I CNG V HA HC

PHN TCH NH TNH

Mc tiu:

Ds. L Thin Phc

LBM-HPT-KN-C
i tng: DTCQK.4

Hiu c vai tr ca HPT nh tnh

Nu c cc phng php phn nh
tnh
Trnh by c h thng phn tch
cation.

CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH

CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH

Phn tch t: ha tan cht phn tch trong dung
mi thnh dung dch
VD: NaCl ha tan + Ag+
Phn tch kh: cc cht tham gia dng rn, un
nng nhit cao hoc nghin cc cht rn vi
nhau
VD: un Na+ trn platin => la Mu vng
Nghin CoSO4 vi SCN- to [Co(SCN)4]2- xanh dng

Phng php ha hc: dng phn ng

ha hc; c s dng rng ri
Phng php vt l, ha l: da vo
tnh cht vt l, ha l
PP so mu ngn la: Na+; K+; Ba2+
PP soi tinh th
PP dng c: Quang ph, sc k

CC PHN NG DNG TRONG PHN

TCH NH TNH (Bn Cht )

CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH

Phn tch ring bit: Xc nh mt ion trong

hn hp bng mt phn ng c hiu. VD iod
h tinh bt

Nhiu ion khng c phn ng c hiu

Phn tch h thng: xc nh cc ion theo

mt th t nht nh bng thuc th nhm,
chia thnh nhiu nhm, phn nhm, cui
cng tch thnh ion ring bit. Hn hp Ag+,
Ca2+, Ba2+ ?!

Phn ng
Phn ng
Phn ng
Phn ng
Phn ng
Phn ng

ha tan: CaCO3 + HCl

kt ta: BaSO4
trung ha: acid + baz
to cht bay hi: NH3
oxi ha kh: Mn 2+ -> MnO4
to phc: [HgI4]2-

CC PHN NG DNG TRONG PHN

TCH NH TNH (Mc ch )

NHY V TNH C HIU

Phn ng tch: chia cc ion thnh

nhm nh hoc tch ring mt ion
VD: Chit Iod t nc sang Cloroform
Phn ng c trng, xc nh: tm mt
ion c lp, hay trong hn hp
Phn ng kha : loi ion cn tr - to
ta, to phc
Phn ng m kha : ha tan ta,
phc

 NHY V TNH C HIU

NHY V TNH C HIU

nhy tuyt i: l lng ti thiu

mt cht c pht hin bng phng
php phn ng, kho st trong iu
kin xc nh (mcg = 10 -6 g)
nhy tng i (gii hn pha long)
l nng ti thiu ca cht tham gia
phn ng: din t bng 1/G (G = khi
lng dung mi/ khi lng cht tan)

Gii hn nhy: m = V.106/G (mcg)

Vd: PP kt ta xc nh Na+ c:
m = 10 mcg; 1/G = 1/5000000
PP soi tinh th xc nh Na+ c:
m = 0.02 mcg; 1/G = 1/5000000

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THUC TH TRONG CC
PHN NG NH TNH

NHY V TNH C HIU

Tnh c hiu: Xc nh mt cht khi c
mt cht khc mt iu kin xc nh
VD: KI thuc th c hiu Hg
Lng ion cn pht hin
F= ----------------------------Lng ion l cng c mt

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Yu cu ca thuc th: tinh khit,

nhy, c hiu
Tinh khit phn tch < tinh khit ha
hc lm cht chun < tinh khit quang
hc dng phn tch quang ph
Thuc th nhm: ging trn mt nhm
Thuc th chn lc: nhiu nhm
Thuc th c hiu: c hiu mt ion

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Phn nhm cc Cation

PHN TCH NH TNH CATION

H thng dng H2S : chia 5 nhm, dng

H2S, HCl
u im: kt qu chnh xc, trit
Nhc im: c, to dung dch keo S
H thng acid baz: chia 6 nhm, s dng
HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, NH4OH
u im: t c hi, s dng cht c bn
Nhc im: khng cht ch bng H2S
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Phn tch cc Anion

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Phn tch cc Anion

Khng c thuc th nhm r rng nn

khng phn chia mt cch cht ch
ton b nh cation
Da vo tc dng ca thuc th phn
loi theo (SGK)

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 1
(Ag +; Pb

2+

; Hg2

2+

XC NH CC CATION NHM 1

Thuc th nhm: HCl 6M

Phng trnh ion:
Ag+ + HCl
=
AgCl + H+
AgCl tan trong dung dch NH4OH
Pb 2+ + 2HCl =
PbCl2 + 2H+
PbCl2 khng tan trong dung dch NH4OH
Hg2 2+ + 2HCl =
Hg2Cl2 + 2H+
Hg2Cl2 ha en trong dung dch NH4OH

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 1

XC NH CC CATION NHM 1

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Thuc th cation
Thuc th ion Ag +
Vi K2CrO4: to Ag2CrO4 ta thm
Vi KI: to AgI ta vng nht
Vi Na2CO3: to ta trng, lu ha xm

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Thuc th ion Pb 2+
Vi S2-: to PbS ta en
Vi CrO4 2-: to PbCrO4 vng ti, tan
trong NaOH, acid nitrit, khng tan
Axetic acid
Vi KI: PbI2 ta vng, tan trongTo
Vi SO4 2-: to PbSO4 ta.T
Vi CO3 2-: to PbCO3 ta.T
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XC NH CC CATION NHM 1

XC NH CC CATION NHM 1

Thuc th ion Hg2 2+

Vi NH4OH: to ta xm en (Hg)
Vi CrO4 2-: to tu gch (Hg2CrO4)
Vi KI: to ta mu xanh lc (Hg2I2),
chuyn thnh mu en (Hg)
Vi NaCO3: to ta xm en (Hg2CO3)

Bng tm tt cc phn ng

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 2
(Ba

CM N S QUAN TM THEO DI
CA CC BN

2+

; Ca

2+

Nice day & good luck for U !!!

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 2

XC NH CC CATION NHM 2

Thuc th nhm: H2SO4 3M

Ca 2+ lng t phi cn mi trng
aceton hoc ethanol 960

Phng trnh ion

Ba 2+ + H2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2H+
Ca 2+ + H2SO4 =
CaSO4 + 2H+

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 2

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XC NH CC CATION NHM 2

Thuc th ca ion Ba 2+
- Vi CrO4 -: ta vng ti khng tan
trong NaOH 3M v acid acetic
- H2SO4/KMnO4: ta mu hng (Voller)
- Vi CO3 2-: ta trng BaCO3

Thuc th ion Ca 2+
- Vi Amoni oxalat: ta trng, khng tan
trong., tan trong acid..
- Vi Natri Carbonat: to ta trng..
A: acid acetic; HCl-acid mnh

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Cu hi n tp
7. Phn bit ion Ca2+ v Ba2+ c th
a)..
b)..
c)..

CM N S QUAN TM THEO DI
CA CC BN
Nice day & good luck for U !!!

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