DNG LAGRANGE CA A THC NI SUY HERMITE

Hin Trng
Trng i hc nhng ngi yu Ton nhng kh nng c hn

Tm tt ni dung
Mt trong nhng bi ton ng dng quan trng l tm mt a
thc xp x hm cho khi bit gi tr ca hm ti mt s mc.
Kt qu ca bi ton dn ti s ra i ca a thc ni suy dng
Lagrange v Newton. By gi ta m rng vn nh sau: Nu ta
bit c gi tr ca hm v gi tr o hm ca hm (cp ty )
ti mt s mc th lm th no ta c th xc nh mt a thc xp
x hm cho. Bi vit hm nay ta s gii quyt vn ny.

Trc ht, ta tm hiu kt qu sau y:

(1)

nh l 1. Cho hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] (lp cc hm kh vi lin

tc trn on [a; b] ), dy xi [a; b] , i = 0, n tha xi < xj nu i < j v
x0 = a; xn = b. t yi = f (xi ) , zi = f (xi ), i = 0, n. Khi , tn ti duy
nht mt a thc H2n+1 (x) tha cc iu kin sau:
{
deg H2n+1 (x) 2n + 1,
(1)

H2n+1 (xi ) = yi , H2n+1

(xi ) = zi , i = 0, n.

Gii. Ta xt cc a thc
(x x0 ) . . . (x xi1 ) (x xi+1 ) . . . (x xn )
i (x) =
, i = 0, n.
(xi x0 ) . . . (xi xi1 ) (xi xi+1 ) . . . (xi xn )
{
0 khi i = j
Ta thy deg i (x) = n v i (xj ) = ij =
.
1 khi i = j
Vi i = 0, n, ta t
Ai (x) = i2 (x) [1 2i (xi ) (x xi )] ,
Bi (x) = i2 (x) (x xi ) .
R rng cc a thc Ai (x), Bi (x) u c bc 2n + 1 v
{
1, k = i,
Ai (xk ) =
A (x ) = 0; i, k = 0, n,
0, k = i, { i k
1, k = i,
; i, k = 0, n.
Bi (xk ) = 0, Bi (xk ) =
0, k = i,
1

Xt a thc H2n+1 (x) c xy dng nh sau:

H2n+1 (x) =

[Ai (x) yi + Bi (x) zi ].

(2)

i=0

Ta thy a thc H2n+1 (x) tha mn iu kin (1). Hn na, s tn ti

ca a thc H2n+1 (x) l duy nht. Tht vy, gi s c a thc Q2n+1 (x)
cng tha mn iu kin (1). t R(x) = H2n+1 (x) Q2n+1 (x), suy ra
R(x) l mt a thc c bc khng vt qu 2n + 1 v R(x) c t nht
n + 1 nghim xi , i = 0, n. p dng nh l Roll, a thc R (x) c t nht

n nghim xi (xi ; xi+1 ) vi i = 0, n 1. Mt khc R (x) = H2n+1

(x)

Q2n+1 (x) nn a thc R (x) c n nghim xi , i = 1, n. Do , a thc R (x)

c t nht 2n + 1 nghim thc phn bit, suy ra R (x) 0. T y ta kt
lun H2n+1 (x) Q2n+1 (x), chng t s tn ti duy nht ca H2n+1 (x).

nh ngha 1. a thc H2n+1 (x) c xy dng theo cng thc (2)

c gi l a thc ni suy Hermite dng Lagrange.

V d 1. Xy dng a thc ni suy Hermite dng Lagrange ca hm

s f (x) cho bi bng
x
f (x)
f (x)

0
1
4

1
6
9

2
41
84

t suy ra gi tr gn ng ca f (1.5) v f (1.5).

Gii. Trc ht ta xy dng cc a thc i (x), i = 0, 2.
0 (x) =

(x x1 ) (x x2 )
1
= (x 1) (x 2) ,
(x0 x1 ) (x0 x2 )
2

1 (x) =

(x x0 ) (x x2 )
= x (x 2) ,
(x1 x0 ) (x1 x2 )

2 (x) =

(x x0 ) (x x1 )
1
= x (x 1) .
(x2 x0 ) (x2 x1 )
2

T y ta suy ra c
1
A0 (x) = 02 (x) [1 20 (x0 ) (x x0 )] = (x 1)2 (x 2)2 (3x + 1) ,
4
A1 (x) = 12 (x) [1 21 (x1 ) (x x1 )] = x2 (x 2)2 ,
1
A2 (x) = 22 (x) [1 22 (x2 ) (x x2 )] = x2 (x 1)2 (7 3x) ,
4
2

1
B0 (x) = 02 (x) (x x0 ) = (x 1)2 (x 2)2 x,
4
B1 (x) = 12 (x) (x x1 ) = x2 (x 2)2 (x 1) ,
1
B2 (x) = 22 (x) (x x2 ) = x2 (x 1)2 (x 2) .
4
a thc ni suy Hermite dng Lagrange ca hm s f (x) c dng
H5 (x) = A0 (x) y0 + A1 (x) y1 + A2 (x) y2
+B0 (x) z0 + B1 (x) z1 + B2 (x) z2
= x5 + 4x + 1.
T y ta tnh c f (1.5) = 14.5938 v f (1.5) = 29.3125.

(2n+2)

nh l 2. Nu hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b]

tn ti x (a; b) sao cho

th vi mi x [a; b],

f (2n+2) (x )
f (x) H2n+1 (x) =
(x xi )2 .
(2n + 2)! i=0
n

(3)

Chng minh. Ly ty x [a; b] \{xi }i=0,n . Ta t

n

(y) =

(x xi )2 ,

i=0

(y) = f (y) H2n+1 (y) (y) vi =

(2n+2)

Ta thy hm s (y) cng thuc lp C[a;b]

f (x) H2n+1 (x)

.
(x)
v c t nht n+2 nghim

trong [a; b] : (x, x0 , . . . , xn ). p dng nh l Roll, ta suy ra hm (y) c

t nht n + 1 nghim khc cc nghim (x, x0 , . . . , xn ).

(y) (y) nn cc gi tr xi , i = 0, n
Mt khc (y) = f (y) H2n+1
cng l nghim ca (y). Vy (y) c t nht 2n + 2 nghim phn bit.
Tip tc p dng nh l Roll, hm (y) c t nht 2n + 1 nghim phn
bit thuc (a; b). Bng qui np, ta chng t c hm (2n+2) (y) c t
nht mt nghim thuc (a; b), gi s nghim l x . Khi ,
(2n+2)

0 = (2n+2) (x ) = f (2n+2) (x ) H2n+1 (x ) (2n+2) (x ) .

(2n+2)

V H2n+1 (x ) = 0 v (2n+2) (x ) = (2n + 2)! nn t ng thc trn ta

f (2n+2) (x )
. Do ,
c =
(2n + 2)!
3

f (2n+2) (x )
f (x) H2n+1 (x) =
(x xi )2 .
(2n + 2)! i=0
n

ng thc (3) c chng t.

Vi x {xi }i=0,n th vi mi x (a; b) ta lun c ng thc (3).

H qu 1. Vi mi x [a; b] ta c nh gi
M2n+2
(x xi )2 ,
(2n + 2)! i=0
n

|f (x) H2n+1 (x)|

trong M2n+2 = max |f (2n+2) (x) |.

x[a;b]

nh l 1 ch gip ta xy dng a thc ni suy Hermite khi bit o

hm cp 1 ca hm f (x) ti cc mc. Ta s c gng m rng kt qu
trn vi o hm cp ty cho trc.

nh l 3. Cho hm s f (x) xc nh trn [a; b], dy xi [a; b] , i =

0, m tha xi < xj nu i < j v x0 = a; xm = b. Khi , tn ti duy nht
a thc H(x) tha cc iu kin sau:
{ (j)
H (xi ) = f (j) (xi ) ; i = 0, m, j = 0, p 1,
(4)
deg H n vi n = (m + 1)p 1.

Chng minh. Ta xt cc a thc

)p
m (
(x xi )j x xk
; i = 0, m, j = 0, p 1.
ij (x) =
j!
xi xk
k=0
k=i

Vi i = 0, m, ta t

Li(p1) (x) = i(p1) (x) ,

p1

(k)
Lij (x) = ij (x)
ij (xi )Lik (x) ,

k=j+1

j = p 2, p 3, . . . , 1, 0.

Khi , ta suy ra c deg Lij n = (m + 1)p 1 v

{
1 nu i = h v j = k,
(k)
Lij (xh ) =
0 cc trng hp khc.
trong i = 0, m, j = 0, p 1 v k = 0, p 1.
Xt a thc
p1
m

f (j) (xi ) Lij (x).

H (x) =
i=0 j=0

Ta thy H(x) tha mn iu kin (4). Hn na, s tn ti ca a

thc H(x) l duy nht. Tht vy, gi s c a thc Q(x) cng tha mn
iu kin (4). t R(x) = H(x) Q(x), suy ra R(x) l mt a thc c bc
khng vt qu (m + 1)p 1 v c t nht m + 1 nghim x0 , x1 , . . . , xm .
p dng nh l Roll, a thc R (x) c t nht m nghim phn bit
y0 , y1 , . . . , ym1 v x0 < y0 < x1 < y1 < < ym1 < ym . Hn na
R (x) = H (x) Q (x) nn R (x) nhn cc gi tr x0 , x1 , . . . , xm l nghim,
vy R (x) c t nht 2m + 1 nghim phn bit. p dng lin tip nh
l Roll v s dng ng thc R(j) (x) = P (j) (x) Q(j) (x), ta suy ra a
thc R(p1) (x) c t nht mp + 1 nghim phn bit. Ta bit a thc
R(x) c bc khng qu (m + 1)p 1 nn a thc R(p1) (x) c bc khng
vt qu mp. Do , R(p1) (x) 0, ta suy ra R(p2) (x) l hm hng. V
R(p2) (x) cng c nghim nn R(p2) (x) 0. Tng t, ta cng nhn
c R(x) 0. iu ny chng t s tn ti duy nht ca H(x).
V d 2. Xy dng a thc ni suy Hermite dng Lagrange ca hm
s f (x) cho bi bng
x
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)

0
1
1
0

1
3
6
20

2
35
81
160

t suy ra gi tr gn ng ca f (1.5); f (1.5) v f (1.5).

Gii. Trc ht ta xy dng cc a thc ij (x) vi i, j = 0, 2.
(x x1 )3 (x x2 )3
1
3
3
00 (x) =
3
3 = (x 1) (x 2) ,
8
(x0 x1 ) (x0 x2 )
01 (x) = (x x0 )

(x x1 )3 (x x2 )3
1
3
3
3
3 = x(x 1) (x 2) ,
8
(x0 x1 ) (x0 x2 )

(x x0 )2 (x x1 )3 (x x2 )3
1 2
x (x 1)3 (x 2)3 ,
02 (x) =
3
3 =
2
16
(x0 x1 ) (x0 x2 )
10 (x) =

(x x0 )3 (x x2 )3
= x3 (x 2)3 ,
(x1 x0 )3 (x1 x2 )3
5

 11 (x) = (x x1 )
12 (x) =

(x x0 )3 (x x2 )3
3
3
3
3 = x (x 1) (x 2) ,
(x1 x0 ) (x1 x2 )

(x x1 )2 (x x0 )3 (x x2 )3
1 3
2
3
3
3 = x (x 1) (x 2) ,
2
2
(x1 x0 ) (x1 x2 )

(x x0 )3 (x x1 )3
1 3
3
20 (x) =
3
3 = x (x 1) ,
8
(x2 x0 ) (x2 x1 )
21 (x) = (x x2 )

(x x0 )3 (x x1 )3
1 3
3
3
3 = x (x 1) (x 2) ,
8
(x2 x0 ) (x2 x1 )

(x x2 )2 (x x0 )3 (x x1 )3
1 3
22 (x) =
x (x 1)3 (x 2)2 .
3
3 =
2
16
(x2 x0 ) (x2 x1 )
T y ta suy ra c
1 2
x (x 1)3 (x 2)3 ,
16
(
)
1
9 2
3
3
L01 (x) = (x 1) (x 2)
x+ x ,
8
16
(
)
1
9
3 2
3
3
L00 (x) = (x 1) (x 2)
+ x+ x ,
8 16
2
L02 (x) =

1
L12 (x) = (x 1)2 x3 (x 2)3 ,
2
L11 (x) = (1 x) x3 (x 2)3 ,
L10 (x) = x3 (x 2)3 (3x2 6x + 4) ,
1
(x 2)2 x3 (x 1)3 ,
16
)
(
5
9
3
3
L21 (x) = (x 2) x (x 1) x +
,
16
4
)
(
29
3 2 105
3
3
x
x+
L20 (x) = x (x 1)
.
2
16
4
L22 (x) =

a thc ni suy Hermite dng Lagrange ca hm s f (x) c dng

H (x) =

2
2

f (j) (xi )Lij (x) = x5 + x + 1.

i=0 j=0

T trn ta c H (1.5) = 10.09;H (1.5) = 26.31;H (1.5) = 67.5.

[(m+1)p]

nh ngha 2. Nu hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b]

tn ti x (a; b) sao cho

th vi x [a; b],

f [(m+1)p] (x )
(x xi )p .
f (x) H (x) =
[(m + 1) p]! i=0
m

(5)

Chng minh. Ly ty x [a; b] \{xi }i=0,m . Ta t

(y) =

(x xi )p ,

i=0

(y) = f (y) H (y) (y) vi =

f (x) H (x)
.
(x)
[(m+1)p]

Ta thy hm s (y) cng thuc lp C[a;b]

v c t nht m + 2

nghim x0 , x1 , . . . , xm , x trong on [a; b]. p dng nh l Roll, hm s

(y) c t nht m+1 nghim y0 , y1 , . . . , ym phn bit khc vi cc nghim
x0 , x1 , . . . , xm , x. Hn na, (y) = f (y) H (y) (y) nn (y) c
thm t nht m + 1 nghim x0 , x1 , . . . , xm . Do , (y) c t nht 2m + 2
nghim thc phn bit. p dng lin tip nh l Roll v s dng ng
thc (j) (y) = f (j) (y) H (j) (y) (j) (y) vi j = 0, p 1, ta suy ra hm
s (p1) (y) c t nht mp + 2 nghim thc phn bit. p dng lin tip
nh l Roll ln na, ta suy ra hm s (p1+mp+1) (y) = [(m+1)p] (y) c t
nht mt nghim x (a; b). V deg H (m + 1)p 1, deg = (m + 1)p v
h s cao nht ca (y) l 1 nn H [(m+1)p] (y) = 0, [(m+1)p] (y) = [(m+1)p]!.
Do , ta nhn c 0 = [(m+1)p] (x ) = f [(m+1)p] (x ) [(m + 1) p]! hay
f [(m+1)p] (x )
f (x) H (x) = (x) =
(x xi )p .
[(m + 1) p]! i=0
p

ng thc (5) c chng minh.

Vi x {xi }i=0,m th vi mi x (a; b) ta lun c ng thc 5.
T ng thc (5) ta c kt qu quan trng sau:
H qu 2. Vi mi x [a; b] ta c nh gi
M[(m+1)p]
|f (x) H (x)|
(x xi )p
[(m + 1) p]! i=0
p

vi M[(m+1)p] = max |f [(m+1)p] (x) |.

x[a;b]

Nhn xt 1. Cc dng ni suy Hermite trn l trng hp ring ca

bi ton ni suy tng qut sau y:

nh l 4. Cho hm s f (x) xc nh trn [a; b], dy xi [a; b] , i =

0, m tha xi < xj nu i < j v x0 = a; xm = b. Khi , tn ti duy nht
a thc H(x) tha cc iu kin sau:
{ (j)
H (xi ) = f (j) (xi ) ; i = 0, m, j = 0, ni 1,
deg H n0 + n1 + . . . + nm 1.

Chng minh. Trc ht, ta chng minh s duy nht ca a thc H(x).
Gi s tn ti thm mt a thc Q(x) tha yu cu bi, ta xt a thc
R(x) = H(x) Q(x). T gi thit ta suy ra
R(j) (xi ) = 0, j = 0, ni 1, i = 1, m.
Do , a thc R(x) c t nht n1 + n2 + + nm nghim (k c bi).
V R(x) c bc khng qu n0 + n1 + + nm 1 nn ta suy ra R(x) 0,
hay H(x) Q(x).
S tn ti ca a thc H(x) l mt h qu ca tnh duy nht. Gi s
H(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn vi n = n1 + n2 + + nm 1. T gi thit
H (j) (xi ) = f (j) (xi ) ; i = 0, m, j = 0, ni 1, ta c h phng trnh tuyn
tnh (vi cc n l a0 , a1 , . . . , an ).

V00
f (0) (x0 )
a0
..
..

..
.
.

.
n0 1

V0
an0 1 f (n0 1) (x0 )

V10 an0 f (0) (x1 )

. =

(6)
..
..

..
.
.

a f (j) (x )
j

Vi

k
i

.
.
.
.
.
..

.
.
(n
1)
nm 1
m
an
f
(xm )
Vm
)
(
(j)
n (j)
2 (j)
vi Vij = [1](j)
,
.
.
.
,
[x
]
,
[x]
,
[x
]
x=xi
x=xi ; i = 0, m, j = 0, ni 1.
x=xi
x=xi
Theo chng minh phn trn, nu h (6) c nghim th nghim
l duy nht nn ma trn h s ca h l khng suy bin. Do , ta suy
ra h (6) c nghim hay s tn ti ca H(x) c khng nh.

(n+1)

nh l 5. Nu hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b]

tn ti x (a; b) sao cho

th vi mi x [a; b],

f (n+1) (x )
f (x) H (x) =
(x xi )ni
(n + 1)! i=0
m

trong n =

ni 1.

i=0

vic chng minh nh l 5 tr nn d dng, ta cn tm hiu mt

s khi nim v kt qu qua trng sau:

nh ngha 3. Cho hm s f (x) xc nh trong khong (a; b).

Nghim x0 (a; b) ca f (x) c gi l c bi n N nu tn ti
hm s g(x) lin tc trn (a; b) tha f (x) = (x x0 )n g(x), v g(x0 ) = 0.
V d 3. Hm s f (x) = ex 1 nhn x = 0 l nghim vi bi 2. Tht
vy, xt hm s
2
ex 1
nu x =
0
g (x) =
x2

1
nu x = 0
2

Khi f (x) = x2 g(x) vi g(x) lin tc trn R.

(n)

nh l 6. Cho hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] . Khi , x0 [a; b] l

nghim bi cp n ca f (x) khi v ch khi
f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = . . . = f (n1) (x0 ) ; f (n) (x0 ) = 0.

(7)

Chng minh. Gi s f (x) c x0 l nghim bi cp n. Khi , tn ti

hm s lin tc g(x) sao cho f (x) = (x x0 )n g(x) v g(x0 ) = 0. Ta s ch
f (x)
r cch xc nh ca g(x). Nu x = x0 th ta d dng c g(x) =
.
(x x0 )n
Nu x = x0 , v g(x) lin tc trn [a; b] nn
g (x0 ) = lim g (x) = lim
xx0

= lim

xx0

xx0

f (x)
(x x0 )n

f (n) (x0 )
f (n) (x)
f (x)
=
.
=
.
.
.
=
lim
xx0
n!
n!
n(x x0 )n1
9

Vy hm s g(x) xc nh nh sau:

f (x)
nu x = x0 ,
(x x0 )n
g (x) =
(n)

f (x0 ) nu x = x .
0
n!
V g(x0 ) = 0 nn f (n) (x0 ) = 0. Gi k l s nguyn dng b nht sao
cho f (k) (x0 ) = 0, ta cn chng t k = n. Khai trin Taylor hm s f (x)
ti x0 ta c
n f (i) (x )

0
(x x0 )i + o [(x x0 )n ]
i!
i=0
n f (i) (x )

0
=
(x x0 )i + o [(x x0 )n ] .
i!
i=k

f (x) =

f (k) (x0 )
(x x0 )k khi x x0 . Hn
k!
f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 )n khi x x0 .
na, do f (x) = (x x0 )n g(x) nn f (x)
n!
T y ta suy ra k = n hay iu kin (7) c tha.
Ngc li, gi s iu kin (7) c tha mn. Khai trin Taylor
hm s f (x) ti x0 ta c
T ng thc trn ta c f (x)

n f (i) (x )

0
(x x0 )i + o [(x x0 )n ]
i!
i=k
f (n) (x0 )
=
(x x0 )n + o [(x x0 )n ] = (x x0 )n g (x)
n!
[ (n)
]
f (x0 )
vi g (x) =
+ o (x x0 ) . Hin nhin g(x) lin tc trn [a; b]
n!
nn ta suy ra x0 l nghim c bi n ca hm f (x).

f (x) =

(n)

nh l 7. Cho hm s f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] . Khi , nu hm s f (x)

c n nghim th hm s f (n1) (x) c t nht mt nghim.

Chng minh. Trc ht, ta chng minh f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] v c

t nht n 1 nghim (k c bi). Gi s x0 , x1 , . . . , xm l m + 1 nghim
phn bit ca f (x) vi bi tng ng l n0 , n1 , . . . , nm . p dng nh
l 6 ta c kt qu f (j) (xi ) = 0, f (ni ) (xi ) = 0; i = 0, m, j = 0, ni 1.
Ta suy ra f (x) nhn x0 , x1 , . . . , xm lm nghim vi bi tng ng l
n0 1, n1 1, . . . , nm 1. Hn na, theo nh l Roll, ta c hm f (x)
(n1)

10

c thm m nghim phn bit yi (xi ; xi+1 ) vi i = 0, m 1. Vy hm s

f (x) c t nht
(n0 1) + . . . + (nm 1) + m = n0 + . . . + nm 1 = n 1
(n)

nghim (k c bi). Cui cng, v f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] nn hin nhin

f (x) thuc lp C[a;b] .
S dng kt qu trn, sau n 1 bc, ta chng t c hm f (n1) (x)
c t nht mt nghim trong [a; b].
(n1)

Chng minh nh l 5. Ly ty x [a; b] \{xi }i=0,m . Ta t

(y) =

(x xi )ni ,

i=0

(y) = f (y) H (y) (y) vi =

f (x) H (x)
.
(x)

Ta suy ra c (j) (xi ) = 0; i = 0, m, j = 0, ni 1; (x) = 0 v (y)

(n+1)
thuc lp C[a;b] . Do , hm s (y) c ti thiu n+2 nghim (k c bi).
p dng nh l 7, ta c (n+1) (y) c ti thiu 1 nghim x (a; b).
Khi , 0 = (n+1) (x ) = f (n+1) (x ) (n + 1)! hay
f (n+1) (x )
(x xi )ni .
(n + 1)! i=0
m

f (x) H (x) = (x) =

Nu x {xi }i=0,m th vi mi x (a; b) ta lun c iu khng nh.

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