A DANH C NGUN GC TING C TU THA THIN HU

DI GC NHN NGN NG V VN HA
Trn Vn Sng
(Trng i hc Ph Xun - Hu
Nghin cu sinh Vin Ngn ng hc)
1. Dn nhp
1.1. Vit Nam, vn a danh t lu c rt nhiu nh ngn ng hc, dn tc
hc, a l hc quan tm. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v a danh t nhng gc khc
nhau ca cc tc gi tiu biu nh Hong Th Chu, Trn Tr Di, inh Xun Vnh,
Nguyn Vn u, L Trung Hoa, c nhng ng gp nht nh trong vic h thng tri
thc a danh hc Vit Nam. c bit, c mt s lun n tin s ngn ng hc nghin
cu v a danh1. y l nhng cng trnh nghin cu c nhng ng gp ng trn trng
khi tip cn a danh hc di nh sng ca ngn ng hc. Tuy nhin, nghin cu a
danh dn tc t gc nhn ngn ng hc vn l mt khong trng trong cc cng trnh a
danh hc. Ngoi cc bi vit chng ti cng b trong [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], cho
n nay, chng ti cha tm thy mt cng trnh no cp n cc a danh c ngun gc
ngn ng dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu mt cch h thng.
1.2. Nghin cu a danh Tha Thin Hu ni chung, a danh c ngun gc ngn
ng dn tc thiu s ni ring, l mt hng tip cn lin ngnh ngn ng v vn ho v
mt vng a l hi t nhiu lp, nhiu tng vn ha c s giao thoa, tip bin gia cc
dn tc chung sng trn a bn c tr (Kinh, Chm, Ctu, Tai). Trong qu trnh hnh
thnh v chuyn bin, a danh khng ch chu tc ng bi cc yu t ngn ng m cn
c cc yu t ngoi ngn ng. Cc yu t ny lm cho a danh tr thnh nhng trm tch
sng bng ngn ng, k thc nhiu thng tin t liu qu gi i vi cc ngnh khoa hc
hu quan: ngn ng hc, dn tc hc, vn ho hc, lch s v kho c hc.
1.3. Tip cn h thng a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu t gc
nhn ngn ng hc, chng ta c th xem xt trn cc phng din: 1) Xem xt cc a
danh v mt ng m (ch ra qui lut phin chuyn cc a danh ting dn tc ra ch quc
ng); 2) Xem xt v mt cu to cc a danh ting dn tc; 3) Xem xt v mt ng ngha
cc a danh ting dn tc trn a bn kho st, qua ch ra cc c trng vn ho tc
ngi c k thc qua mi a danh. Do khun kh ca mt bi bo, chng ti ch cp
n c im cu to, c im ngha v c im vn ho ca cc a danh c ngun
gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu. Vn phin chuyn a danh t ting Ctu sang ting
Vit s c chng ti cp trong mt bi vit khc.
Tha Thin Hu, cc tc ngi thiu s ch yu c tr huyn Nam ng v A
Li, ngoi ra cn c mt s nh sinh sng cc huyn Ph Lc, Hng Tr v Phong
in. Pac-Tai, Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu l ba tc ngi thiu s sng ta vo sn h Trng
Sn, to thnh mt b phn gn kt lu i trong bc tranh dn c Tha Thin Hu.
Nghin cu bnh din ngn ng-vn ho ca a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu trn a
bn l mt cnh ca rng m cho vic tip cn bc u bc tranh vn ho tc ngi y
sinh ng v giu mu sc trong i sng ca cc dn tc thiu s nh c trn di Trng
Sn Bc ny.
2.c im cu to ca a danh ting Ctu
1

Cc lun n tin s bo v: Nhng c im chnh ca a danh thnh ph H Ch Minh(1990) ca L Trung

Hoa; Nhng c im chnh ca a danh Hi Phng (s b so snh vi mt s vng khc)(1996) ca Nguyn Kin
Trng; Nghin cu a danh Qung Tr(2003) ca T Thu Mai; Nhng c im chnh ca a danh ak
Lk(2005) ca Trn Vn Dng; Kho st cc a danh Ngh An(2006) ca Phan Xun m.

2.1. Kho st, thng k 2.248 a danh Tha Thin Hu, chng ti xc nh c
X a danh gc Cowtu trong tng s Y a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s,
chim T%.
a danh ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu ch yu c phn b huyn Nam ng
v mt s x ca huyn A Li c dn tc Ctu sinh sng nh Hng Lm, Hng
Nguyn, Hng H.
Tha Thin Hu l mt vng t c b dy lch s vn ho v giu bn sc. Bc
tranh ngn ng vn ho tc ngi giu bn sc y, trc ht, c th hin qua h thng
a danh. Mi a danh l mt vt dn vn ho v vng t m n cho i.
2.2. Cc a danh ting Ctu c cu to n
Kiu cu to n trong a danh l kiu cu to ch c mt t n (n tit hoc a
tit). Do vy, cc a danh n c ngun gc ting dn tc thiu s Ctu c cu to t
hai nhm chnh:
2.2.1.Cc a danh c cu to bng t n n tit:
a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu mang mt m tit chim mt t l khim tn
trong h thng a danh dn tc trn a bn. V d: Cc a danh Ctu trn a bn huyn
A Li: kakoong Ong(ni - tn ngi anh hng Ong), karung Jong(sng- nai rng),
tm Yong(khe - mt loi chim so), vil Ngeaq(thn-tn mt nhn vt trong lng),
kakoong Chh(ni - cm mc). Cc a danh Ctu trn a bn huyn Nam ng:
kakoong Guy(ni - ci gi mang i ry), kakoong Lp (ni - n ht ri), gp p(ng thp), kakoong Mang(ni-ci trn), bl Sap(i- hng trm),
S lng cc a danh c cu to bng mt m tit chim mt t l khim tn
trong h thng a danh. iu ny phn nh r nt s khc bit v nt c trng ca cc
a danh gc Ctu so vi cc a danh n tit thun Vit cng mt a bn nghin cu.
Trong a danh ting Vit, loi cu to n tit thun Vit c ngha, ng thi l mt t
n thng chim u th nh : lng Snh, lng Sam, th trn Sa, thn ng, ni Trui,
xm Thng, xm H, cu Trui, lng Chun, ch N, ch Dinh,...(Tha Thin Hu).
2.2.2. Cc a danh c cu to bng t n a tit:
Phn ln cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc Ctu c cu to bng t n
a tit, trong , nhm a danh cu to bng t n song tit chim a s. V d: Cc a
danh Ctu thuc huyn A Li: kakoong Parleech(ni - im cui ), tm Patang(khebng phng), tr-ot Talang(o- lm v i, cong keo), kakoong Ahq(ni- h ming),
kakoong Ala(ni-chic l), karungTaham(sng- lm cho mu chy), karung Panng(sngci cu bc qua), Cc a danh Ctu phn b Nam ng c cu to bng t n song
tit: kakoong Ating(ni- l dong gi bnh), kakoong Kanm(ni- bng ti), kakoong
Chitang(ni- mt loi na mc tng), vil Rirang(thn- cy tm vng), vil Aprung(thnci by, tn dng h king vt t l ci by cung), vil Tivac(thn- cy T vt, tc cy
oc), vil Aroong(thn- mt loi c tr),
Kho st cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu c c im cu to n (tng
ng vi mt t n), chng ta c th suy lun n nhng khc bit ca a danh c
ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s thuc nhm Katuic(Tai, Bru-Vn Kiu, Ctu)
Tha Tha Thin Hu so vi a danh ting Vit(thun Vit, Hn Vit) qua my c im
sau:
1) a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc thiu s thuc nhm Katuic, nhng ngn
ng thuc ng h Mn-Khme, c loi hnh n lp n m tit tnh khng trit nn t
n a tit chim u th trong cu to cc a danh. iu ny phn nh ng c im
cu to t trong ngn ng ny(Tai, Ctu): Trong v ng m ca t (t ng m-m v hc)
cn tn ti nhiu cu trc a tit, trong m tit cui t (cn gi l m tit chnh) l m
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tit mang trng m t. V d: kakoong Ahq( A l mt tin m tit, hq l m tit

chnh), kakoong Ala( a l mt tin m tit, la l m tit chnh), kakoong Aviq( a l
tin m tit, viq l m tit chnh), karung Taham(Ta l mt tin m tit, ham l m
tit chnh),
2) a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s nhm Katuic (ting PacTai, Ctu) trn a bn Tha Thin Hu hu ht c Vit ha, Hn Vit ho theo
phin m quc ng nn hin tng nhng m tit tn ti c lp, v ngha trong a danh
tr nn ph bin theo cch ghi trong vn bn ting Vit. Qu trnh quc ng ho cc a
danh ting dn tc y ch yu l song tit ho, ng ch hn c l qu trnh m tit
ho cc t hp ph m u trong cc a danh. Qua kho st, chng ti nhn thy hu ht
cc t hp ph m c trong a danh Ctu u c song tit ho bng cc m thun Vit
hoc Hn Vit khi phin chuyn sang vn bn ting Vit. Chng hn, karung Bhrang(sng
Ba Rng), kakoong Aplat (ni A Pi Lt), karung Taham(sng T Hm),
c im ny cng tm thy ph bin cc a danh ting Tai: achh Rka(thc Ra
Ka: c sui), tom Ltng(sui L Tin), koh Prang(ni Ba Rng: ti ni), tom Pleng(sui
Pa Leng: thing ling), dak Klung(sng K Lung: chic gi), veel Pring(thn B
Ring: cy i), ahar Krul(khe C Ru- cy chm chm),
Qu tht, nu khng c s hiu bit su sc v c im ng php-ng ngha ngn
ng dn tc thiu s trn a bn nghin cu(Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu, Tai) th rt kh c th
bit r c cc m tit c mi quan h ng php hay ng ngha g vi nhau trong mi a
danh a tit. y cng l nhng kh khn thng gp phi khi tm hiu mi quan h ng
php-ng ngha gia cc yu t trong cu to cc a danh phc. T cho thy vic
nghin cu a danh khng th khng bt bu bng con ng ngn ng hc.
2.3. Cc a danh ting Ctu c cu to phc
Kiu cu to phc c th hin trong cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc
Ctu Tha Thin Hu l nhng a danh tn ti dng cu trc mt t ghp hoc mt
cm t. Trong cc a danh c cu to phc, gia cc yu t s c mi quan h ch yu:
quan h chnh ph, quan h ng lp v quan h ch v. Tuy nhin, qua d liu hin c,
chng ti cha tm thy quan h ch v trong cu to a danh.
2.3.1.V cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h chnh ph
V s lng a danh: loi a danh c cu to phc theo quan h chnh ph trong
a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc Ctu ch yu ri vo nhm a danh c s kt hp
gia ting Vit (bng s) v ting dn tc thiu s (bng ch) nh: vil Aroang 1, vil
Aroang 2, vil Aroang 3 (Aroang: tn mt dng h king n con trt); vil Aso 1, thn Aso 2
(Aso; hng); vil Kanng 1, vil Kanng 2(kanng: ci ni mu hng),
Trng hp cc a danh c cu to bng cc cm t chnh ph thun ting Ctu
xut hin trong mt vi ln khim tn, ch xut hin trong trng hp thnh t A(tin t
chung) c chuyn ho thnh thnh t A(tn ring, tc a danh): kakoong Bol Drui,
kakoong Bol Dol, kakoong Bol Prion,.. trong , bl c ngha l ng trong ting Ctu;
hay cc a danh: tm Tu Tm(tu tm: u ngn sui), tm Tu Kp(tu kp: u
ngun ca loi ch), tm Tu Chnh(tu chnh: ngn ni ), tm Tu Parleenh(tu
parleenh: cui ngn), trong , yu t tu cc a danh trn trong ting Ctu, Tai
u mang ngha l ngn.
Chng ta cng c th tm thy kiu cu to a danh chnh ph thun ting Tai trn
a bn huyn A Li, d cng xut hin rt hn ch: dak Dak Krng(krong l sng, mt
t chung ca cc ngn ng ng Nam ), tom Toom Rn(tom:sui), amol Tu N
Trong (i-tu Ntrong: u ca chic cu), amol ol Parnis (i-dol parnis: cn chi qut
nh),
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V v tr cc yu t: trong cc a danh c cu to theo quan h chnh ph, yu t

chnh v yu t ph dng nh c s n nh kh bn vng: yu t chnh thng ng
trc yu t ph. Chng hn, trong cc a danh: Aroang 1, Aroang 2, Kanng 1, Kanng
2, Aso 1, Aso 2, Nhm 1, Nhm 2, Dak Krng, Tom Rn, th cc yu t ARoang,
Kanng, Aso, Dak, Tom, m nhn yu t chnh, cn 1,2, Krng, Rn, m nhn yu
t ph, c chc nng hn nh yu t chnh.
c im v tr ny c s tng ng vi cc a danh thun Vit kiu: thn Cy Si,
thn Bn, thn Bn Mng,... ( Qung Tr); thn Bn Ci, thn Hi Mt, thn R Hp,
thn Khe Su,( Tha Thin Hu) nhng li c v tr ngc li vi a s cc a danh
Hn Vit, kiu nh: lng M X, ng X, Thy in, Ty Thnh,... ( Tha Thin Hu).
c bit, kiu cu to a danh theo quan h chnh ph vi mt s cng thc in hnh
nh X + X, K + X, Vn + X thng gp trong a danh ting Vit, Hn Vit li
rt him khi bt gp trong m hnh cu to cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc thiu
s trn a bn Tha Thin Hu.
2.3.2. V cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h ng lp
Cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h ng lp chim mt s lng hn ch
trong cu to a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc ni chung, ting Ctu ni ring. Theo
quan h ng lp, cc yu t c vai tr bnh ng vi nhau v mt ngha cng nh vic
tham gia vo cc v tr trong a danh. a s cc a danh c cu to theo quan h ng lp
u ri vo nhm cc a danh hnh chnh Hn Vit: thn Ph Xun, thn Ph Thng, x
Hng H, x Hng Qung, Trng hp a danh Pac-Tai cu to ghp ng lp kiu
nh lng Qung Mai x A Ngo do hai lng Qung Th v Karmai(ci v) nhp lm mt
m thnh ch gp ng mt ln.
a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu cng khng phi l trng hp ngoi l. Qua
kho st, chng ti ch xc nh c mt s trng hp, chng hn, vil B Tang do ghp
vil Chitang(thn- cy hp) vi vil Lapar(thn- l tru); vil Ra ng do ghp vil Ara(thnmt loi c) vi vil Bhadang(thn-cy l lt), vil Rung Gnh do ghp vil Tu Karung(ngn
sng) vi vil Gng(tn dng h), vil Ga Hinh c cu trc bng cch ghp vil Grhing(tn
dng h) vi vil Yahin(tn dng h).
So vi cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc, nhm cc a danh lng x
Hn Vit c cu to theo kiu ghp ng lp ny li l hin tng ph bin trong li nh
danh ca a danh Vit Nam ni chung, Tha Thin Hu ni ring: Phc Ph = Phc
Tch+ Ph Xun; Bnh in = Bnh li + Thun in; Li Lc = Vnh Li + Vnh Lc,
Bnh Tr Thin= Qung Bnh+ Qung Tr- Tha Thin Hu,
2.3.3. im ng lu i vi cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc Tha
Thin Hu so vi a danh dn tc vng Ty Nguyn hoc cng Ty Nng l c s
khc bit c bn trong cu to a danh. Trong a danh vng Ty Nguyn v vng Ty
Nng, cc thnh t chung A(thnh t chung) thng c s chuyn ha thnh tn ring
B(a danh), to nn nhng cu trc a danh trng ngha nhau trong cch gi. Chng hn,
sui a Tam (a:sui - Chm, , Gia Rai), sng Krng N (Krng:sng - Pa Na), lng
Bn ung, Bn T (Bn: lng- C Ho), lng B p (B: lng - Xting), ... a danh
vng Ty Nguyn2; hay Bn Bo, Bn Chang, Bn Na... (Bn: lng- Ty, Nng, Thi), B
y, B Li, B Thy (B: ngun nc - Ty, Nng), Nm Ngan, Nm Chy (Nm, nm:
2

V a danh Ty Nguyn, xem thm: Nguyn T Uyn, Hong Th Chu, Kho st a danh ting dn tc thiu s
trn bn vng Ty Nguyn, trong "Tin ti chun ha cch vit tn ring ting dn tc thiu s trong vn bn ting
Vit", ti ca Lin hip cc hi khoa hc k thut Vit Nam, 2001; Trn Vn Dng, c im v cu to ca a
danh Dak Lk, Tp ch Ngn ng s 03, 2005, tr. 71-79; L Trung Hoa, a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb KHXH, TP.
H Ch Minh, 2006.

nc- Ty, Nng, Thi), ... trong a danh Ty - Nng 3. Trong khi, a danh c ngun gc
ting dn tc Tai A Li, theo kho st bc u ca chng ti, ch c my trng hp
sau c cu to theo phng thc chuyn ha ni trn. l: dak Dak Krng (dak: sng,
nc- Ctu, Tai; krong: sng, t chung ca cc ngn ng ng Nam ), tom Toom Rn
(tom: sui-Tai), ahar Tu Tm (tom: sui), koh C Ca Va t (koh: ni- Tai), koh
C Ta Koong (koh: ni- Tai). Cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu c thnh t chung
A chuyn ho thnh thnh t tn ring B(tc a danh) cng khng phi l hin tng ph
bin nh dn trn: kakoong Bol Drui, kakoong Bol Dol, kakoong Bol Prion (bl c
ngha l i trong ting Ctu).
a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu, kiu cu to chuyn ha
thnh t chung (A)nh karung, kakoong, vil, tm, daq tr thnh tn ring (B) vi
ngha ging nhau nh a danh vng Ty Nguyn hay vng Ty Nng chim mt t l
khim tn. V vy, vic kho st a danh dn tc Tha Thin Hu ch tp trung vo yu
t tn ring (B), tc cc a danh, cn thnh t chung (A) u c gi theo ting Vit
hoc Hn Vit: sng, sui, ao, h, khe, lng, x, thn, bn khi c phin chuyn sang
ting Vit. Vic cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu c cu trc gm thnh t chung A
c ngun gc thun Vit hoc hoc Hn Vit (sng, sui, lng, thn, x, khe, ng,..) kt
hp vi thnh t tn ring B (tc cc a danh ch thc) c ngun gc ting dn tc phn
nh s an xen, giao thoa vn ho-ngn ng gia cc dn tc qua vic gi tn cc a danh
trn a bn c tr.
3. Phng thc nh danh ca a danh ting Ctu
3.1. a danh l mt b phn trong t vng. N c xut pht t vn t chung v
mang theo chc nng nh danh. Chc nng nh danh ca a danh l mt dng ca chc
nng biu vt m mi t mang trong n. V bn cht, a danh l nhng t ng ly trong
vn t vng ca ngn ng, n hot ng v chu tc ng ca qui lut ng m, t vng v
ng php ca ngn ng . Nghin cu cc yu t cu to a danh cng l nghin cu
mt ngha ca n v t. V th, khi tm hiu nhng c im v ngha ca cc yu t
cu to nn a danh phi bm chc vo ngha ca tng yu t, tng t ng ny v phi t
chng trong ng cnh, hon cnh m a danh xut hin[T Thu Mai, 2004, tr.98]. i
vi cc a danh ni chung, ngha ca a danh chnh l ngha ca tng yu t cu to a
danh . Mi tn ring to nn trong tr c ta s lin h n mt thc th. l chc
nng ngha ca tn ring"[Nguyn Kin Trng, 1996, tr.90].
Nh vy, nghin cu c im ngha cc a danh chnh l ch ra cc phng
thc nh danh v gi tr phn nh hin thc ca cc a danh. Bi l, phng thc nh
danh l cch thc t tn cho i tng a l; cn c im phn nh hin thc chnh l
ni ti ngha ca cc thnh t, ca tng a danh v h thng cc a danh.
3.2. c im nh danh ca a danh ting Ctu
3.2.1. a danh c t theo tn cc loi thc vt c trn a bn:
Chng hn, tm Taraq(khe- b kt); vil Kire(thn- cy my); gp Km(ngmn ta); tm Aroq(khe- mn ); kakoong Aviq(ni- thc, cm); kakoong Chitang(nicy na), vil Rirang(thn- cy tm vng), vil Tivac(thn- cy oc), vil Kadng(thn- tn
mt loi cy n ng, cha au bng), vil Axt(thn- cy my lp nh Rng), vil
Kaoong(thn- mt loi tre lm giy), vil Aroong(thn- cu lau cy lch),
3.2.2. a danh c t theo tn cc loi ng vt c trn a bn:
3

V a danh vng Ty Nng, xem thm: L Trung Hoa, a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb KHXH, TP. H Ch Minh,
2006; Hong Vn Ma, V a danh vng Ty Nng, trong "Nhng vn ngn ng hc", H Ni, Vin Ngn ng
hc, 2002, tr. 202-213.

V d: karung Jong(sng- mt loi nai), tm Yong(khe- mt loi chim so);

kakoong Hacop(ni- con ra), tm Kajach(khe- c cm), kakoong Xung Alin(ni-con
trt), vil gng(thn-con g trng), vil Aka(thn-c sui),
3.2.3. a danh c t theo tn cc vt dng trong gia nh:
V d: gp Hateh(ng- ci gi), gp rp(ng- ci by chut), vil Aprung
(thn- hm by chng),
3.2.4. a danh c t theo tn cc dng h tiu biu:
Cc a danh phn nh cc dng h ca tc ngi C Tu: vil Munuq(thn- tn mt
dng h king n con trt), vil Kich(thn- tn dng h), vil Aroang(thn-tn dng h
king con trt),
3.2.5.a danh c t theo tn ngi:
V d: kakoong Ong(ni- tn ngi anh hng lng Hng Nguyn-A Li),
karung Apaoq(sng- tn nhn vt anh hng trong lng ng Sn- A Li), vil
Nghiaq(thn- tn nhn vt ni ting trong lng Hng Nguyn- A Li), vil Aloch(thntn ngi n ng hung d lng Hng Sn- Nam ng, chuyn cp v ngi khc),
thn La Hia(lahir: tn ngi n ng hin hu ni ting trong lng Hng Sn- Nam
ng), vil Achiu(thn- tn ngi n ng hay i m ngi, gan d, khng s cht
Thng Long- Nam ng), kakoong Koonh Tang(ni- tn ngi n ng c con tn
Tang),
3.2.6. a danh c t tn da vo cc c im ca chnh bn thn i tng
a danh gi theo hnh dng ca i tng: kakoong Asap(ni- hnh nh nh t
ong), kakoong Ahq(ni- h ming), kakoong Ala(ni-hnh chic l), kakoong
Mooqn(ni- c hnh trn tra), kakoong Chibhung(ni- cong queo, qup), kakoong
Chagong(ni- nh mt pha trc),
a danh gi theo kch thc ca i tng: tm Patang(khe- rng, bng phng),
gp p(ng-thp),
a danh gi theo tnh cht v mu sc ca i tng: kakoong Pk Ky Ha(nimu trng), vil Poiring(thn- mt cch thu o), vil Aso(thn- hng), vil Kanng(thnci ni mu hng), kakoong Kanm(ni- bng ti do cy che ph),
a danh gi theo v tr, a im hnh thnh i tng: V d: kakoong
Parleech(ni- nm im cui), bl Charlt(i- im i qua), tm Tu Tm(tu: ngn,
im bt u), kakoong Chh(ni- im cm mc), kakoong Arum Karrm(ni- nm di
mt trng),
3.2.7. Cc a danh ting Ctu cn c t theo phng thc chuyn ho:
c im ny phn nh nt ph bin v d thy trong cch nh danh ca cc a
danh ca nhng vng min khc nhau. Qua kho st, chng ti nhn thy cc a danh
thng c chuyn ho theo cc phng thc sau:
* Chuyn ho gia cc a danh thuc cng mt loi hnh a danh, chng hn,
kakoong Parleech tm Parleech; bl Charlt)-pik Charlt; kakoong Charlenhkarung Charlenh,
* Chuyn ho gia cc a danh khc loi hnh a danh vi nhau. Phng thc
chuyn ha ny thng l t a danh ch i tng a l t nhin chuyn ha thnh a
danh c tr-hnh chnh. Chng hn, kakoong Asap- vil Asap; bool Aso- vil Aso, kakoong
Talu- vil Talu; kakoong Ating- vil Ating; kakoong Parleech- vil Parleech,
* Chuyn ho t thnh t chung A(danh t chung) thnh thnh t B(tn ring, tc
a danh). Phng thc ny ph bin a danh Hn Vit v thun Vit, cng nh a
danh ting dn tc khu vc Ty Nguyn v Ty Bc. Chng ti nhn thy cc a danh c
ngun gc ting dn tc Tha Thin Hu ni chung, ting Ctu ni ring t c hnh
6

thnh bng li nh danh chuyn ho ny, ch bt gp mt vi trng hp tiu biu khi

phin chuyn sang ting Vit, chng hn, thnh t chung C(coh: ni, i), Tm(tm:
sui, khe) c chuyn ho thnh tn ring trong cc a danh ting Tai nh: sui Tm
Rn, khe Tu Tm, ni C Ca Va t, ni C Ta Koong. Trong a danh c ngun gc ting
Ctu, chng ti ch tm thy mt trng hp danh t chung Bol(bool- i, nh ni)
chuyn ho thnh tn ring(a danh) nh: ni Bol Drui, ni Bol Dol, ni Bol Prion.
4. c im vn ho c phn nh qua a danh ting Ctu
4.1. a danh, trc ht, l mt hin tng ngn ng. N l nhng khi ngn ng
k sinh c dng nh danh cc i tng a l. Nhng a danh c sinh ra cng
vn ho, pht trin cng vn ho, do vy, n cng l mt hin tng vn ho. a danh
khng ch thc hin chc nng c bn l nh danh s vt, c th ho i tng m cn
thc hin chc nng phn nh. Mi a danh u ra i trong mt hon cnh lch s c th
nn n phn nh nhiu mt x hi xung quanh. y cng c th quan nim l chc nng
x hi ca a danh. Ngoi ra, a danh cn biu hin c im vn ho ngn ng ca
cng ng. Mi a danh hay mt lp a danh u gn vi vn ho ca cng ng hay
tng khu vc c th. Ni nh A.V.Superanskaja, nh a danh hc ngi Nga, a danh
chnh l nhng tm bia bng ngn ng c o v thi i ca mnh 4. Theo , nghin
cu a danh ting Ctu, chng ta bit thm v cc c im vn ho ca tc ngi Ctu
trn a bn Tha Thin Hu trn c ba phng din: khng gian vn ho, thi gian vn
ho v ch th vn ho ca vng t m a danh cho i.
4.2. Khng gian vn ho ca a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu
th hin qua cc phng din: c im a hnh t nhin, th gii thc vt, th gii ng
vt gn vi vng t cha a danh.
V c im a hnh t nhin, a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu phn nh qua
cch nh danh theo c im a th, hnh dng, v tr ring ca mt vng t. Qua cc
a danh, chng ta bit thm v nhng thng tin th v v a l t nhin tnh Tha Thin
Hu, c bit vng cao nguyn Trung Trng Sn. C dn cc dn tc thiu s ch yu
nh c min Ty Tha Thin Hu, vi c im a hnh ni non him tr, nhiu o
nhiu sui nm chnh vnh gia ni rng heo ht. c im a l t nhin ni bt ny
c phn nh r nt qua ngha ca cc a danh. Nhng t ng c chn dng t
tn ni tn sng trong a danh Ctu phn nh mt cch hin thc nht c im a
hnh y: ngn ni hnh t ong(kakoong Asap), ni trc(kakoong Kalang), ni hnh h
ming(kakoong Ahq), ni cong queo(kakoong Chabhung), khe u ngn sui(tm Tu
Tm), ni nm di mt trng(kakoong Arum Karrm),
V th gii thc vt, vic dng tn cy c t a danh l mt hin tng ph
bin bi thc vt l yu t t nhin gn gi vi con ngi, trc quan v thng c nhn
bit sm. Th gii thc vt c phn nh mt cch phong ph nht qua a danh c
ngun gc ting Ctu to nn mt nt vn ho thc vt trong li nh danh ca c dn
bn a v vng t m mnh sinh sng. phn ln l nhng loi cy c ht sc c
trng cho vng t m tc ngi C Tu c tr c chn gi tn cc i tng a l c
trn a bn: cy b kt (taraq), cy my(kire), mn ta(km: mn ta), cm go(Aviq), cy
na(Chitang), cy tm vng(rirang), cy oc(tivac),Nhng loi cy c ny u
c ho thn thnh a danh:v d vo dy, to nn nhng trm tch vn ho c sc v
mt vng cao nguyn min Trung.
V th gii ng vt, cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu phn nh vn ho dn
d v li ng x vi mi trng t nhin qua th gii loi vt. Dn tc Ctu bit la
4

Dn theo: L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr.52.

chn nhng ng vt quen thuc, gn vi i sng sinh hot ca cng ng t tn cho

sng, ni, khe, sui, thn bn ca mnh nh: nai rng(jong), chim so(yong), thn ln
(tilu), k nhng(kajoong), con ra(hacop), con thch sng(atuq trn),v d
Nh vy, mi trng t nhin hi cc c im v tnh cht v a hnh vng
t, mt th gii ng-thc vt phong ph gn vi c trng vng cao nguyn min
Trung, tt c u c ho thn thnh a danh, qua khc ho r nt nht mt khng
gian vn ho ca cc tc ngi Tha Thin Hu giu bn sc. Sinh t trn dng mi
trng c th, cc dn tc t ngi ni y u xem rng ni, cy c, sng sui nh b
m ln, khng ch ni cung cp thc n, thc ung, nguyn liu lm nh m cn l chn
nui dng i sng tm linh, tinh thn, khi ngun cho mch sng vn ho. Con ngi
v rng gn cht vi nhau, ho quyn vo nhau, sc sng v m vang ca ni rng to
nn mt khng gian vn ho y sinh kh.
4.3. Thi gian vn ho tc ngi Ctu Tha Thin Hu c phn nh qua a
danh mt cch r nt. Mi a danh ra i trong mt hon cnh x hi v lch s nht
nh. Do vy, cc a danh ngn ng dn tc Tha Thin Hu l mt trong nhng
ngun ti liu c th gip cc nh s hc, dn tc hc nghin cu v qu trnh di tr ca
mt hay nhiu tc ngi trong lch s. Tha Thin Hu, trc khi tr thnh vng t kinh
s ca Triu Nguyn, xt v lch s hnh thnh v pht trin, n c bit n l vng t
phn du, bin vin xa xi, ni c tr ca tc ngi Chm, v c dn Mn-Kh Me
bn a. Nhiu a danh cn bo lu nhng du vt ca dn tc Chm(Chm) v cc
cuc di dn ca ngi Kinh(Vit) trong tin trnh lch s vn ho vng Thun Ho. Tn
cc a danh nh Snh, Sam, Nong, Sa, Trui, Li, Lu vng ng bng hin nay u
c vt chn ca c dn ni ngn ng Chm v c dn nhm ngn ng Katuic bn a nh
Pac-Tai, Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu sinh sng.
a danh l mt phm tr lch s, mang nhng du vt ca thi im m n cho
i. N c xem l i k nim hay l tm bia bng ngn ng c o v thi i ca
mnh. V vy, a danh Tha Thin Hu cn cho chng ta bit c cc bin c- s
kin lch s xy ra trn mt vng t. Nhc n i A Bia thuc huyn A Li, chng
ta lin tng ngay n nhng trn nh khc lit trong thi k khng chin chng M. i
A Bia c gi l i tht bm cng do tnh khc lit ni trn, mc d theo ngun gc
ting C Tu, A Bia l cch Vit ho ca Abiah, ngha l mt loi sc c chn ny.
Hin nay, a danh ny tr thnh di tch lch s chin tranh ni ting v l ni hng trm
du khch gh thm mi ln ln vng cao A Li. Mi ngn ni, dng sng, con sui,
nhng ci tn ng A So-A Tc, A Bia, ng Tin Cng, sn bay A So, A Su, A Li, o
La Hi, o T Lng, tt c nhng a danh lch s u gn lin vi nhng chin tch
oai hng, khc lit ca bao th h cn b chin s, ng bo chin u v chin thng
trong cuc chin tranh v quc v i.
4.4. Mi a danh u c ra i v hnh thnh gn lin vi c im vn ho ca
ch th to nn chng. Do vy, a danh c th cung cp cho chng ta nhng thng tin v
vn ho-tm l ca mt tc ngi, cng nh ngun gc dn c vi t cch l nhng ch
th ca mt vng vn ho, ch th to nn cc a danh.
i vi cc a danh thun Vit v Hn Vit, chng phn nh tn cc dng h c
cng khai canh khai khn lp lng. S c mt tn cc dng h qua a danh li
nhng du tch v thi im lch s hnh thnh lng x ca c dn trn a bn c tr:
Vn X, L X, Cao X, V X, L X ng, L X Ty, Cao X H, Cao X Thng,
Theo cc nh nghin cu, loi a danh X + X 5 c th hnh thnh t mt trong hai l do
5

M hnh a danh X + X l mt kiu t a danh mang c trng cho qu trnh t c lp lng ca

ngi Vit t Tha Thin Hu tr ra. Xem thm: L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi,

sau: mt dng h chim a v c tn hoc a s trong mt khu dn c; hoc mt dng h

vn ni ting nht trong khu vc y. i vi cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha
Thin Hu, nh cc a danh m tn mt s dng h ca ngi Ctu i theo h ngi
Kinh nhng vn cn c bo lu cho n tn ngy nay. Chng hn, tn thn c t
theo mt dng h king n tht con trt: thn MN (munuq), dng h c vt t phi king
l ci by hm chng: thn Ap Rung(aprung),R rng, mi dng h u th nhng vt
t ca mnh v cng l nhng con vt king i vi c cng ng thn bn. Mi a
danh mang tn dng h u k thc trong mnh nhng cu chuyn c tch mang m du
n vn ho ca dn tc mnh.
Bn cnh , a danh dn tc thiu s c t theo tn ngi gp phn phn
nh c im vn ho ca ch th vn ho l c dn Mn-Kh Me sng trn mnh t
Tha Thin Hu. Phn ln cc a danh dn tc t theo tn nhng v anh hng ca cng
ng, l nhn vt trong cc truyn thuyt, s thi hay nhng ngi c cng khai ph lng
bn thn xm. Chng hn, cc a danh Pac-Tai: i P Rok (Prk: tn mt nhn vt
tiu biu trong lng x A t), ni Qunh Trn (Koonh Trn: tn nh cch mng, nh
lnh o huyn A Li), thn A Li (Alaiq: nhn vt anh hng ca cng ng trong s
thi), thc A N (Anr: nhn vt lch s trong s thi). a danh Ctu t theo tn ngi
cng phn nh r nt c im vn ha ca tc ngi Ctu trong cch t tn. Dn tc
Ctu khng ch ghi nh nhng ngi tt, c cng lao vi thn bn nh: ni Ong(tn ngi
anh hng lng Hng Nguyn-A Li), sng A Po (Apaoq: tn nhn vt anh hng
trong lng ng Sn- A Li), thn Ngha(Nghiaq: tn nhn vt ni ting trong lng
Hng Nguyn- A Li) thn La Hia(lahir: tn ngi n ng hin hu ni ting trong
lng Hng Sn- Nam ng) m cn ly tn nhng ngi b coi l xu lu gi nhng
s kin xy ra trong i sng vn ho ca mnh, chng hn nh: thn A Chiu(tn
ngi n ng hay i m ngi, gan d, khng s cht Thng Long- Nam ng),),
thn A Lt(aloch: tn ngi n ng hung d lng Hng Sn- Nam ng, chuyn
cp v ngi khc). Mi a danh l nhng bi hc ngn gn vit nn nhng trang s v
vang ca dn tc mnh. c bit, a danh gn vi danh nhn l nhng ngi c sinh ra
trn mnh t Tha Thin Hu s mi l tm gng, i tng nim cho th h con
chu a phng noi theo.
5. Kt lun
5.1. Cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s Ctu Tha Thin Hu
phn ln c th gii thch c ngun gc v ngha nu chng ta cn c ngun gc ng
nguyn ca cc a danh. Tuy nhin, vn cc a danh mang ngha g phi c l gii
trong mi lin h vi chc nng phn nh hin thc ca mi a danh. Bi l, a danh
khng ch l nhng khi ngn ng k sinh m cn l nhng tm bia v lch s, vn ha
dn tc. Thng qua a danh, chng ta c th bit c lch s, vn ha, c im tc
ngi, hnh thi kinh t x hi, tm l ca mt hay nhiu cng ng dn c v ang
sng ti vng t c cha a danh. Kho st a danh c ngun gc ngn ng Ctu
Tha Thin Hu, chng ta c th bit thm nhiu iu th v v ngun gc v ngha ca
cc a danh, cng nh c im vn ho ca cc dn tc sng trn a bn c tr.
5.2. c im cu to a danh c ngun gc ngn ng Ctu Tha Thin Hu c
nhng im khc bit, c trng so vi a danh thun Vit, a danh Hn Vit ni chung
v a danh ngn ng dn tc thiu s vng Ty Nguyn hay a danh Ty Nng pha
Bc. Cng ging vi a danh c ngun gc ting Pac-Tai, a danh c ngun gc ting
Ctu rt t dng phng thc chuyn ha thnh t chung, danh t chung(A) thnh tn
H Ni;

ring(B), tc a danh, nh thng xy ra trong cc a danh dn tc thiu s cc vng

khc. Mi tn ni, tn sng, tn lng,... l nhng cch nh danh khng lp li cc yu
t, cc loi hnh a danh khc nhau. Chnh c im ch nh ngn ng to a danh
cng nh cc lp t ng c dng t tn lm nn tnh c trng trong vn ho a
danh ting Ctu.
5.3.Vic tm hiu ngha v gi tr phn nh hin thc ca cc a danh c ngun
gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s i lin vi vic ch ra cc phng thc nh danh ca a
danh; ng thi ch ra c nhng c im vn ho tc ngi th hin qua mi n v
a danh. ngha cc a danh dn tc ni y khng chuyn ti nhiu c vng cao xa,
l tng, kht vng, nhng m t tng trng c l nh trong cc a danh Hn Vit hay
thun Vit m qua , th hin mt li t duy dn d, li sng ho hp vi thin nhin,
cy c, gn lin vi i sng lao ng cng ng bn cht, thing ling nhm khc ho
nhng c trng vn ho tc ngi Ctu, c dn Mn-Kh Me bn a ca vng cao
nguyn Trng Sn Tha Thin Hu.
T.V.S
TI LIU THAM KHO
A. Ting Vit
1.
Dng Vn An (2001), chu cn lc, (Trn i Vinh, Hong Vn Phc hiu nh
v dch ch), Nxb Thun Ho, Hu.
2.
Nguyn Ti Cn (2001), Gio trnh lch s ng m ting Vit (s tho), ti bn,
Nxb Gio dc, H Ni.
3.
Hong Th Chu (1966), Mi lin h v ngun gc c i ng Nam qua mt
vi tn sng, Thng bo khoa hc, i hc Tng hp H Ni, s 2, Nxb Gio dc.
4.
Trn Tr Di(1999), Nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam, Nxb i
hc Quc gia H Ni.
5.
Trn Tr Di(2001), Ngn ng v s pht trin vn ho x hi, Nxb Vn ho thng
tin, H Ni.
6.
Phm c Dng (2007), Bc tranh ngn ng-vn ho tc ngi Vit Nam v
ng Nam , Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni.
7.
L Qu n (1977), Ph bin tp lc, Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip,
H Ni.
8.
L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
9.
Quc s qun triu Nguyn(1997), i Nam nht thng ch, Nxb Thun Ho, Hu.
10.
Trn Vn Sng(2008), Bc u tm hiu c im cu to v ngha cc a danh
c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s huyn A Li, Tha Thin Hu, Bo co Hi
tho Ng hc ton quc ln th nht, Hi Ngn ng hc Vit Nam, Cn Th, ngy 18-4.
11.
Trn Vn Sng(2009), Cch phin chuyn a danh t ting Pa-c Ta-i Tha
Thin Hu sang ting Vit, Bo co Hi tho Ngn ng hc ton ton, Vin Ngn ng hc
Vit Nam, thng 11, H Ni.
12.
Trn Vn Sng(2009), Cc phng din vn ho ca a danh Tha Thin Hu,
Bo co Hi tho quc t Vit Nam- Trung Quc v nghin cu v ging dy ngn ng v
vn ho, Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, HQG H Ni, thng 11, H
Ni.
13.
Trn Vn Sng(2010), Gi tr phn nh hin thc ca a danh c ngun gc ngn
ng dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu, Tp ch Vn ho dn gian, s 5(131).

10

14.

Trn Vn Sng(2011), c im cu to v ngha cc a danh c ngun gc

ngn ng Pac-Tai huyn A Li(Tha Thin Hu), Tp ch Ngn ng, s 1(260), tr.
66-76.
15.
Hong Sn ch bin (2007), Ngi T i Tha Thin Hu, Nxb Vn ho dn tc,
H Ni.
16.
Ng c Th (1997), Nghin cu ch hu Vit Nam qua cc triu i, Nxb Vn
ho, H Ni.
17.
Nguyn Hu Thng ch bin(2007), Katu, k sng u ngn nc, Nxb Thun
Ho, Hu.
18.
Vin T in hc v Bch khoa th Vit Nam (2009), Tm hiu ngn ng cc dn
tc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni.
19.
UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu(2005), a ch Tha Thin Hu: phn t nhin, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
20.
UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu(2005), a ch Tha Thin Hu: phn lch s, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
B. Ting Anh
1.
Anderson, John. M (2007), The Grammar of Names, Oxford University Press, New
York
2.
Trask.R.L, 1999, Key concepts in language and linguistics, Routledge, London and
New York.
3.
Mark J. Alves, 2006, A grammar of Pacoh:a Mon-Khmer language of the central
highlands of Vietnam, Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
The Australian National University.
4.
Paul Sidwell, 2006, A Mon- Khmer comparative dictionary, Pacific Linguistics,
Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
5.
Richart L. Watson(1969), pacoh names, Mon-Khmer Studies III, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 77-88.
6.
Watson K. (1964), pacoh phonemics, Mon-Khmer Studies I, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 135-148.
7.
Wanllance J.M(1966), Katu phonemes, Mon-Khmer Studies I, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 55-68.

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