Turbomachinery Basics: What Are Turbomachines ?

TURBOMACHINERY BASICS
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
JAN. 28, 2004
JONGSIK OH
JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

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korea.com Centrifugal Compressors
WHAT ARE TURBOMACHINES ?
Rotating dynamic machines

with energy transfer
due to changes of angular momentum
Torque on fluid = Rate of change of

angular momentum
Angular momentum = Moment of momentum

= Tangential force x Distance
= Momentum flow x Distance
=m & Cθ r
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1
EULER EQUATION
C2 U 2 = r2 ω
Cm 2 Torque T = m
& (Cθ 2r2 − Cθ1r1 )
Cθ2 Power P = Tω
=m& (U 2Cθ 2 − U1Cθ1 )
W2
W1
C1
C m1
U 1 = r1 ω
C θ1

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RELAVANT UNIT
Torque T = m
& (Cθ 2r2 − Cθ1r1 )
Unit : N.m
Power P = Tω
=m& (U 2Cθ 2 − U1Cθ1 )
Unit : Watt
(Specific) Enthalpy h = CP T (for ideal gas)

m
kg m 2
J
×K =
J N.m
= = s 2 =  m 
kg.K kg kg kg  s
2
kg  m  kg J J
Power P=   = = =W
s  s s kg s
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2
PREWHIRL OR PREROTATION
W1
C m1
C θ1
C1 α 1 U = r ω
1 1
C 1 = C m 1 , C θ1 = 0

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PART-LOAD CONTROL

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3
SLIP FACTOR
W2
W2b
C2
β 2b
b
β2
α 2α 2b C m 2
Cθ2 C θ 2b
W1
U 2 = r2 ω
Cθ 2
r2 ζ≡
Cθ 2b
U 1 = r1 ω
r1
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IMPELLER EXIT BLADE ANGLE

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4
EFFICIENCY
Isentropic Work
Isentropic Efficiency ηC ≡
Re al Work
h 2' − h1
=
h 2 − h1
T2' − T1
= for ideal gases
T2 − T1
γ −1
 p2  γ
  − 1
p
= 1 for ideal gases
T2
−1
T1
γ −1
 p2  γ
  − 1
p
=  1  γ −1 for ideal gases where ηP is the polytropic efficiency
 p 2  γηp
 p  − 1
Independent of overall pressure ratios
 1
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ROTHALPY & TOTAL ENTHALPY

Adiabatic machines along streamlines
Rotating Blade Region Stationary Vane Region

1 (a) Total enthalpy = const.
(a) Total enthalpy ≠ const. (h O ≡ h + C 2 )
2
h O2 − h O1 = 0
h O2 − h O1 = U 2Cθ 2 − U 1Cθ1
(b) Rothalpy = const.
1
I ≡ h O,rel − U 2
2
1 2 1 2
=h+ W − U
2 2
= const.

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5
ENERGY TRANSFER
0 2

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SPECIFIC SPEED
Machine Operation Parameter
• Operation speed at which machine produces

a unit head rise per unit flow rate
• Independent of machine SIZE

1/ 2
 Q 
 
 ND 3  NQ1 / 2
NS ≡ 3/ 4
=
 gH  H3/ 4
 2 2
N D 
where N : rpm, Q : ft 3 /s, H : ft (for U.S.)
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6
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7
NQ 1 / 2
NS =
(gH ) 3 / 4
where N : rad/s, Q : m 3 /s, H :m (Balje)

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VANED DIFFUSER

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8
VANED DIFFUSER

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LSD (Low Solidity Diffuser)

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9
AXIAL VANED DIFFUSER

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VOLUTE/SCROLL

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10
PERFORMANCE MAP

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PERFORMANCE MAP

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11
CORRECTED CONDITIONS
Dimensional Analysis
N
N CORRECTED ≡
TO1 & , p O , RTO ) = 0
f(D, N, m
288.15
p T m & RTO1 ND 
f  O 2 , O2 , , =0
 p O1 TO1 D 2p O1 RT 
 O1 
TO1 p T m & TO1 N 

m
& f  O 2 , O2 , , =0
 p O1 TO1 p T 
& CORRECTED ≡
m 288.15  O 1 O1 
p O1
101325
m
& TO1 m& 288.15
= CORRECTED
p O1 101325
where N(rpm), m
& (kg/s), T(K), p(Pa) N N
= CORRECTED
TO1 288.15

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IMPELLER INCIDENCE
surge choke
• Note : Angles measured from meridional reference

for axial-flow cascade tests
• Note : When angles from tangential reference,
negative incidence in choke

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12
DIFFUSER INCIDENCE

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SPLITTER BLADES

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13
SPLITTER BLADES

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IMPELLER BLADE GEOMETRY

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14
SOME ANGLES

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IMPELLER CFD

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15

Turbomachinery Basics: What Are Turbomachines ?

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TURBOMACHINERY BASICS

JAN. 28, 2004

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

WHAT ARE TURBOMACHINES ?

Rotating dynamic machines

Torque on fluid = Rate of change of

Angular momentum = Moment of momentum

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

(Specific) Enthalpy h = CP T (for ideal gas)

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

IMPELLER EXIT BLADE ANGLE

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

ROTHALPY & TOTAL ENTHALPY

Rotating Blade Region Stationary Vane Region

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

• Operation speed at which machine produces

• Independent of machine SIZE

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

LSD (Low Solidity Diffuser)

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

TO1 p T m & TO1 N 

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

• Note : Angles measured from meridional reference

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

IMPELLER BLADE GEOMETRY

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

JongSik Oh Turbomachinery Basics

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