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com

S GIO DC V O TO H NI
V HI TON HC H NI

==========================

NGUYN VN MU, NGUYN HU

(Ch bin)

CC CHUYN TON HC
BI DNG HC SINH GII
(Tm tt bo co Hi ngh khoa hc)

H Ni, 26-27/04/2012

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K HOCH V CNG TC CHUN B HI THO KHOA HC

CC CHUYN TON HC BI DNG HC SINH GII
NM 2012

I. Thi gian, a im, thnh phn:

1. Thi gian: 3 ngy (25,26,27/04/2012)
2. a im: Phng hp, Hi trng Trng THPT Chu Vn An H Ni
3. Thnh phn:
- B Gio dc v o to: Lnh o B, Lnh o v GD Trung hc;
- Lnh o LH CHKHKT HN
- Cc tp ch: Ton hc tui tr, Ton tui th;
- Hi Ton hc H Ni; Hi Ton hc VN,
- Cc tc gi c bi ng k tham d Hi tho;
- Cc phng Gio dc v o to, huyn, th, mt s trng THCS (c danh sch km theo);
- Truyn hnh, bo, i.
4. Ban T chc v Ban chng trnh Hi tho (km Quyt nh):
II. Ni dung chnh ca hi tho:
- i mi cng tc qun l gio dc giai on 2012-2015 v nhng nh hng mi.
- nh gi thc trng phng php dy hc Ton, nhng thun li, kh khn trong i mi
phng php dy hc; xut cc gii php c th, kh thi v i mi phng php dy hc b
mn.
- c bit cc chuyn o to, bi dng hc sinh, sinh vin gii, tham gia cc k thi hc
sinh gii cc cp hng nm, ...nhm nng cao cht lng o to.

III. Cng tc chun b

Trc 30/03/2012

- Thnh lp Ban T chc, Ban chng trnh

Lnh o S GD v T

Trc 15/04/2012
- Chun b ni dung Hi tho: Thng bo v tp hp cc bi vit, In n k yu
(Ban t chc, Hi TH, S GD)
- Chun b chng trnh vn ngh, luyn tp
(Trng THPT CVA)

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- In v gi giy mi

(Ban t chc, Hi TH, S GD)

- Lin h cc n v lin quan m bo an ninh, an ton giao thng, in, nc, ...
S GD v T HN, Trng THPT CVA (Anh Dng)
-Trang tr, khnh tit: Khu hiu, Hi trng ln, 2 Hi trng nh, hoa, nc ung ...
Trng THPT CVA (Anh Dng)
- Chun b hi trng, m thanh, nh sng, my chiu,..
Trng THPT CVA
- Tng v sinh ton trng

Trng THPT CVA

- Chun b nh khch (4 phng), phng tin i li

Trng THPT CVA

Sng 26/04/2012
n tip i biu

Trng THPT CVA

Ghi danh sch i biu v pht k yu

Trng THPT CVA
B tr ch ngi trong Hi trng (Dnh 3 hng gh gia cho i biu)
Trng THPT CVA
Ph trch chng trnh vn ngh cho mng (nu c)
Trng THPT CVA
Phng tin trnh chiu, loa i
Trng THPT CVA
26/04/2012

Ni dung chng trnh Hi THHN

Tra 26/04 Chun b n tra

S GD v Anh Dng (HT THPT CVA)
Chiu 26/04/2011
T 13h30-16h00

Ni dng v iu hnh 2 Hi tho chuyn

Hi THHN

16h15-17h30

Hi tho tng kt phin ton th

BTC (Anh Mu+Anh )

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Ti 26/04/2011
n ti (cho cc i biu xa (40 xut))
S GD v T (Anh Quang), Anh Dng (THPT Chu Vn An)
Ngy 27/04/2012

Chng trnh Ta m bn trn

Chun b phng tin a n,

S GD (Anh Tun)
Ni dung hot ng
Hi THHN (Anh H), S GD (Anh Tun), Trng PT DTNT H Ni (Anh Ph)
Cc ngy Hi tho: Quay phim, chp nh v t liu
Hi THHN (Thm Ngc Khu)

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CHNG TRNH CHI TIT

Ngy 25/04/2012
14h30-16h30 Hp Ban T chc v Ban chng trnh, tng duyt bo co.
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu
Ngy 26/04/2012
08h00-8h30 n tip i biu
08h30-9h00 Vn ngh cho mng
09h00-9h05 Tuyn b l do, gii thiu i biu
09h05-9h15 Pht biu khai mc
Pht biu dn
09h15-09h25 Pht biu ca i biu
- GS TS V Hoan
- TS V nh Chun

Phng GDPT v Trng THPT CVA

Trng THPT CVA
m Xun Quang, Ph Vn Phng
Nguyn Hu
Nguyn Vn Mu
Ch tch Lin hip cc Hi KHKTHN
V trng V GDTH B GD v T

09h25-11h30 Cc bo co phin ton th

1. NGT Hn Lin Hi:
Mt s kin v vn bi dng hc sinh gii hin nay
2. PGS Trn Huy H:
Vai tr ca Hi THHN trong cng tc hp tc o to vi cc s GD v hot ng chuyn
mn v bi dng hc sinh gii
- ThS Ch Xun Dng (HT THTH CVA):
V hot ng chuyn mn ca CLB Ton hc HN
- TS Phm Th Bch Ngc:
Vai tr ca Tp ch TH v TT trong bi dng HSG ph thng
- ThS V Kim Thu:
Hot ng ca Tp ch Ton Tui th
- ThS Trn Vn Khi (HN-Amsterdam);
V cc chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii ca HN
- ThS L i Hi:
V t chc cc k thi HSC Th HN
11h30-13h00 Ngh n tra
14h00-17h30 Cc bo co chuyn Ton hc bi dng GV v cc vn lin quan.
iu hnh THCS: GS. Nguyn Vn Mu, ThS. Ch Xun Dng
1. PGS H Tin Ngon
Tng s cc cch phn chia mt tp hp thnh cc tp con ri nhau
2. TS Nguyn Vit Hi
Nhng bi ton thi hc sinh gii lp 9 v s hc
5

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3. TS Nguyn Vn Ngc
Mt s dng ton v chia a thc i xng
4. ThS Nguyn B ang
ng thng Simson
5. ThS L Th Thanh Bnh
Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS
6. GV Nguyn Th Minh Chu
Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut cp THCS
7. ThS H Quang Vinh
Php nghch o v ng dng
8... Cc bo co mi ng k ti hi tho.
iu hnh THPT: PGS. Trn Huy H, PGD S L Ngc Quang
1. PGS Hong Ch Thnh
Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp
2. PGS Nguyn Thu Thanh
Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m
3. PGS V nh Ho
Bi ton t mu th
4. GS Phm Huy in
Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn cha ht
5. GS ng Huy Run
Phng php Graph
6. TS Trnh o Chin
Mt s lp phng trnh hm dng Pexider v p dng
7. PGS m Vn Nh
Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp
8... Cc bo co mi ng k ti hi tho
Phin tng kt: GS. Nguyn Vn Mu, ThS Nguyn Hu
18h00-19h30 n ti (dnh cho cc i biu tnh xa)
Ngy 27/04/2012
-Cc bo co khoa hc hi ngh bn trn.
- 11h30: n tra
- 16h00: Xe xut pht v H Ni.

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Mc lc
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nguyn Thy Thanh

Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Trn Nam Dng
Nguyn l cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Trnh o Chin, L Tin Dng
Mt s dng tng qut ca phng trnh hm Pexider v p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ng Huy Run
Phng php Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
H Th Mai Dung
Mt s tnh cht ca hm li, lm bc cao v p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Nguyn Th Minh Chu
Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut cp THCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hong t H
nh l Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
L H Qu v Phm Xun Thnh
V mt s bi ton v phng trnh hm gii bng phng php sai phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Hong Ch Thnh
Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
m Vn Nh
Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
V nh Ha
Bi ton t mu th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7

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Nguyn ng Pht
Mt s tnh cht ca t im trong mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Nguyn Vn Ngc
Mt s bi ton v chia ht i vi cc a thc i xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Trn Vit Anh
S dng s phc gii ton t hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Quch Vn Giang
Chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php tham s ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
L Th Anh oan
Tnh n nh nghim ca mt s phng trnh hm Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Phm Th Nhn
Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Trn Vit Tng
Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n sinh bi phi ng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Trng Ngc c
Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Phm Huy in
Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn cha ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Nguyn B ang
ng thng Simson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
H Quang Vinh
Php nghch o v ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Trng Ngc c
Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
o Xun Luyn
Mt s bi ton c xy dng t cng thc Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
L Th Thanh Bnh
Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Phm Th Bch Ngc
Chuyn cho i s 9: Phn nguyn v ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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Li ni u
Nguyn Vn Mu, Ch tch hi Ton hc H Ni
Nguyn Hu , Gim c s GD v T H Ni

Ha nhp vi c nc cho mng ngy gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc v ngy
Quc t lao ng 01.05 v thc hin cc chng trnh i mi gio dc Th , S Gio Dc v
o to H Ni phi hp vi Hi Ton hc H Ni ng t chc Hi tho khoa hc Cc chuyn
Ton hc bi dng hc sinh gii ti trng THPT Chu Vn An, thnh ph H Ni vo cc
ngy 26-27/04/ 2012
y l hi tho u tin theo tinh thn k kt phi hp hot ng gia S Gio Dc v o
to H Ni v Hi Ton hc H Ni bn v lin kt bi dng hc sinh gii v bi dng hc sinh
gii mn ton Trung hc ph thng v Trung hc c s.
Hi tho khoa hc ln ny c tin hnh t 26-27/4/2012 ti thnh ph H Ni hn hnh
c n tip nhiu nh khoa hc, nh gio lo thnh, cc nh qun l, cc chuyn gia gio dc
v cc nh ton hc bo co ti cc phin ton th v cc cn b ch o chuyn mn t cc s
Gio dc v o to, cc thy gio, c gio b mn Ton ang trc tip bi dng hc sinh gii
mn Ton bo co ti cc phin chuyn ca hi tho.
Ban t chc nhn c gn 30 bo co ton vn gi ti hi tho. Song do khun kh rt
hn hp v thi gian, khu ch bn v thi lng ca cun k yu, chng ti ch c th a vo
k yu c 20 bi, nhng bi cn li s c ch bn gi qu i biu khi thc hin chng
trnh bo co chuyn chnh thc ca hi tho.
Ni dung ca k yu ln ny rt phong ph, bao gm hu ht cc chuyn phc v vic bi
dng hc sinh gii ton t l thuyt th, t mu, i s, gii tch, hnh hc, s hc n cc
dng ton lin quan khc. Bn c c th tm thy y nhiu dng ton t cc k olympic trong
nc v quc t...
Ban t chc xin chn thnh cm n s hp tc v gip ht sc qu bu ca qu thy gio,
c gio v c bit l ton th thnh vin semina ton HKHTN v cc cu lc b ton H Ni
tch cc tham gia c c cun k yu vi ni dung thit thc v rt phong ph ny.
V thi gian chun b rt gp gp, nn cc khu hiu nh v ch bn cun k yu cha c
y , chi tit, chc chn cn cha nhiu khim khuyt. Rt mong c s cm thng chia s
ca qu i biu. Nhng kin ng gp lin quan n cun k yu ny xin gi v a ch: Hi
Ton hc H Ni, phng 303 nh T1, 334 Nguyn Tri, H Ni.
Xin trn trng cm n.
TM Ban T Chc
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu

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Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m

Nguyn Thy Thanh, Trng HKHTN H Ni

Mi phn s thng m mu s l ly tha khng m ca 10 c gi l phn s thp phn.

3 32 123
,
,
l nhng phn s thp phn. Thng thng ngi ta vit cc phn s
Chng hn:
10 100 100
32
1234
3
= 0, 3;
= 0, 32,
= 1, 234.
thp phn di dng khng c mu s, tc l
10
100
1000
Ta lu n tiu chun:
p
s hu t dng biu din bi phn s ti gin khai trin c thnh phn s thp phn
q
hu hn iu kin cn v l mu s p ca n khng c cc c nguyn t ngoi 2 v 5.
Ngc li, phn s thp phn hu hn bt k:
0 , 1 2 ...n
l s hu t

0 , 1 2 ...n
,
10n
trong t s 0 , 1 2 ...n l s nguyn gm n n v, n1 , chc, n2 trm...
T tiu chun trn suy rng cc phn s cn li ch c th c khai trin thp phn v hn
0 , 1 2 ...n tc l phn s thp phn m i vi s t nhin k bt k tm c s t nhin l > k
sao cho l > 0.
Nu phn s thp phn v hn m k t mt ch s thp phn no ca n mt nhm cc
ch s lp li v hn ln theo mt th t nht nh c gi l phn s thp phn v hn tun
hon v nhm cc s c gi l chu k. Chng hn ta c
0 , 1 2 ...n =

1, 21, 353535... = 1, 21(35).

Quy tc I. Mt phn s thp phn v hn tun hon thun bng mt phn s thng m t s
l chu k v mu s gm ton ch s 9 vi s lng bng s ch s ca chu k.
Quy tc II. Mt phn s thp phn v hn tun hon tp bng mt phn s thng m t s
ca n c c bng cch ly s c biu din bi cc ch s thp phn ng trc chu k th
hai tr i s c biu din bi cc ch s thp phn ng trc chu k th nht, cn mu s l
s c vit bi s ch s 9 bng s ch s ca chu k v s ch s 0 tip theo bng s ch s
thp phn ng sau du thp phn nhng trc chu k th nht.
Bn cnh cc phn s thp phn tun hon cn tn ti cc phn s thp phn v hn khng
tun hon. Chng hn s: 0, 101001000,..., tc l sau du thp phn ta vit lin tip cc s 10,
100, 1000, ..., hay s 0,123456... c thnh lp theo quy tc l sau du thp phn ta vit lin
tip mi s t nhin. Cc phn s thp phn v hn khc nhau c coi l nhng s khc nhau
10

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nhng c mt ngoi l: mt phn s thp phn hu hn dng c th vit duwosi bn dng hu

hn dng c th vit di bn dng sau:
0 , 1 2 ...k
=0 , 1 2 ...k 00...
=0 , 1 2 ...(k 1)99...
=0 , apha1 ...(k 1)9
Bn cch vit ny xc nh cng mt s. Chng hn 2,5 = 2,5000... v 2,5 = 2,499... l xc
nh cng mt s.
Ngoi mi tnh cht m tp hp cc s hu t c, tp hp s thc R cn c mt tnh cht rt
c bit phn bit n vi tp hp Q- l tnh cht lin tc. Tnh cht c din t di
dng hnh hc bi tin Cantor:
Gi s cho dy cc on thng
n = {x R : an x bn , n = 1, 2, ...}
lng nhau v tht li, tc l
i) n n+1 , n = 1, 2, . . .
ii) di d[an , bn ] = bn an 0 (n ).
Khi tn ti duy nht mt im (s) ng thi thuc mi on thng n .
T tin Cantor cng trc tip rt ra rng s thuc mi on thng cng l gii hn chung
cho dy cc u mt bn tri v dy cc u mt bn phi. Ta hy hnh dung rng nu ng
thng c mt ch khuyt th ta c th tm c mt dy nhng on lng nhau tht li ch
khuyt . V nh vy khng c im no chung cho mi on c (hnh v), tri vi Tin
Cantor.
Xt xp x thp phn s thc bi cc s hu t. Cho s dng ty
a = 0 , 1 2 ...

(1)

a( n) = 0 , 1 2 ...n (n = 0, 1, 2...)

(1 )

di dng s thp phn. S

c gi l xp x thp phn thiu th n ca s a. l mt s hu t

Tip theo xt ly tha vi s m v t.
Trong bo co ny ta xem xt ly tha vi s m t nhin, m, khng v hu t cng cc tnh
cht ca chng l bit. nh ngha hm m ta ch cn xt ly tha vi s m v t.
Xy dng nim i n nh ngha ly tha s m v t v chng minh cn c ca nh ngha.

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Nguyn l cc hn v mt s p dng
Trn Nam Dng, Trng i hc KHTN TP HCM
Bi vit ny c pht trin t bi vit Cc phng php v k thut chng minh m chng
ti trnh by ti Hi ngh Cc chuyn Olympic Ton chn lc ti Ba V, H Ni, thng
5-2010 v ging dy cho i tuyn Olympic Vit Nam d IMO 2010. Trong bi ny, chng ti tp
trung chi tit hn vo cc ng dng ca Nguyn l cc hn trong gii ton.
Mt tp hp hu hn cc s thc lun c phn t ln nht v phn t nh nht. Mt tp con bt
k ca N lun c phn t nh nht. Nguyn l n gin ny trong nhiu trng hp rt c ch
cho vic chng minh. Hy xt trng hp bin! l khu quyt ca nguyn l ny.
Xt phng php phn v d nh nht.
Trong vic chng minh mt s tnh cht bng phng php phn chng, ta c th c thm mt
s thng tin b sung quan trng nu s dng phn v d nh nht. tng l chng minh mt
tnh cht A cho mt cu hnh P, ta xt mt c trng f (P ) ca P l mt hm c gi tr nguyn
dng. By gi gi s tn ti mt cu hnh P khng c tnh cht A, khi s tn ti mt cu hnh
P0 khng c tnh cht A vi f (P0 ) nh nht. Ta s tm cch suy ra iu mu thun. Lc ny, ngoi
vic chng ta c cu hnh P0 khng c tnh cht A, ta cn c mi cu hnh P vi f (P ) < f (P0 )
u c tnh cht A.
Nguyn l cc hn c th c ng dng chng minh mt qu trnh l dng (trong cc bi
ton lin quan n bin i trng thi) trong bi ton v th, hay trong cc tnh hung t hp
a dng khc. Cc i tng thng c em ra xt cc hn thng l: on thng ngn nht,
tam gic c din tch ln nht, gc ln nht, nh c bc ln nht, chu trnh c di ngn nht . . .

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Cc chuyn Olympic Ton chn lc,Ba V , 5-2010 .
[2] on Qunh ch bin, Ti liu gio khoa chuyn ton - i s 10, NXB GD, 2010.
[3] http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/05/fermats-last-theorem-n-4.html
[4] vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/nh l Sylvester-Gallai
[5] www.mathscope.org
[6] www.problems.ru

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Mt s lp phng trnh hm dng Pexider v p dng

Trnh o Chin, Trng Cao ng S Phm Gia Lai
L Tin Dng, Trng THPT Pleiku, Gia Lai
Phng trnh hm Pexider l phng trnh hm tng qut trc tip ca phng trnh hm
Cauchy quen thuc. Bi vit ny cp n mt s dng tng qut ca Phng trnh hm Pexider
v vi p dng ca n trong chng trnh Ton ph thng.
Phng trnh hm Pexider c bn gm bn dng di y (li gii c th xem trong [1] hoc
[2])
Bi ton 1.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f , g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f (x + y) = g (x) + h (y) , x, y R.

(1)

Bi ton 1.2. Tm tt c cc hm s f , g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin

f (x + y) = g (x) h (y) , x, y R.

(2)

Bi ton 1.3. Tm tt c cc hm s f , g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R+ tha mn iu kin

f (xy) = g (x) + h (y) , x, y R+ .

(3)

Bi ton 1.4. Tm tt c cc hm s f , g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R+ tha mn iu kin

f (xy) = g (x) h (y) , x, y R+ .

(4)

Xt mt s dng tng qut ca phng trnh hm Pexider. Di y l mt s dng tng qut

ca phng trnh (1) gn gi vi chng trnh ca h ph thng chuyn Ton.
Bi ton 2.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f , fi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn
iu kin
!
n
n
X
X
f
xi =
fi (xi ), x, xi R.
(5)
i=1

i=1

Bi ton sau y l mt dng tng qut kh c bn, m phng php quy np khng th p
dng trong li gii. Mt s phn chng minh c s dng mt s kin thc c bn, khng qu kh,
ca i s tuyn tnh v Phng trnh vi phn, thuc chng trnh c s ca Ton cao cp.
Bi ton 2.2. Tm tt c cc hm s f , fi , gi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) xc nh v tn ti o hm (theo
mi bin s c lp x, y) trn R tha mn iu kin
f (x + y) =

n
X
k=1

fk (x) gk (y), x, y R, n 2.
13

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Phng trnh hm Pexider tng qut c nhiu p dng trong vic nghin cu mt s vn
lin quan ca Ton ph thng. l mt s p dng lin quan n cc php chuyn i bo ton
yu t gc ca mt tam gic.
Bi ton 3.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f , g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
sau: Nu A, B, C R, A + B + C = , th A1 + B1 + C1 = , trong A1 = f (A), B1 = f (B),
C1 = f (C).
Ta thy rng, vi ba gc ca mt tam gic cho trc, c th to ra c ba gc ca mt tam
gic mi v do c th suy ra c nhiu h thc lng gic lin quan n cc gc ca tam gic
. Hn na, bng cch phi hp nhng phng php khc nhau, ta cn c th to ra c nhiu
ng thc v bt ng thc lng gic khc, v cng phong ph. Sau y l mt vi v d.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] J. Aczl (1966), Lectures on Functional equations and their applications, Chapter 3, pp.
141-145, Chapter 4, pp. 197-199.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n hm dng c bn, K yu Hi tho
khoa hc "Cc chuyn chuyn Ton bi dng hc sinh gii Trung hc ph thng", H Ni,
2011.
[3] D.S. Mitrinovic, J.E. Pecaric and V. Volenec (1989), Recent advances in geometric inequalities, Mathematics and its applications (East European series), Published by Kluwer Academic
Publishers, the Netherlands, Chapter V, pp. 64-69.

14

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Phng php Graph

ng Huy Run, Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin H Ni
Rt nhiu bi ton khng mu mc c th gii bng cch thng qua th m suy ra p n.
Phng php ny c gi l phng php graph (hay phng php th)
gii bi ton bng phng php graph cn thc hin ln lt hai bc sau:
1. Xy dng th m t quan h
Ly cc im trn mt phng hoc trong khng gian tng ng vi cc i tng cho
trong bi ton. Dng ngay k hiu hoc tn cc i tng ghi trn cc im tng ng.
Cp im x, y ty c ni vi nhau bng mt cnh vi c im t khi v ch khi cc
i tng x, y c quan h (t) vi nhau. Khi bi ton cho c chuyn v bi ton D
trn th.
2. Da vo cc kt qu ca l thuyt th hoc l lun trc tip m suy ra p n ca bi
ton D bng ngn ng th.
3. Cn c vo vic t tng ng khi xy dng nh v cnh ca th, m dch p n t
ngn ng th sang ngn ng thng thng, tc l p n ca bi ton T .
qu trnh gii ton c n gin ngi ta thng thc hin gp bc 2 v bc 3.
Vn dng tnh cht ca chu trnh Hamilton
1. Cuc hp c t nht ba ngi. Mi i biu n d hp u bt tay t nht mt na s i
biu c mt. Chng minh rng lun lun c th xp tt c cc i biu ngi xung quanh mt bn
trn, mi ngi u ngi gia hai ngi, m i biu ny bt tay.
2. Tp M gm t nht 3 s nguyn khng m. Mi s u c c chung vi t nht mt na s
s thuc tp M. Khi c th ghi tt c cc s thuc tp M ln mt ng trn, mi s u
ng gia hai s, m n c c chung.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Claude Berge Thorie des Graphes et ses applicatious. Dunod, Paris 1967.
[2] V nh Ha nh l v vn v th hu hn. Nh xut bn Gio dc H Ni 2001.
15

www.VNMATH.com

[3] ng Huy Run, L thuyt th v ng dng. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut 2000

[4] ng Huy Run, By phng php gai cc bi ton lgich. Nh xut bn khoa hc k
thut 2002.

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Mt s tnh cht ca hm li, lm bc cao v p dng

H Th Mai Dung, THPT Amsterdam - H Ni

0.1

M u

Trong nghin cu cc bi ton hay v kh, cc bi ton thi hc sinh gii, ta thy vic kho st
cc hm s kh vi c mt vai tr rt ln. c bit, vic nghin cu tnh li (lm) ca cc hm s
kh vi bc 2 cho ta rt nhiu kt qu th v, a ra c nhng tnh cht ca hm s, m t ,
dn n nhng pht hin mi trong cch gii cc bi ton ng dng, nht l trong cc bi ton
cc tr. Khng nhng th, i vi hm s kh vi v hn, vic nghin cu hm s li (lm) c bc
ty cn gp phn xy dng y hn na h thng cc hm li (lm) bc cao.
nh ngha 1. [xem [1]] Hm s f (x) c gi l hm li (li di) trn tp [a; b) R nu vi
mi x1 , x2 [a, b) v vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta u c
(1)

f (x1 + x2 ) f (x1 ) + f (x2 )

Nu du ng thc trong (1.1) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni hm s f (x) l hm li

thc s (cht) trn [a, b).
Hm s f (x) c gi l hm lm (li trn) trn tp [a, b) R nu vi mi x1 , x2 [a, b) v
vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta u c
(2)

f (x1 + x2 ) f (x1 ) + f (x2 )

Nu du ng thc trong (1.2) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni hm s f (x) l hm lm

thc s (cht) trn [a, b).
Tng t ta cng c nh ngha v hm li (lm) trn cc tp (a, b), (a, b] v [a, b]. Ta s dng
k hiu I(a, b) nhm ch mt trong bn tp hp (a, b), (a, b], [a, b) v [a, b].
Xt biu din hm li.
nh l 1 (xem [1]). Hm f (x) li trn I(a, b) khi v ch khi tn ti hm g(x) n iu tng trong
I(a, b) v s c (a, b) sao cho
Zx
f (x) = f (c) + g(t)dt.
c

Tng t, ta cng c biu din i vi lp hm li nhiu bin.

Xt hm s thc nhiu bin F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ). Gi s, ng vi mi b s (z1 , z2 , . . . , zn ) m
z1 > z2 > . . . > zn
ta u c
F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) > F (z1 , z2 , . . . , zn ) +

n
X
i=1

17

(xi zi )

F
.
zi

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Hm s thc nhiu bin tha mn iu kin trn c gi l hm li nhiu bin. Khi , hin
nhin
"
#
n
X
F
F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = max F (z1 , z2 , . . . , zn ) +
(xi zi )
.
R(z)
zi
i=1

Tip theo, ta xt lp cc hm li bc cao v mt s tnh cht c bn ca chng. Trc ht, ta

nhc n cc tnh cht c trng v cng l nh ngha ca hm ng bin v hm li quen bit.

Tnh cht 1. [[2] Dng ni suy] Hm s f (x) ng bin trn tp I(a, b) khi v ch khi vi mi
cp s x1 , x2 I(a, b), ta u c
f (x2 )
f (x1 )
+
> 0.
(3)
x1 x2 x2 x1
Tnh cht 2. [[2] Dng ni suy] Hm s f (x) li trn I(a, b) khi v ch khi vi mi b ba s phn
bit x0 , x1 , x2 I(a, b), ta u c
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x0 )
+
+
> 0.
(x0 x1 )(x0 x2 ) (x1 x2 )(x1 x0 ) (x2 x0 )(x2 x1 )

(4)

nh ngha 2. [[2]] Hm s f (x) c gi l nli trn I(a, b) khi ng vi mi b n + 1 s phn

bit trong I(a, b), ta u c
n
X
f (xj )
> 0,
f [x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ] :=
0 (xj )
j=0

trong
(x) :=

n
Y

(x xk ).

k=0

Tng t ta c cng c nh ngha hm lm bc cao.

nh ngha 3. [[2]] Hm s f (x) c gi l nlm trn I(a, b) khi ng vi mi b n + 1 s phn
bit trong I(a, b), ta u c
f [x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ] :=
trong
(x) :=

n
Y

n
X
f (xj )
6 0,
0 (x )

j
j=0

(x xk ).

k=0

S dng khai trin Taylor, ta d dng chng minh bt ng thc sau i vi lp hm li bc

bn. Cc kt lun ny cng ng i vi lp hm li bc chn ty .

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nh l 2 ([2]). Cho hm s f (x) c o hm bc bn khng m trong (a, b), tc l

f (4) (x) > 0,

x (a, b).

Khi ta lun c bt ng thc sau:

f (x) > f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) +

f 00 (x0 )(x x0 )2 f 000 (x0 )(x x0 )3

+
,
2!
3!

x, x0 (a, b).
Tng t, nu hm s f (x) c o hm bc bn lun khng dng trong (a, b), tc l
f (4) (x) 6 0,

x (a, b).

th ta lun c bt ng thc sau:

f (x) 6 f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) +

f 00 (x0 )(x x0 )2 f 000 (x0 )(x x0 )3

+
,
2!
3!

x, x0 (a, b).

H qu 1 ([2]). Vi mi a thc bc bn

P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,

ta u c
P (x) > P (x0 ) + (4x30 + 3ax20 + 2bx0 + c)(x x0 )

(12x20 + 6ax0 + 2b)(x x20 ) (24x0 + 6a)(x x0 )3

+
,
2!
3!

x, x0 R.

Cng tng t nh php biu din hm li (lm) thng thng.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2005 Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2007, Ni suy v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin), Trn Nam Dng, Nguyn V Lng, Nguyn Minh Tun, 2008,
Chuyn chn lc - Lng gic v p dng, NXB Gio dc.
[4] Nguyn Th Thu Hng, Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng gic dng khng
i xng, K yu HNKH "Gii tch hin i trong nghin cu v ng dng", Hi Dng
14-15/6/2008, 138 - 141.

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Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut

cp THCS
Nguyn Th Minh Chu, Trng THCS L Qu n, Cu Giy, H Ni

Tm tt ni dung
Trong chng trnh s hc lp 6, ngoi cc bi tp tnh ton n gin da trn cc quy tc,
tnh cht c bn ca cc php tnh m cc hc sinh c rn luyn thng qua cc bi tp trong
SGK v SBT, cn c mt dng bi tp tnh ton trn cc dy s, dy phn s c quy lut m da
vo nhng quy lut tnh ton , hc sinh c th gii ton mt cch sng to, lgic, em li nhiu
hng th say m trong hc hc tp, pht trin t duy, tr tu, pht huy nng lc sng to, nng
khiu ton hc ca hc sinh.
Trong chuyn ny, cp mt s dng ton tnh ton trn cc dy s, dy phn s c quy
lut v mt vi tri nghim nh hng t duy hoc pht trin t duy hc sinh nhm bi dng
nng lc hc ton cho cc em hc sinh c kh nng hc gii ton.
Ni dung kin thc:
Vi dng bi tp v dy cc s, dy cc phn s c quy lut, ta thng dng cc phng php
sau:
- Phng php phn tch s hng tng qut ri kh lin tip tnh tng cc dy s, dy phn
s c quy lut, gii ton tm x, v cc bi ton c lin quan.
- Phng php lm tri chng minh bt ng thc v cc bi ton lin quan. Vi phng
php ny ta thng dng tnh cht ca bt ng thc a mt v ca bt ng thc v dng
tnh c tng hu hn hoc tch hu hn.
tnh tng
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + + an .


Ta biu din ai i = i, n , , qua hiu hai s hng lin tip ca mt dy s khc. Chng hn
a1 = b1 b2 ; a2 = b2 b3 ; . . . ; an = bn1 bn
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + + an = b1 bn

tnh tch hu hn Pn = a1 .a2 .a3 . . . an ta bin i cc ak v thng ca hai s hng lin tip
nhau :
b1
b2
bn1
a1 = ; a2 = ; . . . ; an =
b2
b3
bn
bn1
b1
b1 b2
=
Pn = a1 .a2 , a3 . . . . an = . . . .
b2 b3
bn
bn
Tip theo, xt bi ton tm s cc s hng ca mt dy s c quy lut
Bi ton 1. Tm n sao cho tng ca 2n s hng
1
1
1
1
1
14651
+
+
++
+
=
.
1.3 2.4 3.5
(2n 1).(2n + 1) 2n(2n + 2)
19800
20

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Bi ton 2. Tm s nguyn dng n tha mn

2.22 + 3.23 + 4.24 + 5.25 + + n.2n = 2n+10
Bi ton 3. Chng t rng tng ca 100 s hng u tin ca dy sau nh hn

1
.
4

1
1
1 1 1
; ;
;
;
;...
5 45 117 221 357
Bi ton 4. Chng minh rng
A=

3 8 15
2499
+ +
++
> 48.
4 9 16
2500

Bi ton 5. Chng minh rng

a) n! > 2n1 (n 3)
b) 1 + b + b2 + + bn =
c) 1 +

1 bn1
(b 6= 1)
1b

1
1
1
+ ++
< 3.
1! 2!
n!

Bi ton 6. Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; . . . ; an . Chng minh rng

 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 
2

Cn
+
+
++
+
+
++
a1 a2 a1 a3 a1 a4
a1 an a2 a3 a2 a4
an1 an

 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
++
+
+
+ +
4
a1 + a2 a1 + a3 a1 + a4
a1 + an a2 + a3 a2 + a4
an1 + an
Tm iu kin ca ak (k = 1; 2; 3; 4; . . . ; n) c ng thc.

Bi ton 7. Cho cc s t nhin a1 < a2 < < an . Chng minh rng tng A:

1 1
1
a2 a1
a3 a2
an an1
A=
+
++
< 1+ + ++ 2
a2
a3
an
2 3
n
C rt nhiu bi tp khc v dy s v dy cc phn s c quy lut. Cc bn c th tham kho
thm trong bo Ton hc tui tr, bo Ton tui th, cc sch Chuyn ton tham kho.

Bi hc rt ra
T nhng dng ton nu trn gip c cho hc sinh cc kin thc v k nng :
Rn k nng tnh ton
Rn k nng phn tch v tng hp kin thc ton hc
Rn kh nng t duy logic, sng to, pht huy tr lc cho hc sinh
Rn kh nng suy lun t n gin n phc tp, t c th n vic tng qut ha cc bi
ton gip hc sinh nhn nhn cc vn mt cch thu o, ton din.
21

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nh l Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan

Hong t H, Trng THPT Trn i Ngha, k Lk
Phng trnh hm l ti ang ngy cng c nhiu ngi quan tm nghin cu. Bi ton
phng trnh hm thng xuyn xut hin trong cc k thi hc sinh gii, thi Olympic quc gia,
khu vc v quc t. Cc dng bi ton v phng trnh hm rt a dng v phong ph. Tnh
cht c trng ca mt s hm s sinh ra lp phng trnh hm tng ng. Bo co v nh l
Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan nhm trnh by tng quan mt s dng phng trnh
hm sinh ra t biu thc ca nh l v gi tr trung bnh Lagrange cng mt s ng dng trong
vic chng minh bt ng thc v to ra cc bi ton bt ng thc.

0.1

Cc phng trnh hm lin quan n nh l Lagrange

Chng ta u quen bit nh l gi tr trung bnh ca php tnh vi phn.

Mnh 1. Nu hm f : R R t gi tr ln nht hoc gi tr nh nht ti mt im c trong
khong (a, b) th f 0 (c) = 0.
Mnh 2. Hm f : R R lun t c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn bt k mt
on ng v b chn [a, b].
nh l 1 (nh l Rolle). Nu f lin tc trn [x1 , x2 ], kh vi trn (x1 , x2 ) v f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), th
th tn ti mt im (x1 , x2 ) sao cho f 0 () = 0.

nh l 2 (nh l Lagrange). Vi mi gi tr thc, hm f kh vi trn mt khong I v vi tt

c cc cp x1 , x2 trong I, tn ti mt im ph thuc x1 , x2 sao cho
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
= f 0 ((x1 , x2 )).
x1 x2

(1)

nh l Lagrange cho php chng ta c lng t s

f (b) f (a)
,
ba
do n cn c gi l nh l v gi tr trung bnh (Mean Value Theorem).
nh ngha 1. Cho cc s thc phn bit x1 , x2 , . . . , xn . T sai phn ca hm f : R R c
nh ngha
f [x1 ] = f (x1 )
v
f [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ] =

f [x1 , x2 , . . . , xn1 ] f [x2 , x3 , . . . , xn ]

, n 2.
x1 xn
22

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T nh ngha trn, chng ta c

f [x1 , x2 ] =
v
f [x1 , x2 , x3 ] =

f (x1 ) f (x2 )
x1 x2

(x3 x2 )f (x1 ) + (x1 x3 )f (x2 ) + (x2 x1 )f (x3 )

.
(x1 x2 )(x2 x3 )(x3 x1 )

Theo nh ngha 1, phng trnh (1) tr thnh

f [x1 , x2 ] = f 0 ((x1 , x2 )).

(2)

t f 0 ((x1 , x2 )) = h(x1 , x2 ), chng ta c phng trnh hm

f [x1 , x2 ] = h(x1 , x2 ).
nh l 3. Cc hm f, h : R R tha mn phng trnh hm
f [x, y] = h(x + y), x 6= y

(3)

nu v ch nu
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c v h(x) = ax + b,
trong a, b, c l cc hng s thc ty .
H qu di y c suy trc tip t nh l 3
H qu 1. Hm f : R R tha mn phng trnh hm


x+y
0
f (x) f (y) = (x y)f
, x 6= y
2
nu v ch nu
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
vi a, b, c l cc hng s ty .
nh l 4. Nu a thc bc hai f (x) = ax2 + bx + c vi a 6= 0 l nghim ca phng trnh hm
f (x + h) f (x) = hf 0 (x + h)
vi mi s thc x (0, 1) v h R \ {0} th = 21 .
o li, nu mt hm f tha mn phng trnh
1
f (x + h) f (x) = hf 0 (x + h)
2
th nghim l mt a thc bc hai.
23

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nh l 5. Gi s s, t l hai tham s thc khc khng. Hm f, g, h : R R tha mn phng

trnh
f (x) g(y)
= h(sx + ty),
(5)
xy
vi mi x, y R, x 6= y nu v ch nu

ax + b

ax + b

ax + b
f (x) =
2
tx + ax + b

A(tx)

+b

x + b
ay + b
ay + b
ay + b
g(y) =
2
ty
+ ay + b

A(ty)

+b

y + b

ty vi h(0) = a

a
h(y) =
y + a

A(y)

+ (cb)t

y
y

nu s = 0 = t
nu s = 0, t 6= 0
nu s =
6 0, t = 0
nu s = t 6= 0
nu s = t 6= 0
nu
s2 =
6 t2
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu

s=0=t
s = 0, t 6= 0
s 6= 0, t = 0
s = t 6= 0
s = t 6= 0
s2 6= t2

nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu

s=0=t
s = 0, t 6= 0
s 6= 0, t = 0
s = t 6= 0
s = t 6= 0, y 6= 0
s2 6= t2

vi A : R R l mt hm cng tnh v a, b, c, , l cc hng s thc ty .

H qu 2. Cc hm f, : R R tha mn phng trnh hm
f (x) f (y)
= (sx + ty)
xy
vi mi x, y R v x 6= y nu v ch nu

ax + b

ax + b

ax + b
f (x) =
2
tx
+ ax + b

A(tx)

+ b,

x + b
24

nu s = 0 = t
nu s = 0, t 6= 0
nu s =
6 0, t = 0
nu s = t 6= 0
nu s = t 6= 0
nu
s2 =
6 t2

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ty
a
a
(y) =
y + a

(cb)t
A(y)

y + y ,

nu
s=0=t
nu
s = 0, t 6= 0
nu
s 6= 0, t = 0
nu
s = t 6= 0
nu s = t 6= 0, y 6= 0
nu
s2 6= t2

y A : R R l mt hm cng tnh v a, b, c, , l cc hng s thc ty .

nh l 6. Nu f l hm kh vi tha mn phng trnh hm
f [x, y, z] = h(x + y + z)

(6)

th f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, trong h l hm s lin tc v a, b, c, d l cc hng s thc ty .

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 1997, Phng trnh hm, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin), 2010,Cc chuyn chuyn ton bi dng hc sinh gii trung
hc ph thng, K yu hi ngh khoa hc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu, ng Huy Run, Nguyn Thy Thanh, 2002, Php tnh vi phn v tch
phn hm mt bin, NXB HQGHN.
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Bt ng thc nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[5] P.K.Sahoo, T.Riedel, Mean Value theorems and Functional Equations, World Scientific, River
Edge, World Scientific 1998.

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V mt s bi ton v phng trnh hm gii bng

phng php sai phn
L H Qu, Trng THPT Duy Tn, Kon Tum
Phm Xun Thnh, Trng THPT L Li, Kon Tum
Phng php gii cc bi ton v dy s (hm s xc nh trn N), phng trnh hm rt a
dng nh chnh yu cu ca chng. Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s dng phng php sai phn
gii mt s bi ton v dy s, phng trnh hm.
Cng thc truy hi l mt biu thc tuyn tnh
Ta xt trng hp h thc truy hi cho l h thc tuyn tnh
a0 xn+k + a1 xn+k1 + + ak xn = f (n)
vi a0 , a1 , . . . , ak (a0 6= 0, ak 6= 0) l cc hng s th bi ton c th c xem nh mt phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh.
V d 1 (Anh 1980). Tm tt c cc dy s (an ) tha mn an+1 = 2n 3an v (an ) l mt dy s
tng.
Li gii. Xt phng trnh sai phn
an+1 = 2n 3an

(1)

1
3
un+1.2n+1 = 3.un .2n + 2n un+1 = un + .
2
2

(2)

t an = un .2n . Thay vo (1), ta c

Phng trnh ny c nghim tng qut l

 3 n 1
1
+ an = C.(3)n + .2n .
un = C.
2
5
5

V dy (an ) tng nn an+1 > an . Do

2
1
3C.(3)n + .2n > C.(3)n + .2n , n N.
5
5
1
4C.(3)n < .2n , n N.
(3)
5
 3 n
1
>
, n N. Ta khng chn c C, v khi n chn th
Vi C > 0 th (3) tng ng
20C
2
 3 n
+.

2
 3 n
1
Vi C < 0 th (3) tng ng
<
, n N. Ta cng khng chn c C, v khi n l
20C
2
 3 n
.
th
2
26

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1
Vi C = 0 th an = .2n l dy s tng.
5
1
Vy dy s cn tm l an = .2n .
5
Tip theo, xt cng thc truy hi l biu thc tuyn tnh vi h s bin thin ch yu bng
phng php t dy s ph, a v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh v xt bi ton tnh tng
cc s hng ca dy s.
Xt mt s bi ton nng cao.

Ti liu tham kho

1 Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Thy Thanh, Gii hn dy s v hm s, NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
2 Nguyn Vn Mu, Mt s bi ton chn lc v dy s, NXB Gio Dc, 2003.
3 Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin), Chuyn chn lc Dy s v p dng, NXB Gio Dc, 2008.
4 Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin), Mt s chuyn Gii tch bi dng hc sinh gii Trung hc
ph thng NXB Gio Dc, 2010.
5 Phan Huy Khi, 10.000 Bi ton s cp Dy s v gii hn NXB H Ni, 1997.
6 V Dng Thy (Ch bin), 40 nm Olympic Ton hc Quc t, NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
7 L nh Thnh (Ch bin), Phng trnh sai phn v mt s ng dng, NXB Gio Dc, 2001.
8 B J Venkatachala, Functional Equations, Prism Books PVT LTD, 2002.

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Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp

Hong Ch Thnh, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin H Ni
Khi gii quyt mt vn hc ba no chng ta thng hay ngh n vic p dng cc cng
c khoa hc hin i, phc tp m t ch ti cc cng c khoa hc c in, n gin. Nu bit
vn dng cc cng c khoa hc n gin ng ch th nhiu bi ton hc ba vn c th c gii
quyt mt cch nhanh chng. Trong bi ny chng ti trnh by hai k thut gii tch n gin
hay c dng khi gii cc bi ton t hp. l k thut hm sinh v nguyn l thm - bt.

1. K thut hm sinh
Gi s c mt dy s thc v hn: a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 . . . Ta lp chui lu tha:

an xn

(1)

n=0

nh ngha 1. Nu chui lu tha (1) hi t n mt hm A(x) no th ta gi hm A(x) l

hm sinh ca dy s a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 . . .
Trong nhiu trng hp ta cha bit dy s nhng bng nhng l lun hp l ta li bit hm
sinh ca n. T hm sinh liu ta c tm c dy s sinh ra n hay khng? Nhn vo ng thc:
A(x) =

an xn

n=0

Ta d dng thy rng y l khai trin Maclaurine ca hm A(x). Th th:

an =

1 dn
A(x)|x=0 , n = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . .
n! dxn

(2)

Nh vy, cng thc (2) cho ta mt cch tm dy s t hm sinh ca n. Khi gii cc bi

ton t hp, vic tm s cc nghim ca bi ton thng l cng vic u tin phi lm. Vi nhiu
bi ton phn vic ny tng i kh khn. K thut hm sinh gip ta gii quyt kh nhiu bi
ton hc ba trong thc t.

2. Nguyn l thm - bt
Gi s ta c hai tp hp A v B. Hin nhin:
|A B| = |A| + |B| |A B|
By gi thm mt tp C na. Th th:
|A B C| = |A| + |B| + |C| |A B| |A C| |B C| + |A B C|.
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Vy vi n tp hp th kt qu s nh th no?
Nguyn l thm - bt: Vi mi b n tp hp A1 , A2 , . . . , An th:
|

n
[

i=1

Ai | =

n
X
i=1

|Ai |

1i<jn

|Ai Aj | +

1i<j<kn

|Ai Aj Ak | + (1)n1 |A1 A2 An |

Tnh ng n ca nguyn l trn d dng chng minh bng quy np theo s cc tp hp.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] J. Ginsburg, Determining a permutation from its set of reductions, Ars Combinatoria, No.
82, 2007, pp. 55-57.
[2] T. Kuo, A new method for generating permutations in lexicographic order, Journal of Science
and Engineering Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2009, pp. 21-20.
[3] W. Lipski, Kombinatoryka dla programistw, WNT, Warszawa, 1982.
[4] D. Singh, A.M. Ibrahim, T. Yohanna and J.N. Singh, An Overview of the applications of
Multisets, Novi Sad J. Math., Vol. 37, No. 2, 2007, pp. 73-92.
[5] Hong Ch Thnh, Gio trnh T hp, NXB HQG H Ni, 1999.

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Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp

m Vn Nh, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni

0.1

Tham s ha

Xt mt th quen bit trong mt phng R2 cho bi phng trnh di y:

(`) : y 2 = x2 + x3 .
y l mt th i qua gc ta O(0, 0). m t cc im khc na trn th, ta thc hin
php bin i bng cch t y = tx v thay n vo phng trnh th. Ta c t2 x2 = x2 + x3 . Khi
x = 0 ta c im O(0, 0). Khi x 6= 0 ta c im (x = t2 1, y = t(t2 1). im ny s tr thnh im
gc ta khi t = 1 hoc t = 1. Vy mi im trn th (`) c ta (t2 1, t(t2 1)), t R.
Mt iu lm ta phi ch l im O(0, 0) s tng ng vi hai gi tr khc nhau ca t, cn
nhng im khc ch tng ng vi mt gi tr ca t.
nh ngha 1. Cho a thc f R[x, y] \ R. Tp V (f ) tt c nhng im (a, b) R2 tha mn
phng trnh f (x, y) = 0 c gi l mt th phng.
V tt c nhng a thc f, g R[x, y] vi f = g, R \ {0} hoc f r , r N , xc nh cng mt
th phng nn ta ch xt a thc f = f1 . . . fs vi cc a thc bt kh quy phn bit fi thuc
R[x, y]. Nu a thc f l kh qui, chng hn f (x, y) = g(x, y)h(x, y) v c hai a thc ny u c
bc ln hn 0, th V (f ) = V (g) V (h) vi V (g) c xc nh bi phng trnh g(x, y) = 0, cn
V (h) bi h(x, y) = 0 v V (g) 6= V (h).

B 1. Cho hai a thc f, g R[x, y] khng c nhn t chung. Khi V (f, g) = V (f ) V (g)
l mt tp hu hn im.

f (x, y) = 0
Mnh 3. H phng trnh (A) g(x, y) = 0
c gii qua phng trnh a thc mt n.

f, g R[x, y]

nh ngha 2. th phng V (f ) c gi l th phng hu t nu c hai hm hu t

(t), (t) R(t) ca bin t v c hai khng ng thi thuc R tha mn f ((t), (t)) = 0.
th phng hu t c quan h ti vic tm cc nghim (a, b) R2 ca phng trnh f (x, y) = 0
hoc tm cc im thuc th phng vi ta l nhng s hu t hay xc nh nhng im
khng tm thng vi ta nguyn thuc a tp Fermat V : xn + y n z n = 0, n > 3.
Khi biu din th phng V (f ) qua x = (t), y = (t) R(t), ta ni rng tham s ha
c V (f ). Vic tham s ha th phng qua cc hm hu t nh sau: Chn im P V v
vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng (d) qua P sao cho (d) ct V ti ng mt im th
hai khc P.

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Mt vi p dng
V d 1. Vi a Q+ , chng minh rng h phng trnh sau y c khng qu 12 nghim hu t:
(
(x2 + y 2 )2 = a(x2 y 2 )
29x2 y y 3 1 = 0.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh sau trong Z :

x3 + x2 z y 2 z = 0
5x + y = 21z.

2
y2
x

= z2
B 2. Gii h phng trnh trong Z :
9
4
3x + 7y = 9z.

V d 3. Xt b ba Pythagor (u, v, w) Z3 vi uvw 6= 0 v u2 + v 2 = w 2 . Vn t ra: Tm

cc b ba Pythagor nguyn thy, c ngha: (u, v, w) = 1.
B 3. Gii phng trnh

x2 y 2
+
= z 2 trong N.
9
25

V d 4. Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z tha mn (x2 + y 2 )2 = 2z 2 (x2 y 2).

V d 5. Tm tt c cc b ba (u, v, w) Z3 vi uvw 6= 0 tha mn
wu2 u3 u2 w 5uw 2 3w 3 = 0.

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Bi ton t mu th
V nh Ha, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni

0.1

nh ngha th v v d

nh ngha th
Khi nim th trong cun sch ny l mt m hnh ton hc c th dng gii quyt kh
nhiu bi ton v vn ton hc. Mt th c th hiu n gin l mt h thng cc nh v
cc cnh ni cc nh ny vi nhau.

Hnh 1: Bn khu vc Cu giy.

V d 1. Mt bn giao thng l mt th. Cc nh ca th l cc nt giao thng (ng
ba, ng t ng...), cn cc cnh ca n l cc con ng giao thng ni cc nt giao thng vi
nhau. Trn bn giao thng cc cnh (cc ng i ca n) c th c hng (nu l ng mt
chiu) hoc khng c hng (nu n khng phi l ng mt chiu, xem hnh 1).
Bn trong hnh 1 c th biu din thnh mt s cc ng i v nt giao thng . Bn
giao thng trn c th biu din thnh th vi cc u ng t v ng ba l cc nh ca
th, cn cc ph ni chng l cnh.
nh ngha 1. Mt th c hiu l mt b hai tp hp hu hn: Tp hp nh v tp hp
cnh ni cc nh ny vi nhau.

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s
s
s

s
s

s
s

s
s

Hnh 2: th Petersen v hai cch biu din trn mt phng.

V d 2. Ngi ta hay biu din cc cng thc ha hc di dng th.

Thng thng ngi ta hay biu din th ln mt phng vi nh ca th l cc im
c t m hoc khuyn trn ... , cn cnh l cc ng cong hoc on thng ni cc nh ny
vi nhau. Vi hai nh a v b ca th, ta k hiu cnh khng c hng ni a vi b bi (a, b)
v cnh c hng ni chng bi [a, b]. Trong trng hp c nhiu cnh ni a vi b th ta gi cc
cnh ny l cnh kp v k hiu cnh th n ni chng bi (a, b, n) (nu l cnh v hng) hoc
[a, b, n] (nu l cnh c hng).
Nhng cnh dng (e, e) vi e l nh ca th v hng c gi l khuyn ca th.
th c phn loi theo tnh cht cnh ca chng. Mt th c gi l th v hng
nu tt c cc cnh ca chng u l cnh v hng. Hai nh khc nhau ca th v hng
c gi l k nhau hoc lng ging ca nhau, nu nh chng c ni vi nhau bi mt cnh.
Nu hai nh a v b ca mt th G = (V, E) l k nhau, ta c th vit (a, b) E.
th c gi l th c hng nu tt c cc cnh ca n l u l cnh c hng. nh
xut pht ca mt cnh c hng cn c gi l nh u, v nh kt thc ca cnh c gi
l nh cui ca n.
Trong trng hp mt th c c cnh v hng cng nh cnh c hng th th c gi
l th hn hp. Mt th c gi l th n nu n khng c khuyn v khng c cnh
kp. Ngoi ra, ta gi th im l th c ng mt nh v khng c cnh no. th rng
dng gi mt th khng c nh v cnh no c.
Khi biu din mt th trn mt phng, chng ta thy c nhiu khi hnh biu din ca chng
l nhng cm tch ri nhau khng c ni vi nhau. Tng ng vi mi hnh ri nhau nh vy
l mt th thnh phn ca th cho m ta s gi l mt thnh phn lin thng ca th
cho trc.
chnh xc ho khi nim lin thng, trc ht chng ta ni hai nh ca mt th cho
trc l lin thng vi nhau nu c mt dy cnh k tip ni chng vi nhau trong th cho.
Tt nhin l mt nh cho trc lun c coi l lin thng vi chnh n (c ni vi chnh n
bi mt dy cnh k tip c di 0).
nh ngha 2. Cho trc mt th G v mt s t nhin k 2, ta ni G l mt th k-lin
thng (nh), nu nh G l mt th lin thng v nu nh b i mt s t < k nh ty ,
th thu c vn l mt th lin thng.
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V d 3. th Petersen trong hnh 2 l mt th 3-lin thng, v n l mt th lin thng,v

ch khi b i ti 3 nh, ta mi c th thu c mt th khng lin thng v khi b i 2 nh
ty , th Petersen vn cn lin thng.
Tng t khi nim lin thng nh, ta gi mt th lin thng l th k-lin thng cnh
nu nh b i t hn k cnh, t th ban u ta vn thu c mt th lin thng. Khi nim
lin thng cnh t c nghin cu ti hn khi nim lin thng nh.
Thng thng ta k hiu s thnh phn lin thng ca mt th G cho trc bi (G). Nu
G l mt th c n nh ri nhau, th (G) = n.
nh ngha 3. Cho trc mt th G. S t nhin b nht tha mn iu kin: G l th
k-lin thng (nh) nhng khng k + 1- lin thng (nh), c gi l ch s lin thng (nh) ca
th G.
V d 4. th Petersen trong hnh 2 c ch s lin thng l 3.
Tng t nh vy, ta c th nh ngha ch s lin thng cnh ca mt th G cho trc, l
s nh nht sao cho G l mt th k-lin thng cnh m khng k + 1- lin thng cnh. th
Petersen trong hnh 2 l mt th c ch s lin thng cnh l 3.
Khi nh ngha ng i ni hai nh a v b ca mt th, ta lun gi thit rng cc nh a
v b ny phi khc nhau. Trong trng hp a v b c ni vi nhau bi mt cnh, th khi thm
cnh (a, b) vo, ta thu c t con ng cho mt chu trnh. Nh vy chu trnh l mt dy
cnh k tip khp kn sao cho mi nh ca th c i qua khng qu mt ln.
Chu trnh c k hiu bi vic a ra cc cnh v cc nh lin tip nhau trn chu trnh.
Chng hn, nu chu trnh C i qua cc nh p1 , p2 , ..., pk v cc cnh e1 , e2 , ..., ek th ta vit
C = (p1 , e1 , p2 , e2 , ..., pk , ek , p1 ).
Trong trng hp th l mt th n, th thay v vit r cc cnh v cc nh, chu trnh
c xc nh duy nht qua vic gi tn cc nh n i qua. Chng hn, chu trnh C cp trn
c th vit thnh:
C = (p1 , p2 , . . . , pk , p1 ).
S cnh ca chu trnh c gi l di ca chu trnh v thng thng hay c k hiu bi `(C).
Mt khuyn lp thnh mt chu trnh c di. D thy rng mt th cho trc ch c chu trnh
c di 2 nu nh n c cnh kp. Trong mt th n mi chu trnh c di t nht l 3.
Mt th khng n hin nhin lun c t nht mt chu trnh (c di 1 hoc 2). Trong th
n khng phi lc no ta cng c th tm thy mt chu trnh. Chng hn trong cc cy l cc
th ta s ni ti chng sau ta khng tm c mt chu trnh no c.
Cc bi ton t mu c 3 loi ch yu:
1. T mu cc nh (sc s)
2. T mu cnh (ch s Ramsey)
3. T mu min (bi ton 4 mu, gi thit Hardwiger)

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Rt nhiu bi ton t mu chng t rng chng l nhng bi ton rt kh v th v, chng

hn nh bi ton 4 mu. T lu cui th k 18, nhng ngi th t bn Anh nhn thy
rng t mu bn ch cn 4 mu l sao cho hai quc gia c bin gii chung s c t
mu bi nhng mu khc nhau. nh l gn nh l hin nhin sau y cho ta mt phng php
xc nh c cn di ca sc s.
nh l 1. Cho mi th G vi bc ln nht , ta c
(G) + 1.
nh l 2. Mt th cho trc G vi t nht mt cnh c sc s bng 2 khi v ch khi G khng
c chu trnh l cnh.
Vn t 4 mu ln u tin c cp vo nm 1852 bi Francis Guthrie khi ng th t
mu bn nc Anh v ng nhn ra rng ch cn bn mu khc nhau l . ng em vn
ny hi ngi anh trai l Fredrick, lc ang l sinh vin ca trng i hc Hc vin London
(UCL). Fredrick a vn ny hi thy ca mnh l nh ton hc Augustus De Morgan nhng
ngi thy cng cha bit r vn ny.
Ngi u tin gii thiu vn ra trc cng chng l nh ton hc Arthur Cayley vo nm
1878 ti Hi Ton hc London, ng ch ra ngi cp vn l De Morgan.
Ngi u tin chng minh nh l ny l Alfred Kempe vo nm 1879. Nm 1880, c thm
mt cch chng minh khc ca Peter Guthrie Tait. Nhng n nm 1890 Percy Heawood ch ra
sai lm trong cch chng minh ca Kempe, v n nm 1891 Julius Petersen ch ra sai lm trong
cch chng minh ca Tait.
Trong vic ch ra sai lm ca Kempe, Heawood cn chng minh rng tt c cc th phng
c th t c bi nm mu khc nhau.
Trong nhng nm 1960 v 1970, nh ton hc ngi c l Heinrich Heesch pht trin
phng php s dng my vi tnh cho vic chng minh vn .
Nm 1976, cui cng th nh l cng c chng minh bi Kenneth Appel v Wolfgang Haken
ti trng i hc Illinois vi s tr gip ca my vi tnh.
Bi ton 4 mu. Ngi ta c th dng 4 mu t cc min ca mt th phng sao cho
khng c 2 min no cng mu c cnh chung?
Lu . Bi ton 4 mu l trng hp c bit ca gi thuyt Hardwiger.
nh l bn mu l nh l ln u tin c chng minh bng my vi tnh. Tuy nhin mt s
nh ton hc khng ng tnh vi cch chng minh ny, bi v con ngi khng th kim chng
trc tip c cch chng minh. Do vy, mun tin vo chng minh ny th ngi ta phi cng
nhn s chnh xc ca Trnh bin dch v phn cng my tnh c s dng chy chng trnh
chng minh.
Tuy vy cng phi ni r l nh l ch ng vi nhng quc gia l vng min lin tc, khng
ng trong trng hp cc quc gia c th cu to t cc vng t x l nh trong hnh 3.
Bi ton 1.
1. Trn mt phng vung c nh du mt s vung. Chng minh rng c
th dng 4 mu t mu cc vung ny sao cho khng c 2 vung no cng mu c
nh chung.
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Hnh 3: Bn khng t c bi 4 mu.

2. Trn mt phng c mt th phng cc mt l cc tam gic c t mu bi 2 mu en
trng sao cho cc mt cng mu khng c cnh chung. Chng minh rng c th nh s cc
nh ca n bi 1, 2 v 3 sao cho mi tam gic khng c 2 nh no c nh bi cng mt
s.
3. Trn mt phng c mt th phng cc mt l cc tam gic m cc nh ca n c nh
s bi 1, 2 v 3 sao cho mi tam gic khng c 2 nh no c nh bi cng mt s. Chng
minh rng c th t mu cc mt bi 2 mu en trng sao cho cc mt cng mu khng c
cnh chung.
4. Chng minh rng cc mt ca th phng t c 4 mu sao cho khng c 2 min no
cng mu c cnh chung nu nh n c chu trnh Hamilton (chu trnh i qua tt c cc nh
ca th).

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Sach, H, Graphentheorie Leipzig 1970.
[2] Flachsmeyer, J., Kombinatorik VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 1972.
[3] V nh Ha, Ton ri rc, NXB HSPHN 2010.

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Mt s tnh cht ca t im trong mt phng

Nguyn ng Pht, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni

0.1

Gii thiu

nh ngha 1. Hnh to bi bn im phn bit A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 trong mt phng, trong khng

c ba im no thng hng, gi l mt t im phng" (hay hnh t nh"), k hiu t im
{A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 } nh tp hp ca bn im Ai ,, i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Tam gic Ti c cc nh l cc hnh chiu vung gc ca nh Ai ca t im {A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 }
trn cc cnh ca tam gic 4i (Aj Ak Al ) xc nh bi ba nh cn li Aj , Ak , Al gi l tam gic
chiu hay tam gic bn p (pedal triangle, orthic triangle) ca Ai trn tam gic 4i , k hiu Ti ,
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, {i, j, k, l} l mt hon v no ca tp hp bn s {1, 2, 3, 4}.
T im c cc nh l hnh chiu vung gc ca cc u mt ca mt cp cnh i din
Ai Aj , Ak Al trong cc php chiu vung gc cnh ny ln cnh kia, gi l t im chiu" ca t
im {A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 } trn cp cnh i din Ai Aj , Ak Al ca n, k hiu Qij,kl .
Nu bn im A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 khng ng phng th ta c t im {A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 } khng ng
phng v khi t im cng l t din A1 A2 A3 A4 . n gin, ta k hiu t im (phng hay
khng ng phng) l {A1 A2 A3 A4 } thay cho k hiu {A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 }.
Sau y l mt s tnh cht ca t im phng ngoi tnh cht chung c nu di y m
chng ta quen thuc (chng ti khng trnh by chng minh) ca mi t im bt k (ng phng
hay khng ng phng). K hiu P hay K l mt phng hay khng gian Euclid 2 hoc 3 chiu.

nh l 1 (chung cho mi t im trong P hay K). Trong mt t im bt k {A1 A2 A3 A4 }, tch

di cc cp cnh i din A2 A3 .A4 A1 .A3 A1 .A4 A2 v A1 A2 .A4 A3 biu th di cc cnh ca
mt tam gic (T ) no . Tam gic T ny c gi l tam gic sinh bi t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 }, k
hiu l T (A1 A2 A3 A4 ) hoc T (A2 A3 .A1 A4 , A3 A1 .A2 A4 , A1 A2 .A3 A4 ).
Tam gic T ny suy bin thnh on thng khi v ch khi t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 } ng vin
hoc thng hng (tc l cng thuc ng trn hay mt ng thng).
Gi Aij v Aji t t i, j khc nhau, tng ng l hnh chiu vung gc ca Ai v Aj trn ng
thng Ak Al ({i, j, k, l} = {1, 2, 3, 4}).
Sau y l mt s tnh cht bit v nhiu tnh cht mi ca cc t im phng c tc
gi bi vit ny mi pht hin thm.
Tnh cht 3. Ba t im chiu Aij,kl ca t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 } ng dng thun vi nhau v
cng ng dng nghch vi t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 }. C th l,
A12 A21 A34 A43 A13 A24 A31 A42 A14 A23 A32 A41 v A1 A2 A3 A4 .
Tnh cht 4. a) Bn tam gic chiu Ti (Aj Ak Al ), (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) ng dng thun vi nhau.
b) Bn tam gic chiu Ti , (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) bng nhau khi v ch khi chng suy bin thnh on
thng, ng vi trng hp t im ng vin, hoc khng suy bin th trng nhau, ng vi trng
hp {A1 A2 A3 A4 } l mt t im trc tm.
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Tnh cht 5. Bn tam gic chiu Ti , i = 1, 4 i mt thu x vi nhau. Tm thu x Bij ca

hai tam gic chiu Ti v Tj nm trn ng thng cha cnh Ak Al , i din vi cnh ni hai nh
tng ng Ai , Aj , ng thi cng l mt trong hai giao im ca cc ng trn (vi ), (vj ) ngoi
tip cc tam gic chiu Ti , Tj . C th l, Ti v Tj l hai tam gic thu x, th (theo nh ngha),
cc ng thng Aij Aji , Aik Ajl v Ail Ajk ni cc cp nh tng ng ng quy mt im (im
thng thng) Bij thuc ng thng Ak Al v cng l mt im chung ca (vi ) v (vj ), hay c
bit song song vi nhau. Ni cch khc, trong trng hp ny th Bij c xem l im xa v tn
chung ca ba ng thng song song Aij Aji , Aik Ajl v Ail Ajk .
Tnh cht 6. Bn ng trn (vi ) ngoi tip bn tam gic chiu Ti , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ng quy mt
im; k hiu im ng quy ny l . 1
Tnh cht 7. Bn ng trn Euler Ci ca bn tam gic 4i (Aj Ak Al ) c cc nh l ba trong
bn nh ca t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 } cng ng quy mt im, trng vi im ng quy ca
bn ng trn (vi ) ni trn.
Tnh cht 8. im ng quy ca tm ng trn (hoc ng thng) (vi ) v (Ci ), i = 1, 2, 3, 4
l tm ng dng chung ca su php ng dng thun (php v t quay) Zij bin Ti thnh Tj . N
cng l tm ng dng chung ca ba php ng dng thun (v t quay) Z12,34 , Z12,34 , v Z14,23
bin t im chiu ny ca {A1 A2 A3 A4 } thnh t im chiu kia ca {A1 A2 A3 A4 }.
Q12,34 7 Q13,24 ; Q12,34 7 Q14,23 , v Q13,24 7 Q14,23 .
Tnh cht 9. Gi Oi l tm ng trn (vi ) ngoi tip tam gic chiu Ti . Th th t im
{O1O2 O3 O4 } ng dng nghch vi t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 } v do , {O1 O2 O3 O4 } ng dng thun
vi ba t im chiu Qij,kl ca t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 }. im ng quy ca tm ng trn (vi )
v (Ci ), i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ni trn (Tnh cht 5) cng l tm ng dng chung ca ba php ng
dng thun bin t im {O1 O2O3 O4 } thnh mt trong ba t im chiu O12,34 , Q13,24 , v Q14,23
ca t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 }.

Ch thch: Cc ng trn (vi ) ny tr thnh ng thng (ng thng Simson ng vi nh Ai i vi tam

gic Ti ) khi v ch khi t im {A1 A2 A3 A4 } ng vin.
1

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Mt s dng ton v chia a thc i xng

Nguyn Vn Ngc, Vin Ton hc
Trong ti liu ny gii thiu mt s bi ton v tnh chia ht ca cc a thc i xng v phn
i xng. Mt a thc c gi l i xng, nu gi tr ca n khng thay i khi ta i ch hai
bin bt k v c gi l phn i xng, nu n i du khi ta i ch hai bin bt k. gii
cc bi ton v tnh chia ht gia cc a thc ta thng s dng nh l Bzout, h qu di y
v cc k nng phn tch thnh nhn t.
nh l Bzout. S d trong php chia a thc f (x) cho x a bng f (a).

H qu. a thc f (x) chia ht cho x a khi v ch khi f (a) = 0, tc l, x = a l nghim ca

f (x).
Xt mt s bi ton sau y.
Bi tp
1. Chng minh rng (x + y)n xn y n chia ht cho x2 + xy + y 2 khi v ch khi n = 6k 1.
2. Chng minh rng (x + y)2n+1 + xn+2 y n+2 chia ht cho x2 + xy + y 2 vi mi n Z+ .
3. Chng minh rng, nu a thc i xng f (x, y) chia ht cho x2 y 2, th n chia ht cho
x3 + y 3 (x + y)xy.
4. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin p, q th a thc
xp y q + y p z q + z p xq xq y p y q z p z q xp
chia ht cho (x y)(x z)(y z).
5. Chng minh rng, vi mi cc s t nhin k, m, n, th a thc
xk y m z n + y k z m xn + z k xm y n xn y m z k y n z m xk z k xm y k
chia ht cho (x y)(x z)(y z).
6. Cho a thc
f (x, y, z) = xm y n + y mz n + z m xn xn y m y n z m z n xm .

Chng minh rng, nu f (x, y, z) chia ht cho (x + y)(x + z)(y + x), th n chia ht cho (x2
y 2)(x2 z 2 )(y 2 z 2 ).
7. Chng minh rng, a thc
a4 (b2 + c2 a2 )3 + b4 (c2 + a2 b2 )3 + c4 (a2 + b2 c2 )3
chia ht cho a4 + b4 + c4 2a2 b2 2a2 c2 2b2 c2 .

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S dng s phc gii ton t hp

Trn Vit Anh, trng THPT Nguyn Tt Thnh, H Ni
S phc c rt nhiu ng dng trong nhiu ngnh ton hc khc nhau nh hnh hc, i s,...
Trong bo co ny chng ti s trnh by nhng ng dng ca s phc trong vic gii cc bi ton
t hp. iu th v v l lng y l: S phc, mt sn phm tng tng ca tr tu con ngi,
mt s "ba t ton hc", mt vt "o", li bt ng gip ta gii c nhiu bi ton t hp kh,
rt tht, mang bn cht t hp + s hc: m cc i tng mang mt tnh cht no . Qua ,
cc bn c th thy c nhng v kiu dim v s tinh t ca Ton hc. Chng ti trnh by li
mt s kt qu c bn v s phc. Mt s kt qu chng ti khng chng minh m xem nh l
nhng bi tp, bn c c th t chng minh chng khng kh khn lm.

Bi ton 1. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x1 , x2 , . . . , xp1 ) gm p 1 s nguyn

dng tho mn iu kin tng x1 + 2x2 + + (p 1)xp1 c s d bng 1 khi chia cho p, trong
mi s x1 , x2 , . . . , xp1 u khng ln hn p 1.
(p 1)p1 1
p s:
.
p
Bi ton 2. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x1 , x2 , . . . , x(p1)!+1 ) gm (p 1)! + 1
s t nhin tho mn iu kin tng x1 + x2 + + x(p1)!+1 chia ht cho p, trong mi s
x1 , x2 , . . . , x(p1)!+1 u khng ln hn 2p1 3.
(2p1 2)(p1)!+1 + 1
p s:
1.
p
Bi ton 3. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s tp con X ca tp {1, 2, . . . , 2p + 1} bit rng
X cha ng
p phn
 t v tng tt c cc phn t ca X khi chia cho p c s d bng 1.

2p + 1
2
p
.
p s:
p
Bi ton 4. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l v s nguyn dng n. Tm s cc b (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
gm n s t nhin sao cho tng x1 + x2 + + xn chia ht cho p, trong mi s x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
u khng ln hn (p 1)!.
((p 1)!)n (1)n
p s:
+ (1)n .
p
Bi ton 5. Cho ba s nguyn dng m, n, p trong n + 2 chia ht cho m. Tm s cc b
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xp ) gm p s t nhin sao cho tng x1 + x2 + + xp chia ht cho m, trong mi s
x1 , x2 , . . . , xp u khng ln hn n.
(
m 1 nu p chia ht cho m
(n + 1)p + (1)p (p)
, trong (p) =
p s:
m
1
nu p khng chia ht cho m
40

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Bi ton 6. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s tp con X ca tp {1, 2, . . . , 10p + 2} bit rng

X cha ng
2p phn
 t v tng tt c cc phn t ca X khi chia cho p c s d bng 1.

10p + 2
45
2p
p s:
.
p
Bi ton 7. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x1 , x2 , . . . , xp1 ) gm p 1 s nguyn
dng tho mn iu kin tng x1 + 2x2 + + (p 1)xp1 c s d bng 1 khi chia cho p, trong
mi s x1 , x2 , . . . , xp1 u khng ln hn 2p 1.
2p(p1) 1
p s:
.
p

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Chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php tham s

ho
Quch Vn Giang, THPT Amsterdam - H Ni
Cc bt ng thc i s bc hai dng khng i xng i vi cc bin khi du ng thc
trong cc bt ng thc xy ra ng vi cc gi tr khng bng nhau (b s khng u). Trong
chng trnh ph thng th cc bt ng thc c in nh Cauchy, Bunhiacopski li c pht
biu di dng i xng, Du ng thc xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau hoc t l. Vic p dng
cc bt ng thc c in trn gii cc bi ton cc tr khng i xng cn c quan tm mt
cch thch ng. Qua bi vit ny ti mun nu mt phng php gii bi ton cc tr khng i
xng bng cch s dng cc bt ng thc c in thng dng gi l phng php tham s ho.
Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny nh sau t vic phn tch tnh khng i xng ca cc
bin c trong bi ton cc tr, thng c cho di cc dng
Dng 1. H s cc bin trong biu thc cn tm cc tr l kh"ng bng nhau.
Dng 2. Cc bin thuc cc min khc nhau ca tp s thc.
Dang 3. iu kin rng buc ca cc bin trong gi thit bi ton l khng i xng vi cc
bin.
Ta thm vo cc tham s ph cn thit thng l cc h s hoc lu tha ca cc bin c trong
cc nh gi trung gian, sau chn cc tham s ph tt c cc Du ng thc xy ra, t
nhn c 1 h phng trnh m n l cc bin v cc tham s ph. Tham s ph c chn hp
l ch khi h phng trnh tng ng c nghim. Trong bi vit ny ti nu mt s lp bi ton cc
tr khng i xng thng gp , tc gi ngh rng nhng m hnh c th ny tht s c ngha
v vi kt qu ca cc bi ton ny s cho ta mt lp bi ton cc tr khng i xng c th min
l xy dng c b bin tho mn iu kin rng buc tng ng
Bi ton 1. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tho mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx = 1,
v cho a l s thc dng khng i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = a(x2 + y 2) + z 2 .
Li gii.
Phn tch. iu kin rng buc i xng vi x, y, z.
Biu thc P i xng vi x, y; vai tr ca z trong biu thc P l i xng vi x, y.
z2
Do vy, ta c th ngh rng im cc tr s t c khi x = y, v
= x = y.
2
T phn tch trn ta c th trnh by li gii ca bi ton nh sau.
Vi > 0 (chn sau), p dng bt ng thc AG cho 2 s dng, ta c
r
r
r
r

z2

z2
2
2
2
>2
xz, y +
>2
yz,
(x + y ) > 2
xy.
x +
2
2
2
2
2
2
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Cng v cc bt ng thc trn ta nhn c

r 
r
r


2
2
2
+
(x + y ) + z > 2
(xy + yz + zx) =
.
2
2
2

Chn sao cho

hay

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

r
(

r 

=
+
2

1 + 1 + 8a
=
.
2
4

z2
2

= x2 = y 2
xy + yz + zx = 1

hay
(
x=y=
z=

,
4
1+8a
1+8a1

.
2 4 1+8a

Kt lun:
min P =

1 +

1 + 8a

Bi ton 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin

ab + bc + ca = 1;
v u, v l cc s dng c nh. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = ua2 + vb2 + c2 .
Li gii.
Mt cch t nhin t li gii ca bi ton 1 th ta phn tch
u = x + y, v = z + t, 1 = m + n,
trong x, y, z, t, m, n l cc s dng s c chn sau.
p dng bt ng thc AG cho 2 s dng, ta c

xa2 + tb2 > 2 xtab, ya2 + nc2 > 2 ynac, zb2 + mc2 > 2 znbc.
Cng v cc bt ng thc trn ta nhn c

P > 2 xtab + 2 ynac + 2 znbc.

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Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

2
2

xa = tb
ya2 = nc2

2
zb = mc2

hay

b2
x

t = a2
2
n
= ac2
y

2
z
= bc2
m

Suy ra

xzn = ytm.

(1)

Chkn x, y, x, t, m, n sao cho

xt = yn = xm =
tho mn (1)
Ta c
(1) (x + y)z + t)(m + n) = uv
(xz + xt + yz + yt)(m + n) = uv
xzm + xtm + yzm + ytm + xzn + xtn + yzn + ytn = uv
(x + y + m + n + t + z) + 2xzn = uv.

3
3 .
M (xzn)(ytm)
=

nn
xzn
=

t q = th
q 3 + (u + v 1)q 2 uv = 0.

+(u+v+1) -uv=0 (2)

R rng (2) c nghim dng duy nht q0
Vy min P = 2q0 vi q0 l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh (2).

44

(2)

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Tnh l n nh ca mt s dng phng trnh hm

dng Cauchy
L Th Anh oan, THPT Chuyn L Qu n -Khnh Ha
Trong ni dung bi vit ny, ta quan tm n khi nim n nh ca phng trnh hm. Chng
hn ta ni phng trnh hm (Cauchy) nhn tnh l n nh nu n tha mn tnh cht sau:
Gi s G l mt nhm, H(d) l mt nhm metric v f : G H, vi mi > 0 th tn ti
> 0 sao cho
d (f (xy), f (x)f (y)) < , x, y G

v do , tn ti mt ng cu M : G H sao cho

d (f (x), M(x)) < , x G.

0.1

Tnh n nh ca phng trnh hm (Cauchy) cng

tnh

Trc ht ta nhc li phng trnh hm (Cauchy) cng tnh (A)

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)

(A)

Gi s hm f : X Y tha mn (A), vi X v Y l hai khng gian Banach. Khi f c gi

l hm cng tnh.
nh l 1. Gi s , hm f : X Y tha mn, vi mi > 0, ta c
Khi tn ti gii hn sau

kf (x + y) f (x) f (y)k , x, y X.

(1)

A(x) = lim 2n f (2n x)

(2)

vi mi x X v tn ti duy nht hm cng tnh A : X Y tha mn

kf (x) A(x)k , x X.

(3)

V d 1. Nghim ca phng trnh Cauchy hai n hm.

Bi ton 1. Tm cp hm f, g : R R tha mn phng trnh sau
f (x + y) = g(x) + g(y)

x, y R

Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (4).

45

(4)

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Mnh 4. Gi s hm f, g : R R tha mn

|f (x + y) g(x) g(y)|

(5)

vi l s dng ty cho trc v vi mi x, y R. Khi tn ti duy nht mt hm cng tnh

A : R R sao cho

|f (x) A(x) f (0)| 4
|g(x) A(x) g(0)| 3

vi mi x R.

V d 2. Nghim ca phng trnh Pexider.

Bi ton 2. Tm tt c cc hm f, g, h : R R tha mn phng trnh sau
f (x + y) = g(x) + h(y)

x, y R

(6)

Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (6).

Mnh 5. Gi s hm f, g, h : R R tha mn

|f (x + y) g(x) h(y)|

(7)

vi l s dng ty cho trc v vi mi x, y R. Khi tn ti duy nht mt hm cng tnh

A : R R sao cho
(
|f (x) A(x) f (0)| 6
|g(x) A(x) g(0)| 4
|h(x) A(x) h(0)| 6

vi mi x R.
Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (??).
Mnh 6. Gi s hm f : R R+ tha mn
p
x+y
) f (x)f (y)|
|f (
2
vi mi x, y R v
|f (x) f (x)|

(8)
(9)

vi , l cc s dng ty cho trc. Gi s tn ti f (a) , khi tn ti mt hm E : R R+

sao cho
|E(x + y) E(x) E(y)| , x, y R
(10)
v

1
|f (x) (E(x) E(x))| ,
2
vi , l cc hng s no .

x R

(11)

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Phng trnh hm, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997.
[2] Pl. Kannappan, Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications, Springer, 2009, 295323.
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Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng

gic trong tam gic
Phm Th Nhn, S Gio Dc v o To Qung Ninh
Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia, Olympic Ton quc t v khu vc thng xut hin cc
bi ton v chng minh cc bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic hay cc bi ton tm cc tr
biu thc lng gic trong tam gic. cng l mt trong cc dng bi ton kh i vi hc sinh.
Bo co ny nhm cp n mt vi cch chng minh cc bt ng thc lng gic dng khng
i xng trong tam gic vi v tri l cc biu thc dng
xf (A) + yf (B) + zf (C)
v mt s bi ton lin quan.
Tt c nhng ai quan tm n cc bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic u bit n nhng
dng bt ng thc quen thuc sau v bit cch gii quyt chng:

3 3
,
(1)
sin A + sin B + sin C 6
2

3 3
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C 6
,
(2)
2

(3)
tan A tan B tan C > 3 3,
3
cos A + cos B + cos C 6 , ...
2

(4)

c gi l cc bt ng thc dng i xng trong tam gic ph thuc vo tng v tch cc hm s

lng gic c bn.
Bi ton 1. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
3
sin A + sin B cos C 6 .
2
Bi ton 2. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c

1
5 3
sin A + sin B cos C 6
.
6
3
Tng qut hn ta c
Bi ton 3. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
sin A + sin B

m2 + 2
1
cos C 6
.
m
2m
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Bi ton 4. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c

4 6
sin A + sin B + 3 sin C 6
.
3
Ta c bi ton tng qut sau:
Bi ton 5. Cho cc s dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
x2 + y 2 + z 2 > 2(1)n+1 (yz cos nA + zx cos nB + xy cos nC),

(1)

Bi ton 6. Cho cc s dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c

1 xy yz zx
x cos A + y cos B + z cos C 6 ( +
+ ),
2 z
x
y

(7)

Gii.
Bi ton 7. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
3 cos A + 4 cos B + 5 cos C 6

769
.
120

Bi ton 8. Tam gic ABC, tho mn iu kin g nu :

a)

cos A cos B cos C

5
+
+
= .
3
4
5
12

cos A cos B cos C

119
+
+
=
.
5
12
3
780
cos C
c) cos A + cos B + = 2.
2

b)

Bi ton 9. Cho a, b, c l ba cnh tng ng vi 3 gc A, B, C ca tam gicABC. Chng minh

rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
a2 + b2 + c2
bc cos A + ca cos B + ab cos C 6
.
2
Bi ton 10. Cho ABC l tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng vi mi x thucR ta u c :
cos A + (cos B + cos C)x 6 1 +

x2
.
2

(12)

Bi ton 11. Cho x, y, z u dng. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
x sin

B
C
1 xy yz zx
A
+ y sin + z sin 6 ( +
+ ),
2
2
2
2 z
x
y
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Bi ton 12. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin

1
1
1
+ 2 = 2.
2
x
y
z

(5)

Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic nhn ABC, ta u c

x cos A + y cos B + z cos C <

x2 + y 2.

Bi ton 13. Cho x l s thc khng m v a, b, c l ba cnh tng ng vi 3 gc A, B, C ca

tam gicABC. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c :
1
ax cos A + bx cos B + cx cos C 6 (ax + bx + cx ).
2
Bi ton 14. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin
1 1
1
1 1
6 6 + .
x y
z
x y
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :P = x cos 2A + y cos 2B z cos 2C.

Bi ton 15. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin

1
1 1
1 1
6 6 + .
x z
y
x z

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :P = x cos A + y cos B + z cos C

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Phm Th Bch Ngc "Mt s bi ton chn lc v lng gic", NXB Gio
dc 2002.
[2] Cc tp ch Kvant, Ton hc v tui tr, T liu Internet.
[3] Trn Phng "Cc chuyn bt ng thc v cc tr lng gic" , NXB H ni 2006

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Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n sinh bi phi ng

thc
Trn Vit Tng, Trng THPT Trn Ph - Nng
Trong ton hc ph thng cc bi ton v phng trnh hm l cc loi ton thng mi v rt
kh, thng xuyn xut hin trong cc thi hc sinh gii quc gia, Olympic Ton khu vc v
Quc t, Olympic sinh vin gia cc trng i hc v cao ng. Lin quan n cc dng ton
ny l cc bi ton v cc c trng khc nhau ca hm s v cc tnh cht lin quan vi chng.
h thng cc phng trnh hm, cn thit phi h thng cc kin thc c bn v nng cao v
cc dng phng trnh hm cng nh cc ng dng ca chng.
i vi cc bi ton v phng trnh hm vi nhiu n hm trong cc lp hm c th: lin tc,
kh vi, tun hon, li lm,... cn nm c mt s k thut v bin i hm s, kho st cc tnh
cht c bn ca hm thc v cc php bin hnh trn trc thc.

0.1

Phng trnh hm sinh bi phi ng thc a2 + b2 6

g(a + b)h(a b)

Bi ton 1. Tm cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin

f (x2 + y 2 ) = g(x + y).h(x y), x, y R.

(1)

f (x2 y 2) = g(x y) + h(x + y), x, y R.

(2)

f (x2 y 2) = g 2 (x) h2 (y), x, y R.

(3)

f (x) g(y) = xh(y) yh(x), x, y R.

(4)

f (x) f (y) = (x + y)g(x y), x, y R.

(5)

f (x) + f (y) + 2xy = (x + y)g(x + y), x, y R.

(6)

f (x).g(y) = x2 y 2, x, y R.

(7)

f (x + y) + g(x y) = h(xy), x, y R.

(8)

f (x + y).g(x y) = h(xy), x, y R.

(9)

Bi ton 2. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin

Bi ton 3. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 4. Tm cc hm s f, g, h lin tc v xc nh trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 5. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 6. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 7. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 8. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
Bi ton 9. Tm tt c cc hm s dng f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin

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Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 1997, Phng trnh hm, NXB Gio Dc
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Cc bi ton ni suy v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2009, Phng trnh hm vi nhm hu hn cc bin i phn tuyn tnh,
K yu HNKH "Cc phng php v chuyn ton s cp" ti Bc Giang, 27-29/11/2009.
[4] Christopher G. Small, 2000, Functinal equations and how to solve them, Springer.

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Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct

Trng Ngc c, Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh
Bo co xt tnh cht ca tch v hng ca hai vect, gc gia hai vect v cc mnh c
bn v ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect.
Ta xt ba mnh c bn vn dng tch v hng ca hai vect lm nn tng gii cc bi
ton hnh hc chng sau (y l ba bi ton c bn trong SGK Hnh hc 10 Nng cao, trang
47 - 49).
Tip theo, trnh by mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect nh tnh ton cc yu t
hnh hc, da vo cc ng thc vect trong tam gic, ta cng c cc ng thc v di cc yu
t trong tam gic, cc bi ton cc tr hnh hc.
Bi ton (2007-England). Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC, P l im nm trong mt phng
tam gic ABC khc A, B, C. Cc im L, M, N ln lt l chn ng vung gc h t H n
ng thng PA, PB, PC. Gi X, Y, Z ln lt l giao im ca LH, MH, NH vi BC, CA v AB.
Chng minh rng ba im X, Y, Z thng hng.
Bi ton. Cho ng trn (O, R). Xt tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R). Xc nh
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: S = AB 2 + BC 2 2 CA2 .

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Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn
cha ht
Phm Huy in, Trung tm Tin hc, Vin KH v CN VN
Chc rng hu ht hc sinh lp 12 (thm ch c lp 11 na) u cho rng hm s m l th
bit ri. Rnh rnh trong cc sch gio khoa u a nh ngha hn hoi! Vy n l g?
Mun bit hm s m, trc ht phi bit th no l lu tha bc b ca mt s a (tc ab ).
Nu b l mt s hu t th nh ngha chng kh khn g, mi sch u a ra nh ngha ging
nhau v ng: khi b l s t nhin th ly tha bc b ca mt s c nh ngha nh php nhn
ca s y vi chnh n ( b ln); khi b l s nguyn m th ly tha bc b c nh ngha nh
nghch o ca lu tha bc b; php khai cn bc nguyn dng ca mt s c nh ngha
nh php tnh ngc ca php nng ln lu tha; khi b l mt s hu t (ngha l b = p/q, vi p
l s nguyn v q l s t nhin) th ly tha bc b mt s c nh ngha nh l hp ca 2 php
ton: nng ln lu tha (vi bc p) v khai cn (vi bc q).
Vn tr nn thc s nan gii khi b l mt s v t.
nh ngha lu tha vi s m v t, sch gio khoa ton ph thng tng phi da vo
mt mnh khng th chng minh c cht ch trong khun kh chng trnh ph thng.
i ca mnh l: vi mi s a > 1 c duy nht mt hm lin tc nhn gi tr thc m ti
cc im hu t q th n nhn gi tr l aq . Ngay hc sinh i hc cng phi u hng tnh thn
b ca mnh ny, v n ng n 2 vn rt hc ba: Khi no th mt hm s xc nh trn
tp s hu t c th thc trin c thnh mt hm lin tc trn ton b trc s thc? V nu
c th khi no s thc trin l duy nht? Tt nhin, vi mt nh ngha nh vy th ta khng
th lm g hn ngoi vic tip tc cng nhn cc tnh cht c a ra sau nh ngha (v khng
th chng minh c).
Sch Gio khoa Thc nghim i s v Gii tch 11 (dnh cho h chuyn ban A, NXB Gio
dc - 1995) cng tng a nh ngha Lu tha c s a vi s m v t b (k hiu bi ax ) l
lim axn , trong {xn } l mt dy s hu t gn ng thiu ca x. Tic rng sch khng cho
n

bit nhiu v khi nim dy s hu t gn ng thiu ca s v t nn ta khng bit tng ca 2

dy s hu t gn ng thiu (ca 2 s v t) th c l dy s hu t gn ng thiu (ca tng
ca 2 s v t ) hay khng. Cho nn ta cng khng bit cc tnh cht ca lu tha bc hu
t c chuyn sang cho lu tha bc v t nh th no. Tuy nhin, iu y ny ny chng my
chc cng b che ph bi iu y ny ln hn, khi ta thy tnh lin tc ca hm m cng c
a ra mt cch v iu kin.
R rng, nhng cch nh ngha nh vy l cha th tha mn c nguyn vng ca nhng
ngi mun hiu cc khi nim ton hc mt cch n ni n chn. Tm li: Mun bit hm
s m l g th hy i y!!!.
i n bao gi y?
Cha c ai tr li cu hi ny, nhng ngi qua i hc ri th c th cho bn li khuyn
ch thc l: ng hy vng g nhiu chng trnh bc i hc, v ngi ta thng cho rng
hm m c dy t thi ph thng!.
Nu bn khng mun ch i thm th hy cng chng ti lm mt cuc chen ngang, khm
ph bn cht ca hm s m ngay trong lng chng trnh lp 11. Chng ta s thit lp khi nim
hm s m mt cch cht ch v mt ton hc, m khng cn vay mn bt c mt kt qu no
t chng trnh i hc. Trc ht, ta cn thy rng y l mt hm khng n gin hn (nu
khng ni l kh hn hn) cc hm lng gic, cho nn vic xy dng n cn mt s u t v
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thi gian v cng sc khng qu eo hp so vi nhng g ta dnh cho cc hm lng gic (gn
nh c na quyn sch gio khoa lp 11). Bn thn s v t c coi nh gii hn ca dy s
hu t, cho nn vic xy dng lu tha bc v t khng th khng da vo khi nim ny.

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ng thng Simson
Nguyn B ang, S GD v T Hi Dng
Robert Simson l mt nh ton hc ngi Scotland, gio s ton hc ca i hc Glasgow.
ng sinh 14 thng 10 nm 1687ti West Kilbride v mt ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1768 ti Glasgow.
Trong nhiu nm gn y cc k thi trong nc, quc t cng nh khu vc thng s dng
ng thng Simson vo gii ton hnh hc phng. Xin gii thiu bn c tham kho.
1. ng thng Simson
Bi ton 1: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn ( ). M l im ty trn ( ), gi D, E, H
l hnh chiu ca trn BC, CA, AB. Chng minh D, E, H thng hng.
Bi ton 2: Cho tam gic ABC, M l im trong mt phng cha tam gic ABC. Gi D, E, H
l hnh chiu ca M ln lt trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB v D, E, H thng hng. Chng minh M
nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
V d 3. Cho tam gic ABC, M l im trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Gi K, P, Q
ln lt l cc im i xng ca M qua BC, CA, AD. Chng minh P, K, Q nm trn mt ng
thng v lun i qua mt im c nh, khng ph thuc vo im M thay i trn ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic ABC. (Olimpia Japan 1996)

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Php nghch o v ng dng

H Quang Vinh, Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr
Trong sut bi vit chng ta k hiu X * l nh ca X qua php nghch o c xt.
T nh ngha trn ta thy rng, qua php nghch o cc im trn ng trn (k) ng
nguyn ti ch, cc im nm trong (k) bin ra ngoi, cn cc im nm ngoi (k) th bin vo
trong. Nu im A bin thnh A*, th im A* qua php nghch o bin thnh im A, tc
l (A*)* = A.
Cc tnh cht. Qua mt php nghch o tm O vi bn knh r:
1) Mt ng thng qua O bin thnh chnh n.
2) Mt ng thng l khng i qua O bin thnh ng trn i qua O, tm ca ng trn
l im C* (C l im i xng vi O qua ng thng l)
3) Mt ng trn vi tm l im C qua O bin thnh mt ng thng khng i qua O,
vung gc vi OC.
4) Mt ng trn khng i qua O bin thnh mt ng trn khng i qua O ( Hai ng
trn ny khng nht thit bng nhau ).
5) S tip xc ca cc ng trn v cc ng thng c bo ton, nu nh tip im khng
trng vi tm nghch o; cn nu trng th nhn c mt cp ng song song.
6) Gc gia hai ng trn (gc gia ng thng v ng trn, gia hai ng thng) bo
ton qua php nghch o.
Theo truyn thng t thi c Hy Lp, trong hnh hc thng xt php dng hnh bng compa
v thc k. Nhng cng c th tin hnh dng hnh bng compa khng c thc k. Bng compa,
tt nhin khng th dng ngay c tt c cc im ca ng thng, do ta s coi rng ng
thng c dng nu nh dng c tt c cc php dng m c th thc hin c nh
compa v thc k. dng hnh ch bng compa ch yu l nh n c th dng c nh ca
im qua php nghch o i vi mt ng trn cho trc vi tm cho trc.
S dng php nghch o, chng ta c th gii c kh gn nhng bi ton kh trong cc K
thi chn hc sinh gii Ton Quc gia , cc K thi Olympic Ton hc Quc t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] V.V Praxolov. Cc bi ton v hnh hc phng, Tp 2, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP.
H Ch Minh, nm 2003.
[2] Cc bi d tuyn Olympic Ton hc Quc t, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni 2003.
[3] 1999 National Contests Problems and Solution, Published and distributed by Mathematical
Association of America.
[4] Mathematical Olympiad Problems and Solutions From Around the Wolrd, 1995 - 1996, 1996
- 1997, 1997 - 1998, 1998 - 1999, 1999 - 2000, 2000 - 2001, Edited by Titu Andreescu, Zuming
Feng and George Lee, Jr Walter Mientka. Published and distributed by Mathematical Association
of America.
[5] Mt s Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr cc nm t 2003 - 2007.

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Nhng bi ton thi hc sinh gii lp 9 v s hc

Nguyn Vit Hi, Tp ch THTT
Trong bi ny cc ch u biu th s nguyn, nu khng l s nguyn s ghi ch ring.
Chuyn 1. Mt s bi ton v s chia ht v s chia c d
I. Kin thc c bn
1. Cc du hiu chia ht cho 2, 4, 5, 3, 9, 11, 7.
2. Cc tnh cht ca php chia ht. Lu :
a) Nu a v b u chia ht cho m ( m 6= 0) th a + b v a - b u chia ht cho n.
b) Nu a chia ht cho n v b khng chia ht cho m (m 6= 0) th a + b v a - b u khng chia
ht cho m.
3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca c chung ln nht (UCLN) v bi chung nh nht (BCNN ) ca
hai s trong SGK .
4. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nhng s nguyn t v hp s trong SGK .
5. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nhng s nguyn t cng nhau.
6. Cc hng ng thc ng nh dng (a + b)2 , (a b)2 , . . .
7. S chia ht ca a thc
8. iu kin c nghim nguyn ca tam thc bc hai
9. S chia ht ca tch cc s nguyn lin tip
II. Cc bi ton v s chia ht v chia c d
A. Cc bi ton v s chia ht
B. Cc bi ton v s chia c d
Chuyn 2. Mt s bi ton v s chnh phng v s ly tha
I.Tnh cht ca s chnh phng
II. Mt s dng ton v s chnh phng v s ly tha
A. Bi ton chng minh mt s khng l s chnh phng
B. Bi ton chng minh mt s l s chnh phng
C. Bi ton xc nh gi tr ca bin mt biu thc s l s chnh phng
Chuyn 3. Mt s bi ton v dy s
A. Tnh cht ca php chia v ca cc s nguyn t cng nhau
B. Phng php phn chng
C. Nguyn tc Dirichlet trong S hc
D. Phng php cc hn
E.Bi ton chn s trong dy s
Bi ton 3.7. a) Chng minh rng trong 100 s nguyn dng c th chn c mt hay nhiu
s m tng ca chng chia ht cho 100.
b) Chng minh rng trong 100 s nguyn dng c th chn c mt hay nhiu s m tng
cc bnh phng ca chng chia ht cho 100.
Bi ton 3.8. a) Trong 2n s nguyn t 1 n 2n chn n + 1 s no . Chng minh rng trong
cc s c chn c t nht mt s bng tng hai s cng c chn ( hai s ny c th bng nhau
hoc khc nhau).

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b) C th ly nhiu nht bao nhiu s trong 2n s nguyn dng u tin mt s bt k

c chn khng bng tng ca ca hai s cng c chn ( hai s ny c th bng nhau hoc
khc nhau ).
C.Bi ton tm cc tr ca mt biu thc cha cc s thuc mt dy s

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Mt s bi ton c xy dng t cng thc Taylor

o Xun Luyn, THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh
Trong qu trnh ging dy, ta thng gp mt s bi ton v phng trnh, v bt ng thc
m mt v l hm siu vit nh hm lng gic, hm m, hay hm lgarit v v cn li l mt
a thc. Cu hi t ra ti sao li c c cc mi quan h v u ngi ta li c cc bt
ng thc p n vy.
Trong bi vit Mt s bi ton xy dng t cng thc Taylor tc gi s lm r c phn
no cu hi .

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Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS

L Th Thanh Bnh, THCS Bnh Minh, TP Hi Dng
Hm s l mt trong nhng khi nim mi v kh i vi hc sinh THCS nhng thi lng
dnh cho ni dung ny trong chng trnh rt hn ch (28 tit hc chia ra lp 7 v lp 9). V
vy, dy cho hc tr nm chc cc khi nim v kho st c mt s tnh cht ca cc hm n
gin l cng vic khng d. Cng kh hn mi khi phi gii bi ton ngc: xc nh hm s t
mt vi tnh cht cho trc ca n. Chuyn sau y cung cp mt s phng php n gin
tm hm s trong khun kh ca chng trnh Ton bc trung hc c s.
Tm mt hm s tho mn mt s iu kin no gi l gii phng trnh hm. Trong bi
ny trnh by chi tit cc phng php c bn gii phng trnh hm bc THCS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Phng php t n ph
Phng php a v gii h phng trnh
Phng php s dng tnh cht ca a thc
Phng php ng nht h s
Phng php xt cc gi tr c bit ca bin s
Gii mt s dng bi tp khc thng qua gii phng trnh hm

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Vn Mu. a thc v p dng, NXBGDVN 2008.
[2] Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr - NXBGDVN.
[3] Tuyn chn cc thi tuyn sinh.

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Chuyn cho i s 9: Phn nguyn v ng dng

Phm Th Bch Ngc, Tp ch TH v TT
Trong bi ny xt cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn v cc bi ton lin quan. Tip theo xt mt
s ng dng v chng minh mt s bi ton s hc, gii phng trnh c cha du phn nguyn
v kho st bt phng trnh cha phn nguyn.

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