Cn phi to cho nhin liu chy hon ton hoc chy phn ln
vng ngn la pha vt nung. Ngn la thng l ngn la phun. Mun duy tr ngn
la st b mt vt cn s dng thit b t nhin liu to nn dng nhin liu v khng
kh c tc cao, hng ti vt nung mt gc . i vi nhin liu lng thng dng
m phun cao p v chng to ra ngn la gn v di.
S lng m t l lm vic theo CBXTT khng nhiu nhng c cng sut
ln v c b tr v m t pha trnh ph hng ngn la phun. Do tnh cht chuyn
n g thng ca kh c li CBXTT nn cc mi n g knh khi b tr i di n vi m
t.
2.1.2.3. Lnh vc s dng. Thng c ng dng trong cc l i n h quang,
l nu chy, l nung, luy n thp. Ch ny c s dng nung cc v t mng
cng nh v t dy.
i vi cc v t mng, cn c m t khong cch nh t nh gia ngn la vi b
m t v t li u v t khng b qu nhi t. i vi cc v t dy, nn c m t gc thch
hp gia ngn la vi b m t v t v ch nn p dng i vi v t khng d dng b
qu nhi t , khng c yu cu nung u.
2.1.3. CH BC X GIN TIP (CBXGT)
2.1.3.1. S truyn nhit. CBXGT

V
N

<

T
N

, vng nhi t cc i nm

st nc v tng l v v y nc, tng l cn c en ln, bn nhi t cao.

cng ha qu trnh truyn nhi t t tng l c th ph ln tng m t lp v t li u
c bi t to kh nng bc x cao. C 3 dnagj bc x gin tip:

---- 8 ----

- Khi ngn la nm gn tng, nc l. Nhi t v sng ca ngn la

pha tng l cao hn pha v t nung.
- Cp nhin li u kh qua m t t ti nc l, nhin li u chy to thnh lp
mng st nc l, lm cho th xy nc c nhi t cao nht; ho c s dng cc m t
c b m t gm t nc, vm l, khi cng ha th b m t gm c nung nng ti
nhi t gn bng nhi t chy ca nhin li u.
- Tng, nc l c thay bng cc b m t phn x c h s phn x ln (0,95
0,97 ).

CBXGT th tng l c nhi t cao hn v ng vai tr tch cc trong

qu trnh trao i nhi t. Ngoi ra, khi en ca khi l cng nh th hi u qu trao
i nhi t cng cao.
2.1.3.2. Chn nhin liu v phng php t. ch ny cn p ng yu
cu c bn l to ra ngn la c nhi t cao nht gn nc, tng l. Nhin li u
phi c nhi t tr ln, ngi ta thng dng nhin li u kh v nhin li u lng nhm
nh; khng dng nhin li u lng loi n ng v nhin li u kh giu cacbua hydro.
cc dng sn phm chy khng qu mnh lm nh hng s phn b nhi t yu cu
trong bung l ngi ta thng dng loi m t c tc thi hn hp chy nh: m
phun thp p ho c m phun c s bin bi c hc.
Cc thit b t c b tr di vm nc l. Cc mi ng knh khi cn phn
b u phn di ca khng gian l.
2.1.3.3. Lnh vc s dng. CBXGT c s dng r ng rai i vi cc v t
li u khng i hi nhi t cao, v t xp trong khng gian l bo m nhi t bc x
u n b m t v t . Hnh 2-1 cho thy l nung kim loi mu lm vi c ch ny.

Hinh 2-1. L nung lin tuc phi kim loi mau lam vi c CBXGT

1. M t; 2. Ming cc knh khi; 3. Phi nung.

---- 9 ----

2.2. CH LM VIC I LU
i vi cc l lm vic nhit khng cao (nh hn 600 0C), lng nhit trao
i bng bc x khng ln, c th b qua th c th coi lo lm vic ch lm vic
i lu (CLVL). Khi s trao i nhit i lu ng vai tr ch yu.
Phng trnh c bn tnh lng nhit trao i bng i lu l cng thc
Newton:
Q = dl .t.Fv , W

(2-3)

y:
- Q: lng nhit trao i bng i lu ;
- dl : h s trao i nhit i lu, W/m2.0C ;
- t = tk tv: hiu nhit gia kh l v vt liu, 0C ;
- Fv: din tch b mt trao i nhit ca vt liu, m2
H s trao i nhit i lu ( dl ) ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: tnh cht
chuyn ng ca dng kh (t nhin hay cng bc); tc vi cc i lng vt l
ca dng chy; hnh dng, kch thc, tnh cht b mt ca vt liu v c xc nh
bng phng trnh tiu chun c dng:
Nu = ARenGrmPrk

(2-4)

Phng php xc nh dl c trnh by c th trong 1 , 2 ; y khng

cp n.
CLVL cc dng cht mang nhit th lng c dl ln hn so vi th kh.
Vi cht mang nhit th kh thng s dng l sn phm chy, khng kh v cc vng
cng ngh, vng sinh nhit c ngn cch, nhin liu chy ngoi bung l. Cht
mang nhit th lng thng l nc, du hoc cc mui nng chy.
2.2.1. TRAO I NHIT I LU TRONG CHT LNG
2.2.1.1. Khi nim. Trong cc nh my c kh, luyn kim vic nung nng hoc
lm ngui cc chi tit kim loi thng c tin hnh trong cht lng, vi cc u
im: tc nung ln, ddeeufd v trnh c oxy ha. Quy lut trao i nhit i lu
trong cht lng cng ging nh trong cht kh. Cc cht mang nhit th lng c chia
thnh 2 nhm:

---- 10 ----

- Cc kim loi ho hp kim nng chy. Nhm ny c c tnh dn in, dn

nhit ln nhng khi thay i ch chuyn ng chy tng qua chy ri th cng
trao i nhit i lu thay i khng nhiu.
- Nc, du v cc mui hoc oxyt nng chy. Cc cht ny c tnh dn nhit
km v c gi tr nh tnh dn nhit ca khng kh.
2.2.1.2. H s trao i nhit i lu. Khi nung nng hoc lm ngui cc vt c
kch thc ln trong cht lng, i lng ny c xc nh theo cng thc di
y ca V. Nusselt:
dl B

2 . 2 .C. .t
,

W/m2

(2-5)

y: B h s thc nghim
- khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m3
- h s dn nhit ca cht lng, W/m.;

C - nhit dung ring ca cht lng, kJ/kg.

- h s gian n th tch ca cht lng, 1/
- h s nht ng lc hc ca cht lng, kg/m.s hoc Pa.s ;
t - chnh lch nhit gia b mt vt v cht lng, 0C.

Tt c cc thng s vt l trong phng trnh trn c tnh theo nhit trung

bnh ttb gia nhit b mt vt tw v nhit ca cht lng tf.
ttb =

tw t f
2

Hnh 2-2 biu th quan h gia dl v qu nhit ca cht lng (so vi nhit
nng chy) khi nung nng cng nh lm ngui cc chi tit bng thp trong cc
mui nng chy.

---- 11 ----

Hinh 2-2. H s trao i nhit i lu dl khi nung nng va lam ngui cc chi tit
bng thp trong cc mui nng chy.
2.2.1.3. Nhn xt. T th trn ta nhn thy rng:
a- H s trao i nhit khi lm ngui vt trong mui lng ln hn nhiu so vi
khi nung nng cng trong mui . Bi v nung nng, giai on u hnh thnh lp
mui kt tinh trn b mt vt, lm gim kh nng trao i nhit gia mui lng v vt.
Cn khi lm ngui, khng nhng khng c hin tng hnh thnh lp mui kt tinh m
cn c nhng iu kin thun li thc y i lu t nhin. Khi nhit ca mui
lng tng, nht ca n gim, qu trnh i lu s tt hn.
b- H s trao i nhit khi lm ngui t gi tr cc i phm vi qu nhit
bng 150 200 0C, bi v qu nhit , tch s (Gr.Pr) c gi tr ln nht.

---- 12 ----

c- H s trao i nhit khi nung nng tng tuyn tnh vi qu nhit.

Do c cu trc tinh th ging nhau, nn khi nhit gn vi nhit nng chy
( qu nhit = 0), cc mui u c cng h s trao i nhit nh sau:
dl 200 220

W/m2.

2.2.2. QU TRNH LM NGUI VT TRONG KHNG KH

Trong sn xut, vt phm kim loi thng c nung nng n nhit cao,
sau c lm ngui trong khng kh. Lng nhit trao i gia vt v khng kh
c tnh theo cng thc Newton:
qlng = lng (tv tKK) = ( bx + dl )(tv tKK)
y: lng - h s lm ngui (c bc x v i lu), W/m2. ;
bx - h s trao i nhit bc x, W/m2. ;
dl - h s trao i nhit i lu, W/m2. ;

tv - nhit b mt ca vt lm ngui, 0C;

tKK - nhit ca khng kh bao quanh vt, 0C
Gi tr ca h s lm ngui lng c th tnh gn ng theo th sau:

Hinh 2-3. H s lng phu thuc vao nhit b mt vt tv

---- 13 ----

(2-6)

Mun chnh xc ta tnh bx v dl theo cc cng thc sau:

bx = bx =

qbx
, W/m2.
tv t KK

(2-

7)
i vi ch i lu t nhin th dl c tnh t phng trnh chun:
Nu = C.(Gr.Pr)n

(2-8)

Vi: C = 0, 450 v n = 0

khi tch s (Gr.Pr) < 10-3

C = 1, 180 v n = 0,125

khi tch s (Gr.Pr) = 10-3 5.102

C = 0,540 v n = 0,25

khi tch s (Gr.Pr) = 5.102 2.107

C = 0,135 v n = 0,333

khi tch s (Gr.Pr) > 2.107

Trong mt s trng hp ta c th s dng cng thc thc nghim sau:

dl = D 4 tv t KK ,

W/m2.

(2-9)

H s D = 2,56 khi tm t ng;

D = 3,25 khi tm t nm ngang, mt lm ngui hng ln trn;
D = 1,33 khi tm t nm ngang, mt lm ngui hng xung di;
D = 5,65 khi tr t nm ngang c ng knh 5 mm;
D = 4,10 khi tr t nm ngang c ng knh 10 mm;
D = 2,25 khi tr t nm ngang c ng knh 50 mm;
D = 2,09 khi tr t nm ngang c ng knh 100 mm;
D = 2,01 khi tr t nm ngang c ng knh 200 mm;
i vi ch i lu cng bc khi ch chy tng, vt c dng tm th ta c:
dl = dl A1 OKK .0
l

0,5

W/m2.

(2-

10)
khi ch chy ri:
dl = A1 OKK .0
l

0,5

W/m2.

(2-11)

vi: - 0 , 0 l khi lng ring v tc ca khng kh iu kin tiu chun

- l l chiu di ca vt lm ngui
- A1 v A2 l cc h s, c chn theo bng sau:

---- 14 ----

Ch chy
Chy tng 1
Chy tng 2

0
3,42
4,37

50
3,68
4,52

100
3,93
4,66

Nhit
200
300
4,33
4,71
4,88
5,09

500
5,36
5,41

1000
6,47
6,04

2.2.3. LNH VC S DNG CH TRAO I NHIT I LU

S trao i nhit i lu c ng dng nhng l c nhit khng ln hn
4000C, th d nh trong cc l sy, l in tr nhit thp, phn trn ca l cao
nhng vng c nhit cao hn th vai tr trao i nhit bc x l ch yu nhng vn
cn nh hng ca trao i nhit i lu, c bit l khi khi l chuyn ng vi vn
tc ln.
i vi cc l s dng ch trao i nhit i lu vic t nhin liu trong
bung l l khng cho php v nhit thp th khng bo m, n nh qu trnh
chy v s ng u trao i nhit trong khng gian l. Ngi ta thng t nhin liu
mt bung ring, c lp vi khng gian bung l, nn c th t c mi dng
nhin liu. S dng in nng l thch hp nht v d dng iu chnh v khng ch
nhit nhng nng sut khng ln m gi thnh sn phm li cao. gim kch
thc bung t ngi ta thng s dng cc m t c ngn la ngn, m phun thp
p (khi t nhin liu lng) v trch nhim bc x t bung t sang bung l. s
trao i nhit tt, yu cu cht mang nhit phi c tc ln v chuyn ng bao
quanh vt.
S ti tun hon kh thi c s dng nhiu trong cc l lm vic ch
ny do nhit yu cu ca cng ngh thp hn so vi nhit ca sn phm chy.
Khi ta c qu trnh hn hp gia sn phm chy vi kh thi ti tun hon l:
VKCKtk + VhhChhthh

(2-12)

y: - VK, Vth, Vhh l th tch ca khi (sn phm chy), kh thi ti tun hon
v hn hp (tnh iu kin tiu chun), m3/s ;
- CK, Cth, Chh l nhit dung ring ca khi (sn phm chy), kh thi ti tun
hon v hn hp, KJ/m3.
- tK, tth, thh l nhit ca khi(sn phm chy), kh thi ti tun hon v hn
hp, 0C.

---- 15 ----

2.3. CH LM VIC THEO LP

y l ch lm vic cc l nung nng , nu chy hoc lm ngui cc vt
liu dng ht, dng cc hoc dng bi. Vt liu c cht y hoc mt phn trong
khng gian lm vic ca l. kh nng chuyn ng qua lp vt liu. L thng c cu
to thng ng. ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu, s chuyn ng tng i gia vt
liu vi dng kh, cng ngh sn xut ngi ta phn ra ba dng lp:
-1. Lp cht: vt liu c dng cc, xp thng lp dc coi nh khng chuyn
ng tng i vi nhau. kh l chuyn ng qua lp vt liu t di ln hoc t trn
xung. L c cu to thng ng .
-2. Lp si: Vt liu c dng ht nh, ng o trng thi b xo trn ging
nh si bi dng kh c tc ln thi t di ln. Th d : cc l thiu qung, L
sy tng si.
-3. Lp l lng: Vt liu rt nh, dng bi bay l lng trong khng gian l
di tc ng ca dng kh c tc ln . Th d cc dng i phun, xyclon
Ch lm vic theo lp c hai c dim ni bt :
-B mt trao i nhit ln nhng khng n nh
-Trong l tn ti ng thi c ba dng dn nhit, i lu v bc x nhit.
2.3.1. CH LP CHT
Khi nghin cu v trao i nhit trong lp cht ngi ta c khi nim h s trao
i nhit th tch v - lng nhit trao i ng vi mt n v th tch l c cha vt
liu -, W/m3.:
r

.F .F0

,
V
1

W/m3.

(2-13)

y: - h s trao i nhit b mt, W/m2.

- V l th tch khng gian l c cha vt liu, m3
- F l din tch b mt ca vt liu, m2 ;
- F0 l din tch b mt ca vt liu ng vi 1 m3 vt liu, m2 ;
- 1 c ngha l xt khi V = 1 m3
H s trao i nhit th tch v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca vt liu m c th
c tnh vi cc cng thc khc nhau. Ngi ta chia vt liu lm hai loi: vt liu
mng v vt liu dy.

---- 16 ----

- Vt liu mng l loi c nhit tr ca n gn bng khng:

- Vt liu dy l loi c nhit tr ca n khc khng:

R
0

R
0

y: - R: bn knh ca vt liu, m ;
- : h s dn nhit ca vt liu, W/m.
i vi vt liu mng ta c:
AT 0,3 .00,7 1,68 f 3,56 f 2
v
.10
dm

, W/m3.

(2-14)

, W/m3.

(2-15)

i vi vt liu dy ta c:
v

BT 0,3 .00,9 1,68 f 3,56 f 2

.10
d 0,75

Trong cc cng thc trn:

T - nhit tuyt i ca vt liu, 0K;
0 - tc kh iu kin tiu chun khi l hon ton rng, m/s ;

d - ng knh ca vt liu, m ;
f rng ca vt liu, f = 0 1;
m = 1,3 khi lm ngui cc cc than cc
m = 0,9 cc trng hp khc
A - h s thc nghim, ph thuc vo vt liu v cng ngh theo bng sau:
Vt liu
Nung nng Lam ngui
Qung st
115
135
vi
65
75
Sa mt
85
135
Kim loi dng cu
70
70
B - h s thc nghim, ph thuc vo vt liu khi nung nng, c gi tr sau:
Vi qung st

B = 160

vi

B = 166

Sa mt

B = 135

Than cc

B = 170

Cc l lm vic theo ch lp cht c phn thnh ba nhm c trng:

- Nhm th nht bao gm nhng l ngc bung t ring, trong l khng c
cc phn ng ta nhit hoc thu nhit. Th d nh cc l ng nu chy qung ng,

---- 17 ----

gang v hp kim, l nung vt liu sa mt dng ht c trng ca nhm ny l l

ng nu gang.
- Nhm th hai bao gm nhng l c bung t ring hoc khng gian t
ring nhng cc vng cn li ca l vn xy ra cc phn ng thu nhit hoc ta
nhit mang cng ngh. Th d nh cc l nung vi. nung manhedit, l cao luyn
gang. c trng ca nhm ny l l cao
- Nhm th ba bao gm nhng l m qu trnh t chy nhin liu xy ra trong
ton b khng gian cha liu v ng thi c cc phn ng thu nhit hoc ta nhit
mang ngha cng ngh. Thi d nh cc l nu chy tinh qung ca ng.
2.32 CH LP SI.
2.3.2.1. Mt s c tnh ca lp si
ch nc si, cc vt liu c kch thc nh v tng i ng c y
ln bi dng kh c tc ln, c gi tr thch hp. Mt ht trong lp si c gi tr
nh, lc ma st gia cc ht yu hn nhiu so vi lp cht. B mt trao i nhit ca
vt liu trong lp si ln hn so vi lp cht v gi l b mt hot tnh S ht, c xc
nh theo cng thc:
S ht

H .S . f d 2 6 Hf
.

, m2/m2.s
0,523d 3 S
d

(2-16)

Vi H - chiu cao lp vt liu.m

S - tit din mang ca l,m2;
f - rng ca lp vt liu;
d - ng knh ca ht vt liu ,m ;
- thi gian vt liu trong lp si, s

Tc cn thit hnh thnh lp si ph thuc ch yu vo kch thc, khi

lng ca ht vt liu. y l tc dng khi qua mt ct ngang ca l (coi nh l
hon ton rng, khng cha vt liu), k hiu l s . Lp si tn ti khi:
min < s < max
min

- gi tr tc ti thiu bt u hnh thnh lp si;

max

- gi tr tc lm cho lp si b ph hy v chuyn sang trng thi lp

l lng.

---- 18 ----

Cc gi tr min v max c tnh theo tiu chun Remin v Remax nh sau:

Remin =

Ar
1400 5, 22 Ar

Remax =

Ar
18 0, 6 Ar

(2-17)
(2-18)

Trong Ar l tiu chun Archimed, c trng t s ma st v lc y

Archimed.
Ar =

gd 3 r K
.
v2
K

(2-19)

vi g l gia tc trng trng; d ng knh ht vt liu; v nht ng hc;

r , K - khi lng ring ca vt liu v dng kh.

c trng cho trng thi lp si cn c thng s ms gi l s si:

ms =

s
min

(2-20)

Qa trnh hnh thnh lp si c bt u khi ms = 2, khi th tch ca lp vt

liu tng ln 15 % so vi lp cht. Hnh 2-4 biu th cc trng thi ca lp si khi tc
gi thay i.

Hinh 2-4. Cc trng thi ca lp si khi tc gi thay i

---- 19 ----

a-Thi k bt u hnh thnh lp si, ms = 1 2; b-Th tch lp vt liu tng

15%; c-S to thnh cc bong bng rng trong lp vt liu; d-Hnh thnh cc lp ct
liu trng thi l lng.
Khi tc gi thay i khng nhng lm thay i trng thi ca lp si m cn
dn n s thay i tr lc ca lp ht, tc thc ca dng kh, hnh 2.5 cho ta thy
nhng s thay i . Nu l c tit din trn th tr lc ca lp si c tnh theo
cng thc:
p

P
H .g .( r K )(1 f ) ,
Std

N/m2

(2-21)

Trong : P trng lc ca vt liu trong lp si, N ;

Std din tch t do ca ghi l (din tch cc l thng gi), m2
Thi gian vt liu trong trng thi si c tnh:

H .S .(1 f ) v
,h
G0 .k

(2-22)

Trong : G0 nng sut ca thit b, kg/h;

k h s hiu chnh s thay i ca vt liu trong qu trnh si
Hnh 2-5. A Quan h tr lc v tc gi; B Quan h tc thc v tc thi
=f( s ); C Quan h chiu cao lp vt liu H v tc thi s .

thc

2.3.2.2. S trao i nhit trong lp si

S trao i nhit trong lp si c I.M.Federov tnh ton theo phng trnh
tiu chun vi cc cng thc thc nghim sau:
Tiu chun Federov: Fe = dtd. 3

4 g v K
.
3v 2
v

(2-23)

Trong : dtd ng knh tng ng ca ht vt liu, m

dtd =

6.G
, m
.n.v

(2-24)

G- khi lng ca ht vt liu trong mt th tch mu th nghim, kg ;

n- s ht vt liu ca th tch mu th nghim
Khi Fe = 30 100 th Nu = 0,0151.Fe

0,74

.Re

---- 20 ----

0,65

H
.
d t

0,34

(2-25)

Khi Fe = 100 200 th Nu = 0,0283.Fe

0,604

.Re

0,65

H
.
d t

0,34

(2-26)

Sau khi tnh c gi tr Nu ta s xc nh c h s trao i nhit nh a

bit. Ngoi ra, c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau:
= 25 + 4,21. s 0,63 ,

W/m3.

(2-27)

Khi coi qu trnh trao i nhit gia dng kh vi vt liu l n nh (khng tnh
cc tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh v nhit thu, hoc ta ra do phn ng ha
hc bn trong) ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit l:
Q = .S ht .ttb G0

Cv
(tv 2 tv1 ) Std .td .OK .CK (t K 1 t K 2 ), W
3600

(2-28)

y: Sht b mt hot tnh ca vt liu, m2 ;

G0 nng sut thit b. kg/h ;
Cv nhit dung ring trung bnh ca vt liu, J/kg. ;
CK nhit dung ring trung bnh ca kh, J/kg. ;
ok - khi lng ring ca kh iu kin tiu chun, kg/m3 ;

Std din tch thng gi ca ghi l, m2 ;

td - tc ca kh qua din tch thng gi, m/s ;

tv1, tv2 nhit ban u v nhit cui ca vt liu. 0C ;

tK1, tK2 nhit ban u v nhit cui ca kh ra khi lp si, 0C ;
ttb - hiu nhit trung bnh logarit gia kh vi liu, 0C ;

2.3.2.3. Lnh vc s dng ca lp si

trong k thut ngi ta thng s dng lp si sy v gia cng vt liu.
cc thit b sy th nng lng l do dng kh mang vo, cn trong cng ngh gia cng
qung sunfua st, km, ng nng lng cp l nng lng ha ca chnh bn thn
vt liu. L lp si lm vic vi s t chy nhin liu ngay trong lp, c s dng
nung vi, lmit Ngi ta cn s dng lp si nung nng cc vt phm
bng thp hoc kim loi mu. Vt nung c treo trong lp si, s trao i nhit vi
= 500 600 W/m2., ln hn vi ln so vi nung cc l bung hoc l nung lin

tc.

---- 21 ----

2.3.3. CH LP L LNG
Nh a trnh by phn trn, khi s > max th lp si b ph v v chuyn sang
lp l lng, hay khi s si ms = 50 100 th lp l lng bt u hnh thnh.
Vi ch lp l lng, vt liu c kch thc rt nh v vn tc dng kh
ln, sao cho cn bng gia lc trng trng tc ng ln ht vt liu vi lc nng do
dng kh thi ln, theo phng trnh:
d3
d2
2
( v K ).g .
. K K
6
4
2

(2-29)

y: - h s tr lc ;
K - vn tc ca dng kh

Phng trnh cn bng nhit lp l lng c th vit:

(t K tv ) Fv .d C1 (TK4 Tv4 ) Fv .d C2 (Tv4 TT4 ) Fv .d q.Vv v 0

(2-30)

vi: - h s trao i nhit i lu, W/m2. ;

C1 h s trao i nhit gia kh v vt liu,W/m2.K4
C2 h s trao i nhit gia vt liu vi tng l, W/m2.K4
TT nhit ca tng l, 0K ;
Vv th tch ca vt liu, m3 ;
Fv din tch b mt ca vt liu, m2
Do tc ca dng kh ln nn ta tnh theo ch i lu cng bc khi
Re = 20 400, khi : Nu = 0,2.Re0,83

(2-31)

Ph thuc vo s chuyn ng tng i gia vt liu v dng kh ta c cc ch

lm vic theo lp l lng vi s chuyn ng cng chiu thng ng t di ln, t
trn xung, chuyn ng ngc chiu, chuyn ng nm ngang cng chiu.
Ch lm vic theo lp l lng c s dng trong cc l nung hoc sy cc
qung sunfua, dung dch c ca sunfua km, ng so snh vi cc l khc c cng
cng ngh th l lm vic theo lp l lng c nng sut tng i cao, thun li hn
nhiu so vi cc l ng quay, l thiu nhiu tng.

---- 22 ----

Chng 3- THIT B T NHIN LIU

3.1 THIT B T NHIN LIU RN
3.1.1 S CHY CA NHIN LIU RN.
Khi t nhin liu rn ta c qu trnh chy d th gia th rn l vin than v th
kh l oxy ca khng kh cng cht bc ca nhin liu. Khi than c nung n trn
2000C th cht bc thot ra. l cc cht kh chy c tch ra khi than nhu :H 2,
CO,CH4, CnHm Lng cht bc c ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca than.
Than cng gi th hm lng cacbon cng ln th nhit bt u thot ra cht bc
cng cao.
S chy nhin liu rn c tnh t khi cht bc tham gia phn ng chy vi
oxy, sinh nhit nng v thc y qu trnh chy pht trin. Khi kt thc qu trnh thot
cht bc th s chy ca cacbon bt u v y l qu trnh chy ch yu vi cc phn
ng c trng sau:
1 - Chy cacbon ( chy s cp ):
C + O2 = CO2 + 399,253 kj/kmol
2C + O2 = 2Co + 246,623 kj/mol
2 - Phn hy Co2 v hi nc ( chy th cp )
C+CO2=2CO-162.530kj/kmol
C+2H2O=CO2+2H2-65.294kj/kmol
3 - Chy tip kh CO (chy th cp )
2CO+O2=2CO2+571.683 kj/kmol
Tc chy ca nhin liu rn ph thuc vo tc phn ng ha hc ca gia
oxy vi cacbon, vo tc khuch tn ca oxy. V th cn to cho gi c khi lng
v p sut nht nh trong bung t. Than c cht bc cn gi c p sut ln hn so
vi than c nhiu cht bc.

---- 23 ----

t chy nhin liu rn c hai qu trnh: t chy hon ton v khng hon ton
(cn gi l t bn kh ). qu trnh t chy hon ton th lng khng kh cung cp
cho qu trnh c a c 100% qua di ghi c p sut ln thng tr lc ca
ghi, ca lp than v tham gia phn ng chy vi cacbon. V vy, chiu dy ca lp
than trn mt ghi l thng l 200 vv250 mm v qu trnh chy xy ra ch yu trong
bung t. Khi t chy khng hon ton (ch thch hoqpj vi than c nhiu cht bc )
th lp than trn mt ghi l c chiu dy ln hn (300 500mm) v ch cn 60% lng
gi cn cp (gi cp 1) a qua di ghi 40%cn li ( gi cp 2)c a vo khng
gian pha trn bung t chy tip kh CO bc ln t lp than.
3.1.2 CC LOI BUNG T
3.1.2.1. Bung t ghi phng
Cu to ca bung t ghi phng n gin v cc kiu ghi l c trnh by
trn hnh 3-1 v 3-2.
Loi ghi thanh c dng nhiu vi cc loi than co kch thc trung bnh va
ln. Loai ghi ny ch to n gin, thay th d dng nhng khng dng c vi cc
loi than vn v kh khn trong vic nh x.
Loi ghi tm dng t than vn , than cm vi cc bung t c cng sut
nhit nh. Nhc im ca loi ny l kh khn trong vic lm sch khi c x mc kt
l gi, dn n vic than chy khng o. Khi c h hng phi thay c tm.
Cc khe h khng kh i qua trn mt khi l gi l mt ghi (mt to). T s
gia din tch mt ghi -f, vi din tch ton b mt ghi -F(k c mt ghi) gi l t l
mt ghi. Ga tr ny c chn ph thuc vo loi than theo bng sau:
TT
1
2
3

Loi than
Than bn, than ci
Than , than nu
Than antraxit, than gy

---- 24 ----

f/F,%
15 20
25 30
10 15

Hinh 3-1. S bung t ghi phng

I Khng gian lm vic ca bung t
II Bung cha gi, tp trung x
1. Lp than
2. Ghi
3. Dm ghi
4. ng gi
5. Ca vo than
6. Ca ra x
7. Th xy ca bung t
8. Gi t hai (t bn kh)
9. Ct khung l

Hinh 3-2. S cc kiu ghi n gin

a. Ghi thanh, b. Ghi tm, c. Mt gi

---- 25 ----

3.1.2.2.Bung t ghi nghing

Loi bung t ny c cng sut ln hn so vi loi ghi phng v c trnh
by trn hnh 3-3.
Hinh 3-3. S bung t ghi nghing
1. Lp than
2. Ghi nghing
3. Ghi phng
4. ng cp gi
5. Ca ly x
6. Thng cha than
7. C cu vo than
8. Tng ca bung t
9. Khng gian ca bung t
Cng vi ghi nghing, trong bung t c mt phn ghi phng, thng l ghi
tm ch yu l dng hng x phn ghi nghing ri xung khng gian cha x. Cn
ch chn gc nghing (thng t 35 400) cho ph hp m bo qu trnh
chy tt. bung t ghi nghing th qu trnh chy ca nhin liu xy ra lin tc, u
n hn v nhit bung t t thay i so vi bung t ghi phng.
Loi bung t ny thng dng cho cc loi than c nhiu cht bc v c th
t than kch thc nh.
3.1.2.3 Bung t c kh.
Ty theo mc c kh ha m gi l bung t c kh hoc bn c kh. c hai
khu ch yu cn c kh ha: vic cp than vo bung t v thi x ra ngoi. C hai
cch cp than: a than vo pha trn hoc t pha di ghi. Vic thi x cn kt hp
c kh v th cng. Trn hnh 3-4 trnh by swo bung t than c kh cp than t
di ln.

---- 26 ----

Vic cp than vo bung t t pha trn ghi c th dng c cu quay hoc

dng khng kh nn. cc l ny vic nh x c th dng phng php lc ghi hoc
lt ghi.
3.1.2 TNH TON BUNG T
3.1.3.1. Chn kiu bung t.
Vic chn kiu bung t da vo cng sut nhit, cng ngh l v c im
ca nhin liu cung cp cho qu trnh chy. Ch xc nh s lng v cch b tr
bung t ph thuc vo cng sut nhit, kiu l v quy nh cng ngh. Yu cu lp
t bung t phi m bo thun li cp nhit cho l, thao tc cng ngh, thao tc
vn hnh ca cng nhn v hp l b tr mt bng phn xng.
3.1.3.2. Tnh cc kch thc ca bung t.
a.Ghi l. c th xc nh din tch b mt ghi l theo hai cng sut sau:
F=

B
, m2 ; hoc
R

0, 28.B.Qdt
F=
,
r

(3-1)
m2

Trong cc cng thc trn th:

B - lng cn cung cp, kg/h;
R - cng chy ca ghi,kg/m2.h;
Qdt - nhit tr thp ca than, kj/kg ;

---- 27 ----

(3-2)

r - cng nhit ca ghi w/m2.

Cc i lng R v r c chn theo bng sau:
Bng 3-1. Cng chy v cng nhit ca ghi
Cng
Dng nhin liu
Than ci
Than ci
Than bn
Than
Than ngtrxit

Kiu bung t

chy ca ghi

Ghi th cng
Bung t kiu ging
Ghi th cng
Ghi th cng
Ghi th cng

b. Th tch bung t: V =

Cng nhit ca ghi, r

103.kcal/m2.h

R, kg/m2.h
200 500
400 600
200 400
70 120
100 120

400
600
300
300
400

Qdt .B
, m3
q

1500
1200
1500
1500
1500

103.W/m2
465
697
348
348
465

1744
1395
1744
1744
1744

(3-3)

Trong q l mt nhit th tch ca bung t, W/m 3, c chn theo bng

sau:
Bng 3-2. Mt nhit th tch ca ghi q.
Dng nhin liu
Than ci, than bn
Than
Mazut
Nhin liu kh

Bung t ca l nung
10 .kcal/m3.h
103.W/m3
300 400
348 465
230 450
290 523
250 500
290 581
200 350
230 407
3

c. Chiu cao ca bung t:

H=

Bung t ca l sy
10 .kcal/m3.h
103.W/m3
200 250
232 290
250 300
290 348
200 300
232 348
200 250
232 290
3

V
,m
F

(3-4)

Ngoi ra ta c th xc nh chiu cao ca bung t ph thuc vo din tch

mt ghi theo cc kt qu kho st v thc nghim i vi than antraxit Vit nam nh
trnh by bn 3-3.

Bng 3-3.Quan h chiu cao bung t v b mt ghi

TT
1
2

Din tch mt

chiu cao

ghi,m3
0,50
1,00

bung t,m
1 1,2
1,2 1,4

---- 28 ----

3
4

1,50
> 1,50

1,5 1,5
<1,6

d. Chiu di v chiu ngang bung t.Cc kch thc ny c xc nh cn

c vo hng cp nhit v iu kin thao tc l. chiu di bung t, theo quy c v
chiu ma sn phm chy chuyn ng dc theo n i sang bung l. T l gia cc
chiu c th chn nh sau
chiu cao /chiu di =1 2,3

(3-5)

Vic xc nh chiu ca bung t phi kt hp vi chiu ca bung l sao cho

sn phm chy c nhit cao nhanh chng chuyn ng qua bung l. cn ch n
s thun tin v kinh t khi b tr vic xy dng thi cng bung t v bung l.
3.1.3.3. THIT B T NHIN LIU KH.
3.2.1.T IM CHUNG V PHN LOI THIT B .
Qa trnh chy trong thit b l chy ng th do c nhin liu v cht tham gia
s chy o th kh. Vic ha trn kh t vi khng kh rt quan trng i vi qu
trnh chy v c thc hin trong cc thit b t (m t).Theo t im ha trn
gia kh t v khng kh , ngi ta phn thit b t lm hai loi
-M t t ht. loi ny , nhin liu v khng kh c ha trn ngay trong
thit b, v th hn hp khi ra khi m t vo bung l l chy ngay. Loi ny c h
s tiu hao khng kh nh (n=1,05), thng dng cc l khng yu cu ngn la
di hoc dng nhin liu nhit tr thp
-M t lng ng. loi ny, nhin liu v khng kh c ha trn trc
trong thit b m s ha trn xy ra trong bung l. Nhit chy ca nhin liu thp
hn so vi loi trn v th thng dng vi nhin liu c nhit tr cao. m bo qu
trnh chy hon ton cn c n = 1, 1 1,2 v c cc bin php thch hp ci thin
cch ha trn kh t vi khng kh.
3.2.2. M T LNG NG
M t lng ng thng c s dng trong cc l cn tp trung nhit thc
hin mt qu trnh cng ngh, dng nhin liu c nhit tr cao. So vi m t t ht th
loi ny c nhng u im sau:
- Kch thc nh hn nhiu khi c cng mt cng sut.

---- 29 ----

- t c kh nng la chy lan vo trong m t nn phm vi iu chnh cng

sut rng.
- C th lm vic vi kh t v khng kh nhit cao do c nung trc (khi
iu kin cho php)
- M t v cc th xy ca l gn m t lm vic bn hn do vng chy nm
cch xa m t.
Tuy nhin, m t lng ng cng c nhc im:
- Cn c h s tiu hao khng kh ln (n = 1,1 1,15); phi nung nng trc
kh t v khng kh nu khng th nhit chy thc t c th gim 100 2000C.
- Phi dng qut gi cung cp khng kh cho m t, phi c c cu iu
chnh s ha trn kh t v khng kh.
M t lng ng thng thng c cu to nh trn hnh 3-5.

Hinh 3-5. S m t lng ng

1-ng dn kh t; 2-ng dn khng kh; 3-L quan st
y, ng trong dn kh t, cn ng ngoi dn khng kh. m bo cho
nhin liu chy hon ton th n = 1,1 1,15; khi cn ngn la di theo chiu di l th
nn c n = 1,0 1,05. Tc kh t ra khi ming m t cm: 80 100m/s, cn t
s tc gia khng kh v kh t ming ra ca m t l 1:2 hoc 1:3. Loi m

---- 30 ----

t ny dng c hiu qu cc l nung ln dng kh thin nhin. Mt s thng s

c trnh by trong bng 3-4.
Bng 3-4. Mt s thng s k thut ca m t lng ng.
TT
Cc thng s
1
- p sut trong ng dn trc

Kh t

Khng kh

+ Kh thin nhin

400 600

200 300

+ Kh l cao
Tc , m/s

600 700

200 300

10 15

8 10

Hn hp

m t, mm H2O

+ Trong ng dn v ti ming
vo m t

20 25

+ Bn trong m t
+ Ti tit din ra khi m t

* Khi lu lng cc i

80 100

80 100

5 30

* Khi lu lng cc tiu

10 15

58

45

- H s tr lc ti tit din ra

1,5 1,7

ca m t
c qu trnh chy tt hn ngi ta dng m t lng ng c vng xoy.
Hnh 3-6 m t m t lng ng c cnh to xoy gn trn u ng phun kh t. Tc
chuyn ng ca kh t khong 15 m/s v nu kh t l cc th c th lm vic
vi cng sut t 6 85 m3/h.

---- 31 ----

Hinh 3-6. S m t lng ng c cnh to xoy

1- ng dn kh t; 2- ng dn khng kh; 3- Cnh to xoy
Ngi ta thng dng m t c cu trc c bit to chuyn ng quay cho
khng kh nh hnh 3-7. Nhin liu c tc ln, khi vo m t gp dng khng
kh xoy nn b phn nh v vy lm cho hn hp c ha trn tt hn. Loi m t
ny lm vic vi n = 1,1. Chiu di ngn la gp khong 7 10 ln ng knh ming
ra ca hn hp. Tc ca hn hp ti ming ra khi m t thng l 15 40m/s.
tc 40 m/s th p sut ca kh t v khng kh cn l 4,9 6,9 kN/m2.

Hinh 3-7. S m t lng ng c dng xoy

1 - ng dn khng kh; 2 phn u m t; 3 ng dn kh t; 4 Ca quan st

---- 32 ----

3.2.3. M DT T HT.
M t t ht c s dng cc l c kch thc nh hoc khng cn nhn
la di. c th c c khng kh tham gia vo qu trnh chy th yu cu nhin
liu (kh t) khi vo m t phi c p sut ln. Khng kh c th ly t nhin hoc
do qut gi cung cp (i vi l cn cng sut nhit ln). Sau y l cc u, nhc
im ca m t t ht:
- u im:
+ Kh c t chy hon ton vi h s tiu hao khng kh nh;
+ Qa trnh chy nhanh, n nh v ngn la ngn;
+ Khng cn qut gi i vi l cng sut thp.
- Nhc im:
+ Yu cu kh t phi c p sut ln. Khi t kh c nhit tr thp th p k
1000 mmH2O; vi kh c nhit tr cao pk 5000 mmH2O;
+ Gii hn iu chnh cng sut m t hp v trnh s chy lan t l vo
m t;
+ Cu to phc tp v c kch thc ln so vi m t lng ng..
Do qu trnh ha trn kh t vi khng kh xy ra trong thit b nn trong m
t c b phn ring bit gi l ng ha trn. Theo cu trc, m t t ht c chia
lm hai loi:
- Loi th nht l m t t ht mt ng dn (ng dn kh t). Loi ny lm
vic vi khng kh lnh ly ngay ti ni c thit b, c trnh by trn hnh 3-8.

Hinh 3-8. S m t t ht m ng dn
1- u ng phun kh t; 2- ng nh dn; 3- ng ha trn; 4- ng ln dn; 5- C cu
iu chnhlu lng gi

---- 33 ----

Kh t c p sut cao i vo u ng phun kh (1). Kh ra khi ng phun c tc

ln, to chn khng vng xung quanh v ht khng kh t ngoi vo qua c cu
iu chnh (5). Qa trnh ha trn kh t vi khng kh trong ng (3). m bo
ha trn tt, t s chiu di vi ng knh ca ng ha trn phi ln hn 7. Sau
hn hp qua ng (4), du m t chuyn ng vo l. M t ny c cu to n gin,
lp t thun tin.
trnh s chy lan co trong m t, yu cu p sut ti thiu ca kh nh sau:
Vi:
- Kh ha than

- pmin 981, N/m2;

- Kh hn hp l cc + l cao

1960 -

- Kh l cao

490

- L th hai l m t t ht hai ng dn (ng dn kh t v ng dn khng

kh). loi ny thng lm vic vi khng kh nng c cp t qut gi hay ht qua
thit b trao i nhit, c trnh by trn hnh 3-9.

Hinh 3-9. S m t t ht hai ng dn

Kh t c a vo ng dn (1), qua ng nh dn (3), gp khng kh nng
a qua ng dn (2). Hn hp ha trn trong ng (4) qua ng ln dn (5) v du m
t (6) vo chy trong bung l. bo v m t, ngi ta lm mt n bng nc
qua ng (7). phng hin tng t bc la ca hn hp trong m t, yu cu nhit
ca kh t v khng kh khi vo thit b nh sau:
- Kh l cao

<4800 C ;

- Kh hn hp l cao + l cc

<4000 C ;

- Khng kh

<5000 C ;

- Hn hp kh + khng kh

4000 C ;

---- 34 ----

 trnh hin tng chy lan vo trong m t cn phi bo m tc ca

hn hp khi ra khi m t ln hn tc lan truyn ca ngn la t bung l vo.
khu vc b tr m t cn phi xy tng l bng vt liu c kh nng chu nhit cao
do ngn la chy ngay gn u m t. Tit din phn knh dn tng l, ni hn
hp t m t i qua bung l phi ln hn tit din ming ra ca m t t 7 8 ln.
3.3. THIT B T NHIN LIU LNG
3.3.1. C IM CHUNG V PHN LOI THIT B
Nhin liu lng khi t phi bin thnh cc ht bi tng nhanh qu trnh
nung nng n nhit bt la, tng b mt tip xc v xo trn gia nhin liu v
khng kh. Thit b t nhin liu lng trong l cng nghip gi l m phun. Thit b
ny c nhim v lm bin bi nhin liu, a hn hp cht bin bi v nhin liu vo
t chy trong l. M phun cn tha man cc yu cu sau:
- Bin dng nhin liu thnh bi nh v ha trn tt vi khng kh;
- m bo qu trnh chy n nh, duy tr chiu di ngn la cn thit;
- Cu to n gin, c tin cy trong bo qun vn hnh, khng gy bn, tc
m phun, d dng v sinh.
Ph thuc vo mi cht bin bi v p sut, cc m phun c chia lm hai
loi:
- M phun thp p. loi ny mi cht bin bi l khng kh c p sut khng
cao, nung nng n 3000C v ton b lng khng kh cn chy nhin liu c cp
qua m phun v th nhin liu c chy hon ton.
- M phun cao p. loi ny mi cht bin bi l khng kh nn hoc hi nc
cao p. Nu l khng kh nn th ch c 7 10% lng khng kh cn t nhin liu i
qua m phun, phn cn li l khng kh th cp i qua knh ring. Nu l hi nc th
ton b lng khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh chy c coi nh khng kh th cp
v c th nung trc n nhit cao (1000 1200 0C). Loi m phun ny c s
dng trong l c nhit cao, dung tch ln.
c tnh ca hai loi m phun trn c trnh by trong bng 3-5. Ngoi ra cn
c loi m phun c hc m qu trnh bin bi l nh tc mazut ra t ming phun rt
ln v t phn thnh bi nh.

---- 35 ----

Bng 3-5. Cc c tnh ca m phun thp p v m phun cao p

M phun
Thp p
Cao p
Khng kh do 1. Khng kh nn

c tnh
Cht bin bi

qut cp
p sut ca cht bin bi

2,95 8,8

Lng cht bin bi (khng kh), % ca tng

lng khng kh cn t chy nhin liu
Lng khng kh t hai, % ca tng lng
khng kh cn t chy nhin liu
Nhit nung khng kh, 0C
Lng cht bin bi cho mt kg du, kg

100
0
300

Tc c cht bin bi khi ra khi ming ng, m/s

Mc bin bi (ng knh ht bi du), mm

50 80
n 0,5

2. Hi nc
1. Khng kh nn: 590 780
2. Hi nc:

590 1780

7 12
1. 88 93
2. 100
Khng hn ch
1. 0,6
2. 0,8
Thng n 300 c bit c
th > 300
0,1 0,2

3.3.2. M PHUN THP P

Trn hnh 3-10 m t cu to m phun thp p ca vin thit k SNG c p sut
mazut trc m 49 98 kN/m2, cht bin bi l khng kh cp t qut, c nung
nng trc n nhit 3000C trnh phn hy mazut trong m lm gy tc l
phun. M phun thp p c nhc im l phm vi iu chnh mazut b hn ch, nn
khi gim lng mazut ko theo gim lng khng kh qua m, lm gim tc khng
kh nn cht lng bin bi b gim. loi m phun ny c th iu chnh gim cng
sut 40 50% cng sut cc i m cha lm gim cht lng qu trnh bin bi.
Chiu di ngn la ti 2 2,5. chy hon ton nhin liu cn h s tiu hao khng
kh n = 1,2.

---- 36 ----

Hinh 3-10. M phun thp p ca vin thit k SNG

1 - ng dn mazut; 2 Vt chnh tm ng mazut; 3 Trc iu chnh mazut; 4 Nt tho.
Mt loi m phun thng s dng l m phun kiu Karabin, c trnh by
trn hnh 3-11, c c im:
- Khng kh bin bi v t mazut c cp vo theo hng tip tuyn vi
ca thot 2 u m phun 1 gp dng mazut vi gc 75 900.
- Khi quay v lng trc lm thay i tit din l thot mazut do vy vic iu
chnh lu lng mazut khng lm thay i tc ca n.
Vi cc c im trn th loi m phun ny c cht lng bin bi du v s
chy xy ra tt hn, ngn la ngn hn so vi cc loi m phun khc.

Hinh 3-11. M phun Karabin

1 M phun khng kh; 2 Ca thot khng kh; 3 Trc iu chnh mazut.

---- 37 ----

3.3.3. M PHUN CAO P

Tuy cc cht bin bi khc nhau (khng kh nn hoc hi nc) nhng cc m
phun cao p c cu to c bn khng khc nhau. Chng u c cc b phn ch yu
cho dng cht bi sau khi ra khi ming ng dn vi tc ln, p vo dng du v
bin chng thnh nhng ht bi. cc l cng sut nh v trung bnh thng s dng
m phun cao p kiu Su-khp, c cu to nh trn hnh 3-12

Hinh 3-12. S m phun cao p kiu Su-khp

1. ng dn du; 2. C cu ham; 3. ng dn cht bin bi
M phun Su-khp dng thch hp cho bung t di, khng thch hp cho
bung nh v lung phun va p vo tng i din s kt bu cc do mazut cha
chy ht v gy ph hoi tng l. Kiu m phun ny cho ngn la hp v di. Chiu
di ngn la khong 2,5 4mm i vi m phun kch thc nh v c th ti 6 7
i vi m phun kch thc ln. vin bi mt kg du th cn 0,4 0,6 g hi nc
hoc 0,6 0,8 kg khng kh nn.

---- 38 ----

Hinh 3-13. S m phun cao p kiu AMI

1 ng dn du; 2 ng dn cht bin bi; 3 - ng Lavan; 4 - ng hn hp
Trong cu to trn, nh c ng Lavan m tc cht bin bi du tt hn v
chiu di ngn la c th t n 8 10 m. M phun ny c cng sut 250 2500
kg/h, vi lng tiu hao hi nc (hi qu nhit) t 25 n 1250 kg/h hoc khng kh
nn t 180 n 1900 kg/h.

---- 39 ----

Chng 4 CC TH XY V KHUNG L
4.1. VT LIU XY L
4.1.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG
1- rng (f). Ngi ta thng xy l bng gch chu la v gch cch nhit.
Gch chu la t rng hn gch cch nhit. Gch c rng cng ln th bn cng
nh. Gch chu la c rng t 15 n 28% (gch c ch to t vt liu nung chy
c rng nh, khi di 10% c coi l vt c). Gch cch nhit samt nh c
rng 60 70%. rng ca gch c tnh nh sau:
f=

v .100, %
V

v -tng th tch ca cc l rng trong gch, m3 ;

V th tch ca gch, m3
2 thm kh (K). y l i lng cho bit lng kh thm qua tng trong
mt v thi gian khi c s chnh lch p sut hai bn mt ng. Vt c rng
cng ln th kh nng thm kh cng cao. Vt liu m c thm kh thp hn vt liu
kh. Gch chu la lm vic nhit cao th thm kh gim i v khi xut hin
pha lng trong gch lm cn tr kh thm. thm kh c tnh nh sau:
K

VK .
, l / m.h.mmH 2O
F ( p1 p2 ).

VK Lng kh thm qua tng, lt ;

F Din tch mt tng, m2
p1, p2 - p sut kh trn hai mt tng, mmH2O ;
- Thi gian kh thm qua tng, h
- dy ca tng, m

3 ht nc (Nm). Vt c rng cng ln th kh nng ht nc cng cao.

Ngi ta thng tnh i lng ny theo phn trm khi lng nh sau:
Nm =

m1
.100 ,
m2

M1-Khi lng ca gch kh, kg ;

---- 40 ----

M2-Khi lng ca gch a ht nc, kg

4 chu la v bn nhit. y l tnh cht quan trng l c s la chn
vt liu xy l. Tnh cht ny cho thy kh nng khng b bin mm v b chy di
tc ng ca nhit cao. chu la l nhit m vt liu b bin mm n
mt mc nht nh, ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc v qu trnh ch to vt liu.
bn nhit l kh nng ca vt liu chu c nhng dao ng nhit rt ln m
khng b ph hy. N c o bng s ln trao i nhit (nung nng n 850 0C ri
nhng ngay vo nc ngui), cho ti khi khi lng gim i 20%.
5 dn nhit v dn in. Gch chu la thng c dn nhit ( )
nh, ph thuc vo nhit theo cng thc sau:
t 0 bt , W/m.
t - h s dn nhit nhit t, W/m. ;
0 - h s dn nhit 0 0C, W/m. ;

b h s thc nghim
t nhit ca vt, 0C ;
nhit bnh thng phn ln vt liu chu la khng dn in nhng khi
nhit tng th kh nng dn in tng.
6 cng v bn c hc. y l nhng kh nng m vt liu c th chng
li s xm nhp c hc ca vt liu khc v chng li s ph hy do ng sut sinh ra
trong vt liu khi c tc ng ca ti trng bn ngoi.
7 bn ha hc. L kh nng vt liu chng li tc ng ha hc ca mi
trng xung quanh. Trong l cng nghip thng c tc ng ha hc ca kh l, kim
loi lng, x lngDi mng l cn c tc ng ca mui ha tan trong nc ngm.
8 Nhit dung ring (C). Khi xc nh nhit lng cung cp cho th xy l cn
phi tnh n nhit dung ring ca vt liu. i lng ny ph thuc vo tnh cht v
nhit ca vt liu; thng c tnh theo cng thc:
C = a + b.t,

kj/kg.

a, b Cc h s thc nghim
t Nhit ca vt liu, 0C
4.1.2. LA CHN VT LIU XY L

---- 41 ----

Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc th xy bng gch chu la b ph hy dn do

nhit cao, dao ng nhit ln v do tc ng ha hc ca mi trng l, x v kim
loi lng. V th, vt phm th xy c th b bin dng di ti trng, dan hay co do
bin i th hnh, do ha tan trong x, cc vt nt sinh raKhi thy cc du hiu ph
hy vt liu xy l, bng kinh nghim v qua vic phn tch ngi ta c th xc nh
c nguyn nhn gy ra. Th d: b mt phng l ca vt liu chng t n a b ha
tan trong x; khi b mt g gh l n b mi trng khi n mn; s phng to mt phn
no chng t c s gian n nhit
chn la ng cc vt liu xy l, cn phi nghin cu cc iu kin lm
vic v cc tnh cht s dng chng. nhng l tip xc vi mi trng kim hay axit
th cn chn loi gch cng c cc tnh cht tng ng: mi trng kim th dng gch
manhedit, lmit; mi trng axit gch imat; mi trng ung tnh gch samt.
nhng khu vc l chu tc ng ca ti trng hay mi mn th cn dng gch chu la
c nhit bt u bin dng di ti trng ln. Khi th xy chu tc ng ca nhiu
yu t nh: nhit cao, mi trng, ti trng th cn phn tch mc gy tc hi ca
tng yu t quyt nh chn loi gch thch hp bo m cho th xy lm vic bn
v chc chn.
Cn nh rng, tc nhn quan trng nht i vi vt liu xy l vn l nhit .
chu la ca vt liu xy l phi ln hn nhit l. i vi cc l c nhng vng
lm vic nhit khc nhau, phi la chn vt liu xy dng c nhit thch hp
theo cc vng .
Bng 4-1. c trng s dng ca mt s loi vt liu xy l
Cc loi l
L cao
L Mac-tanh
L thi oxy
L luyn cc
L in nu luyn
L ging nung kim loi

Nguyn nhn

Vt liu xy l

ph hy o l

Mulit-silic, mulit

n mn, mi mn

Vt liu cacbon, graphit,

p sut cao, qu

cromit-perca
olomit, cromit-perica
inat
inat, cromit-perica
Mulit-silic, inat, cromit-

nhit mnh, n mn
n mn, bin mm
Mi mn, nt n
n mn, nt n

perica

Nt ne, n mn

---- 42 ----

Phn b n mn
mnh nht
Vng mt gi, ca thao
ngang, mng tho ngang
Ni l, y l, vm l,
tng l, h x
H x, ca tho thp
Bung cc ha, cc ca
Vm l, h x
Nc l, vng m t, y
l

4.2.CC TH XY CA L
4.2.1. CC CP XY L
Th xy ca l l tp hp ca cc khi xy, to nn o l (cn gi l lp lt).
y l b phn quan trng nht trong l, cht lng ca n quyt nh kh nng lm
vic v tui th ca l.
Ph thuc vo cht lng ca th xy, ngi ta phn bit nm cp xy sau y:
- Cp xy 1, vi chiu dy mch xy 1mm, va xy l bt mn kh hoc va
lng. Cp ny dng cho cc l nu luyn, khi th xy tip xc vi mi trng nng
chy. Yu cu xy c bit cn thn.
- Cp xy 2, vi chiu dy mch xy 2mm, va xy l va nhao. Cp ny
dng cho cc l c th xy chu tc ng bo mn hoc khi cn lm vic nhit
khng qu 1400 0C.
Yu cu xy cn thn
- Cp xy 3, vi chiu dy mch xy 3mm, va xy l va nhao. Cp ny
dng cho cc l m o l khng tip xc vi kim loi v x lng hoc cc l nung kim
loi lm vic nhit khng qu 1200 0C. Yu cu xy tng i cn thn.
- Cp xy 4, vi mch xy dy khng qu 4mm, va xy l va nhao. y cn
gi l cp xy n gin, dng xy cc lp pha di ca y l.
- Cp xy 5, vi chiu dy mch xy 5 10mm, va xy l va c, thng
c dng xy cc ng dn khi, cng khi hoc cc lp ngoi cng ca tng
l (xy bng gch thng thng).
i vi nhng cp xy gch chu nhit, phng s gian n ca gch nhit
cao, ngi ta phi cc mch nhit. S lng v kch thc ca mch nhit ph
thuc vo dan n ca gch v kch thc ca th xy. Mt s gi tr v mch nhit
c trnh by trong bng 4-2.
Bng 4-2. Ga tr trung bnh ca mch nhit
Vt liu xy

day mch nhit cho 1 m chiu

Samt

day th xy, mm
5 6

imat

12

Manhedit

12 14

iatomit

5 6

---- 43 ----

Ngi ta thng mch nhit theo hai cch: mch nhit phn tn (i vi
tng phng) v mch nhit tp trung (i vi tng hnh tr) nh trn hnh 4-1.
Trong khi xy, gch c t theo cc t th khc nhau, theo nguyn tc so le cc
mch xy.

Hinh 4-1. Cu trc ca cc mch nhit

a-Tng thng; b-Tng nhiu lp; c-Gc l; d-Nc l; e-Nc treo; f-Tng cong; gng dn kh.
1 Mch nhit; 2 Gch chu la; 3 Kim loi; 4 Gch y mch

---- 44 ----

4.2.2. KT CU CA TH XY
Cc th xy l bng gch chu la a c tiu chun ha v kch thc v cht
lng. a c nhng loi gch chuyen dng v hnh dng, kch thc v yu cu c th
i vi cc loi va dng xy l. Quy c cch t gch xy khi gch tiu chun
vi kch thc 230 x 113 x 65 mm nh sau: t nm khi chiu cao lp gch l 65
mm; t nghing 113 mm v t ng 230 mm.
Ph thuc vo v tr v chc nng ca cc vng o l, ngi ta chia th xy
thnh ba loi chnh: y l, tng l v nc l.
4.2.2.2. Th xy y l
y l l mt b phn quan trng, nht l i vi cc l nu luyn kim loi.
y l thng xuyn chu va p c kh ca vt liu cht vo l v tc ng ha hc
ca cc kim loi hng hay x. V vy y l thng c xy thnh nhiu lp bng cc
loi gch chu la thch hp.
Khi y l c xy trc tip trn mng l, cn bo m nhit mng l
khng qu 200 0C. bo v mng l, ngi ta thng khng xy y l tip xc trc
tip vi mng l. Khi y l c xy trn cc tm thp c dm pha di, to
khe h khng kh gia y l vi mng l, coa tc dng trnh cho mng l b qu
nhit.
Lp di cng ca mng l thng c xy bng gch cch nhit hay gch
. Tip theo l lp gch m gch samt mc thp v trn cng l lp gch chu la
thch hp vi cng ngh c th.
cc l c y tip xc vi kim loi lng th lp gch lm vic thng c
xy ng. cc l nung th lp ny li thng c xy nghing. Lp gch xy
nghing c th xy chy dc theo y l hoc xy theo hnh nhnh thng (hnh 4-2).
i vi nhng l c y cong, ngi ta thng dng gch hoc hn hp bt
dm nn to cong. Lp lm vic ca y l cn c xy bng cch m nn
hn hp bt chu la vi cc cht kt dnh to nn mt y l c th xy lin, rn
chc, chng s thm nhp ca cht nng chy vo th xy.
Trong th xy y l cn mch nhit nu l c y phng kch thc ln.
Cch b tr mch nhit cng ging nh khi xy tng l.

---- 45 ----

Chiu dy ca y l ph thuc vo kch thc ca l. y l cao c xy

bng gch hnh khi, chiu dy y c th qu 5m. cc l nu luyn, y l thng
c chiu dy khong 1,2m. Cc l nhit luyn c y dy t 230 n 465 mm.

Hinh 4-2. Th xy y l
a- y l nung; b- y l nu chy xy gch; c- Xy kiu nhnh thng; d- y cong
lp m nn; 1. Lp gch xy nghing; 2. Lp gch xy ng; 3. Lp m nn
4.2.2.2. Th xy tng l
Tng l c hai loi: loi thng v cong. Tng thng xy bng gch tiu chun
thng thng. tng cong th ty theo cong m dng tt c l gch vt tiu chun
hay c gch vt thng. Khi xy phi theo nguyn tc so le mch xy gia cc hng,
thay i v tr ca gch bng cch thay i ln lt cc hng xp dc theo tng l vi
cc hng xp vung gc theo tng l.
Tng ca cc l nung dc xy thng ng. i vi cc l nu luyn, tng
bn v ci thin s phn b dng kh, dng liu, ngi ta thng xy nghing vi
dy ca tng gim dn theo chiu cao.
Tng c xy hai hay ba lp. Lp trong cng lm vic c xy bng gch
chu la thch hp, c bn nhit v bn c cn thit. Lp ngoi cng l vt liu cch
nhit.

---- 46 ----

Khi tng l gm nhiu lp gch th xy mt loi gch mi lp. cso s

lin kt chc chn gia lp trong vi lp ngoi, t cao 2,5 3 m, c sau 5 6 hng
gch lp trong, ngi ta xy chia ra lp ngoi mt na vin gch. C khi ngi ta
dng mc kim loi: mt u mc vo gch xy, u kia mc vo khung hay v l.
Chiu dy ca tng l c th t 0,34 n 1,6 m ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
cc loi l theo cng ngh. Chiu dy lp gch chu la phi trn 230 mm. Chiu dy
lp gch cch nhit t 115 n 350 mm, nu l bt, si cch nhit th ch cn 30 n
100 mm.
Trong th xy tng l c mch nhit. Cc mch cch nhau t 1 n 3 m
theo chiu di tng l, c dy tng ng theo bng 4-2.
th xy tng l, cc vin gch u c t nm.
4.2.2.3. Th xy nc l
Hu ht cc l nung, nu luyn u dng loi nc vm (cong) c bn nhit
ln hn hn so vi cc nc l phng (ch dng cho cc l nh, lm vic nhit
thp).
C hai dng nc vm c bn: vm xy v vm treo. Dng vm xy c dng
khi chiu rng ca l nh hn 3 m. i vi cc l luyn kim, vm xy thng dng
cc gc tm vm l 600, 900, 1200 v 1800 (hnh 4-3).

Hinh 4-3. Cc kiu vm xy thng dung

---- 47 ----

Theo thc t th quan h gia bn knh vm R v chiu cao dy cung f ca n

ph thuc vo chiu rng B ca l nh sau:
:
600
900

1200

1800

R:

0,707B

0,577B

0,5B

F:

0,134B

0,207B

0,289B

0,5B

Nc cc l nung thng c lp cch nhit bn ngoi vi chiu dy 65 230 mm,

cn nc cc l nu luyn, cc l c nhit cao thng khng c lp cch nhit
trnh b qu nhit, chy m.
Ngoi 4 loi vm thng thng trn, nc l cn c dng chm cu hay bn cu
nh nc l in h quang, l gi nng. Khi xy cc loi ny cn nhiu chng loi gch
nh hnh, xy trn cc khun a chun b sn. Cc vin gch xy vm l u c xy
ng.

Hinh 4-4. V du v vm treo cc l nung kim loi

Nc vm treo c dng cho cc l c chiu rng ln hn 3 m, lm vic nhit
cao v c cu trc phc tp. Nc vm treo c hp thnh bi cc nhm vin gch
chu la c kch thc v hnh dng thch hp c treo bng cc thanh kim loi, trn
cc dm ni vi khung l (hnh 4-4). Ti nh l nu cn ca phi dng gch hnh
ghp to ca cho chc chn, am bo gch a xy trc khng b st l v ca phi
c np y. Nu khng cn ca th ti nh l phi dng vin gch hnh nm chc
vng gch xy cui cng khp kn th xy.
4.3. KHUNG L
4.3.1. kHUNG L V V L
Ty thuc vo loi l c th, khung l c th c cu trc n gin hay cu to
phc tp. Khung l cu trc n gin ch gm cc ct tr, dm ni v cc thanh ging

---- 48 ----

l nh cc l nung. Vi cu trc phc tp, ngoi cc ct tr, dm ni, khung l cn

c v bc bng cc tm kim loi, cc c cu lm ngui bng nc, hi nc.
C ba loi khung l: khung l lin kt tnh, lin kt ng v lin kt hn hp.
Trong khung l lin kt tnh, cc ct v thanh ging c hn hay tn cht vi nhau,
to thnh mt khi vng chc, n nh.Cn ch tnh ton chnh xc dan n ca
gch v mch nhit trong xc th xy.
Khung l lin kt ng gm cc ct tr ng, thanh ging ni pha trn v pha
di cc ct i din.Gia thanh ging v ct l c lin kt ng bng bulong khi th
xy b dan n do tc ng ca nhit cao s to nn lc y ct khung l. Khi l
khng lm vic th th xy co li. Vi h thng lin kt bng thanh ging c th iu
chnh cc ai c gi cho th xy n nh. Loi khung ny ch dng cc l kch
thc nh v trong th xy khng cn mch nhit.
Khung lin kt hn hp thng gm lin kt ng pha gn nc l v lin kt
tnh pha y l.Lin kt tnh pha di c th l dm ni, hn chc vo ct tr l
hay t cc chn ct vo trong btng ca mng l. Ch phi mch nhit pha
y l v phn di tng l.Cc mi lin kt ng pha trn s iu chnh phn
gch trn ca tng l th xy nc l.Cc loi khung l c trnh by trn hnh 4-5.

---- 49 ----

 nhng l ln v khng b tr c khung l nh a trnh by trn th ngi

ta dng thp tm c chiu dy thch hp lm v l,ng vai tr ca khung l nh
l cao luyn gang,l ng quay sn xut xi mngV l ny lm nhim v ch yu l
gi cho th xy n nhtrong qu trnh l hot ng .Vi l ny lm nhim v ch yu
l gi cho th xy n nh trong qu trnh trong qu trnh l hot ng .Vi cc l hot
ng nhit cao (l Mactanh luy thp), tuy a c thp l bao bc th xy l nhng
ngi ta vn b tr khung thp bn ngoi cho chc chn. Vi cc l nh hoc lm
vic nhit thp, ngi ta ch bc cc th xy mt lp thp tm mng thay cho
khung l gi cc th xy v m bo tnh m thut.
4.3.2.TNH KHUNG L
Vic tnh khung l ch yu nhm xc nh cc lc tc ng ln khung l t nc
l .T ta chn cc chi tit chnh ca khung (ct ,gim , thanh ging). Cch tnh da
trn s v hnh v khung l .Vic tnh ton theo trnh t sau:
1. tnh lc tc ng ln dm chn vm v khung l
2. tnh dm chn vm
3. Tnh ct khung l
4. tnh cc thanh ging
Cc cng th tnh c trnh by c th trong ti liu tham kho 1

---- 50 ----

Chng 5- H TNG THOT KHI V CP GI CHO L

n sn phm chy t l ra ngoi tri ngi ta s dng h thng thot bao
gm cc knh khi, cng khi v ng khi. h thng cp gi cho l bao gm qut gi
v cc ng ng dn t qut n thit b t nhin liu,ng phun
5.1. CU TRC CA H THNG THOT KHI V CP GI CHO L.
5.1.1. K THUT B TR KNH KHI, CNG KHI V CC NG
NG DN.
m bo khi t bung l ra cng khi,ng khi, c th b tr knh khi
hng xung di y l hoc theo cc knh dn t trong tng l xung cng khi
hoc i ln pha trn noc thot qua ng khi ra ngoi. tn dng nhit trong l
ngi ta thng b tr knh khi xung pha di hoc knh t trong tng,cn khi
thot ngay pha trn ch ph hp vi l c nng sut nh.Nhng l c nng sut trung
bnh v ln th ng n khi c t chm di mt bng xng v ni vi ng
khi .
Thng thng tc trong knh khi l 2 3 m/s ( iu kin chun).
trnh p sut d trong mt s l c nng sut khng ln, nhit khi ra l thp th tc
ca khi iu kin nhit thc t cn nh hn 4 m/s, cn cc l c nhit cao
c th t ti 12 m/s.
Khi b tr v thit k ng dn khi cn ch nhng im sau:
-

Knh khi thng c tit din ch nht v b tr cc knh sao cho

khi c phn b u trong bung l, khng c gc cht ( vng kh khng chuyn

ng ).
-

ng dn khi cng ngn, cng thng th cng tt.

Khi lng kh l khng ln, nhit kh l sau thit b trao i nhit thp th
dng ng khi kim loi ( c nn che ma ) t ngay trong nh xng hoc t pha
ngoi. Khi lng kh l nhiu thng dng ng khi xy hoc ng khi b tng ch
nhit t ngoi phn xng chung cho nhiu l. S thot khi nh hnh 5-1.

---- 51 ----

Hinh 5.1. S ng khi l nung lin tuc ba vng.

1- L; 2-knh ng; 3-cng khi; 4- thit b trao i nhit; 5- van khi; 6- ng
khi; A, B, C, D, E chiu di cc on ng.
H thng cp gi bao gm qut gi, ng dn t qut gi qua thi b trao i nhit
( nu c ) n cc ng phun m t hoc bung t. H thng b tr trong xng cn
lu ng ng c chiu di nh nht, t gp khc nht v khng cn tr vic i li
trong xng. Nhng ng dn c nhit cao cn c bc cch nhit.
Nu phn xng c nhiu l th cn thit lp mt h thng cp gi chung v dng
mt qut cp gi. Trng hp pha lm ng ng dn v qut gi ring th qut gi
nn tp trung thnh trm tin vic theo di, bo dng v vn hnh.

Hinh 5-2. S h thng cp gi l nung lin tuc ba vng t nhin liu kh hoc lng.
1-m t vng ng nhit; 2, 3- m t vng nung trn v di; 4- cng khi; 5thit b trao i nhit; 6- qut gi; 7- ng dn khng kh lnh; 8- ng dn khng
kh nng; 9- ng dn khng kh lnh pha loang kh l.

---- 52 ----

5.1.2. TNH KCH THC CA H THNG THOT KHI.

H thng knh, cng thot khi cn c kch thc m bo kh nng lu thng
khi, tr lc hp l, khng gy tn km khi xy dng ng thi phi bn v thun tin
khi s dng.
Cng khi c xy bng gch samt ( khi nhit khi n 1300 0C )hoc gch
( khi nhit khi nh hn 7000C ). Khi nn xng c trng lc ln v nhng ni
t m nn s dng cng khi lm bng b tng chu nhit c ct thp. Nhit khi
trong cng ny c th t 10000C. Gia lp b tng v lp chu nhit cn c lp cch
nhit trnh cho b tng khng b qu nhit.
Tit din cng khi c tnh da vo tc chuyn ng ca khi iu kin
bnh thng l 1,5 3 m/s. Khi nhit khi cng cao th tc chn ban u cng
nh v tc ln s lm tng tr lc, dn n tng chiu cao ng khi. Cn tc ca
khi gim th kch thc cng khi phi ln, gy tn km vt liu xy dng. Tc ti
ca khi nh sau:
-

Trong knh v cng khi: 0 1 3m / s

ming ra ca ng khi: 0 2 4m / s

Khi tnh kch thc knh, cng khi cn phi tnh cc i lng v theo cc bc
sau:
-

Tnh lng kh l i vo knh;

Tnh tit din knh khi;

tnh din tch tit din cng khi.

Sau khi xc nh c din tch tit din cng khi cn tham kho bng Mt s
kch thc tiu chun ca tit din cng khi trong cho thy mi quan h gia
chiu rng, chiu cao, tit din, chu vi v gc tm ca cng khi chn kch
thc c th ca cng.
5.1.3. TNH KCH THC CC NG NG CP GI.
Ngi ta dng cc ng thp hn dn khng kh v kh t. ng dn khng kh
c chiu dy ca thnh ng l 3 6 mm; cn ng dn kh t: 5 8 mm. Khi cc cht
trong ng dn c nhit nh hn 500 0C th bn ngoi ng cn bc mt lp cch
nhit; nu nhit ln hn 5000C th bn trong ng dn phi lt mt lp gch chu la
mc thp, cn pha ngoi bc mt lp cch nhit.

---- 53 ----

 iu chnh lu lng cc cht chuyn ng trong ng ngi ta thng dng

cc loi van rt, van bm hoc van xoy i vi khng kh, cn i vi kh t phi
dng van xoy.
Khi tnh tit din cc ng dn iu kin bnh thng nn chn tc cho cc
cht nh sau:
-

Khng kh lnh

8 12m / s

Khng kh nng

46

Kh t lnh c p sut thp

+ on ng thng

12

+ ng c hnh phc tp

- Kh t nng c p sut thp

46

Da vo lu lng, tc ca khng kh ( hoc kh t ) chuyn ng qua tit

din ng ta tnh c din tch tit din v xc nh ng knh ng dn.
5.2. TNH TN THT P SUT H THNG THOT KHI V CP GI.
5.2.1. H THNG THOT KHI.
Tn tht p sut trn ng dn khi l bao gm tn tht cc b, tn tht ma st
v tn tht hnh hc.
-

Tn tht p sut cc b c xc nh nh sau:

hcb .

OK 2
. OK .(1 .tk ) , N/m2
2

(5 12 )

Vi:
- H s tr lc cc b;
OK

- Tc khi iu kin tiu chun, m/s;

OK

- Khi lng ring ca khi 00C, kg/m3;

- H s gian n ca khi (

1
);
273

tk - Nhit khi ti im tnh ton, 0C

Tn tht p sut do ma st c xc nh nh sau:

hms .

L OK 2
.
.OK .(1 .t Ktb ) , N/m2
D 2

---- 54 ----

(5 13 )

Vi
- H s ma st ph thuc vo nhn ca b mt ng:

ng kim loi nhn: = 0,03 0,04;

ng gch: = 0,05 0,055;

L chiu di on ng, m;
D- ng knh thy lc ca ng, m;
- Vi ng tit din trn D = d ng knh ng
- Vi ng c tit din khc D

4F
C

F- Din tch tit din ng, m2

C- Chu vi ca ng, m;
t Ktb - Nhit trung bnh ca khi on ng, 0C
t Ktb

t Kd t Kc
2

t Kd , t Kc - Nhit khi u v cui on ng, 0C

Tn tht p sut hnh hc c xc nh nh sau:

hhh g .H .( KK K ) , N/m2

(5 14 )

Vi:
g- Gia tc trng trng;
H- Chiu cao ca ct kh, m;
KK , K - Khi lng ring ca khng kh ngoi tri v ca khi nhit tnh

ton, kg/m3
KK

OK
1, 293
; K
1 .t KK
1 .t KK

Cn lu : Nu kh nng chuyn ng t trn xung di th c tn tht ny, cn

nu chuyn ng t di ln trn th khng nhng khng c tn tht ny m tn tht
ca h thng cn c gim i mt lng trn.
Tn tht chung ca ng dn khi l:

hcb hms hhh , N/m2

---- 55 ----

(5 15 )

Nhit ca khi khi tnh ton c thay i do c s ht thm khng kh lnh v

mt nhit qua tng cng khi trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca khi. gim nhit
khi tnh cho 1 m chiu di cng ( knh ) khi nh trong bng sau:
Bng 5.1- gim nhit ca khi thi trong knh, cng xy bng gch chu
la, 0C/m
Nhit ca khi, 0C
1000 1200

Knh cng, mi
5, 2

Knh, cng dng lu

6, 3

800 1000

4, 6

5, 2

600 800

3, 7

4, 3

400 500

2, 8

3, 5

5.2.2.NG DN KHNG KH V KH T.
Vic tnh ton tn tht p sut trn ng dn khng kh cng tng t v dng
cc cng thc tnh nh i vi h thng thot khi, nhng vi cc thng s ca h
thng dn khng kh ( hoc kh t ). gim nhit ca dng cht chuyn ng
trong ng chn theo bng sau:
Bng 5.2- gim nhit ca khng kh trong ng dn, 0C/m
Loi ng
ng kim loi

Theo 1m chiu dai

- Khng c cch nhit

- C bc cch nhit

2 3

1,0 1,5

ng gch

Khi l t dng nhin liu rn cn tnh thm tn tht p sut ca khng kh qua
ghi l ( ph thuc vo loi nhin liu, tnh cht x, cu to ca ghi,). Thng thng
h thng dn khng kh bao gm nhiu nhnh: nhnh dn khng kh n cc ng phun
hoc m t, n cng khi pha loang khi l cho nn khi tnh tn tht p sut
ca h thng cn chn v tnh tng tn tht ca nhnh c tn tht ln nht. Tng tn
tht ny c coi l mt tn tht chung ca ng dn khng kh.

---- 56 ----

Khi c nhiu l trong phn xng dng chung mt ng ng dn khng kh t

trm cung cp trung tm th cn tnh kim tra chn nhnh c tng tn tht p sut
ln nht ( thng l nhnh di nht hoc c cu trc phc tp nht ).
5.3. NG KHI V QUT GI
5.3.1. NG KHI.
ng khi l mt b phn ca h thng l, vi n him v to c sc ht a
sn phm chy t bung l ra ngoi, duy tr ch lm vic ca l.
Trong cng nghip thng dng ba loi ng khi: ng khi gch, ng khi kim
loi, ng khi b tng ( chu nhit ). ng khi gch thng dng cho nhng l c
lng khi ln. Pha bn trong ng khi c xy bng vt liu chu la khi khi c
nhit cao. Loi ny thng xy dng phc tp, ng knh trong ti ming ra ca
ng khi khng nn nh hn 800 mm.
ng khi kim loi c ng ph bin nhng l c cng sut nh, lng khi
khng nhiu. Khng cn lt gch ch la pha bn trong ng khi khi khi c nhit
thp. ng khi b tng chu nhit thng dng cho nhng l c lng khi ln,
nhit thp ( nh hn 3000C). Loi ng khi ny c th chun b sn thnh tng
vng vi kch thc xc nh tin lp t d dng khi thi cng.
lm vic c hiu qu th lc ht ca ng khi phi ln hn gi tr tng tn tht
p sut ca khi l trn ng dn khi t l n chn ng khi v lng tn tht cha
tnh ht hoc s xut hin trong qu trnh l vn hnh ( tng tn tht ma st do thnh
cng khi b bm nhiu bi, lng khng kh b ht vo tng ln.). Thc t cho thy
lng tng p sut ny thng chim 20 30% tng tn tht p sut ca khi l.
Khi tng tn tht p sut ca khi trong knh, cng khi cng ln, nhit khi
vo ng khi cng thp th chiu cao ng khi cng tng.
Vic tnh ton chiu cao ng khi c thc hin qua s so snh hai kt qu ca
phng php gii tch v th. Vi phng php gii tch, chiu cao ng khi c
xc nh theo tng tn tht p sut ca khi chuyn ng t l n chn ng khi, cc
thng s ca khi l, khng kh, ng knh chn, nh ng khi Theo phng php
th th chiu cao ng khi c xc nh bng nhit trung bnh ca khi trong
ng khi vi tng tr lc t l n chn ng khi. Nu hai kt qu trn chnh lch hn
10% th phi tnh ton li.

---- 57 ----

Khi tnh ton cn ch mt s im sau:

- Tc ca khi ming ra khng nh hn 3 4 m/s;
- ng knh ming ra ca ng khi bng gch khng nh hn 0,8m;
- Chiu cao ng khi khng nn thp hn 16m;
- Nu mt ng khi dng chung cho nhiu l th vic tnh ton chiu cao ng
khi c tin hnh theo tr lc ln nht ch khng theo tng tr lc ca h thng
thot khi ca tt c cc l.
5.32. QUT GI
Trong h thng l thng dng qut ly tm cp gi cho l. Loi qut ny c p
sut cao, lu lng ln m bo khng kh cp cho l t chy nhin liu cng nh
p sut cn thit thng mi tr lc trn ng t qut n ni s dng.
Theo p sut, qut ly tm c chia thnh ba loi:
- Qut ly tm thp p, vi P 1000 N/m2 ( ~ 100 mm H2O );
- Qut ly tm trung p, vi 1000 < P 3000 N/m2 ( ~100 < P 300 mm H2O );
- Qut ly tm cao p, vi 3000 < P 15000 N/m2 ( ~300 < P 1500 mm H2O );
Qut ly tm c chun ha theo hai thng s c bn l p sut v lu lng. Khi
chn qut cn da vo hai thng s v da vo gin chun ca qut chn
c loi qut thch hp.
Khi qut lm vic trong h thng th im lm vic ca qut ph thuc vo
ng c tnh ring ca qut p = f(V) v ng c tnh li p = f(V 2). im lm
vic ca qut l giao im ca ng c tnh qut v ng c tnh li. Khi l cn
lng gi v p sut m gin qut khng p ng c th c th dng phng
php mc ni cc qut.
tng lu lng gi cn mc cc qut song song; tng p sut gi cn mc
cc qut ni tip.
Khi tnh ton qut cn xc nh nhng thng s c bn nh: lng gi yu cu
iu kin tiu chun, lng gi yu cu iu kin thc t V tt, p sut thc t yu cu
Htt. Sau da vo cc gin tiu chun ca qut ly tm chn qut yu cu. Ch
hiu sut qut cn nm trong vng ln hn 0,5 qut tiu th cng sut t nht, p
sut ng v p sut tnh ca qut phi nh hn p sut ng s b theo tnh ton v p
sut tnh yu cu. Cui cng tnh cng sut qut ri chn cch ni gia ng c vi
qut xc nh cng sut ng c ko qut.

---- 58 ----

Chng 6 TNH CN BNG NHIT V LNG TIU HAO

NHIN LIU
Cn bng nhit c th xc nh bng thc nghim hoc tnh ton. Vi kt qu tnh
ton ta c th xc nh cht lng lm vic ca thit b qua cc thng s kinh t - k
thut, lng tiu hao nhin liu hoc cng sut in cn cung cp cho LCN. Cc khon
trong cn bng nhit thng c tnh tng ng vi mt gi ( i vi l lm vic lin
tc ) hoc thi gian ca mt chu k hay mt cng on qu trnh gia cng ( l bn lin
tc ), cng c khi tnh tng ng vi n v vt liu gia cng.
6.1. TNH CC KHON CN BNG NHIT
6.1.1. CC KHON NHIT THU
6.1.1.1 Nhit do chy nhin liu hoc bin in nng thanh nhit nng
- Vi cc l nhin liu:
QC = B.Qdt ,

(6.1)

B lng nhin liu tiu hao, m3/s; kg/s;

Trong :

Qdt nhit tr thp ca nhin liu, J/m3; J/kg

- Vi l in:
QC = P,

(6.1)

Trong P l cng sut ca l, W

6.1.1.2 Nhit vt l do khng kh c nung nng trc.
QKK BL .CKK .t KK . f , W

(6.2)

Trong :
L - lng khng kh thc t cn thit t chy mt n v nhin liu,

m3/kg; m3/m3;
CKK .t KK - entanpi ca khng kh nhit c nung nng, J/m3

f- phn khng kh cn nung nng trc (f=1 khi nung nng ton b khng kh )
i vi l in th QKK = 0
6.1.1.3 Nhit vt l do nhin liu c nung nng trc.
Qnl = B.Cnl.tnl , W

(6.3)

Trong : Cnl.tnl entanpi ca nhin liu nhit c nung nng, J/m3

---- 59 ----

i vi cc l in v l t nhin liu rn Qnl = 0

6.1.1.4 Nhit lng do cc phn ng ta nhit.
y l nhit lng ta ra do oxy ha st trong cc l nung kim loi vi nhit cao
Qt = 5650.a.P.103 ,

(6.4)

Vi: 5650 l lng nhit ta ra do oxy ha 1 kg st, kJ/kg

a-

phn kim loi b oxy ha

P- nng sut l, kg/s

6.1.2. CC KHON NHIT CHI
6.1.2.1. Nhit lng nung vt liu
Q1 = P.CP.(t t) ,

(6.5)

Vi Cpt v Cpt l entanpi ca vt liu trc v sau khi nung, J/kg

6.1.2.2 Nhit lng nung x
Q2 = Gx.Cpx.tx,
Vi:

(6.6)

Gx lng x to thnh, kg/s

Cpx.tx - entanpi ca x, J/kg;

Nhit lng ny ch tnh i vi cc l nu chy c trng lng x to thnh t
ti 20% khi lng vt liu
6.1.2.3. Nhit lng mt do cc phn ng thu nhit
Lng nhit ny c ch yu trong cc l nu chy do cc qu trnh phn ha
vi, bc hi nc trong vt liu gia cng, c gi tr n 4% tng cc khon nhit chi
cc l luyn v l nu chy.
6.1.2.4 Nhit lng mt do chy khng hoan toan ha hc
Q4 = p.B.V.12140.103 ,
Vi:

(6.7)

p- phn lng kh cha chy, ph thuc vo thit b t nhin liu;

V lng sn phm chy to thnh khi t 1 n v nhin liu m3/m3; m3/kg

12140.103 nhit tr ca lng kh cha chy ( hn hp CO v H 2 ), J/m3
i vi cc l in Q4 = 0
6.1.2.5. Nhit lng mt do chy khng hoan toan c hc
Q5 = k.B.Qdt.103 ,

Vi: k h s mt mt do chy khng hon ton c hc.

i vi cc l in Q5 = 0.

---- 60 ----

(6.8)

6.1.2.6.Nhit lng mt do dn nhit qua cc th xy l

Q6 = QT6 + Qn6 + Q6 ,

(6.9)

Vi: QT6 , Qn6 , Q6 lng nhit mt qua tng, nc, y l, W

6.1.2.7. Lng nhit bc x qua ca va khe h
Q7 C0 (

Ttblo 4
) F , W
100

(6.10)

Vi:
C0- h s bc x ca vt en tuyt i;
Ttblo- nhit trung bnh ca l, 0K
F- din tch phn ca m v khe h, m2
- h s mng ngn

- h s thi gian m ca;

6.1.2.8. Lng nhit mt theo kh l khi m ca

Q8 0, 28.Ck .tk .V0 . ,

(6.11)

Ck .tk - entanpi ca kh l ( sn phm chy), J/m3

Vi:

V 0- lng kh r qua ca, m3/h;

6.1.2.9. Lng nhit mt do sn phm chy.

Q9 Ck .tk ( B.V V0 ) ,

Vi :

(6.12)

V - tng lng kh l lt qua cc ca m, m3/h

0

6.1.2.10. Lng nhit mt do nung nng cc c cu khc

Q10 0, 28.

GM .C p (t " t ' )

, W

(6.13)

Vi: GM - khi lng ca cc c cu vt nung tng l hoc di chuyn qua l, kg;

C p - nhit dung ring trung bnh ca cc c cu, kJ/kg, 0K
t " , t ' - nhit u v cui ca c cu trong qu trnh nung, 0C

- tng thi gian nung, h

6.1.2.11. Lng nhit mt do nc lam ngui cc kt cu l

Q11 qb .Fb ,

Vi:

(6.14)

qb - lng nhit mt ng vi n v din tch ty theo loi kt cu, W/m 2;

---- 61 ----

Fb - din tch b mt kt cu cn lm ngui, m2

S b c th tnh gn ng lng nhit ny bng (0,1 0,2 ) tng cc khon

nhit thu
6.1.2.12. Lng nhit mt do tng l tch nhit
i lng ny ch tnh vi cc l lm vic chu k.
Q12 0.28.

VT .T .CT ( tT " tT ') 3

.10

, W

(6.15)

Vi: VT th tch phn gch xy tch nhit, m3

T - Khi lng ring ca gch xy, kg/m3
CT - Nhit dung ring trung bnh ca khi gch xy, J/kg.0K
tT " tT ' - Nhit trung bnh ca gch xy u vo cui chu k lm vic, 0C

Tnh ton cn bng nhit cn phi theo cc loi l c th, da vo c im kt

cu, cng ngh v ch lm vic ca l. th d nh i vi l nung lin tc th khng
cn tnh lng nhit mt do tng l tch nhit; l nhit luyn lm vic chu k th
khng tnh lng nhit mt do bc x qua ca m.
6.2. LNG TIU HAO NHIN LIU V CC CH TIU K THUT NHIT.
6.2.1 LNG TIU HAO NHIN LIU
Lng nhin liu cn thit B ( kg/s, m 3/s ) c xc nh qua vic gii phng
trnh cn bng cc khon nhit thu v nhit chi phn tnh ton trn.
Theo

thu

Qchi , hay:

QC QKK Qnl Qt Q1 Q2 Q3 ............. Q12 ,

(6.16)

6.2.2 SUT TIU HAO NHIN LIU TIU CHUN

B.Qtd 3600
b
, kg nhin liu tiu chun / kg kim loi
29300.P

(6.17)

Vi B- lng tiu hao nhin liu, kg/s, m3/s;

P- nng sut l, kg/h;
Qtd - nhit tr thp ca nhin liu, kJ/kg, kJ/m3

29300- nhit tr thp ca nhin liu tiu chun, kJ/kg, kJ/m3

Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun nm trong phm vi:

---- 62 ----

0,05 0,15 i vi l nung lin tc;

0,1 0,25 i vi l bung cn, rn;
0,1 0,5 i vi l bung nhit luyn.
6.2.3.H S S DNG NHIN LIU C CH

Q1 Qt
QC

(6.18)

Vi: Q1 - lng nhit nung kim loi, W;

Qt - lng nhit ta do cc phn ng ta nhit, W
QC - lng nhit do t chy nhin liu, W

H s ny c cc gi tr:
0,3 0,5 i vi l nung lin tc;
0,15 0,3 i vi l bung cn, rn;
0,05 0,2 i vi l bung nhit luyn.
6.3 BNG CN BNG NHIT CA L
Vi mc ch d dng so snh, nh gi cc khon nhit thu, ch cn phi tnh t
l phn trm tng khon ri lp bng cn bng nhit theo bng di y:

Cc khon nhit thu

Nhit do t chy

nhin liu
Nhit do nung khng

kh
Nhit do nung nhin

liu
Nhit ta do oxy ha

N0

%
70100

Cc khon nhit chi

Nhit do nung kim

015

loi
Nhit nung x

020

010

Nhit do cc phn ng

04

thu nhit
Nhit mt do chy

15

N0

kim loi

%
1050

0,55

khng hon ton ha

5

hc
Nhit mt do chy

0,53

khng hon ton c

6

hc
Nhit mt qua th xy

410

l
Nhit mt do bc x

04

---- 63 ----

qua ca m
Nhit mt theo kh l

khi m ca
Nhit mt theo sn

3080

10

phm chy
Nhit mt do nung

05

05

nng cc c cu trong
11

l
Nhit mt do nc

020

12

lm ngui
Nhit mt do tng

040

tch nhit
Sai s
Tng

<0,3
100

13
Tng

100

Ch :
1. Khng phi loi l no cng c cc khon nhit nu trn, th d
- Cc khon 1, 6, 7, 11 c hu ht cc l
- Cc khon 2, 3 c trong cc l luyn v l nu chy
- Cc khon 4, 5, 8, 9 c trong cc l t nhin liu chy c ngn la
- Khon 10 c trong cc l dng xch ti, xe gong, gi kim loi.
- Khon 12 c trong cc l lm vic theo chu k
2. i vi l in, tng cc khon nhit thu ( cng l cng sut l P ) bng cc
khon nhit chi
3. Trong cc l nung sy vt liu m cn tnh mt s khon nhit chi sau:
- Lng nhit lm bc hi nc t vt phm
- Lng nhit cho cc phn ng thu nhit khi nung
- Lng nhit do bi sn phm theo kh l ra ngoi.

---- 64 ----

Chng 7- MT S L CNG NGHIP

7.1. L CAO
7.1.1. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC
L cao l thit b ln, phc tp nht luyn gang. Cu to l c trnh by trn
hnh 7.1. Phn trn c l c cc thit b cp liu ( Phu np liu, xi kp chuyn liu),
ng thot kh. L c t trn mng b tng chu nhit. Thn v c l xy trn mt
vnh ln hnh khuyn bng thp dy, di c ct , chn ct c cc bulong bt
lin vo nn b tng. Bn ngoi l c bc v kim loi day 20 n 25mm phn
trn, cn phn di dy 3540 mm. Bn trong v l xy bng gch chu la. Phn thn
v bng l xy bng gch samt cht lng cao, cn ni l, phn di y l xy bng
gch cacbon. Phn trn gia y xy bng gch cacbon. Phn trn gia y xy bng
gch cac nhm cha hn 45% Al 2O5 gim mch nhit, tng bn ca y. p sut
kh trong l cao ln ti (0,30,5).10 6 pa, nn lp lt chu la c bc thp tm dy
2040 mm. Chiu dy lp lt phn trn thn l khong 9001000 mm, cn pha di
thn l khong 13001500 mm. tng bn lp lt, tng l c lm ngui bng
nc gia v l v lp lt. Pha trong c l lt thp tm chng va p, bo mn ca
qung.

Hinh 7.1. Kt cu l cao

1- c l; 2- thn l; 3- bng l; 4- hng l; 5- l tho x; 6- l tho gang; 7- ni
l; 8-mt gi

---- 65 ----

Cc nguyn liu chnh l qung st v than c xe kp cht vo phu l. Khng

kh c nung trc vi nhit d 10001250 0C trong cc l Caop ( mt l cao
thng c 4 l caop: 3 l t kh l cao nung gch, cn 1 l nung khng kh,
lm vic thay phin nhau), sau thi vo l qua cc mt gi. Trong l hai lung di
chuyn ngc chiu nhau: nguyn liu t trn xung, t di ln l lung kh l hnh
thnh do nhin liu chy v phn ng ca n vi nguyn liu. Do cc phn ng ha
hc, gang v x ta thnh chuyn ng xung di tch t ni l qua mng chy vo
ni cha.
Bng 7.1. Cc kch thc c bn ca l cao
Cc thng s
Chiu cao c ch

Cc kch thc (m) v th tch (m3) c ch

1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
25, 5
27, 8
29, 4
31, 2
32, 2

Chiu cao ni l

2, 9

3, 2

3, 6

3, 9

4, 5

Chiu cao thn l

14, 5

16, 3

18, 2

18, 7

19, 5

ng knh ni l

7, 2

8, 6

9, 7

11, 6

14, 9

S mt gi

14

18

20

28

36

7.1.2. CH NHIT
Trong l cao xy ra ng thi cc qu trnh kh ng hc, nhit hc v ha hc.
Nguyn liu chuyn ng t trn xung vi cc quy trnh: sy, phn li, hon nguyn,
nng chy v to x. Nhit kh thot ra t lp liu c l khong 250 n 400 0C,
cn ni l t ti 2000 0C. Trong l cao c hai cch hon nguyn st t oxit ca n:
bng cc kh CO, H2 ( hon nguyn gin tip vi s ta nhit ) v cacbon cng ( hon
nguyn trc tip vi s thu nhit ). Khi nhit gn 900 0C bt u to x v pha lng,
s kt dnh bin mm phi liu qung xy ra trc khi to x. Cc phn ng chnh v
s phn b cc vng c trnh by tm tc hnh 7.2

---- 66 ----

Hinh 7.2. Cc phn ng chnh va s phn b c vng trong l cao

Cng cng tc l c quyt nh tc hon nguyn st bi kh l.
cng ha qu trnh bi cc kh hon nguyn ( CO, H 2 ) th lp liu phi c
thng kh tt, nn yu cu than, qung cn c xp theo th t v kch thc ca
chng phi hp l ( vi than l 2060 mm, cn qung 1015 mm)
Mt thng s quan trng quyt nh n qu trnh v cht lng gang l nhit
vng mt gi ( ti vng tm mt gi c nhit khong 18002000 0C, cn trc l
14001500 0C, nhit gang ra l 14501520 0C )
Thng s ch yu v cng tc nhit ca l l hiu sut nhit, c gi tr 4245%.
Nu s dng c c lng nhit ca kh l ( vi lng kh ra khi l khong
16001900 m3/tn gang c nhit tr 3,8 4,2 kJ/m3) th hiu sut nhit ca l t ti
8085%. Do , tnh u vit c bn ca l cao l nng sut v hiu sut nhit ln, cn
nhc im c bn l yu cu i vi c tnh ca nguyn liu v tiu tn nhiu than
cc t tin.
Tm tt nguyn l luyn gang l:
Qung st + than + tr dung + gi nng = gang + x + kh + bi l.
Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut gang nh s di y:

---- 67 ----

Hinh 7.3. S dy chuyn cng ngh ca l cao.

7.2 L LUYN THP
Ph thuc vo dng nng lng s dng, l luyn thp c chia thnh 3 nhm:
l thi oxy, l ngn la ( l Mactanh ) v l in. y ta ch xem xt l thi oxy, l
nhm c pht trin mnh m trong qu trnh sn xut thp trn th gii hin nay.
7.2.1.CU TO NGUYN L LM VIC
L thi oxy ( l LD: Linz-Donawitz ) l mt thng hnh qu l c lp lt trong,
lm bng thp tm dy 30110mm, pha trn c l hng ming l. Ming l a
nguyn liu vo, a ng thi oxy t trn xung, rt x, sau l thp ra.

---- 68 ----

Hinh 7.4. L luyn thp LD c vanh va y lp

1-khung l; 2- v l; 3- trc; 4- ming rt; 5- vnh ; 6- trc chnh; 7- c
cu quay; 8- y lp.
L c trnh by trn hnh 7.4. V l c k trn gi t trn b my. L c
th quay trn c trc quay quanh trc ngang 360 0 thc hin cc cng vic: rt gang,
thp vn vo, rt thp, x ra Trong thi gian thi oxy th l v tr thng ng. C
cu quay ca l LD gm hai hay mt s ng c in truyn lc quay cho c trc.
Kch thc c bn ca l c trnh by trong bng 7.2.

---- 69 ----

Bng 7.2- kch thc c bn ca l LD

Cc thng s

Kch thc c bn ca l thi theo dung tch ( T )

50

100

250

Tng s chiu cao, m

7,9

8,7

9,7

ng knh v, m

5,2

5,7

8,3

ng knh c l, m

1,6

1,7

2,6

ng knh, m

3,6

4,0

6,5

Chiu su, m

1,1 1,2

1,51,6

1,61,8

Th tch ring, m3/T

1,0

0,8

0,72

Kch thc b l:

V v y l c lp mt lp gch chu nhit. Phn tr ca l gm ba lp: lp

trong cng l lp lm vic vi vt liu chu la gm nha than, lmit, manh dy
600800 mm. Lp gia l hn hp vt liu nh trn m cht, dy 50 150 mm. Lp
tip gip v dy 150 300 mm l gch manhe. Lp lm vic trn y l l hn hp
nha- lmit, lp ngoi l gch crom-manhe, dy 800 900 mm.
Oxy thi vo l LD vi p sut 9 14 at qua ng phun t ng, di chuyn ln
xung theo trc l. ng phun gm ba ng ng tm: oxy c cp vo ng tm, cn
ng gia v ng ngoi to thnh knh vnh khuyn dn nc lm mt. Phn di ng
phun l m phun bng ng t 3 n 4 l phun Lavan, ng knh 3055mm vi gc
nghin 8150 so vi trc ng phun ( vi l dung tch ln dng ng phun 6 l )
Trnh t m luyn: khi l hi nghin so vi phng thng ng th liu c
a vo l ( st thp vn chim 20% ), v rt gang lng. iu chnh lng v thnh
phn x ngi ta cho thm cc nguyn liu to x: vi ( 57% ), mt t qung st,
hunh thch. Sau l c quay v trng thi cn bng v a ng cp oxy xung.
Khong cch gia m phun vi b mt kim loi ty thuci dung tch l, p sut oxy,
cu to m phun v dao ng trong khong 8001500mm. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh
oxy ha gang v nung kim loi n nhit cn thit ( 15801650 0C ), ngng cp oxy.

---- 70 ----

Quay nghin l, rt thp, sau l x vo go cha, ng thi cho thm cc cht hp

kim, cht kh oxy tinh luyn thp theo thnh phn mong mun.
7.2.2. CH NHIT
Bn cht qu trnh luyn thp l s oxy ha cc tp cht ca kim loi bi oxy
ca qung st, oxy c thi vo b kim loi lng vi phn ng quan trng nht: phn
ng oxy ha cacbon. Chnh tc oxy ha cacbon s quyt nh tc qu trnh luyn
thp trong l LD. Khi thi oxy vo b l s xy ra phn ng s cp t nhit
220025000C. Do nng oxy v nhit cao nn phn ng oxy ha cc tp cht xy
ra manh lit:
2C+O2=2CO
C+FeO=Fe +CO
Si +O2=SiO2
Si +2FeO = SiO2 +2Fe
Mn +O2=2MnO
Mn +FeO =MnO +Fe
Ngoi cc phn ng oxy ha trn trong qu trnh luyn gang thnh thp cn xy
ra s kh lu hunh v pht pho.
Trong m luyn thp c 50% nhit do gang lng mang vo v 50% nhit do
phn ng ta nhit ( trong c 6065% do phn ng oxy ha cacbon )
H s s dng nhit ca l thi oxy cao hn nhiu so vi phng php luyn
thp khc. Hiu sut nhit ca l t 70%, trong khi l Mactanh ch t khong
30%. Ngoi ra, kh thi i ra khi l c nhit tr ( 1011,5)10 6J/m3 c t chy hon
ton trong cc ni hi s dng nhit.
u im chinhscuar l LD l nng sut cao, khng cn tiu th nhin liu. Cn
nhc im chnh l cha c kh nng s dng thp vn vi lng ln trong phi liu.
7.3.L NG QUAY
7.3.1 CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC
H thng l ng quay sn xut xi mng bao gm b phn chun b v cung cp
nhiu liu, l quay vi cc thit b truyn ng, cp nhit bn trong v bn ngoi l,
thit b lm ngui klinke, thit bj thng gi v lng bi.

---- 71 ----

B phn chnh ca l ng quay l thn l lm bng thp CT3, c dy

2070mm: ng knh D n 7m hoc ln hn; chiu di L=40230m hay ln hn.
Gc nghin ca l 350, s vng quay 0,59 vng pht. Thn l c th ch to theo
kiu hn hoc tn rive. ng knh l thng c gi tr khng i sut chiu di l.
Cng c loi ng knh thu hp vng phn tch vi mc ch gim khi lng st
thp v gch chu la. Trong v thp l lp lt xy bng gch chu la, m bo chu
mi mn, nhit cao, n mn ha hc, dao ng nhit .. Theo chiu di l ngi ta
dng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau. tit kim, c th dng gch cch nhit gia v
l v gch chu la.
Theo kch thc ngi ta phn loi l ngn (L/D<32) v l di ( L/D>32)
Theo cu to, phn loi l c thit b trao i nhit ( TBTN ) bn trong v l
c TBTN bn ngoi.
Theo phng php sn xut xi mng, phn loi l cho phng php t,
phng php kh.

Hinh 7.5- L ng quay sn xut xi mng theo phng php t

Trn hnh 7.5 trnh by loi l quay ph bin nht theo phng php t. Thn
l 1 v vnh l 2, t trn con ln chu lc 3 di mt gc 34 0 v quay vi tc
0,512 vng/pht nh ng c in 4 qua hp gim tc 5, bnh rng vnh 6. hn
ch s dch chuyn ca l dc theo trc, trn mi l cn c con ln chn. C cu dn
ng ph 7 c s dng khi sa cha, trong giai on khi ng v ngng l.
Nguyn liu c a vo ng 8 bng gu hoc phu np liu.
Do s quay v nghin ca thn l, vt liu s di chuyn t u cao ( ngui )
xung u thp ( nng ). T pha u 9 nhin liu c cp vo l, sn phm chy

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chuyn ng ngc chiu vi vt liu. B hm lc 10, m che mch 11, b trao i

nhit 12 c nhim v lm tt hn s truyn nhit v lc bi cho kh l. Bi c bm
kh nn a n phu 13, qua b phn tip liu bin 14 vo phn bn trong l.
Hai u ng l gn vi hai b phn c nh bng cc khp u l ( nhiu vng
kim loi lng vo nhau, ng thp chun gn vo phn c nh..) m bo kn. u
pha vng nung l ch quan st, iu khin vi phun nhin liu, u pha ngui l
phng lng bi.
tng cng trao i nhietj gia kh vi vt liu nung, gim nhit khi,
trong l cn c cc thit b trao i nhit nh: xch, cnh xi, b phn hm..Thit b
trao i nhit bn ngoi gm 3 kiu: thit b c c bn ( dng cho phng php t ),
bng xch TN v xyclon TN ( dng cho phng php kh ).
7.3.2 CH NHIT
Trnh t cc qu trnh nung hn hp liu xi mng theo phng php t bao
gm: thot hi nc, nung nng liu, phn ha cc sn phm, giai on to mi v lm
ngui sn phm. on l pha u np liu, vt liu c gia nhit ti 90100 0C v
thot khong 90% lng m. Tip theo l vng sy m trong c cc thit b TN
kim loi, nhit vt liu tng n 200250 0C. Sau l vng dehydrat, nhit vt
liu ln ti 4505000C, cc tp cht hu c trong liu s chy v xy ra phn ha
caolimit km theo s sinh hi nc dnh kt ha hc. on l tip theo, vt liu c
nhit 5007500C, gi l vng nung. Tip n l vng kh kh cacbonic (canxi ha ),
xy ra s phn hy cacbonat canxi v manhe bt u nhit gn 700 0C v kt thc
kh hn 900oC.
Sau giai on phn ha l giai on to mi. Vng u trn trong giai on ny
nhit tng ln 13000C. Tip theo l vng thiu kt, ni xy ra s nng chy cc
khong cht to thnh trc , nhit vt liu tng n 14001470 0C. trng thi
hai pha ca vt liu s to thnh klinke, ch yu l alit ( C3S ).
pha u ra liu vng thiu kt gip vi vng lm ngui, nhit klinke trc
khi ra khi l gim xung 125010000C. Qu trnh lm ngui kt thc trong bung
lm mt, khi klinke ra khi y, nhit ca n ch cn khong 503000C.

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7.4. L IN
L in c bin son thnh gio trnh ring, y ch gii thiu l in h
quang trong cng nghip sn xut thp.
7.4.1.CU TO
Trong l in nng lng cung cp thc hin qu trnh cng ngh l in
nng. Mi trng kh l c nhit cao, c th l hon nguyn hoc oxy ha cho php
luyn thp c cht lng cao vi dung tch l 50200T v l thit b c bn sn
xut thp c cht lng cao ( thp hp kim ) t st thp vn, gang thi. Cu to l
c trnh b trn hnh 7.6.
Bng 7.3. cc c tnh c bn l in h quang
Cc thng s
Cng sut my bin p, W
ng knh in cc, m
ng knh b l c mc ca, m
Chiu su b l, m
Chi ph in nng, 106J/T

50
20
0.5
4.56
0.89
1590

Dung tch l, T
100
200
40
65
0.55
0.61
5.4
7.0
1.1
1.5
1500
1400

L dng dng in ba pha vi ba in cc. Bung lm vic ca l gm khng

gian l v b l bn cu, nc tho ri. y l c xay dng bng gch manhedit, trn
c m hn hp bt manhe, hc n. Tng v nc xy bawnngf gch manheditcromit gn vo vng thp, pha ngoi c v l bc. Trn nc c 3 l dt in cc

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graphit. L c 1 n 2 ca bi dng, sa cha, np ca c lm mt bng nc.

cc l ln c cc thit b cht liu v nc tho ri nh c cu ring. Thiets b quay
l m bo cho l c th quay quanh trc ng mt gc 800 thc hin cc qu trnh
rt gang, tho x, sa l..
Cc in cc dch chuyn ln xung nh c cu nng h. thit b in ca l
phi c b chnh lu tng tnh t cm, trnh nguy c ngt mch ca in cc. Do c
thit b in t to s xo trn kim loi lng nn v l cn ch to bng thp khng
t tnh.
Cc c trng c bn ca l h quang luyn thp c trnh by bng 7.3
7.4.2. CH LM VIC
Qu trnh luyn thp trong l in h quang nh sau: v v, cht liu, chy lng
phi liu, giai on oxy ha, hon nguyn, tho kim loi v x. Giai on v l thc
hin gia hai m luyn bng phun bt manhedit ln y l to hnh y bn cu.
Sau khi a liu vo l, t nc vo v tr, in cc h xung ti mc phi liu v cp
in. Mi in cc to mt h quang in vi nhin khc nhau t 2000 0C n
80000C, ta nhit lng ln v kim loi bt u nng chy.
Theo mc chy lng phi liu, kim loi chy xung y l, di in cc to
thnh hc trong phi liu v dn hnh thnh ging cha in cc v h quang. Giai
on ny cn s dng ton b cng sut nh mc ca bin p l, ng thi h quang
c ch chy khng n nh, chiu di h quang ngn (1015mm ), cng sut in
dao ng t ngt. Sau khi to ging trong phi liu n nh, nc l vi in cc c
nng ln v quay v l mt gc nht nh, tip tc to 3 ging khc trong phi liu.
Sau cho l quay theo chiu ngc li chy lng phn phi liu cn li. tng
cng chy lng phi liu, c th b sung cc m t kh oxy t trn tng l.
Cui giai on chy lng, chiu di h quang tng ln, lng nhit bc x t b
mt chy lng ti nc, tng l tng i ln, v th cn gim cng sut my bin p
(2030% ) bo v nc.
Giai on hon nguyn bt u khi hm lng cacbon trong b t tr s yu
cu. X oxit st c tho ra, sau a vo l lng x hon nguyn ( cho thm bt
cc vo x ) c hm lng canxi cao(>60%) ri tip tc giai on tinh luyn: kh oxy,
lu hunh ng thi cho thm vo b l cc nguyn t hp kim Fero. giai on hon

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nguyn tin hnh vic xo trn kim loi nh thit b in t, cng sut in gim
3040% so vi nh mc, ch in n ha.
u im ca l in h quang l luyn c thp cht lng cao, cn nhc
im: tiu tn nhiu nng lng in ( xp x 800kw.h/T ).

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

Phm Vn Tr, Dng c Hng, Nguyn Cng Cn L Cng

Nghip. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut. H Ni 1999

2.

Hong Kim C, Phm Kim nh, L Xun Khung - K Thut

Nhit Luyn Kim. Nh xut bn Gio dc 1998

3.

Hong Kim C, Ngan Thanh Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit Luyn

Kim. Nh xut bn Gio dc 2001

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