C IM NGN NG - VN HO CA A DANH

C NGUN GC TING C TU THA THIN HU

Trn Vn Sng
( Trng i hc Ph Xun - Hu
Nghin cu sinh Vin Ngn ng hc)
1.

Dn nhp
1.1. Vit Nam, vn a danh t lu c rt nhiu nh ngn ng hc, dn tc
hc, a l hc quan tm. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v a danh t nhng gc khc
nhau ca cc tc gi tiu biu nh Hong Th Chu, Trn Tr Di, inh Xun Vnh,
Nguyn Vn u, L Trung Hoa,... c nhng ng gp nht nh trong vic h thng tri
thc a danh hc Vit Nam. c bit, c mt s lun n tin s ngn ng hc nghin
cu v a danh1. y l nhng cng trnh nghin cu c nhng ng gp ng trn trng
khi tip cn a danh hc di nh sng ca ngn ng hc. Tuy nhin, nghin cu a
danh dn tc t gc nhn ngn ng hc vn l mt khong trng trong cc cng trnh a
danh hc. Cho n nay, ngoi cc bi vit gn y ca chng ti 2, cha c mt cng trnh
no cp n cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu
mt cch h thng.
1.2. Nghin cu a danh Tha Thin Hu ni chung, a danh c ngun gc
ngn ng dn tc thiu s ni ring, l mt hng tip cn lin ngnh ngn ng-vn ho
v mt vng a l hi t nhiu lp, nhiu tng vn ha c s giao thoa, tip bin gia
cc dn tc chung sng trn a bn c tr (Kinh, Chm, Ctu, Pac-Tai). Trong qu
trnh hnh thnh v chuyn bin, a danh khng ch chu tc ng bi cc yu t ngn
ng m cn c cc yu t ngoi ngn ng. Cc yu t ny lm cho a danh tr thnh
nhng trm tch sng bng ngn ng, k thc nhiu thng tin t liu qu gi i vi
cc ngnh khoa hc hu quan: ngn ng hc, dn tc hc, vn ho hc, lch s v kho
c hc.
1.3. Tip cn h thng a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu t gc
nhn ngn ng hc, chng ta c th xem xt trn cc phng din: 1) Xem xt cc a
danh v mt ng m (ch ra qui lut phin chuyn cc a danh ting dn tc ra ch quc
ng); 2) Xem xt v mt cu to cc a danh ting dn tc; 3) Xem xt v mt ng ngha
cc a danh ting dn tc trn a bn kho st, qua ch ra cc c trng vn ho tc
ngi c k thc qua mi a danh. Do khun kh ca mt bi bo, chng ti ch
cp n c im cu to, c im ngha v c im vn ho ca cc a danh c
ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu. Vn phin chuyn a danh t ting Ctu
sang ting Vit s c chng ti cp trong mt bi vit khc.
1

Cc lun n tin s bo v: Nhng c im chnh ca a danh thnh ph H Ch Minh(1990) ca L Trung

Hoa; Nhng c im chnh ca a danh Hi Phng (s b so snh vi mt s vng khc)(1996) ca Nguyn
Kin Trng; Nghin cu a danh Qung Tr(2003) ca T Thu Mai; Nhng c im chnh ca a danh ak
Lk(2005) ca Trn Vn Dng; Kho st cc a danh Ngh An(2006) ca Phan Xun m.
2
Xem thm cc bi vit v a danh ca chng ti: Trn Vn Sng(2008), Bc u tm hiu c im cu to v
ngha cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s huyn A Li, Tha Thin Hu, Bo co Hi tho
Ng hc ton quc ln th nht, Hi Ngn ng hc Vit Nam, Cn Th, ngy 18-4; Trn Vn Sng(2009), Cch
phin chuyn a danh t ting Pa-c Ta-i Tha Thin Hu sang ting Vit, Bo co Hi tho Ngn ng hc ton
ton, Vin Ngn ng hc Vit Nam, thng 11, H Ni; Trn Vn Sng (2008), Cc phng din vn ho ca a
danh Tha Thin Hu, Hi tho quc t Vit Nam-Trung Quc, Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn,
i hc Quc gia H Ni, thng 11, H Ni; Trn Vn Sng(2010), Gi tr phn nh hin thc ca a danh c
ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu, Tp ch Vn ho dn gian, s 5(131); Trn Vn
Sng(2011), c im cu to v ngha cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng Pac-Tai huyn A Li(Tha
Thin Hu), Tp ch Ngn ng, s 1(260), tr. 66-76.

 Tha Thin Hu, cc tc ngi thiu s ch yu c tr huyn Nam ng v A

Li, ngoi ra cn c mt s nh sinh sng cc huyn Ph Lc, Hng Tr v Phong
in. Pac-Tai, Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu l ba tc ngi thiu s sng ta vo sn h
Trng Sn, to thnh mt b phn gn kt lu i trong bc tranh dn c Tha Thin
Hu. Nghin cu bnh din ngn ng-vn ho ca a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu trn
a bn l mt cnh ca rng m cho vic tip cn bc u bc tranh vn ho-tc ngi
y sinh ng v giu mu sc trong i sng ca cc dn tc thiu s nh c trn di
Trng Sn Bc ny.
2.c im cu to v ngha ca cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu
2.1. Kho st, thng k 2.248 a danh Tha Thin Hu, chng ti tin hnh
phn loi chng theo hai tiu ch sau:
Cn c vo ngn ng to a danh, cc a danh Tha Thin Hu c phn
thnh hai nhm chnh: a) Nhm cc a danh ting Vit, bao gm Hn Vit v thun
Vit(1763 a danh); b) Nhm cc a danh ting dn tc thiu s (485 a danh).
Cn c vo i tng a l m a danh phn nh, chng ti chia a danh Tha
Thin Hu thnh ba nhm chnh: a) Nhm cc a danh hnh chnh-c tr (1327 a
danh, chim 59%); b) Nhm cc a danh cng trnh xy dng (382 a danh, chim
17%); c)Nhm cc a danh ch i tng a hnh t nhin (539 a danh, chim 24%).
Trong s 485 a danh dn tc thiu s thu thp c, nhm a danh c ngun
gc ting Pac- Tai v Ctu chim a s; nhm cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng
dn tc khc nh Bru-Vn Kiu, Chm c chim mt phn nh v mt s a danh hin
vn cha xc nh c r rng ngun gc ngn ng to nn chng.
a danh ting Ctu Tha Thin Hu ch yu c phn b huyn Nam ng
v mt s x ca huyn A Li c dn tc Ctu sinh sng nh Hng Lm, Hng
Nguyn, Hng H.
S c mt y cc loi hnh a danh v s phong ph v ngn ng to a
danh qua s liu thng k trn cho thy r: Tha Thin Hu l mt vng t c b dy
lch s vn ho v giu bn sc. Bc tranh ngn ng vn ho tc ngi giu bn sc y,
trc ht, c th hin qua h thng a danh. Mi a danh l mt vt dn vn ho v
vng t m n cho i.
2.2. c im cu to ca a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu
2.1. Cc a danh ting Ctu c cu to n
Kiu cu to n trong a danh l kiu cu to ch c mt t n (n tit hoc a
tit). Do vy, cc a danh n c ngun gc ting dn tc thiu s Ctu c cu to t
hai nhm chnh:
a) Cc a danh c cu to bng t n n tit:
a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu mang mt m tit chim mt t l khim tn
trong h thng a danh dn tc trn a bn. V d: Cc a danh Ctu trn a bn
huyn A Li: ni Ong(ong: tn ngi anh hng trong lng), sng Dng(jong: nai
rng), khe Dong(yong: mt loi chim so), thn Ngha(Ngeaq: tn mt nhn vt trong
lng), ni Re(hare: nng ry), ni Cho(chh: cm mc). Cc a danh Ctu trn a bn
huyn Nam ng: ni Ci(guy: ci gi ca ngi Ctu mang i ry), ni Lp(gi theo
thn Lp: n ri), ng Yp(yep),
S lng cc a danh c cu to bng mt m tit ch yu ri vo nhm a
danh hnh chnh-c tr. iu ny phn nh r nt s khc bit v nt c trng ca cc
a danh gc Ctu so vi cc a danh n tit thun Vit cng mt a bn nghin cu.
Trong a danh ting Vit, loi cu to n tit thun Vit c ngha, ng thi l mt t

n thng chim u th nh : lng Snh, lng Sam, th trn Sa, thn ng, ni Trui,
xm Thng, xm H, cu Trui, lng Chun, ch N, ch Dinh,...(Tha Thin Hu).
b)
Cc a danh c cu to bng t n a tit:
Phn ln cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc Ctu c cu to bng t
n a tit, trong , nhm a danh cu to bng t n song tit chim a s. V d:
Cc a danh Ctu thuc huyn A Li: ni B Lch(parleech: im cui ), khe Ba
Tang(patang: bng phng), o T Lng(talang: lm v i, ni cong keo), ni A
H(ahq: h ming), ni A La(ala: chic l), sng T Hm(taham: lm cho mu chy),
sng Pa Nn(panng: ci cu), Cc a danh Ctu phn b Nam ng c cu to
bng t n song tit: ni Atine(atin: l dong gi bnh), ni Ca Nng(kanm: bng ti),
ni Ch Tng(chitang: mt loi na mc tng), thn Ra Rang(rirang; cy tm vng),
thn Ap Rung(aprung: ci by, tn dng h king vt t l ci by cung), thn Ta
Vc(tivac: cy T vt, tc cy oc), thn A Rng(aroong: mt loi c tr),
Kho st cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu c c im cu to n(tng
ng vi mt t n), chng ta c th suy lun n nhng khc bit ca a danh c
ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s thuc nhm Katuic(Pac-Tai, Bru-Vn Kiu,
Ctu) Tha Tha Thin Hu so vi a danh ting Vit(thun Vit, Hn Vit) qua my
c im sau:
1) a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc thiu s thuc nhm Katuic, nhng ngn
ng thuc ng h Mn-Khme, c loi hnh n lp khng trit nn t n a tit
chim u th trong cu to cc a danh. iu ny phn nh ng c im cu to t
trong ngn ng ny( Pac-Tai, Ctu): Trong v ng m ca t (t ng m-m v hc)
cn tn ti nhiu cu trc a tit, trong m tit cui t (cn gi l m tit chnh) l m
tit mang trng m t. V d: ni A H(ahq: h ming, a l mt tin m tit, hq l
m tit chnh), ni A La(ala: chic l, a l mt tin m tit, la l m tit chnh), ni A
Vi(aviq: cm, go, la, trong a l tin m tit, viq l m tit chnh),
2) a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s nhm Katuic (ting PacTai, Ctu) trn a bn Tha Thin Hu hu ht c Vit ha, Hn Vit ho theo
phin m quc ng nn hin tng nhng m tit tn ti c lp, v ngha trong a danh
tr nn ph bin. Qu trnh quc ng ho cc a danh ting dn tc y ch yu l
song tit ho, ng ch hn c l qu trnh m tit ho cc t hp ph m u trong cc
a danh. Qua kho st chng ti nhn thy hu ht cc t hp ph m c trong a danh
Ctu u c song tit ho bng cc m thun Vit hoc Hn Vit. Chng hn, thn Ga
Hinh(grahing: tn dng h), thn Ap Rung(aprung: ci by cung, tn dng h), khe Vi
Linh(vleenh: tru chc, a gin), ni A Pi Lt(aplat: hnh dng lp khng bnh thng),

c im ny cng tm thy ph bin cc a danh ting Pac-Tai: thc Ra Ka

(rka: mt loi c sui), sui L Tin (ltng: theo dng chy), ni Ba Rng ( prang: n
tn ni), sui Pa Leng (pleng: thing ling), sng K Lung (klung: chic i), thn C
Lnh (klng: ngt ngo),
Qu tht, nu khng c s hiu bit su sc v c im ng php-ng ngha ngn
ng dn tc thiu s trn a bn nghin cu(Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu, Pac-Tai) th rt kh
c th bit r c cc m tit c mi quan h ng php hay ng ngha g vi nhau trong
mi a danh a tit. y cng l nhng kh khn thng gp phi khi tm hiu mi quan
h ng php-ng ngha gia cc yu t trong cu to cc a danh phc. T cho thy
vic nghin cu a danh khng th khng bt bu bng con ng ngn ng hc.
2.2. Cc a danh ting Ctu c cu to phc

2.2.1. Kiu cu to phc c th hin trong cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn

tc Ctu Tha Thin Hu l nhng a danh tn ti dng cu trc mt t ghp hoc
mt cm t. Trong cc a danh c cu to phc, gia cc yu t s c mi quan h ch
yu: quan h chnh ph, quan h ng lp v quan h ch v. Tuy nhin, qua d liu hin
c, chng ti cha tm thy quan h ch v trong cu to a danh.
a) V cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h chnh ph:
V s lng a danh: loi a danh c cu to phc theo quan h chnh ph trong
a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc Ctu ch yu ri vo nhm a danh c s kt hp
gia ting Vit (bng s) v ting dn tc thiu s (bng ch) nh: thn A Rong 1, thn
A Rong 2, thn A Rong 3 (Aroang: tn mt dng h king n con trt); thn A So 1,
thn A So 2 (Aso; hng); thn Ka Nn 1, thn Ka Nn 2(kanng: ci ni mu hng),

Trng hp cc a danh c cu to bng cc cm t chnh ph thun ting Ctu

xut hin trong mt vi ln khim tn, ch xut hin trong trng hp thnh t A(tin t
chung) c chuyn ho thnh thnh t A(tn ring, tc a danh): ni Bol Drui, ni Bol
Dol, ni Bol Prion,.. trong , bol c ngha l nh ni trong ting Ctu; hay cc a
danh: khe Tu Tm(tu tom: u ngn sui), khe Tu Cp(tu kp: u ngun ca loi ch),
khe Tu Chn(tu chnh: ngn ni ), khe Tu Ba Lch(tu parleenh: cui ngn),.. trong ,
yu t tu cc a danh trn trong ting Ctu, Tai u mang ngha l ngn.
Chng ta cng c th tm thy kiu cu to a danh chnh ph thun ting PacTai trn a bn huyn A Li, d cng xut hin rt hn ch: sng Dak Krng(krong l
sng, mt t chung ca cc ngn ng ng Nam ), sui Toom Rn(toom:sui), i Tu
N Trong (tu Ntrong: u ca chic cu), i on Pa Ni (dol parnis: cn chi qut nh),

V v tr cc yu t: trong cc a danh c cu to theo quan h chnh ph, yu t

chnh v yu t ph dng nh c s n nh kh bn vng: yu t chnh thng ng
trc yu t ph. Chng hn, trong cc a danh: A Rong 1, A Rong 2, Ka Nn 1, Ka
Nn 2, Aso 1, Aso 2, Nhm 1, Nhm 2, Dak Krng, Toom Rn, th cc yu t A Rong,
Ka Nn, A so, Dak, Toom, m nhn yu t chnh, cn 1,2, Krng, Rn, m nhn
yu t ph, c chc nng hn nh yu t chnh.
c im v tr ny c s tng ng vi cc a danh thun Vit kiu: thn Cy
Si, thn Bn, thn Bn Mng,...( Qung Tr); thn Bn Ci, thn Hi Mt, thn R
Hp, thn Khe Su,( Tha Thin Hu) nhng li c v tr ngc li vi a s cc a
danh Hn Vit, kiu nh: lng M X, ng X, Thy in, Ty Thnh,... ( Tha Thin
Hu). c bit, kiu cu to a danh theo quan h chnh ph vi mt s cng thc in
hnh nh X + X, K + X, Vn + X thng gp trong a danh ting Vit, Hn Vit
li rt him khi bt gp trong m hnh cu to cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc
thiu s trn a bn Tha Thin Hu.
b)V cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h ng lp:
Cc a danh c cu to phc theo quan h ng lp chim mt s lng hn ch
trong cu to a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc ni chung, ting Ctu ni ring. Theo
quan h ng lp, cc yu t c vai tr bnh ng vi nhau v mt ngha cng nh vic
tham gia vo cc v tr trong a danh. a s cc a danh c cu to theo quan h ng
lp u ri vo nhm cc a danh hnh chnh Hn Vit: thn Ph Xun, thn Ph
Thng, x Hng H, x Hng Qung, Trng hp a danh Pac-Tai cu to ghp
ng lp kiu nh lng Qung Mai x A Ngo do hai lng Qung Th v Karmai(ci v)
nhp lm mt m thnh ch gp ng mt ln.

a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu cng khng phi l trng hp ngoi l. Qua
kho st, chng ti ch xc nh c mt s trng hp, chng hn, thn B Tang do
ghp thn Chi Tang(chitang: cy na bp bp) vi thn La Pa(lapar: l tru); thn Ra
ng do ghp thn A Ra(ara: mt loi c) vi thn Ba ang(bhadang: cy l lt), thn
Rung Gnh do ghp thn Tu Karung(ngn sng) vi thn Gng(tn dng h), thn Ga
Hinh c cu trc bng cch ghp thn Grhing(tn dng h) vi thn Yahin(tn dng h).
So vi cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc, nhm cc a danh lng x
Hn Vit c cu to theo kiu ghp ng lp ny li l hin tng ph bin trong li nh
danh ca a danh Vit Nam ni chng, Tha Thin Hu ni ring: Phc Ph =
Phc Tch+ Ph Xun; Bnh in = Bnh li + Thun in; Li Lc = Vnh Li +
Vnh Lc, Bnh Tr Thin= Qung Bnh+ Qung Tr- Tha Thin Hu,
2.2.2. im ng lu i vi cc a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc Tha
Thin Hu so vi a danh dn tc vng Ty Nguyn hoc cng Ty Nng l c s
khc bit c bn trong cu to a danh. Trong a danh vng Ty Nguyn v vng Ty
Nng, cc thnh t chung A(thnh t chung) thng c s chuyn ha thnh tn ring
B(a danh), to nn nhng cu trc a danh trng ngha nhau trong cch gi. Chng
hn, sui a Tam (a:sui - Chm, , Gia Rai), sng Krng N (Krng:sng - Pa Na),
lng Bn ung, Bn T (Bn: lng- C Ho), lng B p (B: lng - Xting), ... a
danh vng Ty Nguyn3; hay Bn Bo, Bn Chang, Bn Na... (Bn: lng- Ty, Nng,
Thi), B y, B Li, B Thy (B: ngun nc - Ty, Nng), Nm Ngan, Nm Chy
(Nm, nm: nc- Ty, Nng, Thi),... trong a danh Ty - Nng 4. Trong khi, a danh
c ngun gc ting dn tc Pac-Tai A Li, theo kho st bc u ca chng ti,
ch c my trng hp sau c cu to theo phng thc chuyn ha ni trn. l: sng
Dak Krng (dak: sng, nc- Ctu, Tai; krong: sng, t chung ca cc ngn ng ng
Nam ), sui Toom Rn (tom: sui- Pac-Tai), khe Tu Tm (tom: sui), ni C Ca Va
t (koh: ni- Pac-Tai), ni C Ta Koong (koh: ni- Pa c-Tai). Cc a danh c
ngun gc ting Ctu c thnh t chung A chuyn ho thnh thnh t tn ring B(tc a
danh) cng khng phi l hin tng ph bin nh dn trn: ni Bol Drui, ni Bol
Dol, ni Bol Prion (bol c ngha l nh ni trong ting Ctu).
a danh c ngun gc ting dn tc Tha Thin Hu, kiu cu to chuyn ha
thnh t chung (A) tr thnh tn ring (B) vi ngha ging nhau nh a danh vng Ty
Nguyn hay vng Ty Nng hu nh b trit tiu. V vy, vic kho st a danh dn tc
Tha Thin Hu ch tp trung vo yu t tn ring (B), tc cc a danh, cn thnh t
chung (A) u c gi theo ting Vit hoc Hn Vit: sng, sui, ao, h, khe, lng, x,
thn, bn. Vic cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu c cu trc gm thnh t chung A
c ngun gc thun Vit hoc hoc Hn Vit(sng, sui, lng, thn, x, khe, ng,..) kt
hp vi thnh t tn ring B(tc cc a danh ch thc) c ngun gc ting dn tc cho
thy c s an xen, giao thoa vn ho-ngn ng gia cc dn tc qua vic gi tn cc a
danh trn a bn c tr.
2.3.c im ngha cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu
3

V a danh Ty Nguyn, xem thm: Nguyn T Uyn, Hong Th Chu, Kho st a danh ting dn tc thiu s
trn bn vng Ty Nguyn, trong "Tin ti chun ha cch vit tn ring ting dn tc thiu s trong vn bn
ting Vit", ti ca Lin hip cc hi khoa hc k thut Vit Nam, 2001; Trn Vn Dng, c im v cu to
ca a danh Dak Lk, Tp ch Ngn ng s 03, 2005, tr. 71-79; L Trung Hoa, a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb
KHXH, TP. H Ch Minh, 2006.
4

V a danh vng Ty Nng, xem thm: L Trung Hoa, a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb KHXH, TP. H Ch Minh,
2006; Hong Vn Ma, V a danh vng Ty Nng, trong "Nhng vn ngn ng hc", H Ni, Vin Ngn ng
hc, 2002, tr. 202-213.

2.3.1. a danh l mt b phn trong t vng. N c xut pht t vn t chung v

mang theo chc nng nh danh. Chc nng nh danh ca a danh l mt dng ca chc
nng biu vt m mi t mang trong n. V bn cht, a danh l nhng t ng ly trong
vn t vng ca ngn ng, n hot ng v chu tc ng ca qui lut ng m, t vng
v ng php ca ngn ng . Nghin cu ca cc yu t cu to a danh cng l nghin
cu mt ngha ca n v t. V th, khi tm hiu nhng c im v ngha ca cc yu
t cu to nn a danh phi bm chc vo ngha ca tng yu t, tng t ng ny v phi
t chng trong ng cnh, hon cnh m a danh xut hin[T Thu Mai, 2004, tr.98].
i vi cc a danh ni chung, ngha ca a danh chnh l ngha ca tng yu t cu
to a danh . Mi tn ring to nn trong tr c ta s lin h n mt thc th. l
chc nng ngha ca tn ring"[Nguyn Kin Trng, 1996, tr.90].
Nh vy, nghin cu c im ngha cc a danh chnh l ch ra cc phng
thc nh danh v gi tr phn nh hin thc ca cc a danh. Bi l, phng thc nh
danh l cch thc t tn cho i tng a l; cn c im phn nh hin thc chnh l
ni ti ngha ca cc thnh t, ca tng a danh v h thng cc a danh.
2.3.2. c im nh danh v ngha cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu
a) a danh c t theo tn cc loi thc vt c trn a bn:
Chng hn, khe Ta Ra (taraq: b kt); thn Ky R (kire: cy my); ng Kam
(km: mn ta); khe A Ro (aroq: mn ); ni A Vi (aviq: cm); ni Ch Tang (chitang:
cy na), thn Ra Rang(rirang: cy tm vng), thn Ta Vac(tivac: cy oc), thn Ka
Zng(kadng: tn mt loi cy n ng, cha au bng), thn A Xch(axt: cy my lp
nh Rng), thn Ka ong(kaoong: mt loi tre lm giy), thn A Rng(aroong: cu lau
cy lch),
b) a danh c t theo tn cc loi ng vt c trn a bn:
V d: sng Dng (jong: mt loi nai), khe Dong (yong: mt loi chim so); ni
T Lu (tilu: con thn ln nh); thn Ka Dong (kajoong: con k nhng), ni Cp(hacop:
con ra), ni Tou Trouin(atuq trn: con thch sng), khe Ka Rch(kajach: c cm),
c) a danh c t theo tn cc vt dng trong gia nh:
V d: ng Ha Te(hateh: ci gi), ng Rp(rp: ci by chut), thn Ap
Rung(prung: hm by chng),
d) a danh c t theo tn cc dng h tiu biu:
Cc a danh phn nh cc dng h ca tc ngi C Tu: thn M N (munuq: tn
mt dng h kinng n con trt); thn Ap Rung (aprung: dng h king vt t l ci by
cung; aprung: ci h t by hm chng), thn Ka Ch(kich: tn dng h),
e) a danh c t theo tn ngi:
V d: ni Ong(tn ngi anh hng lng Hng Nguyn-A Li), sng A Po
(Apaoq: tn nhn vt anh hng trong lng ng Sn- A Li), thn Ngha(Nghiaq: tn
nhn vt ni ting trong lng Hng Nguyn- A Li), thn A Lt(aloch: tn ngi n
ng hung d lng Hng Sn- Nam ng, chuyn cp v ngi khc), thn La
Hia(lahir: tn ngi n ng hin hu ni ting trong lng Hng Sn- Nam ng),
thn A Chiu(tn ngi n ng hay i m ngi, gan d, khng s cht Thng
Long- Nam ng),
f) a danh c t tn da vo cc c im ca chnh bn thn i tng
a danh gi theo hnh dng ca i tng: ni A Sp (asap: hnh nh nh t
ong), ni A H(ahq: h ming), ni A La(ala: ni hnh chic l), ni Ka Lng(kalang:
ni c hnh dng nh ci u hi), ni Muen(Mooqn: ni c hnh trn tra), ni Cha
Vung(chagung, chibhung: cong queo, qup), ni Tre Gong(chagong: nh mt pha trc).

a danh gi theo kch thc ca i tng: khe Ba Tang(patang: rng, bng

phng), ni A Ty Lut(atilt: vt qu, i qu),
a danh gi theo tnh cht v mu sc ca i tng: ni B K H(pk: mu
trng), thn Poi Ting(poiring: mt cch thu o), thn A So(aso: hng), thn Ka
Nn(kanng: ci ni mu hng), ni Ka Nm(kanm; bng ti do cy che ph), o La
Hi(lahi lapar: khng c chi ht, mt ht),
a danh gi theo v tr, a im hnh thnh i tng:
V d: Ni B Lch(parleech: im cui), i Cha Lt(charlt: im i qua), khe
Tu Tm(tu: ngn, im bt u), ni Cho(chh: im cm mc), ni A Rum C
Lng(arum karrm: di mt trng),
j) Cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu cn c t theo phng thc chuyn
ho. c im ny phn nh nt ph bin v d thy trong cch nh danh ca cc a
danh ca nhng vng min khc nhau. Qua kho st, chng ti nhn thy cc a danh
thng c chuyn ho theo cc phng thc sau:
* Chuyn ho gia cc a danh thuc cng mt loi hnh a danh, chng hn, ni
B Lch(parleech)- khe B Lch(parleech); i Cha Lt(charlt)- m Cha Lt(charlt);
ni Tre Linh(charlenh)- sng Che Linh(charlenh),
* Chuyn ho gia cc a danh khc loi hnh a danh vi nhau. Phng thc
chuyn ha ny thng l t a danh ch i tng a l t nhin chuyn ha thnh a
danh c tr-hnh chnh. Chng hn, ni A Sp - thn A Sp; i A So- thn A So, ni Ba
Lch- thn Ba Lch, ni Ta Lu- thn Ta Lu; ni A Tin- thn A Tin; khe Ta Rnh- thn Ta
Rinh;
* Chuyn ho t thnh t chung A(danh t chung) thnh thnh t B(tn ring, tc
a danh). Phng thc ny ph bin a danh Hn Vit v thun Vit, cng nh a
danh ting dn tc khu vc Ty Nguyn v Ty Bc. Chng ti nhn thy cc a danh c
ngun gc ting dn tc Tha Thin Hu ni chung, ting Ctu ni ring t c hnh
thnh bng li nh danh chuyn ho ny, ch bt gp mt vi trng hp tiu biu,
chng hn, thnh t chung C(coh: ni, i), Tm(toom: sui, khe) c chuyn ho
thnh tn ring trong cc a danh ting Pac-Tai nh: sui Toom Rn, khe Tu Tm, ni
C Ca Va t, ni C Ta Koong. Trong a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu, chng ti ch
tm thy mt trng hp danh t chung Bol(ni, nh) chuyn ho thnh tn ring(a
danh) nh: ni Bol Drui, ni Bol Dol, ni Bol Prion.
3. c im vn ho c phn nh qua a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu
3.1. a danh, trc ht, l mt hin tng ngn ng. N l nhng khi ngn ng
k sinh c dng nh danh cc i tng a l. Nhng a danh c sinh ra cng
vn ho, pht trin cng vn ho, do vy, n cng l mt hin tng vn ho. a danh
khng ch thc hin chc nng c bn l nh danh s vt, c th ho i tng m cn
thc hin chc nng phn nh. Mi a danh u ra i trong mt hon cnh lch s c
th nn n phn nh nhiu mt x hi xung quanh. y cng c th quan nim l chc
nng x hi ca a danh. Ngoi ra, a danh cn biu hin c im vn ho ngn ng
ca cng ng. Mi a danh hay mt lp a danh u gn vi vn ho ca cng ng
hay tng khu vc c th. Ni nh A.V.Superanskaja, nh a danh hc ngi Nga, a
danh chnh l nhng tm bia bng ngn ng c o v thi i ca mnh 5. Theo ,
nghin cu a danh ting Ctu, chng ta bit thm v cc c im vn ho ca tc
ngi Ctu trn a bn Tha Thin Hu trn c ba phng din: khng gian vn ho,
thi gian vn ho v ch th vn ho ca vng t m a danh cho i.
5

Dn theo: L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr.52.

3.2. Khng gian vn ho ca a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu Tha Thin

Hu th hin qua cc phng din: c im a hnh t nhin, th gii thc vt, th gii
ng vt gn vi vng t cha a danh.
V c im a hnh t nhin, a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu phn nh qua
cch nh danh theo c im a th, hnh dng, v tr ring ca mt vng t. Qua cc
a danh, chng ta bit thm v nhng thng tin th v v a l t nhin tnh Tha Thin
Hu, c bit vng cao nguyn Trung Trng Sn. C dn cc dn tc thiu s ch yu
nh c min Ty Tha Thin Hu, vi c im a hnh ni non him tr, nhiu o
nhiu sui nm chnh vnh gia ni rng heo ht. c im a l t nhin ni bt ny
c phn nh r nt qua ngha ca cc a danh. Nhng t ng c chn dng t
tn ni tn sng trong a danh Ctu phn nh mt cch hin thc nht c im a
hnh y: ngn ni hnh t ong(ni A Sp), hi u(ni Ka Lng), h ming(ni A
H), nh ln pha trc(ni Tre Gong), cong queo(ni Cha Vung), u ngn sui(khe Tu
Tm), di mt trng(ni A Rum C Lng),
V th gii thc vt, vic dng tn cy c t a danh l mt hin tng ph
bin bi thc vt l yu t t nhin gn gi vi con ngi, trc quan v thng c
nhn bit sm. Th gii thc vt c phn nh mt cch phong ph nht qua a danh
c ngun gc ting Ctu to nn mt nt vn ho thc vt trong li nh danh ca c
dn bn a v vng t m mnh sinh sng. phn ln l nhng loi cy c ht sc c
trng cho vng t m tc ngi C Tu c tr c chn gi tn cc i tng a l
c trn a bn: cy b kt (taraq), cy my(kire), mn ta(km: mn ta), cm go(Aviq),
cy na(Chitang), cy tm vng(rirang), cy oc(tivac), Nhng loi cy c ny u
c ho thn thnh a danh, to nn nhng trm tch vn ho c sc v mt vng
cao nguyn min Trung.
V th gii ng vt, cc a danh c ngun gc ting Ctu phn nh vn ho dn
d v li ng x vi mi trng t nhin qua th gii loi vt. Dn tc Ctu bit la
chn nhng ng vt quen thuc, gn vi i sng sinh hot ca cng ng t tn
cho sng, ni, khe, sui, thn bn ca mnh nh: nai rng(jong), chim so(yong), thn
ln (tilu), k nhng(kajoong), con ra(hacop), con thch sng(atuq trn),
Nh vy, mi trng t nhin hi cc c im v tnh cht v a hnh vng
t, mt th gii ng-thc vt phong ph gn vi c trng vng cao nguyn min
Trung, tt c u c ho thn thnh a danh, qua khc ho r nt nht mt khng
gian vn ho ca cc tc ngi Tha Thin Hu giu bn sc. Sinh t trn dng mi
trng c th, cc dn tc t ngi ni y u xem rng ni, cy c, sng sui nh b
m ln, khng ch ni cung cp thc n, thc ung, nguyn liu lm nh m cn l chn
nui dng i sng tm linh, tinh thn, khi ngun cho mch sng vn ho. Con ngi
v rng gn cht vi nhau, ho quyn vo nhau, v sc sng v m vang ca ni rng
to nn mt khng gian vn ho y sinh kh.
3.3. Thi gian vn ho tc ngi Ctu Tha Thin Hu c phn nh qua a
danh mt cch r nt. Mi a danh ra i trong mt hon cnh x hi v lch s nht
nh. Do vy, cc a danh ngn ng dn tc Tha Thin Hu l mt trong nhng
ngun ti liu c th gip cc nh s hc, dn tc hc nghin cu v qu trnh di tr ca
mt hay nhiu tc ngi trong lch s. Tha Thin Hu, trc khi tr thnh vng t kinh
s ca Triu Nguyn, xt v lch s hnh thnh v pht trin, n c bit n l vng t
phn du, bin vin xa xi, ni c tr ca tc ngi Chm, v c dn Mn-Kh Me
bn a. Nhiu a danh cn bo lu nhng du vt ca dn tc Chm(Chm) v cc
cuc di dn ca ngi Kinh(Vit) trong tin trnh lch s vn ho vng Thun Ho. Tn
cc a danh nh Snh, Sam, Nong, Sa, Trui, Li, Lu vng ng bng hin nay u
8

c vt chn ca c dn ni ngn ng Chm v c dn nhm ngn ng Katuic bn a nh

Pac-Tai, Ctu, Bru-Vn Kiu sinh sng.
a danh l mt phm tr lch s, mang nhng du vt ca thi im m n cho
i. N c xem l i k nim hay l tm bia bng ngn ng c o v thi i
ca mnh. V vy, a danh Tha Thin Hu cn cho chng ta bit c cc bin cs kin lch s xy ra trn mt vng t. Nhc n i A Bia thuc huyn A Li,
chng ta lin tng ngay n nhng trn nh khc lit trong thi k khng chin chng
M. i A Bia c gi l i tht bm cng do tnh khc lit ni trn, mc d theo
ngun gc ting C Tu, A Bia l cch Vit ho ca Abiah, ngha l mt loi sc c
chn ny. Hin nay, a danh ny tr thnh di tch lch s chin tranh ni ting v l ni
hng trm du khch gh thm mi ln ln vng cao A Li. Mi ngn ni, dng sng,
con sui, nhng ci tn ng A So-A Tc, A Bia, ng Tin Cng, sn bay A So, A Su, A
Li, o La Hi, o T Lng, tt c nhng a danh lch s u gn lin vi
nhng chin tch oai hng, khc lit ca bao th h cn b chin s, ng bo chin
u v chin thng trong cuc chin tranh v quc v i.
3.4. Mi a danh u c ra i v hnh thnh gn lin vi c im vn ho
ca ch th to nn chng. Do vy, a danh c th cung cp cho chng ta nhng thng
tin v vn ho-tm l ca mt tc ngi, cng nh ngun gc dn c vi t cch l nhng
ch th ca mt vng vn ho, ch th to nn cc a danh.
i vi cc a danh thun Vit v Hn Vit, chng phn nh tn cc dng h c
cng khai canh khai khn lp lng. S c mt tn cc dng h qua a danh li
nhng du tch v thi im lch s hnh thnh lng x ca c dn trn a bn c tr:
Vn X, L X, Cao X, V X, L X ng, L X Ty, Cao X H, Cao X Thng,
Theo cc nh nghin cu, loi a danh X + X 6 c th hnh thnh t mt trong hai l
do sau: mt dng h chim a v c tn hoc a s trong mt khu dn c; hoc mt
dng h vn ni ting nht trong khu vc y. i vi cc a danh c ngun gc ting
Ctu Tha Thin Hu, nh cc a danh m tn mt s dng h ca ngi Ctu i
theo h ngi Kinh nhng vn cn c bo lu cho n tn ngy nay. Chng hn, tn
thn c t theo mt dng h king n tht con trt: thn MN (munuq), dng h c
vt t phi king l ci by hm chng: thn Ap Rung(aprung),R rng, mi dng h
u th nhng vt t ca mnh v cng l nhng con vt king i vi c cng ng
thn bn. Mi a danh mang tn dng h u k thc trong mnh nhng cu chuyn c
tch mang m du n vn ho ca dn tc mnh.
Bn cnh , a danh dn tc thiu s c t theo tn ngi gp phn phn
nh c im vn ho ca ch th vn ho l c dn Mn-Kh Me sng trn mnh t
Tha Thin Hu. Phn ln cc a danh dn tc t theo tn nhng v anh hng ca cng
ng, l nhn vt trong cc truyn thuyt, s thi hay nhng ngi c cng khai ph lng
bn thn xm. Chng hn, cc a danh Pac-Tai: i P Rok (Prk: tn mt nhn vt
tiu biu trong lng x A t), ni Qunh Trn (Koonh Trn: tn nh cch mng, nh
lnh o huyn A Li), thn A Li (Alaiq: nhn vt anh hng ca cng ng trong s
thi), thc A N (Anr: nhn vt lch s trong s thi). a danh Ctu t theo tn ngi
cng phn nh r nt c im vn ha ca tc ngi Ctu trong cch t tn. Dn tc
Ctu khng ch ghi nh nhng ngi tt, c cng lao vi thn bn nh: ni Ong(tn
6

M hnh a danh X + X l mt kiu t a danh mang c trng cho qu trnh t c lp lng ca

ngi Vit t Tha Thin Hu tr ra. Xem thm: L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x
hi, H Ni;

ngi anh hng lng Hng Nguyn-A Li), sng A Po (Apaoq: tn nhn vt anh
hng trong lng ng Sn- A Li), thn Ngha(Nghiaq: tn nhn vt ni ting trong
lng Hng Nguyn- A Li) thn La Hia(lahir: tn ngi n ng hin hu ni ting
trong lng Hng Sn- Nam ng) m cn ly tn nhng ngi b coi l xu lu gi
nhng s kin xy ra trong i sng vn ho ca mnh, chng hn nh: thn A
Chiu(tn ngi n ng hay i m ngi, gan d, khng s cht Thng Long- Nam
ng),), thn A Lt(aloch: tn ngi n ng hung d lng Hng Sn- Nam
ng, chuyn cp v ngi khc). Mi a danh l nhng bi hc ngn gn vit nn
nhng trang s v vang ca dn tc mnh. c bit, a danh gn vi danh nhn l nhng
ngi c sinh ra trn mnh t Tha Thin Hu s mi l tm gng, i tng
nim cho th h con chu a phng noi theo.
4.Kt lun
4.1. Cc a danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s Ctu Tha Thin Hu
phn ln c th gii thch c ngun gc v ngha nu chng ta cn c ngun gc ng
nguyn ca cc a danh. Tuy nhin, vn cc a danh mang ngha g phi c l gii
trong mi lin h vi chc nng phn nh hin thc ca mi a danh. Bi l, a danh
khng ch l nhng khi ngn ng k sinh m cn l nhng tm bia v lch s, vn
ha dn tc. Thng qua a danh, chng ta c th bit c lch s, vn ha, c im
tc ngi, hnh thi kinh t x hi, tm l ca mt hay nhiu cng ng dn c v ang
sng ti vng t c cha a danh. Kho st a danh c ngun gc ngn ng Ctu
Tha Thin Hu, chng ta c th bit thm nhiu iu th v v ngun gc v ngha ca
cc a danh, cng nh c im vn ho ca cc dn tc sng trn a bn c tr.
4.2. c im cu to a danh c ngun gc ngn ng Ctu Tha Thin Hu c
nhng im khc bit, c trng so vi a danh thun Vit, a danh Hn Vit ni chung
v a danh ngn ng dn tc thiu s vng Ty Nguyn hay a danh Ty Nng pha
Bc. Cng ging vi a danh c ngun gc ting Pac-Tai, a danh c ngun gc ting
Ctu rt t dng phng thc chuyn ha thnh t chung, danh t chung(A) thnh tn
ring(B), tc a danh, nh thng xy ra trong cc a danh dn tc thiu s cc vng
khc. Mi tn ni, tn sng, tn lng,... l nhng cch nh danh khng lp li cc yu
t, cc loi hnh a danh khc nhau. Chnh c im ch nh ngn ng to a danh
cng nh cc lp t ng c dng t tn lm nn tnh c trng trong vn ho
a danh ting Ctu.
4.3.Vic tm hiu ngha v gi tr phn nh hin thc ca cc a danh c ngun
gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s i lin vi vic ch ra cc phng thc nh danh ca a
danh; ng thi ch ra c nhng c im vn ho tc ngi th hin qua mi n v
a danh. ngha cc a danh dn tc ni y khng chuyn ti nhiu c vng cao
xa, l tng, kht vng, nhng m t tng trng c l nh trong cc a danh Hn Vit
hay thun Vit m qua , th hin mt li t duy dn d, li sng ho hp vi thin
nhin, cy c, gn lin vi i sng lao ng cng ng bn cht, thing ling nhm khc
ho nhng c trng vn ho tc ngi Ctu, c dn Mn-Kh Me bn a ca vng cao
nguyn Trng Sn Tha Thin Hu.
TI LIU THAM KHO
A. Ting Vit
1.
Dng Vn An (2001), chu cn lc, (Trn i Vinh, Hong Vn Phc hiu
nh v dch ch), Nxb Thun Ho, Hu.
2.
Nguyn Ti Cn (2001), Gio trnh lch s ng m ting Vit (s tho), ti bn,
Nxb Gio dc, H Ni.
10

3.

Hong Th Chu (1966), Mi lin h v ngun gc c i ng Nam qua

mt vi tn sng, Thng bo khoa hc, i hc Tng hp H Ni, s 2, Nxb Gio dc.
4.
Trn Tr Di(1999), Nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam, Nxb i
hc Quc gia H Ni.
5.
Trn Tr Di(2001), Ngn ng v s pht trin vn ho x hi, Nxb Vn ho thng
tin, H Ni.
6.
Phm c Dng (2007), Bc tranh ngn ng-vn ho tc ngi Vit Nam v
ng Nam , Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni.
7.
L Qu n (1977), Ph bin tp lc, Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip,
H Ni.
8.
L Trung Hoa(2006), a danh hc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
9.
Quc s qun triu Nguyn(1997), i Nam nht thng ch, Nxb Thun Ho,
Hu.
10.
Trn Vn Sng(2008), Bc u tm hiu c im cu to v ngha cc a
danh c ngun gc ngn ng dn tc thiu s huyn A Li, Tha Thin Hu, Bo co
Hi tho Ng hc ton quc ln th nht, Hi Ngn ng hc Vit Nam, Cn Th, ngy
18-4.
11.
Trn Vn Sng(2009), Cch phin chuyn a danh t ting Pa-c Ta-i Tha
Thin Hu sang ting Vit, Bo co Hi tho Ngn ng hc ton ton, Vin Ngn ng
hc Vit Nam, thng 11, H Ni.
12.
Trn Vn Sng(2009), Cc phng din vn ho ca a danh Tha Thin Hu,
Bo co Hi tho quc t Vit Nam- Trung Quc v nghin cu v ging dy ngn ng
v vn ho, Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, HQG H Ni, thng 11, H
Ni.
13.
Trn Vn Sng(2010), Gi tr phn nh hin thc ca a danh c ngun gc
ngn ng dn tc thiu s Tha Thin Hu, Tp ch Vn ho dn gian, s 5(131).
14.
Trn Vn Sng(2011), c im cu to v ngha cc a danh c ngun gc
ngn ng Pac-Tai huyn A Li(Tha Thin Hu), Tp ch Ngn ng, s 1(260), tr.
66-76.
15.
Hong Sn ch bin (2007), Ngi T i Tha Thin Hu, Nxb Vn ho dn
tc, H Ni.
16.
Ng c Th (1997), Nghin cu ch hu Vit Nam qua cc triu i, Nxb Vn
ho, H Ni.
17.
Nguyn Hu Thng ch bin(2007), Katu, k sng u ngn nc, Nxb Thun
Ho, Hu.
18.
Vin T in hc v Bch khoa th Vit Nam (2009), Tm hiu ngn ng cc dn
tc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni.
19.
UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu(2005), a ch Tha Thin Hu: phn t nhin, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
20.
UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu(2005), a ch Tha Thin Hu: phn lch s, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
B. Ting Anh
1.
Anderson, John. M (2007), The Grammar of Names, Oxford University Press,
New York
2.
Trask.R.L, 1999, Key concepts in language and linguistics, Routledge, London
and New York.

11

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mark J. Alves, 2006, A grammar of Pacoh:a Mon-Khmer language of the central

highlands of Vietnam, Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
The Australian National University.
Paul Sidwell, 2006, A Mon- Khmer comparative dictionary, Pacific Linguistics,
Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
Richart L. Watson(1969), pacoh names, Mon-Khmer Studies III, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 77-88.
Watson K. (1964), pacoh phonemics, Mon-Khmer Studies I, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 135-148.
Wanllance J.M(1966), Katu phonemes, Mon-Khmer Studies I, The Linguistic
Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 55-68.

12

SUMMARY NATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011

THE LANGUAGE - CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLACE-NAMES
WITH THE ORIGINAL KATU IN THUA THIEN HUE
Tran Van Sang
(University of Phu Xuan - Hue)

To study the characteristics of the language-culture place-names derived from the katu language
in Thua Thien Hue province, based on fieldwork resources in the area, we initially showed the following
characteristics: 1)Consider the location in terms of pronunciation (only the local laws of the session
moved into the nation's reputation script); 2) See terms of local structural units in the nation's reputation;
3)Considering semantic units address national reputation in the area surveyed and 4) Point out the ways
that each culture places on deposit. In the framework of scientific reports, we just mentioned structural
features and characteristics of meaning, which points out the cultural characteristics of ethnic groups
through the identification of language sites originating The languages of ethnic minorities from the
province of Thua Thien Hue.
Information about author
Tran Van Sang, MA, Lecturer in Phu Xuan University, Hue city.
Postgraduate Research Institute of Linguistics courses in 2008.
Email: sangloandhpx@gmail.com
Mobil: 0914 051576

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