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Q.1. Explain the term Environment Pollution ? ‘Ans. When the degree of impurities in water and/on the air increased beyond the point making it unfit for plant and animal life, including humanbeing. It disrupted the environment pollution is attributed to the following factor. “4 Polution explosion and its concentration pattern: ‘+ Unprecedented affluence of industrialised countries ‘+ Development ofeaw but faulty technologies ‘These factors are the same that have also contributed to the rapid depletion of natural and the two problem are intimately related. Thus, Environment pollution = Population size) x (Consumption per capita) Industrial Consumer Population + Pollution Per unit perunit Production ‘Consumption people tend to cluster in highly populated aeraa, the generated wastes exceed the capacity of ocal environment. ‘Toinervase in the tanard of living intensifies the pollution because of inceraced consump per capita of good and services. @.2. Show the linkage between type, process and effect of environment problem. Ans. Types of ofects Globo! eect Regional elect . Local effect | Aimeaphoce Liosphere Hyprosphere ‘Air potion + Deforestation Surtce water thowe Mining | Ground water Ac ain + Sol potion Ponda lke | = Nuclear reactor “Waste disposal Eftect ‘Chronic deeases * Yep solleroson woe |= Skin divcore. + Ferlser ++ Non deinkeable = Radaton | Sedimentation of ver ‘Lose of ah rasouroe sEamquake = Occurence of foods = Desertfcaton . Hoalth Hazards ‘Coetal Nervous aystem, Lungs, Heart. Eyes, Ea, Liver, Inastine, Blood, skin et. 8. A process generates a pollutant as a waste material on as a set of condition that disrupt lenvironmental condition. How muchof a pollutant ean be tolerated depends on the type jiation affected, the phase in their life cycle and the type of pollutant. jon-threshold Agent: These agent are dangerous even in small amount. This cat Include some heavy metal like mercury, lead and cadmium and various type of radiation.. reshold Agent: These agent substance that pollute when present above a certain level is category include chemical compound such as pesticides, Sulphates, organic waste in plant nutrient-Phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen. : te some type of water polluting efftuents? 2. Several tyeps of effluents causing water pollution are grouped in the following eight f municipalities, eanitariums, tanneries and other sources, such agents can cause disease humans, livestock and other animals. iynthetic Organic Compounds: These include many poisonous wastes that are m lable and do not settle easily. This group include certain detergent, pesticides| cides, phenol from coke ovens and picking liquor, a by-product of steclmaking. ant Nutrients: These include the nitrogen and phosphorus washed off fertilised land ell as the the effluent of most sewage treatment plants. 5. Inorganic Chemical and mineral substance: This group include acid formed from water drainage in abandoned mines. Mercury, cadmium and excessive chloride content in water are toxic and have aroused considerable publie concern in recent year. 6. Sediment: Insert wastes that enter water as solide and are not changed by chemical reaction consist of practicle of solid, sand, metal filling and dust and eilt from soil erosion. 71. Radio active substance: Mining and processing of radioactive ores, nuclear-power-plant ‘operation, medical facilities and nuclear weapon testing may be responaible for the release of radioactive substance as waste in bodiee in water, 8 Thermal discharge: The discahrge in a stream of hot non-contaminated water used for cooling purposes may be as harmful as organic oxygen demanding water. Q. 5. What methods are employed to measure water pollution? Ans. The measurement used to detect pollution may be physical, bichemical, or, biological. Physica! methods are used to determine the level of dissolved salts in water by inserting a metal that measure electrical conductivity. The biochemical method of measurement of the amount of ‘molecular oxygen required to decompose an organic material through aerobic biochemical action. Abiological method may involve putting of number of fishes in various dilution of an effluent to determine what percentage will die and how fast. Q. 6. How can water pollution be treated? Ans, The most common type of industrial waste undergo sewage treatment. 1, Primary Treatment; [t involves screening the solid waste and gravity setting of particulates: in the effluent. This is done mechancially through a wine-mesh sereen for the large floating object, through grit chamber for sand, grit and small object and through a sedimentation tank for particulates suspends in the solution. = Primary treated result in the removal of one-third of the BOD, 60 to 80 percent of the sedimentation and small amountof nitrogen and phosphorus. This treatments not sufficient for preventing most form of water pollution, 2 Secondary Treatment: It relies on biological and hacterial action to achieve the disired dogree of oxidation of the ecreened primary waste. ‘The biological action may involve either a biological filter or an activated-sludge process, ‘The filter method consist of a bed of rock with bacteria that oxidise. The activated sludge process consist of forcing compressed air through tanks containing sewage and activated sludge - ‘The later interact and oxidises the impurities. 8. Tertiary Troatment : It removes the phosphates and nitrates that are not adequately handled through biological method. Q. 7. What are the major air pollution and their sources ? Ans. Carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides. nitrogenoxide, hydrocarbon ete. are considered most harmul air pollutants.. Such pollutant are found in the emission of power plant, industry, motor vehicles, space heating and refuse disposal. Carbon monoxide reduce the oxygen supply carried by blood to the cell. This caused respiratory system and the heart to work much harder as the concentration of carbon monoxi increase. Poisoning symptoms include loas of vision, headache, and decreases muscular ‘ordination. ‘Nitrogen Oxide seeme to have the came effect as carbon dioxide. Sulphur didxide i responsible for respiratory diseases as chronic asthma, bronchitie, emphysema. Hydrocarbon are responsible for increasing death rates from cancer. @.4 How can ait pollution be treated? Methods for treatment of air pollutionare: —~ ‘Combustion process Filtering Gi} Scrubbing Gy)) Chemcial treatment of the emission dust and ashes contained in the ewitted emoke. tering: It involvee a mechanical device such as.a screen on a gravity proves, in whi part}culate go through several setting chamber before reaching the chimney flue. An el precbpitation is used to attract the dust-and ashes before they fly into the open air. Q. 9] Describe the major type of solid waste and their sources? . Much of the physical output of a production eystem after their consumption end up lid waste. Consequently, large amount of money is required for collection and disposal of e waste. ++] Possible source of sald waste are household, commercial, agriculture mining and induatef. ‘The residential waste is becoming the most serious problem because of the great cost of collection and disposal. «| Boch uncollected and collected sol waste cause problems thuman life by polluting thea through incineration and the land and water through improperly designed landfills. ‘| This problem to an extend may be reduced by designing product euch a way that recycli ‘ould reduce solid waste by making ecologically sound decision with regard to the selection. raw material, modular - component design and pakaging material. Q. 19. What are the sources of Noise pollution and how is it measured? s. Noise pollution refers to sound that is unwanted because it is loud, unpleasant. n. The excess noise can be responsible for increased hearing-loss compensation sm, reduced productivity and accident. ‘noise is measured by the intensity and the pitch of mechanical waves in matter such: gasefus, liquid or solid. The most common yardstick for measuring noise is the A scale (4B baseg on the decibel as unit. bse Q.11. Give the type of Recycling in Successive stages of materials conversion and use. Ans. @ 12, Discuss the causes of environmental problem associated with pollution ? Ans. To control various form of pollution, it is necessary to establish a set of standard to ‘specify the level of effluent that can be tolerated without causing serious environment problem. ‘The Government regulatory body corporation can be given the authority toset standard and maintain the quality of the environment by enforcing pollution control norms. Individual firms may also be ‘suggested by the Regulatory Body 2o make necesarry changes in the design ia their product andior process and treatment of waste that excced the imposed standard. - + The regulatory Body can enforce pollution control by one of three strategies. * Regulation of the polluters. ‘© Subsides to municipalities and firms for waste treatment equipment and pollution control devices. * Impose penalty in accordance to the amount of damage caused by disposal waste. Q. 18. What are the effects of noise pollution and how is it controlled ? Ans. Effect of Noise: The effect of noise may take the form of annoyance, disruption of activity, various degrees of hearing Joss and even physical or mental deterioration. ‘The long run effect depends on the noise level and the length of exposure, Medical expert are in agreement that coatinous exposure to level | above ‘904B result in hearing damage, which gets serious above 100 bB. Noise pollution control methods: ‘+ Noise control is usually accomplished with three different approach. + Noise level may be reduced by redesigning equipment or processes, proper maintenance, softer city auto horn etc. * Providing protective devices, such as ear muffs and ear plugs. The noise control can help increase productivity at work and the enjoyment of other activities the rest of the time.

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