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VN NG C HC
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1/27/2015
BI M U
CHUYN NG CA CHT IM
CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN
VN NG CA C TH SNG
Vn ng C hc
1. BI M U
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2.
3.
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5.
1/27/2015
MC TIU MN HC
TNG QUAN V VT L
I LNG VT L
O LNG
CNG C TON HC
Vn ng C hc
1. MC TIU MN HC
1. Trnh by c cc nh lut vt l c bn
chi phi qu trnh vn ng ca t nhin
2. Vn dung ki n thc vt l gii thch mt
s qu trnh xy ra trong c th sng
3. Gii thch nguyn l hat ng v ng dng
cu a cc thit b vt l dng trong y dc hc
4. S dng mt s thit b trong phn tch, xt
nghim, chn an v ch a tri bnh
5. Bit cch tin hnh thc nghim vt ly
kim tra, o c, minh ha v nghin cu
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Vn ng C hc
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Vn ng C hc
Vn ng C hc
2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L C IN
Vn ng C hc
2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L HIN I
Cc hiu ng lng t xy ra kch thc
nguyn t (gn 109 m), trong khi cc hiu ng
tng i tnh xy ra khi vn tc ca vt t xp
x vn tc nh sng (gn 3.108 m/s)
Vt l c in (Vt l Newton) khng th gii
thch c rt nhiu hin tng trong t nhin
t cp vi m n v m
Vt l hin i nghin cu cc hin tng c p
kch thc vi m v vn tc x p x vn tc
nh sng
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Vn ng C hc
2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VT L HIN I
S ra i Vt l hin i nhm gii thch mt s
hin tng m Vt l c in cha lm.
Vt l hin i a mang li mt ci nhn su sc
hn ca con ngi v t nhin, ng thi co n
thc y s tin b ca loi ngi.
Thut ng Vt l hin i m ch nhng khi
nim vt l hu Newton.
Vt l hin i da trn nn tng ca hai l
thuyt c hc lng t v thuyt tng i.
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Vn ng C hc
2. TNG QUAN V VT L
VN
TC
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Gn bng 3.108m/s
VT L
C IN
C HC
TNG I TNH
C HC
LNG T
THUYT TRNG
LNG T
9m
Nh hn 10-9m Ln hn 10-
KCH
THC
Nh hn nhiu 3.108m/s
Vn ng C hc
3. I LNG VT L
CC KHI NIM C BN
i tng ca vt l: vt th, trng, qua trnh
Mi thuc tnh cu a i tng vt l (tnh cht, cu
to, s vn ng) c c trng bi mt hay
nhiu i lng vt l
Mt i lng vt l (khi lng, nhit , in
tch, lc, vn tc) l bt c th g c th so
snh c v ln trong vt l.
i lng v hng ch c gi tr ln: khi
lng, nhit , in tch
i lng c hng-vect c ln, phng,
chiu, im t: lc, cm ng t, vn tc
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Vn ng C hc
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3. I LNG VT L
VECT - NH LUT VT L
Mt nh lut vt l l mt s khi qut ha
mt cch khoa hc da trn cc quan
st thc nghim.
Co th coi mt h thc lin h gi a ca c ai
l ng vt ly la mt inh
lut vt ly
Cc h thc gia cc vect (cng, tr,
nhn) khng ph thuc vo h ta
Cc nh lut vt ly c lp vi h ta
ng dng: la chn h ta ph hp
gii cc bi tan vt l (tm ca c inh
lut)
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3. I LNG VT L
TA VECT
Hnh 2-9a
A = Axi + Ayj +
Azk
Hnh 2-8
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4. O LNG
CC KHI NIM C BN
n v (/v) l mt s o i lng c
ly chnh xc bng 1
Cc n vi phi va tin l i va bt bin v
c thit lp bng tha thun quc t
o mt i lng vt l l php so snh n
vi i lng cng loi c quy c l /v
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Vn ng C hc
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4. O LNG
MT S N V C BN CA SI
Mt (m) l di ca on ng m
nh sng i c trong chn khng
trong thi gian 1/299792458 giy
Mt giy (s) l thi gian xy ra
9192631770 dao ng ca nh sng
do nguyn t xsi-133 pht ra
Kilgam (kg) l khi lng ca 1 chun
gc platin-irii c lu tr gn Pari
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Vn ng C hc
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5. CNG C TON HC
Gii tch Vect
- Ta vect
- Cng vect
- Tch v hng
- Tch vect
o hm v tch phn
Phng trnh vi phn
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5. CNG C TON HC
GII TCH VECT
(A,B)=ABcos
C=AxB=(ABsin)uC
Hnh 2-24a
A.B = AB cos
Hnh 2-21
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Vn ng C hc
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BI 2
CHUYN NG CA
CHT IM
1. NG HC CHT IM
2. NG LC HC CHT IM
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Vn ng C hc
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1. NG HC CHT IM
CC KHI NIM C BN
Chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr
ca vt so vi cc vt khc trong khng gian v
thi gian
Cht im l mt vt c kch thc rt nh so vi
nhng kch thc m ta kho st
H quy chiu bao gm vt lm mc, h ta ,
mc thi gian v ng h
V tr mt ht i vi gc h ta cac c
xc nh bi vect v tr:
r = xi+yj+zk
Vect vn tc bng o hm ca vect v tr i
vi thi gian:
v = dr/dt
Vect gia tc bng o hm ca vect vn tc
i vi thi gian: a = dv/dt = dr2/dt2 = at+an
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1. NG HC CHT IM
VECT VI TRI VA QUY AO
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1. NG HC CHT IM
PHN TICH VECT GIA TC
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1. NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG THNG-CHUYN NG TRN
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1. NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG TRN
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1. NG HC CHT IM
TNH TNG I CA CHUYN NG
Chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc vo
h quy chiu (v v a ph thuc h quy chi u)
Cc h chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i i
vi nhau gi l cc h quy chiu qun tnh
vn tc nh i vi chuyn ng cng mt
chiu, p dng cng thc cng vn tc:
v = v + u
vnc
'1utc ln th cng thc trn thay bng:
2
v
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Vn ng C hc
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON
Lc v chuyn ng:
- Lc l s o ca tc ng c hc do cc vt
hay trng tc dng ln cht im
- ln ca lc xc nh qua gia tc m n
truyn cho 1 khi lng chun
nh lut I Newton:
- Nu hp lc tc ng ln 1 vt bng khng
th c th tm c cc h quy chiu trong
vt ny khng c gia tc
- Cc h quy chiu trn gi l cc h quy chiu
qun tnh (v /l trn l nh lut qun tnh)
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Vn ng C hc
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON
nh lut II Newton:
- Khi lng l s o qun tnh ca cc vt v
cc tnh cht hp dn ca chng
- Hp lc F trn vt khi lng m lin h vi
gia tc a ca vt: F=ma = mdv/dt
- i vi vt c khi lng thay i: F=d(mv)/dt
nh lut III Newton: F = -F
Cc lc tc dng ca 2 vt i vi nhau bao
gi cng bng v ngc chiu nhau (nhng
im t khc nhau!)
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON
F = F1+F2+F3 =
0
V = const
F = ma
F = -F
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN
nh lut Newton
- Bt k ht no cng ht 1 ht khc vi 1 lc
hp dn c cng : F = Gm 1m2/r2
- Hng s hp dn G = 6,67x10-11m3/kg.s2
Trng hp dn
- Nguyn l chng chp: Lc ton phn F1
tc dng vo ht s 1 l tng ca cc lc do
mi ht kia: F1 = F12+F13+F1n = dF
- Th nng hp dn ca 2 ht: U(r) = -GMm/r
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN
2mm
AB0
12
rFFe
G
mm
2
r12
FG
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN
Trng hp dn ca tri t
- Vn tc v tr cp I: vI = (gR)1/2 ~ 8km/s
- Vn tc v tr cp II: vII=(2gR)1/2 ~11,
2km/s
Nguyn l tng ng
- S hp dn v s gia tc l tng ng
Cc lc ca t nhin
- Lc hp dn
- Lc in yu: lc in t v lc yu
- Lc mnh: lc gn proton v ntron
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
MT S LC THNG GP
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
V d kho st lc
N
P = P1 + P2 = mg
Fms
N = P2 = P.cos
Fms= kN = kmg.cos
m
P1
ma = P1- Fms
= mgsin - kmg.cos
a = g(sin kcos) P2
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Vn ng C hc
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TRC NGHIM
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG
ng lng - nh l 1
- N ng lng l vect K = mv, c trng cho
kh nng truyn chuyn ng ca vt
- F = ma = mdv/dt = d(mv)/dt = dK/dt:
Lc tc ng ln cht im bng o hm ng
lng cht im theo thi gian
Xung lng - nh l 2
- dK = Fdt K = K2 K1 = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- N xung lng ca lc F: J = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- bin thin ng lng ca 1 cht im trong 1
khang thi gian no c gi tr bng xung lng
ca lc tc dng trong khang thi gian
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2. NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG
ng lng tc rt ln
Vn ng C hc
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BI 3
CHUYN NG QUAY
CA VT RN
1. CHUYN NG CA VT RN
2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA
VT RN QUANH MT TRC
3. MOMENT NG LNG
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Vn ng C hc
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1. CHUYN NG CA VT RN
Chuyn ng ca vt rn c th phn tch thnh
chuy n ng tnh tin v chuy n ng quay
Chuyn ng tnh tin:
- c im: ng thng ni 2 im bt k ca vt lun
lun song song vi chnh n (v, a cc im nh nhau)
- Phng trnh: (mi) x a = Fi
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2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT
RN QUANH 1 TRC C NH
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2. CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT
RN QUANH 1 TRC C NH
Moment lc i vi trc quay :
- Lc gy ra chuyn ng quay: Ft
- Moment lc i vi trc quay: M = r Ft
I = miri2
I = r2dm
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L C GY RA CHUY N NG QUAY
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MOMENT LC I VI 1 IM
V 1 TRC C NH
Trc ly mmen
Trc ly mmen
Trc ly
mmen
Hnh 2-27a
Hnh 2-27b
Trc chiu
Hnh 2-36
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Vn ng C hc
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3. MOMENT NG LNG
INH
NGHI A
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3. MOMENT NG LNG
CC NH L
N moment ng lng
- Ca h i vi gc O: L= Li= ri mvi
- Ca h i vi trc quay: L= rimvi= Iii
- Ca vt rn i vi trc quay: L= (Ii)=I
nh l v moment ng lng
- dL/dt = d(rmv)/dt =r d(mv)/dt + mv dr/dt
= r d(mv)/dt + m(v v) = r d(mv)/dt
= r F = M M = dL/dt
- o hm cc moment ng lng ca vt rn quay
quanh trc i vi thi gian bng tng cc moment
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn
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Vn ng C hc
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3. MOMENT NG LNG
CC NH L
dL/dt = M = 0 L = const
Nu tng moment ngoi lc i vi gc O ca h
cht im bng 0 th moment ng lng ca h
c bo ton
Nu tng moment ngoi lc tc dng ln mt vt
rn quay quanh 1 trc c nh bng 0 th moment
ng lng ca vt c bo ton: L=I = const
L nh lut c bn ca t nhin, c kim
nghim tc cao hoc kch thc nguyn t.
ng dng: Ma, xic, nh hng tu v tr
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3. MOMENT NG L NG
NG DU NG INH
LUT BA O TOAN
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SO SNH
Chuyn ng tnh tin
di chuyn da i s
Vn tc di
v
Gia tc di
a
Lc
F
Khi lng
m
ng lng P=mv
Phng trnh F=ma
ng nng E=mv2/2
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Chuyn ng quay
di chuyn gc
Vn tc gc
Gia tc gc
Moment Lc M=rF
Moment qun tnh I
Moment .lngL=I
Phng trnh M=I
ng nng E=I2/2
Vn ng C hc
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BI 4
VN NG
CA C TH SNG
1.
2.
3.
4.
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NGHI A CNG
A= (F,s) = Fs cos(F,s)
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ADP + P + E ATP
-Qu trnh h hp t ba o;
-Thy phn glucoza;
-Qu trnh quang hp.
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3. LC V CNG CA C
L c n hi ca c:
F(x) = -kx (/l Hooke)
Thay F(x) = F, k = ES/, x = -
F = E.S./
F- Lc tc dng ln c; E- Mun dn hi
S- Tit din c; - co c; - di c
Cng
co
(th
nng):
Vn ng C hc
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3. LC V CNG CA C
CNG CA BUNG TIM TRI
Thnh phn tnh(th nng cu a mu):
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p l p sut mu
V l th tch mu nn vo
v l tc chy ca mu
l khi lng ring ca mu
Vn ng C hc
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3. LC V CNG CA C
CNG CA TIM
p = 100 tor = 1,3.104 N/m2;
V = 60 cm3 = 6.10-5 m3;
= 1,05.103 kg/m3; v = 0,5 m/s.
A = 1,3.104.6.10-5 + 1,05.103.(0,5)2.6.10-5/2
= 0,8 + 0,008 J ~ 0,81 J
Cng ca bung tim phi ~ 0,2J
Cng tim trong mt chu k co bp ~ 1 J
Tim co bp 70 ln/pht
Cng ca tim = 70 J/pht = 100800 J/24h
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Vn ng C hc
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LF
T
P
F
n by l vt rn c mt im ta v chu tc
ng hai lc l lc cn v lc pht ng
iu kin cn bng ca n by l tng
moment ca lc cn v lc pht ng bng 0:
MP+ MF = 0 PLP+ FLF = 0 LP/LF = F/P
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Bi tp 1
T nh thp cao 25m ta nm hn theo phng
nm ngang vi vn tc 15m/s. B qua sc cn
ca khng kh. Hy xc nh:
1. Qu o ca hn
2. Thi gian chuyn ng ca hn (t lc nm
n lc chm t)
3. Khang cch t chn thp n im hn
chm t (cn gi l tm xa)
4. Vn tc, gia tc tan phn, gia tc tip tuyn v
gia tc php tuyn ca hn ti im chm t
5. Bn knh cong ca qy o ti im bt u
nm v im chm t
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Bi tp 2
M1
M2
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Vt M1 c khi lng m1
Vt M2 c khi lng m2
Rng rc R c khi lng mr.
Tnh gia tc a v lc cng T ca
si dy trong cc trng hp:
1. Vt trt khng ma st
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng mr =0
2. Vt trt c h s ma st k
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng r =0
3. Vt trt c h s ma st k
Dy khng dn
Rng rc khi lng mr khc 0
Vn ng C hc
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Cu hi tho lun
1. Ti sao ta thy c li khi c hai chun
khi lng l kilogam v nguyn t
cacbon-12?
2. Khi bn ng thng, th qun tnh quay
ca bn i vi trc no l nh nht v
ln nht? Bn c th lm th no
thay i gi tr qun tnh quay ca bn?
3. Ti sao cm mt vt nng th mt ngi
m khng c cng no c thc hin?
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