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Hng dn k thut trng chui tiu vng ng

bng sng Hng


Nm: 2010
M: FV-QU-HD-1210-01-NVN
* Ngun gc xut x:
Kt qu thc hin ti Nghin cu v xut cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh v
kinh t th trng pht trin sn xut chui tiu xut khu Vit Nam.
* Phm vi p dng:
Vng ng bng Sng Hng.
* i tng p dng:
Cc t chc v c nhn trng chui.
* Yu cu ca bn hng dn k thut:
- Ph hp vi vng ng bng Sng Hng
- t nng sut trn 40 tn/ha
- t tiu chun xut khu trn 85%
- Hiu qu kinh t tng 10-15% so vi trng ng v mt s cy trng khc ti a bn
sn xut.
1. Chn t v k thut trng.
1.1. La chn a im trng chui
* Yu cu v t ai
Cy chui c th trng trn nhiu loi t, nhng tt nht l trn t ph sa c tng
mt dy, ti xp, nhiu mn, giu dinh dng, gi m v thot nc tt. Trn t c
tng canh tc mng, nhiu ct, ngho cht hu c hoc nhim mn cy chui sinh
trng km hn cho d bn phn v ti nc nhiu hn. t trng chui nn c lp
t mt dy qu 0.75 m r pht trin, hm lng st v kh nng trao i cation
trung bnh kh. Cy chui c th chu c pH t trong khong t 5.0-7.0. Nu
t chua qu hoc kim qu s nh hng n cht lng qu, khng ngt v khng
thm.
* Yu cu v iu kin kh hu
Cy chui sinh trng tt nht nhng ni m v m, vi s phn b u v lng
ma trong nm. Nhit l tng trong khong t 15-350C. Tr khi iu kin ti
nc tt, lng ma khng t hn 100 mm/thng. Mt khc, cng nn trnh trng
chui nhng ni hay xy ra ngp lt. cy chui sinh trng thun li, lng ma
hng thng cn phn b u v khong 200-220 mm/thng.
V chui l cy thn tho, khng c m g nn rt mn cm vi gi mnh. V vy,
nhng ni c gi bo to cng nn trnh.

Ngoi ra, thi v trng chui cng nn iu chnh tu theo ma v. Khng nn trng
chui mun hn 6 tun trc khi ma kh bt u, hoc trnh thi gian thu hoch
trng vi thi k gi bo.
*Yu cu dinh dng
- m: C trong cc b phn ca cy chui nht l b phn non. m nh hng n
vic phn ho mm hoa nht l vic hnh thnh hoa ci. Thiu m l chui mng, tc
ra l chm, ni t qu, bung t ni. Nu bn m cy ra hoa sm hn t 1-2
thng, nng sut tng t 5-20%. Bn nhiu m l dy, xanh m, qu nhiu nc,
nht, cy chui d nhim bnh.
- Kali: Cha nhiu trong thn gi, thn ngm, v qu v nhiu nht cc nh sinh
trng. Kali c nh hng rt ln n sn lng v phm cht qu chui.
+ Thiu kali: cy gy yu , d nhim bnh, mp l b kh nh chy.
+ kali: qu to, phm cht ngon, thm, chng bnh tt
+ Tha kali: Lm cho qu chng chn, kh bo qun.
- Ln: nh hng khng r bng m v kali, nhng bn ln l s cng, chng
c nm bnh, ln gip cho s pht trin ca r.
- Can xi: Nu thiu can xi l b m vng, km xanh, phin l nh, sc chng bnh
km.
* Nhng yu cu khc
S ph bin ca cc loi su bnh hi, kh nng cung cp v gi nhn cng, s tin li
v giao thng, gi thu t cn c xem xt khi la chn a im trng chui.
gi cho ng rung sch bnh, vic la chn nhng ni m vng ph cn khng c
nhng cy chui b bnh hoc khng c cy k ch c th thay th ca bnh hi chui
l rt quan trng.
1.2. Chun b vn trng chui
* Chn t:
- Chn khu vc c iu kin sinh thi thch hp i vi cy chui.
- Nu trng qui m ln th cn c din tch t tp trung, c ng giao thng
tin vn chuyn.
- Chn vng khng c gi mnh
- Chn t ti xp, thong kh, tiu nc v gi m, tng canh tc dy, mch nc
ngm cch mt t trn 60 cm, hm lng mn trn 2%, pH 5-7.
* Lm t
t bng, v trc trng cy khc cn c cy v ba 2-3 ln n su 0,5 m ri
cy lt thnh tng lung.
* Mt trng
Chui c th trng nhng mt rt khc nhau, t 666 - 6666 cy/ha.
Khong cch hay mt trng chui c xc nh tu thuc cc yu t sau:
- c im ging: Nhng ging chui cao cy c b tn l rng yu cu khong cch
trng rng hn so vi nhng ging chui thp cy.

- mu m ca t: t cng tt th khong cch trng cng rng v mt trng


cng thp. i vi mi loi t c th cn da vo kinh nghim hoc da vo kt qu
nghin cu th nghim.
- Kh hu thi tit v ngun nc ti: Nhng vng c nhit cng cao th khong
cch trng cng rng. C th trng dy hn nhng ni ch ng ti.
- Hiu qu kinh t: Hiu qu kinh t tu thuc vo nng sut, yu cu v ln bung
v chiu di qu. Mt trng dy c th lm tng nng sut nhng li lm gim khi
lng bung v ln qu. i vi tiu th trong nc v ch a phng th iu
khng phi l vn trm trng. Tuy nhin, xut khu th t l qu t kch thc
ln cng cao th cng mang li nhiu li nhun.
- Mt trng dy s ko di thi gian cy chui tr bung v lm chm thi gian
bung chui y qu. Trng qu dy cn lm cho bung chui rt khc bit v kch
thc bung do cnh tranh v nh sng v cc ngun cung cp khc. S khng ng
nht v kch thc bung tt yu dn n gi thnh sn xut tng do phi tng chi ph
phun thuc, bao bung v thu hoch Hn na, trng qu dy cn lm gim t l qu
trn cng v thi gian bo qun qu.
- Trng dy cn lm chm s pht trin ca chi bn. nhng mt trng cao rt
kh la chn nhng chi bn nhng v tr thch hp cho v sau. Chi bn ca v
trc pht trin khng ng u dn n v sau tr bung khng tp trung.
- Trng qu dy cn lm tng t l bnh m l do lm gim hiu qu ca vic phun
cc loi thuc tr nm, b l chm kh ro v km thong kh.
- Tuy nhin, mt trng cao s lm tng che ph v trn t dc c tc dng lm
gim xi mn t.
Tm li: Mi mt trng u c nhng u im v yu im. Ngi trng chui cn
phi quyt nh mt trng chui thch hp nht ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca
mnh. Khuyn co mt trng ti vng ng bng Sng Hng: 2500 cy/ha theo
khong cch 2,0 m x 2,0 m.
* Thi v trng
Thi v trng ch yu ph thuc vo kh nng cung cp nc (do ma hoc ti) v
vt liu trng. Nn trng vo u ma ma tn dng thi gian cy chui sinh
trng trong iu kin m. nhng ni khng c kh nng ti, khng nn trng
mun hn 6 tun trc khi ma kh ti. Cng cn ch lp k hoch trng sao cho
thi k thu hoch khng trng vi ma ma bo.
Thi v trng cn c xc nh bi thi gian d kin thu hoch. Thng thng, thi
gian t trng n thu hoch khong 11-12 thng.
vng ng bng Sng Hng, thu hoch chui tiu vo dp tt Nguyn n, nn
trng vo v xun, ngay sau tt.
* Chun b h trng
Kch thc h 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm.
i vi nhng ni t trng b nhim su bnh v tuyn trng phi x l h trng
bng cch hun v tru. Nhng ni c iu kin, ph lp tru dy 15-30 cm (75-150

tn/ha) trn mt rung v t. ng thi vi vic lm gim mt cc vi sinh vt gy


hi, hun v tru cn lm gim mt c di, lm tng mt s dng cht, nht l ln
v kali v ci thin iu kin l tnh t. my ngy cho t ngui ri mi trng
cy.
Cy chui nui cy m rt d b tn thng. V th, bn phn lt cn ch trnh
khng lm chng b tn thng. Khi o h cn ring lp t mt v lp t ci.
Bn phn vo y h, lp phn bng t mt, t cy ri lp bng t ci. Theo cch
, b r ca cy con khng b nh hng phn v dinh dng ca lp t mt c
s dng hon ton. Thng thng, phn lt c bn sm ngay sau khi thit k vn
trng.
1.3. Trng cy
Tt nht l nn trng cy vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. Ti nc cho cy trc
khi trng. Vn chuyn cy ra rung, t mi cy bn cnh mt h chun b sn.
trnh b r b tn thng, phn y ca ti bu cn c x b trc. t cy vo
h ri lp mt phn t cy ng vng sau nh nhng lt ti bu bng cch rt
ln. Cui cng lp ht phn t cn li. Nhng l mi u tin s xut hin 2-6 tun
sau khi trng.
Cy chui sau khi trng ra ngoi rung cn c ti nc. Cy chui nui cy m
khi cn nh chu hn km so vi trng bng c hoc chi bn. Cn ch trng chm
sc cy chui nui cy m thi k sau trng 3-4 thng. Cng vi vic gi m t, cn
lm sch c, che ph t, bn phn hu c v v c theo quy trnh.
Ti thi im a cy ra ngoi rung trng, cy chui nui cy m vn hon ton
sch bnh. Giai on u rt d b su bnh gy hi. V th cn ch p dng cc bin
php k thut phng tr cy sinh trng tt hn.
2. Bin php k thut chm sc
Sau khi trng, nhng bin php k thut chm sc thch hp v qun l ng rung
tt l rt quan trng t nng sut cao. Cc bin php k thut canh tc ch yu bao
gm ti nc, bn phn, la chn chi, v sinh ng rung, chm sc bung qu
2.1 Trng dm: Sau trng 15 ngy cy no cht th trng dm. Khi trng dm ly cy
tng ng trong vn, khng trng cy ln hoc b hn.
2.2. Lm c: Sau trng 30 45 ngy th lm c, lm c l vic lm quanh nm trong
sut thi k sinh trng ca cy.
2.3. Ti nc
Chui l cy cn nhiu nc. Tu thuc vo a im v ma v, cy chui yu cu
lng ma 80-200 mm/thng. Ti nc c xc nh l mt trong nhng yu t
mi trng hn ch sn xut chui.
i vi ngi trng chui thng c 2 cu hi t ra l ti bao nhiu v ti khi
no.Cu tr li tu thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng ch yu l do kh nng ngun nc.
Yu cu ti nc c th c xc nh bi kt qu kim tra m t, tnh trng cy
v iu kin thi tit. Nhn chung, cy chui nui cy m cn ti thng xuyn 2

ngy mt ln, mi ln 4 - 5 lt/cy trong thi k sau trng 1 thng. Thi k sau ti
mi tun mt ln, mi ln 5 - 10 lt/cy sao cho duy tr m t 70-80%.
2.4. Bn phn
Cc cht dinh dng c cy chui s dng hoc b mt i do ra tri, bay hi, c
nh sinh hc hoc ho hc Vic bn phn khng ch cung cp v m bo s cn
bng dinh dng cho cy m cn b p lng phn b mt i. Khuyn co bn phn
cho vng ng bng Sng Hng nh sau:
* Bn lt: Bn mi h 15 kg phn hu c + 375 g ln supe (60 g P2O5) + 0,5 kg vi
bt.
* Bn thc:
- Lng bn cho 1 cy: 520 g m ur (240 g N) + 960 g kaliclorua (480 g K2O).
- Cch bn: Xi rnh nng theo vng trn cch gc 30-50 cm, ri phn, lp t v ti
gi m. Sau khi ma, c th ri u xung quanh gc.
Ln 1: Sau trng 10 ngy: 5 % m ur + 5% kaliclorua
Ln 2: Sau trng 1 thng: 5 % m ur + 5% kaliclorua
Ln 3: Sau trng 2 thng: 10% m ur + 10% kaliclorua
Ln 4: Sau trng 3 thng: 20% m ur + 20 % kaliclorua
Ln 5: Sau trng 5 thng: 20% m ur + 20 % kaliclorua
Ln 6: Sau trng 7 thng: 20% m ur + 20 % kaliclorua
Ln 7: Sau trng 9 thng: 20% m ur + 20 % kaliclorua.
2.5. Che t t
* Li ch ca che t t
- Gi m t
- Hn ch c di
- iu chnh nhit t
- B sung cht hu c v dng cht cho t
- Ci thin c tnh l ho t
- Hn ch ra tri v xi mn t.
* Vt liu che t t
- Che t t bng cht v c nh tm plastic: cc tm plastic thng khng b phn
hu, khng c tc dng ci thin kt cu t cng nh l khng b sung cht hu c
v dng cht cho t.
- Che t t bng cht hu c nh rm r, mn ca, b ma, l v b chui kh
Nhng cht ny rt d phn hu v l ngun b sung hu c quan trng cho t, c
tc dng ci thin kt cu cng nh l kh nng gi v thot nc ca t.
* Nhng im lu khi che t t
- Ch tin hnh che t khi t c lm sch c v khi cy chui ra c 2-3 l
mi.
- Khng che t kn thn cy.

- Che t ht b rng ca b r.
2.6. nh ta chi
Mt cy chui c th sn sinh 5-10 chi bn. Thng thng ch 1- 2 chi cho v
sau. Cc chi khc phi b i trnh cnh tranh v dinh dng. nh ta chi l k
thut la chn nhng chi khe mnh nht, nhng v tr thch hp nht.
* La chn chi cho v sau
- Chi khe mnh, cn i, cao di 1 m v l cha xo rng.
- Chi nm trn cng hng vi cy m.
- La chn nhng chi ng u nhau.
* nh ta chi
Phng php chung nh ta chi l dng dao ct ngang hoc di mt t. Lm nh
vy chi s mc li v li tip tc ct.
Mun cho chi khng mc li na cn phi p dng cc bin php: (i) khot b nh
sinh trng hoc (ii) tch chi khi cy m hoc (iii) git dung dch 2,4 D nng
0,5% vo nn.
trnh ly bnh t cy ny sang cy kia, dng c cn phi c kh trng sau mi
ln s dng bng dung dch formaldehit 10% trong 10 giy hoc 5% trong 30 giy.
2.7. Ct ta l
Nhng l gi v l b bnh s b cht v treo trn cy. y l ni c tr ca nhiu loi
su bnh hi. Cn ct b nhng l ny bng dao sc, thng l cng lc vi nh ta
chi. Nh vy s lm gim cc bnh v m l v su bnh khc. ng thi lm tng
kh nng sinh trng ca chi bn.
Ct b tt c nhng l b treo trn cy v c nhng l ch cn di 50% din tch l
khe mnh v t gia cc hng chui. Nu din tch l khe mnh cn trn 50% th
khng nn ct b m ch cn lm v sinh.
Dng c ct ta l cng cn c x l ging nh dng c nh ta chi.
2.8. Bao bung qu
Bung qu chui thng c bao bi ti nilon. Loi ti bao bung ny c cng dng
gi cho qu khi b su bnh gy hi v thc y qu pht trin, nht l trong iu
kin lnh. Bao bung qu thng lm tng kch thc qu v rt ngn thi gian t ra
bung n thu hoch.
Bung qu cn c bao sm ngay sau khi qu bt u cong ln. Buc cht ti pha
trn v m pha di, trng ging nh l mt ci ng tay o. Loi ti bao ph bin
nht hin nay mu xanh, c c l.
2.9. Ngt hoa c

Hoa c hay cn gi l bp chui, thng c ct b v tr khong 10 cm di ni


qu cui cng v ng thi vi bao bung qu. Ngt b hoa c c xu hng lm
tng kch thc ca nhng ni pha di v khi lng bung qu.
C th b hoa c bng tay nhng tt nht l dng dao sc v cng cn c x l
ging nh i vi ct ta l v nh ta chi.
Ti thi im ny, kt hp ta b nhng qu hay thm ch l nhng ni qu khng tho
mn yu cu ca th trng tiu th. Vic ta b nh vy s lm tng chiu di ca
nhng qu cn li v rt ngn thi gian t tr bung n thu hoch.
2.10. Chng gi bo:
- hn ch khi cy c qu, dng 2 cc buc cho vo nhau theo hnh ch X
ly c bung chui, 2 chn cc v thn gi ng thnh 3 chn king.
- Dng dy ni lng mt u buc pha trn thn gi st c bung chui u kia
chng cht vo gc cy chui bn cnh hoc ngang thn cy bn cnh gi cho cy
chui ng thng, hn ch nh hng gi bo lm cy.
- iu khin sinh trng sao cho ma gi bo cy khng c bung non, l nhiu.
- Ma gi bo phi vun gc cho r n su, che chn bt gi. Trc khi bo trn
qua c th cht bt 1/2 - 1/3 tu l.
2.11. Su bnh hi chnh
* Su c thn (Cosmopolites sordidus)
- Triu chng : Su non thng sng trong thn gi, l pha gy hi chnh. T ch c
tit ra cht nhy mu vng c. B hi nng, thn gi thi v l chuyn vng. Cy c
bung gy gc ngang thn.
- Sinh trng pht trin : Trng thnh trng mi nm mt la vo thng 3,4. Su
non sng ti 9 thng/nm.
- Phng tr :
+ t by trng thnh : Tin hnh vo cui thng 2 u thng 3. Ch t thn gi dy
5-10 cm ri p mt xung t. Mi khm chui t 1-2 by. Sng sm bt trng
thnh cho vo ti PE em tiu hy.
+ Lun canh vi cy trng khc.
+ V sinh ng rung
+ Dng Basudin 5G hoc 10 G rc vo nn cy chui 3-5 g/cy vo cui thng 3 u
thng 4.
* Su gm v qu ( Basilepta sp)
- Triu chng : Trng thnh gy hi l chnh. V qu b hi c vt sn si 1-2 cm,
i khi lin kt vi nhau thnh tng m lm xu m qu.
- Sinh trng pht trin : C nhiu la gi nhau trong nm. Trng thnh xut hin t
u thng 3 xung quanh gc cy v bt u gy hi t cui thng 3. T thng 12,
mt v mc gy hi gim.
- Phng tr :

+ V sinh ng rung
+ Phun Trebon hoc Antafos tr trng thnh vo sng sm hoc chiu mt cc cao
im thng 4,7,10.
+ Bao bung qu.
* Bnh chn ngn BBTV (Banana Bunchy Top Virus)
- Triu chng : L ngn, l sau thng ngn hn l trc. Cung l xp st nhau. Cy
con li dn. Cy ln khng tr bung hoc tr bung ngang thn gi.
- Pht sinh pht trin : Mi gii truyn bnh l rp, thng xut hin nhiu trong v
xun h (thng 4-6), trng vi thi k cy chui sinh trng mnh.
- Phng tr :
+ Trng cy chui nui cy m
+ Phun thuc Trebon tr rp
+ nh b v tiu hy cy bnh
* Bnh thn th (Colletotrichum musae)
- Triu chng :Nm xm nhp qua vt thng ca qu non sau tr khong 30 ngy.
Nm tn ti trn v qu v xut hin lm m trng quc khi qu chn.
- Pht sinh pht trin trn v qu quanh nm. Tuy nhin chui chn v ng b nng
hn chui chn v h.
- Phng tr :
+ Bao bung qu
+ Sau thu hoch, x l qu bng Bavistin hoc Topsin
2.12. Thu hoch
Tu thuc vo khong cch cn vn chuyn, chui c th thu hoch nhng chn
khc nhau. tiu th ch a phng, ch cn thu trc khi chn vi ngy. vn
chuyn xa phi thu hoch sm hn. Tuy nhin, gi c v ngt t nhin, cn thit
phi thu hoch chui giai on chn. Thu hoch chui lm nguyn liu ch bin
thng sm hn so vi n ti.
* chn ca qu
chn c th xc nh bi mu sc hoc y qu. Tiu th ta ch, nn thu hoch
khi qu t trn cng v mu qu chuyn t xanh sang hanh vng. Tiu th xa cn
thu sm hn khi qu vn cn xanh v cha trn y.
chn cng c th xc nh theo thi gian tr bung. Tu ma v, khong thi gian
t tr bung n thu hoch dao ng trong khong 3-4 thng.
- Dng cho xut khu ti: chn t 75- 80% biu hin ca qu hi trn cnh, v
mu xanh nht, rut trng ng.
- Dng tiu th trong nc hoc ch bin: chn 90%, v qu mu xanh vng,
qu trn cnh, rut mu vng. Khi bung chui c qu nt l chui gi, nn thu
hoch ngay, lu s c nhiu qu nt v qu nt d thi.
* Phn loi, ng gi v bo qun:

- Chn bung ng chn, m p, khng su bnh, khng xy xt,qu u.


Nu xut khu ni th dng dao sc ct ra tng ni, ct cung ca ni tht ngn, nhng
vo thng cha Topsin 0,1% phng t nm bnh gy thi qu, ro nha ri
dng giy bn buc li, xp vo trong st tre, g hoc hp cacton.
- Khi vn chuyn phi bo qun ht sc nh nhng, nu cha chuyn c th
phi xp vo ln, ln phi thong mt, cao ro, gn ng giao thng. bo qun
c lu dng kho lnh nhit 13-15 oc.

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