Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Bai 1

XAC NH AM O VAT LIEU THC PHAM

1.1 Muc ch & yeu cau:

Giup sinh vien lam quen vi viec xac nh am o cua vat lieu dung trong thc
pham hoac xac nh am o oi vi bat k loai vat lieu nao.
1.2 C s ly thuyet:
1.2.1 Am o toan phan (am o theo can ban t):
La t so gia khoi lng am cha trong vat lieu vi khoi lng cua vat lieu am.

Mw

Wn
.100 (%)
W

(1.1)

1.2.2 Am o tuyet oi (am o theo can ban kho):

La t le gia khoi lng am co trong vat lieu so vi khoi lng vat chat kho cua
vat lieu.

Md

Wn
.100
Wk

Wn
.100 (%)
W  Wn

(1.2)

1.2.3 Moi quan he gia cac loai am o:

Ta co moi quan he gia 2 loai am o tren theo cong thc sau:

M%
.100
100  M %

hay

M%

X%
.100
100  X %

(1.3)

1.3 Trang thiet b phuc vu th nghiem:

1.3.1 Tu say:
Co nhieu loai tu say c phan loai da vao nguyen tac hoat ong cua khong
kh say hoac da vao ieu kien cua moi trng say:
- Tu say thng hoat ong theo nguyen tac oi lu t nhien: tac nhan say
(khong kh nong) tuan hoan oi lu t nhien trong tu say.
- Tu say thng hoat ong theo nguyen tac oi lu cng bc: tac nhan say
(khong kh nong) tuan hoan oi lu cng bc trong tu say.
- Tu say chan khong: say vat lieu am trong moi trng chan khong.

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Cac thong so can quan tam khi tu say hoat ong la nhiet o say, thi gian say,
lu lng kh vao/ra, ap suat chan khong (oi vi tu say chan khong),
1.3.2 Can am hong ngoai:
Co cau tao nh mot cai can chu nhiet can khoi lng vat lieu thay oi theo thi
gian trong khi vat lieu c say hay un nong bang tia hong ngoai.
Cac thong so can quan tam khi s dung can xac nh am bang hong ngoai: nhiet
o say, thi gian say, khoi lng vat lieu trc & sau khi say, lng am boc hi, am o
vat lieu say
1.3.3 May o am o hat:
La may c che tao chuyen dung e o am o mot so loai hat xac nh nh
lua, gao, bapda vao viec xac nh ien tr hoac ien dung cua hat, t o suy ra am
o hat.
Nguyen tac hoat ong: da vao s thay oi ien tr hoac ien dung cua hat khi
am o hat thay oi.
1.4 Phng phap th nghiem: ngi ta thng xac nh am o vat lieu bang cac
phng phap sau:
1.4.1 Phng phap trc tiep: xac nh lng am cha trong vat lieu
Dung tu say hoac can xac nh am bang hong ngoai.
a. Dung tu say:
Dung e xac nh am o cua hau het cac loai vat lieu nhiet o thch hp.
Tuy vao loai vat lieu ma ta chon nhiet o say cho thch hp. Co the cung mot
loai vat lieu t bien tnh ta co the say nhiet o cao trong thi gian ngan hoac say
nhiet o thap hn trong thi gian dai hn. oi vi vat lieu de bien tnh (ton that
vitamin, chat hu c de bay hi,) nhiet o cao th ta nen say nhiet o ma vat
lieu t b bien tnh nhat nhng nhiet o khong nen thap qua v se keo dai thi gian say
vat lieu cung nh tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat phat trien.
Bang xac nh am o cua so loai vat lieu theo tieu chuan:
Nhom vat lieu

Tu say thng

Tu say chan khong

Rau qua

T = 700C, 4 ngay

T = 700C, 1 ngay

Ngu coc

T = 1050C, 10h

T = 1050C, 4h

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Nguyen tac xac nh am o bang tu say:

+ Can mot khoi lng xac nh mau vat lieu can xac nh am (W).
+ X ly vat lieu bang cac phng phap c hoc e lam tang be mat boc hi cua
vat lieu nh cat mong & cat nho, tan nho (c 2-3 mm)
+ Say kho va can hop ng mau sau khi say (Wh).
+ Cho vat lieu a x ly c hoc vao hop ng mau, dan eu vat lieu va cho vao
tu say.
+ Cai at nhiet o say & thi gian say theo yeu cau cho tu say (T,t).
+ Vat lieu sau khi say c cho vao bnh hut am e lam nguoi & em i can
xac nh khoi lng cung vi hop ng mau (W2)
Am o toan phan cua vat lieu:

W1  W 2
.100 (%)
W

Vi W1 W  Wh : khoi lng hop & vat lieu trc khi say (g)
W2 : khoi lng hop & vat lieu sau khi say (g)
W1  W2 : khoi lng am a boc hi sau qua trnh say (g)
W : khoi lng vat lieu am can xac nh am o (g)

u iem cua phng phap: n gian, ket qua kha chnh xac (sai so khoang r
0,2%) va la phng phap chuan e so sanh vi cac phng phap khac.
Nhc iem: mat thi gian dai mi xac nh c am do.
b. Dung can am hong ngoai:
Dung e xac nh am o cua mot so loai vat lieu nhiet o & thi gian thch
hp.
Hoat ong: Bat cong tac, cai at che o say thch hp cho can: cai at nhiet o
& thi gian say hoac say en khoi lng khong oi, lap a can kho sach vao can va
tr b. Cho mot lng mau xac nh len a can, dan mong va eu roi ong nap may
lai e tien hanh can. Sau khi say en het thi gian cai at (theo kinh nghiem hoac
che o a co san) hoac khoi lng vat lieu say khong oi (oi vi vat lieu co t chat
de bay hi nh vitamin, axit hu c,) th can phat tn hieu bao cho ngi s dung
biet e ghi lai ket qua va ket thuc qua trnh can. Trc khi tien hanh say mau mi ta
phai lam nguoi can roi mi c say tiep.

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

u iem: xac nh am o trong thi gian ngan (t hn 99 phut, thong thng 15 y

30 phut tuy vat lieu & am o ban au), co che o xac nh am o, nhiet o, thi gian,
khoi lng t ong. Co the say mau en khoi lng khong oi.
Nhc iem: ch say c khoi lng vat lieu nho (vai gam) co be mat boc hi
ln (phai x ly c hoc mau), ch xac nh c am t do (khong say kiet c). Neu
say qua thi gian say toi a la 99 phut (do may mac nh) th ket qua am o o c
khong chnh xac. Phai lam nguoi can trc khi say mau mi.
1.4.2 Phng phap gian tiep:
Dung may o am o hat: may Kett (hoat ong theo nguyen tac ien tr)
Hoat ong: bat cong tac may, cai at che o thch hp oi vi tng loai hat. Cho
hat vao ngan ng e xac nh am o.
u iem: nhanh, oc c am o ch sau vai giay.
Nhc iem: o chnh xac khong cao v con tuy thuoc vao kch thc, hnh dang
hat, o ban khoang am o thap, sai so co the ch r 0,3% nhng am o cao (rat
t), sai so co the len en r 3%.
1.5 Hng dan th nghiem:
1.5.1 Vat lieu & chuan b vat lieu:
Hat: lua, gao, bap
Rau qua: ca rot, ca chua, hanh la
oi vi rau qua phai tien hanh x ly c hoc: ca rot, ca chua, hanh la c lam
sach, cat nho va mong.
1.5.2 Phng phap:
Xac nh am o hat: bang tu say & may Kett
Xac nh am o rau qua: bang tu say & can am hong ngoai.
Moi loai vat lieu c tien hanh say vi 3 lan lap lai: moi vat lieu can lam 3
mau vi khoi lng gan bang nhau.

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Cac che o say ng vi cac thiet b say:

Nhiet o (T,0C)

Thi gian (t, h)

Ghi chu

105

10

Hat

75 (cai bien)

24 (cai bien)

Hat, rau qua

Tu say chan khong

70

24

Hat, rau qua

Can am hong ngoai

130

0,25

Rau qua

Ten thiet b
Tu say S1
Tu say Memmert

1.6 Bao cao ket qua & x ly so lieu th nghiem:

Xac nh am o trung bnh cua tng loai vat lieu (theo can ban kho & t)
1.6.1 Mau hat:
Xac nh am o bang tu say (T,t):
Mau

Ky hieu

W (g) Wh (g) W1 (g) W2 (g) W1 W2

M%

M%

L1
Lua

L2
L3
G1

Gao

G2
G3
B1

Bap

B2
B3

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Xac nh am o bang may Kett:

Mau

Ky hieu

M%

M%

L1
Lua

L2
L3
G1

Gao

G2
G3
B1

Bap

B2
B3

1.6.2 Mau rau qua:

Xac nh am o bang tu say (T,t):
Mau

Ky hieu

W (g) Wh (g) W1 (g) W2 (g) W1 W2

M%

M%

C1
Ca
rot

C2
C3
T1

Ca
chua

T2
T3
H1

Hanh
la

H2
H3

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Thc hanh qua trnh ky thuat thc pham c ban

Xac nh am o bang can hong ngoai (T,t):

Mau

Ky hieu

M%

M%

C1
Ca
rot

C2
C3
T1

Ca
chua

T2
T3
H1

Hanh
la

H2
H3

1.7 Thao luan:

So sanh am o xac nh bang 2 phng phap oi vi moi loai vat lieu dung so
sanh 2 dan so. Nhan xet.
Ban luan ve o chnh xac & sai so cua tng phng phap.
1.8 Yeu cau viet bai bao cao:
Bai bao cao viet hoac anh may tren kho giay A4, co t ba ghi tieu e bai thc
hanh va danh sach cac thanh vien trong nhom thc hanh, ong lai thanh cuon.
Bai bao cao trnh bay theo cac muc sau:
+ Tom tat ly thuyet: cac loai am o, cach xac nh am o
+ Phng phap tien hanh th nghiem: cac cach xac nh am o, trang thiet b xac
nh am o & cach s dung, cac thong so qua trnh say ng vi moi loai vat lieu, cong
thc tnh ket qua t so lieu thu c t thc nghiem
+ Bao cao ket qua & x ly so lieu th nghiem:
Bang so lieu tho.
Bang ket qua trung bnh & phan tch thong ke.
+ Thao luan: nh tren a gi y.

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