CHUYN 5

NHM HALOGEN

LTNH CHT

VT

I-C IM CHUNG
Ging nhau
Khc nhau
-Lp ngoi cng c 7 electron : ns2np5 nn d nhn thm 1
-Nguyn t F chu k 2 nn khng c obitan d => ch c 2s22p5
electron t c cu bn to ion 1- v c s oxi ha -1 :
=>c s oxi ha -1 .
X + 1e X-1
-Nguyn t Cl , Br , I chu k 3,4,5 c obitan d nn khi kch
-Cc halogen u l cht oxi ha mnh , gi l phi kim in
thch cc electron obitan p v s c th nhy sang obitan d =>
hnh . D kt hp H v kim loi .
nn ngoi s oxi ha -1 , cn c cc s oxi ha +1,+3,+5,+7 .
-Cc halogen : F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ( tnh oxi ha gim ) => halogen
mnh y halogen yu hn ra khi dung dch .
-Cc axit : HF , HCl , HBr , HI (tnh axit v tnh kh tng) .
-Mui AgF tan ; cn AgCl (trng) , AgBr(vng nht) , AgI(vng
da cam) khng tan trong nc v dung dch axit .
II-CC CHT TIU BIU
Cl2
F2
Br2
I2
- Kh, mu vng lc, mi xc, -Cht kh lc nht , mi
-Cht lng mu nu , d
-Cht rn tinh th mu en
nng hn khng kh 2,5 ln.
xc, khng tan trong nc
bay hi mi ngt kh chu
tm c nh kim , khi un d
- to ha lng = -33,6oC, ha rn v n phn hy nc rt
(c)
thng hoa cho hi mu tm
= -101oC.
mnh .
c .
- Tan va trong nc, nc Clo
c mu vng nht.
- Rt c, ph hoi nim mc
ng h hp.
ClO
I- TNH CHT HA HC
t0
1-Tc dng vi kim loi :
M + Cl2 MCln (M l kim loi tr Au v Pt) (n l s oxi ha cao nht ca kim loi )
as
2-Tc dng vi phi kim :
H2 + Cl2 2HCl (kh hiroclorua)
t0
2P + 3Cl2 2PCl3
t0
2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5
t0
S + 3Cl2 + 4 H2O H2SO4 + 6HCl
( Cl2 khng phn ng trc tip vi O2 , N2 v C )
3-Tc dng vi hp cht :
a-Tc dng vi H2O .
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO
HClO HCl
+ O ( oxi ha mnh ph mu )
2O
O2
=> 2Cl2 + 2H2O 4HCl + O2 ( Phn ng t oxi ha kh )
b-Tc dng vi baz kim .
Cl2 + 2NaOH(long)
t thuong
NaCl + NaClO + H2O
(Nc giaven)
NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO
3Cl2 + 6KOH 80 100
5KCl
+
KClO3 + 3H2O
C
(Kaliclorat)
2KClO3 t 2 KCl + 3O2
Cl2 +
Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2
+ H2O
(Clorua vi)
CaOCl2 + 2CO2 + H2O CaCl2 + CaCO3 + 2HClO
CaOCl2 + Ns2CO3 CaCO3 + NaCl
+ NaClO
c-Tc dng vi cht kh .
Cl2
+ 2NaBr 2NaCl
+ Br2
Cl2
+ 2NaI 2NaCl
+ I2 (Halogen mnh y halogen yu ra khi dung dch tr F2)
Cl2
+
FeCl2 FeCl3
Cl2
+ SO2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2SO4
Cl2
+ H2S 2HCl
+ S
0

II- IU CH CLO
1-Trong phng th nghim : Cho HCl c tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha .
MnO2
+ 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl
+ 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O
KClO3
+ 6HCl KCl
+ 3Cl2
+ 3H2O
CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2
+ H2O
2-Trong cng nghip :
2NaCl pnc
2Na + Cl2
2NaCl + 2H2O pdd
(mnx
) 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
pdd
2HCl H2 + Cl2
III- AXIT CLOHIRIT
1-Tnh cht ha hc
- Qy tm ha
- Trung ha vi oxit baz , baz .
- Tc dng vi mui ca axit yu hn .
- Tc dng vi kim loi ng trc hiro . M + n HCl
- Tc dng vi cht oxi ha .
2- iu ch

a-Trong phng th nghim : NaCl(tt)

TNH CHT HA HC

2NaCl(tt)

t02500C

MCl + n/2H
n

NaHSO4

HCl

H2SO4() t 400
C Na2SO4

2HCl

H2SO4()

(n=s oxi ha thp ca M)

b-Trong cng nghip :

H2 + Cl2 2HCl
( HCl(k) + H2O dd axit clohiic)
3- Nhn bit : Nh dung dch AgNO3 vo dung dch mui clorua hoc dung dch axit clohiric s c kt ta trng xut hin .
Kt ta ny khng tan trong cc axit mnh .
Cl- + Ag+ AgCl
F2
Br2
I2
-L cht oxi ha cc mnh , oxi ha
-Tng t Cl2 nhng yu hn
-Tng t Br2 nhng yu hn
c c vng v bch kim .
+ Fe
FeBr3
+Al
AlI3 (t0 , xt H2O)
-Tc dng hu ht cc phi kim (tr oxi
+ H2
HBr
+ Fe
FeI2 (t0)
v nit)
Br2
+ H2O
HBr + HBrO
+ H2
HI (t0 cao)
0
-Bc chy vi H2trong bng ti (-252 C)
+SO2 + H2O HBr + H2SO4 I2
+ KOH KI + KIO + H2O
F2 + H2 2HF
+ H2S
HBr + S
+SO2 + H2O HI + H2SO4
-Gii phng c O2 t H2O (bc chy)
+ KOH KBr + KBrO + H2O
+ H2S
HI + S
2 F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2
* Lu :
* Lu :
* Lu : HF l cht kh tan trong nc
-Dng dd Br2 nhn bit SO2
-I2 khng t/d vi H2O nh Br2 v Cl2
to dd axit flohiric (HF l axit yu )
-Dd axit HBr mnh hn dd axit HCl
-I2 t/d vi HTB to h/c mu xanh
c dng v tranh , khc ch trn
-HBr b oxi ha bi H2SO4 v O2 .
=> Dng HTB nhn bit I2 .
knh v axit HF lm tan thy tinh .
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O -T HF HCl HBr HI tnh axit
4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O
2HBr + O2 2H2O + 2Br2
ca dd tng , tnh kh tng .
-HI c tnh kh mnh
8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
2HI + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl

IU CH

in phn hn hp (KF + 2HF) nng

chy ( 700C) . Bnh in phn c cc
m bng thp hay ng , cc dng bng
than ch .

Tng t clo
MnO2 + 4HBr MnBr2 + Br2 + 2H2O

Tng t brom
MnO2 + 4HI MnI2 + I2 + 2H2O

2KMnO4 + 16HBr 2KBr

2MnBr2 + 5Br2 + 8H2O

2KMnO4 + 16HI 2KI + 2MnI2

+ 5I2 + 8H2O

KClO3 + 6HBr KBr + 3Br2 + 3H2O

KClO3 + 6HI KI + 3I2 + 3H2O

2NaBr pnc
2Na + Br2
2NaBr + 2H2O pdd
(mnx
) 2NaOH
+ Br2 + H2
2HBr pdd
H2 + Br2

* Lu : Trong cng nghip

2KI + Br2 I2 + 2KBr
2NaI + Cl2 I2 + 2NaCl
- Sn xut t rong bin .

CC DNG BI TP
Dng 1 : Hon thnh phng trnh phn ng v halogen v hp cht
Phng php : Nm chc tnh cht ha hc v phn ng iu ch halogen
1-Vit phng trnh ha hc thc hin cc bin ha sau :
a)
HCl
Cl2
NaClO

NaCl
b) MnO2

KClO3
Cl2

AgCl

CaOCl2
KClO3

FeCl3

NaCl

KCl

AgCl

HCl

AgCl

NaClO
Cl2

HCl

Cl2

Cl2

Cl2

KCl

Br2

FeBr3

c) KMnO4 Cl2 KClO3 KCl KOH Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 FeCl3 AgCl

d) MnO2 Cl2 FeCl3 NaCl HCl CuCl2 AgCl Ag
e) KMnO4 Cl2 HCl FeCl2 FeCl3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3 AgCl
h) KCl KClO3 KCl Cl2 CaOCl2 CaCl2 Cl2 KClO KCl KNO3
k) Mg MgCl2 NaCl NaOH NaCl Cl2 MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgCl2
2- B tc phn ng
a) HCl + MnO2 t Kh A + rn B + lng C
A + C as D + kh E
D + Mn B + F
F + A t D
F + E t C
A + Ca(OH)2 G + H + C
b) NaCl + H2SO4 c Kh A + rn B
A + MnO2 t Kh C + rn D + lng E
C + NaBr F + G
F + NaI H + I
H + h tinh bt dd xanh dng
0

I2

NaI

Cl NaClO
2

G + AgNO3 J + K
J as L + C
A + NaOH G + E
C + NaOH G + M + E
c) KMnO4 + A B + C + Cl2
+D
E + Cl2 B + F + D
B dpnc
G + Cl2
G + D E + H
H + Cl2 as A
Nhn bit mt s hp cht v c
I-NHN BIT CC ION
Ion
1

2
3

SO

Thuc th

H
Ba 2

Hin tng
Kh mi hc, lm c dd
Ca(OH)2.
trng tan/H+

Phn ng

SO32-

+ 2H
SO2 + Ca(OH)2

SO32- + Ba2+

BaSO3

BaSO3 + H+
2

S 2

H
CuSO4
Pb( NO3 ) 2
2
3

CO

SO

2
4

Cl

Br

8
9

H
Ba 2
Ba

2
3

SiO

Cu

Kh lm c dd Ca(OH)2
trng tan/H+

CO2 + Ca(OH)2

trng khng tan/H

2+

H2S

2-

+S

CuS

Pb2+ + S2-

PbS

CO32- + Ba2+
2+

Ba

SO42-

CaCO3 + H2O
H+

BaCO3

trng en

Ag+ + Cl-

trng tan/nc nng

vng nht en

Pb2+ + 2Cl-

PbCl2

AgNO3
HgCl2

vng en

Ag+ + I -

Hg2+ + 2I -

AgNO3

vng

3Ag+ + PO43-

Ag3PO4

Axit

keo trng nhy

2H+ + SiO32-

H2SiO3

AgNO3

PO43

2H+ + S2-

BaSO4
as
AgCl
Ag

AgNO3
Pb( NO3 ) 2

Ba2+ + SO2 + H2O

mi trng thi
en khng tan/H+
en khng tan/H+

SO2 + H2O
CaSO3 + H2O

Ag+ + Br-

CO2

as
AgBr
Ag
as
AgI
Ag
HgI 2

10

NO

H 2 SO4 , Cu dd xanh lam, kh nu

2NO3- + 8H+ + Cu
Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
2NO + O2
2NO2

11

NH 4

OH

mi khai

NH4+ + OH-

12

Ca 2 ,
Mg 2 , Ba 2

Na2CO3

trng tan/H+

CO2 + Ca2+

13

Mg 2

OH

keo trng khng tan/ OH

Mg2+ + 2OH-

NH3 + H2O

CaCO3

H+

CO2

Mg(OH)2

14

Fe 2

OH

trng xanh nu

Fe2+ + 2OHFe(OH)2
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O
4Fe(OH)3

15

Fe3

OH

nu

Fe3+ + 2OH-

Fe(OH)3

16
17
18

Cu 2
3

OH

Al , Zn
Be 2
Na
K
Ca 2

OH

xanh lam

keo trng tan/ OH d

Cu2+ + 2OH-

Cu(OH)2

Al3+ + 3OH-

Al(OH)3

OH-

AlO2-

La khng mu vng
La mu tm
La mu cam

II-NHN BIT KH

Kh
1

SO2

Thuc th
dd Br2
dd KMnO4

Hin tng
Mt mu nu
Mt mu tm

H2S

Pb 2 , Cu 2

en

dd Br2
dd KMnO4

Mt mu nu
Mt mu tm

Phn ng

SO2 + Br2 + H2O

H2SO4 + 2HBr
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + H2O
MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 + 2HBr
H2S + Pb2+

PbS + 2H+

H2S + Br2

2HBr + S
5S + 2MnSO4 +

5H2S + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

K2SO4 + 8H2O

SO3

dd Ba(OH)2

trng ko tan trong axit

SO3 + Ba(OH)2

CO2

dd Ca(OH)2 d

trng c

CO2 + Ca(OH)2

NH 3

Qu tm m
Axit HCl m
c
Qu tm m

Ha xanh
Khi trng

NH3 + HCl

NH4Cl

NH3 + HCl

NH4Cl

HCl + Ag+

AgCl + H+

HCl

NH 3
Ag , Pb 2

Ha
Khi trng
trng

CO

dd PdCl2
CuO, to

Cl2

dd KI, h tinh bt
dd KBr

Pd sm
Rn en , kh bay ra
lm c dd Ca(OH)2
Lm xanh h tinh bt
dd Br2 mu nu

H2

CuO, to

Rn en

10

NO

Khng kh

11

O2

12

O3

13

NO2

Que dim chy

d
Cu
dd KI + h tinh
bt
Qu tm m

14

N2

Cht cn li

Khng mu nu

BaSO4 + H2O
CaCO3 + H2O

2HCl + Pb2+
PbCl2 + 2H+
PdCl2 + CO + H2O
Pd + CO2 + 2HCl
CuO + CO
Cu + CO2
Cl2 + 2KI
Cl2 + 2KBr
CuO + H2

2KCl + I 2
2KCl + Br2
Cu + H2O

2NO + O2

2NO2

Bng chy
Rn thnh en
Xanh h tinh bt

Cu + O2 CuO

Ha

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O

O3 +2KI + H2O

O2 +2KOH + I 2
4HNO3

Dng 2 : Nhn bit

Loi 1 : Khng gii hn thuc th
1-Nhn bit cc kh ring bit sau :
a) HCl ; Cl2 ; N2
b) H2 ; HCl ; Cl2 ; N2 ; O2
a)Cho qu tm m vo 3 mu kh , kh no khng c hin tng l N2 , kh lm qu tm m bc mu l Cl2 ; kh cn li
lm qu tm m ha l HCl .
b)Cho qu tm m vo 5 mu kh , kh no lm qu tm m bc mu l Cl2 ; kh no lm qu tm m ha l HCl .
Cho si dy Cu nung vo 3 mu kh cn li , kh no lm si dy Cu bng chy v chuyn t rn qua en th kh
l O2 .
2Cu + O2 t 2CuO

en
Dn 2 mu kh cn li qua CuO , un nng , mu kh no lm CuO chuyn t rn en qua th mu kh l H 2 .
Mu kh cn li l N2 .
CuO + H2 t Cu
+ H2O
en

2- Nhn bit cc dd ring bit sau

a) HCl ; HBr ; HNO3 ; NaCl ; NaBr ; NaNO3
b) NaF ; KCl ; MgI2
c) NaCl ; HCl ; NaNO3 ; MgCl2
d) AgNO3 ; Na2CO3 ; NaCl ; NaF; NaI
a) Ly ra mi l 1 t lm mu th , ri cho qu tm vo cc mu th ,
+L no lm qu tm ha l HCl , HBr , HNO3 (nhm 1) .
+Cn li l NaCl ; NaBr ; NaNO3 (nhm 2) .
- Cho dd AgNO3 vo cc mu th nhm 1 , mu th no c kt ta trng l HCl , c kt ta vng nht l HBr , khng c
hin tng l HNO3 .
HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3
Trng
HBr + AgNO3 AgBr + HNO3
Vng nht
- Cho dd AgNO3 vo cc mu th nhm 2 ,mu th no c kt ta trng l KCl , c kt ta vng l MgI2 ,khng c
hin tng l NaF .
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
Trng

NaBr + AgNO3
AgBr + NaNO3
Vng nht
b)Ly ra mi l 1 t lm mu th , ri cho AgNO3 vo cc mu th , mu th no c kt ta trng l KCl , c kt ta vng
l MgI2 ,khng c hin tng l NaF.
KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3
Trng
MgI2 + AgNO3 AgI + Mg(NO3)2
Vng
c)
0

3- Nhn bit cc cht rn ring bit sau :

a) NaNO3 ; AgCl ; CuCl2 ; NaCl .
Loi 2: Hn ch thuc th

b) I2 ; CaCO3 ; MgCl2 ; Mg(NO3)2

1-Ch dng qu tm nhn bit

a) cc dd ring bit sau : HCl ; NaOH ; NaCl
b)cc kh ring bit sau : Cl2 ; HCl ; O2
c) Cc dd ring bit : KCl ; H2SO4 , KOH , BaCl2 , HCl , Ba(OH)2
2-Ch dng 1 ho cht nhn bit cc dung dch sau :
a) HCl ; AgNO3 ; Na2CO3 ; HNO3 . b) MgCl2 ; MgBr2 ; NaI ; NaF. c) BaCl2 ; Na2CO3 ; AgNO3 ; KCl ; KNO3
Loi 3 : Khng dng thuc th nhn bit
1- Khng dng thuc th nhn bit cc dd ring bit :
a) CaCl2 ; HCl ; Na2CO3 .
2-Khng dng thm thuc th no khc hy phn bit cc dung dch sau :
a) MgCl2 , BaCl2 , H2SO4 v K2CO3 .
b) HCl , MgCl2 , Na2CO3 v NaOH

b) HCl ; NaBr ; AgNO3

Dng 3 : Tch Tinh ch - iu ch - M t - Gii thch hin tng

Loi 1 : Tch mt cht ra khi hn hp :
Dng ha cht phn ng tc dng ln cc cht cn loi b , cn cht cn
tch ring khng tc dng sau phn ng c tch ra d dng .
Loi 2 : Tch ring cc cht ra khi nhau :
Dng ha cht tc dng vi cht cn tch ring to ra sn phm mi . Sn
phm d tch ra khi hn hp v d ti to li cht u .
1-Brom c ln mt t tp cht l clo . Lm th no thu c brom tinh khit . Vit phng trnh ha hc .
2-Mui n b ln cc tp cht l Na2SO4 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 v CaSO4 . Hy trnh by phng php ha hc loi b cc tp cht thu
c NaCl tinh khit . Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng .
3-Mui NaCl c ln tp cht l NaI . Lm th no c NaCl tinh khit ?
4-Tinh ch NaCl c ln NaBr , NaI , Na2CO3 .
5-Gii thch v sao ngi ta iu ch c nc Cl2 m khng iu ch c nc Flo
6-Gii thch hin tng sau : ming qi tm t a vo kh Cl2 , ban u ho , sau mt mu .
7-a ra nh sng mt ng nghim ng bc clorua c nh thm mt t git qu tm . Hin tng no s xy ra ? Gii thch .
8-Sc kh clo qua dd Na2CO3 thy c kh CO2 bay ra . Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng xy ra ?
9-T nguyn liu chnh l NaCl hy vit ptp iu ch cc cht : Cl2 : axit clohiric ,natrihipoclorit v natriclorat
10-Vit ptp chng t clo hot ng ho hc mnh hn brom , brom hot ng mnh hn it
11-Tinh ch
a) Kh O2 c ln kh Cl2 .
b) Cl2 c ln CO2 ; SO2
c) NaCl c ln ; NaI ; Na2CO3 ; NaBr .
d) KCl c ln Kbr ; MgCl2
12-Tch cc cht ra khi hh
a) NaCl ; MgCl2 ; BaCl2
b)N2 ; Cl2 ; SO2

Dng 4 : Bi ton ha hc
Cc cng thc cn nh : PTP : a A + b B
Bit s mol ca mt cht => s mol cc cht cn li .

fC +

gD

n A n B nC n D

a
b
f
g
Bit s mol ca hai cht tham gia phn ng th ta phi so snh :

n A nB

a b

th A d -> tnh theo B -> n A

a.n B
b

-> nA (d) = nA (b) - nA (p)

nC

n A nB

ab

f .n B
b

th B d -> tnh theo A -> n B

nD

b.n A
a

nC

g .n B
b

-> nB (d) = nB (b) nB (p)

f .n A
a

nD

g .n A
a

n A nB
th A ,B va -> tnh theo A hoc B

a
b
Lu : a , b , f , g l cc h s cn bng trong ptp .
A , B l cc cht tham gia phn ng v C , D l cc sn phm to thnh .
nA , nB , nC , nD l s mol ca cc cht A,B,C,D , c tnh theo cc cng thc sau :

m
M

n kh

V (lt )
22,4

n kh

PV
RT

P : p sut kh t0C (atm)

V : th tch kh t0C (lt)

T : nhit tuyt i (0K) : T = t0C + 273

R : hng s kh l tng :
C% =

mct
.100%
mdd

mdd : khi lng dung dch = mct + mdm (gam)

mdd = Ddd . Vdd ( D : khi lng ring ca dd)

n
Vdd (lt )

22,4
0,082
273

C% : Nng phn trm

mct : khi lng cht tan (gam)

CM =

mdd(sau p) = mdd(trc p) m(kt ta

hoc bay hi )

CM : nng mol /lt .

V : th tch dung dch .

CM =

10.C%.D
M

hay

C% =

C M .M
10 D

1-Cho 8,7 gam MnO2 vo dd HCl d .Kh sinh ra dn qua 300ml dd NaOH 1M .Tnh nng mol cc cht trong dd sau phn ng?
2-Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO4 v bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1M iu ch lng Cl2 tc dng vi Fe to nn 16,25 gam FeCl3
3-Tnh nng mol ca 2 dd axit HCl trong cc trng hp sau :
a) Cn phi dng 150 ml dd HCl kt ta hon ton 200 gam dd AgNO3 8,5%
b) Khi cho 50 gam dd HCl vo cc ng NaHCO3 (d) th thi c 2,24 lt kh (ktc)
4-Ngi ta cho mt lng kh Cl2 va vo dd kh SO2 th thu c 200 m l dd X gm 2 axit . Sau cho BaCl2 d vo dd X
th thu c 2,33 gam kt ta trng .
a) Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong dd X ?
b) Tnh khi lng dd NaOH 16 % cn dng trung ha dd X ?
5-Cho dung dch cha 51 gam AgNO3 vo 16,59 ml dung dch HCl 20% (D=1,1 g/ml) . Tm th tch dung dch NaCl 26%
(D=1,2 g/ml) dng lm kt ta lng AgNO3 cn d .
6-Cho 50 gam CaCO3 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 20% (D=1,2g/ml)
a) Hy tm khi lng v th tch dung dch axit cn dng .
b) Tm nng phn trm dung dch sau cng .
Dng 5 : Tm khi lng v thnh phn cc cht tham gia phn ng hoc trong hn hp .
Phng php : - Vit cc phng trnh phn ng .
- t x , y l s mol cc cht , lp t l hoc thit lp phng trnh i s

Gii , suy ra s mol v khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng .

1-Cho hn hp MgO v MgCO3 tc dng vi dung dch HCl 20% th c 6,72 lt kh (ktc) v 38 gam mui .
a) Tm phn % khi lng hn hp ban u .
b) Tm khi lng axit cn dng .
c) Suy ra nng phn trm ca dung dch cui cng .
2-Cho 26,6 gam hn hp KCl v NaCl ha tan vo nc c 500 g dung dch . Cho dung dch trn tc dng va vi AgNO3
th c 57,4 g kt ta .
a) Tm thnh phn % v khi lng mi mui trong hn hp u .
b) Tm nng phn trm ca dung dch mui .
c)
3-Mun ha tan hon ton 42,2 g hn hp Zn v ZnO ngi ta dng 100,8 ml dung dch HCl 36,5%(D=1,19 g/ml) th thu c
8,96 lt kh (ktc) . Tm thnh phn % khi lng hn hp u .
4-Ha tan 11 g hn hp bt hai kim loi Al v Fe vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc) .
a) Tm khi lng mi kim loi .
b) Tm th tch dung dch HCl 0,5 M (D=1,2 g/ml) cn dng .
c) Tm nng phn trm ca cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng .
Dng 6 : Xc nh hai nguyn t halogen thuc hai chu k lin tip thng qua nguyn t khi trung bnh
Phng php: Do 2 nguyn t thuc cng 1 nhm nn tnh cht tng t nhau, v vy thay hn hp bng mt cng thc
chung, sau tm M ri chn hai nguyn t thuc hai chu k ca cng nhm sao cho MA < M < MB
(gi s MA < MB )
1.

Cho 8,8g hn hp 2 kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip nhau v thuc nhm III A, tc dng vi HCl d th thu c 6,72 lt kh
hiro ( ktc). Da vo bng tun hon cho bit tn 2 kim loi .

2.

Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX v NaY(X,Y l hai nguyn t halogen hai chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO 3 d,thu c
57,34gam kt ta.Xc nh hai nguyn t X v tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp .

Dng 7 : Tm cng thc ha hc mt cht da vo phng trnh phn ng ha hc

Phng php: -

t cng thc cht cho ( a mol )

- Vit phng trnh phn ng .
- t s mol a vo phng trnh v tnh s mol cc cht c lin quan .
- Lp h phng trnh , gii h .
1-Cho 1,3 gam st clorua tc dng vi AgNO3 d thu c 3,444 g bc clorua .
Tm cng thc ca mui st clorua .
2-Cho 5,4 gam mt kim loi ha tr 3 tc dng ht vi clo c 26,7 g mui clorua .
Xc nh tn kim loi .
3-Cho 0,54 gam mt kim loi X c ha tr khng i tc dng ht vi HCl thu c 0,672 lt kh hiro (ktc) .
nh tn kim loi .
4-Ha tan hon ton 13 gam mt kim loi ha tr II bng dung dch HCl . C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 27,2 gam mui
khan .
Xc nh kim loi dng .

PHNG PHP GII NHANH CC BI TON HA HC

1-p dng phng php ng cho (tnh ton pha ch dung dch)
Nguyn tc :
-Dung dch 1 : khi lng m1 , th tch V1 , nng C1 (C% hoc CM) , khi lng ring d1 .
-Dung dch 2 : khi lng m2 , th tch V2 , nng C2 (C% hoc CM) , khi lng ring d2 . (C1
-Dung dch thu c c m = m1 + m2 , V = V1 + V2 , nng C (C1

C2)

C2 ) , khi lng ring d .

i vi nng % v khi lng :

m1

C1

C2 C
C

m2

C2

V1

C1

=>

m1 C 2 C

m 2 C C1

=>

V1 C 2 C

V2 C C1

=>

V1 d 2 d

V2 d d 1

C C1

i vi nng mol/lt :
C2 C
C
V2

C2

C C1

V1

d1

d2 d

i vi khi lng ring :

V2
d2
d d1
Cht rn coi nh dung dch c nng = 100%
- Dung mi coi nh dung dch c nng = 0%
- Khi lng ring ca H2O l 1g/ml
1-Ha tan 200 gam dung dch NaCl 10% vi 600 gam dung dch NaCl 20% c dung dch A . Nng % ca dung dch A l
A.18
B. 16
C. 17,5
D. 21,3
2-Dng bao nhiu gam nc ct cho vo 20 gam dung dch HCl 37% thu c dung dch HCl 13% . Khi lng nc ct cn
dng l :
A. 27 gam
B. 25,5 gam
C. 54 gam
D. 37 gam
3-Trn 200ml dung dch NaBr 1M vi 300ml dung dch NaBr 2M
th thu c dung dch c nng mol/l l :
A. 1,5 M
B. 1,2 M
C. 1,6 M
D. 0,15 M
4-Ly m1 gam dung dch HI 45% pha vi m2 gam dung dch HI 15% thu c dung dch HI 25%. T l khi lng ca hai dung
dch ( m1/m2) l
A. 1:2
B. 1:3
C. 2:1
D. 3:1
Lu : -

2-p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t

Nguyn tc : Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng sn phm .
Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t trc v sau phn ng lun bng nhau .
1-Ha tan hon ton 40 gam hn hp Mg , Zn , Fe vo dung dch HCl d thu c 11,2 lt kh H2
(ktc) .C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui . Ga tr ca m l :
A.8,47 g
B. 4,87 g
C. 7,84 g
D. 7,48 g
2-Ha tan ht 1,53 gam hn hp Fe , Zn v kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 448 ml kh H 2 (ktc) .Khi lng hn
hp mui clorua khan thu c l :
A.2,95 g
B. 3,90 g
C. 2,24 g
D. 1,85 g
3- Cho 10,14 gam hn hp Mg , Cu , Al vo mt lng va dung dch HBr thu c 7,84 lt kh A (ktc) ; 1,54 gam cht rn B
v dung dch C . C cn dung dch C thu c m gam mui . Tnh m
A.34,95 g
B. 33,90 g
C. 33,45 g
D. 43,25 g
4- Sc ht lng kh clo vo dung dch hn hp NaBr v NaI un nng thu c 1,17 gam NaCl . S mol hn hp NaBr v NaI
phn ng l :
A.0,1 mol
B. 0,15 mol
C. 0,02 mol
D. 0,04 mol
3-p dng phng php trung bnh (khi lng mol trung bnh , s nguyn t trung bnh )
Nguyn tc :
- Phng php ny c th gii nhanh bi ton hn hp bng cch chuyn hn hp (hai cht v c
ca hai kim loi c cng tnh cht ha hc ) thnh mt cht tng ng .
- Ga tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi hay s nguyn t
trong phn t hp cht .
- Khi lng mol trung bnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp (k hiu M )
-

Cng thc tnh

m hh
n hh

Mmin < M < Mmax

- S dng kt hp vi phng php ng cho :

Trn nA mol cht A vi nB mol cht B c m g hn hp X ( A khng tc dng vi B )
H phng trnh :

S c:

nA

mA + mB = mX

MA.nA + MB.nB =

nA + nB = nX =>

nA +

MA

( MB-

nB

nB

= nX

MX )

MX

nA
=

( M X - MA )

MB

M X .nX

nB

( MB >

M X > MA )

Nu l 2 cht kh (khng phn ng vi nhau ) o trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut th t l v th tch cng l t l v s
mol (thay t l s mol bng t l v th tch )
S c:

VA

MA

( MB-

MX )

MX
VB

=
( M X - MA )

MB

VA

VB

( MB >

M X > MA )

1-Ha tan hon ton 7,5 gam hn hp Al v Mg bng dung dch HCl 0,5M . Sau phn ng thu c 7,84 lt kh H2 (ktc) .Tnh %
khi lng ca Al trong hn hp u ?
A.32%
B. 36%
C. 64%
D. 65%
2-Cho 9,1 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi nhm IA hai chu k lin tip nhau tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl
va , thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) . Hai kim loi l :
A.Li ; Na
B. Na ; K
C. K ; Cs
D. Na ; Cs
3-Cho 20 gam hn hp Fe v Mg tc dng va vi dung dch HCl . Sau phn ng thu c 11,2 lt H2 (ktc) Thnh phn % v
s mol ca Mg trong hn hp l :
A.30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 35,7%
4-Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d , thu c 448ml kh CO2 (ktc) . Thnh phn %
s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l :
A.50%
B. 55%
C. 60%
D. 65%
79
81
5-Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,319 . Brom c hai ng v bn l 35 Br v 35 Br . Thnh phn % . Thnh phn % s
nguyn t ca
A.84,05%

81
35

Br l :
B. 81,02%

C. 18,98%

D. 15,95%

4-p dng phng php tng gim khi lng

Nguyn tc : Khi chuyn cht A thnh cht B (c th qua nhiu giai on trung gian ) khi lng tng hay gim
bao nhiu gam thng tnh theo 1 mol v da vo khi lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s mol cht
tham gia phn ng hoc ngc li .
1-Ha tan hon ton hn hp 13,0 gam hai mui K2CO3 v Na2CO3 bng dung dch HCl va thu c dung dch X v 2,24 lt
kh bay ra (ktc) . C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan . Hi m c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?
A.1,41 g
B. 14,1 g
C. 11,4 g
D. 12,4 g
2-Cho 5,0 gam brom c ln clo vo dung dch cha 1,6 gam KBr . Sau phn ng lm bay hi dung dch th thu c 1,155 gam
cht rn khan . Phn trm khi lng clo c trong 5,0 gam brom trn l :
A.13,1%
B. 11,1%
C. 9,1%
D. 7,1%
3- Cho 9,59 gam kim loi Ba tc dng vi halogen X c d , thu c 14,56 gam mui halogenua . Nguyn t khi v tn
halogen l :
A.19; flo
B. 35,5; clo
C. 80;brom
D. 127 ; iot
4-Cho dung dch AgNO3 tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 12,5 gam hai mui KCl v KBr thu c 20,78 gam hn hp
AgCl v AgBr . Hy xc nh s mol hn hp u :
A.0,13 mol
B. 0,15 mol
C. 0,12 mol
D. 0,14 mol
BI TP TRC NGHIM CHNG HALOGEN
1/Trn 0,2 lt dung dch HCl 1M vi 0,3 lt dung dch HCl 2M th thu c dung dch c nng mol/lt l :
A 1,5M
B 1,2M
C 1,6M
D 0,15 M
2/Kim loi no sau y tc dng vi dd HCl long v kh clo cho cng loi mui clorua kim loi
A. Fe .
B. Ag .
C . Cu .
D. Zn
3/Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau :
A. Clorua vi khng phi l mui .
B. Clorua vi l mui to bi mt kim loi lin kt vi 2 gc axit .
C. Clorua vi l mui to bi hai kim loi lin kt vi mt gc axit .
D. Clorua vi l mui to bi mt kim loi to bi 2 gc axit
4/Ho tan 28,4 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi nhm IA bng axits HCl thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch
A .Tng khi lng hai mui clorua trong dung dch A l
A 3,17 gam
B 31,7 gam
C 13,7gam
D 71,3gam
5/Dung dch no sau y khng th cha trong bnh thu tinh ?
A. HCl .
B. HF.
C. H2SO4.
D. HNO3.
6/Cht M l mui canxi halogenua . Cho dung dch cha 0,2gam M tc dng vi lng d bc nitrat th thu c 0,376 gam kt ta
bc halogenua .M l :
A CaF2
B CaCl2
C CaBr2
D CaI2
7/Cho phn ng : Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
A.Cht oxihoa.
B. Khng l cht oxihoa v khng l cht .kh
C. Cht kh
D. Va l cht oxihoa v va l cht kh
8/Hp cht no sau y c nguyn t Oxi c s oxihoa bng +2 ?
A. F2O.
B. H2O.
C. K2O2 .
D. Na2O.
9/ dd cha 1 g HBr vo dd cha 1g NaOH . Nhng qu tm vo dd thu c th qu tm i sang mu no ?
A. mu .
B. Mu xanh.
C. Khng i mu.
D. Khng xc nh c
10/Th tch dd NaOH 2M cn dng trung ho 20 g dd HCl 14,6% l
A. 20ml.
B. 40ml.
C. 60ml.
D. 80ml.
11/ dd AgNO3 ln lt vo 4 dd NaF , NaCl , NaBr , NaI th thy
A. C 4 dd u to u ra kt ta .
B.C 3 dd to kt ta v 1 dd to khng to kt ta
C. C 2 dd to kt ta v 2 dd to khng to kt ta D. C 1 dd to kt ta v 3 dd to khng to kt ta .
12/Trong dy cht no sau y , dy no gm cc cht u tc dng dd HCl ?
A. CaCO3 , H2SO4., Mg(OH)2 .
B. Fe2O3 , KMnO4 , Cu.
C. dd AgNO3 , MgCO3 , BaSO4.
D. Fe , CuO , Ba(OH)2
13/Axit no mnh nht trong s cc axit sau:
A. HI
B. HCl
C. HF
D. HBr
14/Cho dung dch AgNO3 tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ho tan hai mui KCl v KCl thu c 20,78 gam hn hp AgCl v
AgBr . Hy xc nh s mol ca hn hp u
A 0,13 mol
B 0,15 mol
C 0,12 mol
D 0,14 mol
15/Cho 20 gam hn hp bt Mg v Fe tc dng vi dd HCl d thy c 1 gam kh hidro bay ra . Khi lng mi kim loa l :
A. 15g v 5g
B. 16g v 4g
C. 14g v 6g
`
D. 12g v 8 g
16/Dy no sau y sp xp ng theo chiu tng tnh oxi ho ca cc halogen :
A. Cl2, Br2 , I2 , F2
B. I2, Br2, F2 ,Cl2 C. I2 ,Cl2, Br2, F2
D. I2, Br2 ,Cl2, F2
17/t chy nhm trong bnh ng kh Clo thu c 26,7 gam nhm clorua .Th tch kh clo cn dng kc l:
A. 6,76 lt
B. 4,48 lt
C. 4,48 ml
D. 6,72 ml
18/Dng mui ii hng ngy phng bnh bu c . Mui It y l:

A. NaI
B. I2
C. NaCl v I2
D. NaCl v NaI
19/Cho 16,2 gam nhm v bc tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 6,72 lt kh kc . Khi lng bc trong hn hp l :
A. 5,4 gam
B. 10,8 gam
C. 2,7 gam
D. 10 gam
20/Clorua vi l mui to bi :
A. Hai kim loi lin kt vi hai loi gc axit . B. Mt kim loi lin kt vi mt loi gc axit.
C. Mt kim loi lin kt vi hai loi gc axit . D. Clorua vi khng phi l mui .
21/Trong s cc tnh cht sau , tnh cht no khng phi l tnh cht ca kh hidroclorua :
A. Lm i mu giy qu tm tm t .
B. Tc dng vi CaCO3 gii phng CO2 .
C. Tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH.
D. Tan rt nhiu trong nc .
22/Cho mt t ng (II) oxit vo dung dch HCl .Hin tng xy ra l :
A. ng (II)oxit chuyn thnh mu
B. ng(II)oxit tan,c kh thot ra.
C. ng(II)oxit tan, dung dch c mu xanh
D. Khng c hin tng g
23/Pht biu no sau y ng :
A. Tt c cc mui halogenua ca bc u khng tan.
B. Axit HI l mt axit mnh.
C. Trong t nhin ,Clo tn ti c dng hp cht
D. Trong dy HF HCl HBr HI, tnh axit gim dn.
24/Nu ly khi lng KMnO4 v MnO2 bng nhau cho tc dng vi HCl c th cht no cho nhiu Clo hn :
A. MnO2
B. KMnO4
C. Lng Clo sinh ra bng nhau
D. Khng xc c.
25/Tnh axit ca dy no sau y ng :
A. HF <HCl< HBr< HI
B. HF> HCl> HBr> HI .
C. HCl> HBr> HI> HF
D. HCl > HBr> HI> HF.
26/Thm dn dn nc Clo vo dung dch KI c cha sn mt t h tinh bt . Hin tng quan st c l :
A. Dung dch hin mu xanh .
B. Dung dch hin mu vng lc .
C. C kt ta mu trng .
D. C kt ta mu vng nht .
27/Cho m gam CuBr2 tc dng va vi 4,48 lt Cl2 (ktc) . Cng m gam tc dng vi mt thanh kim loi M (ho tr 2) thy
khi lng thanh kim loi tng ln 1,6gam . Kim loi M l
A Mg
B Zn
C Fe
D Sn
28/Cho 1,08 gam hn hp hai kim loi hai chu k k tip nhau thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d thot ra 0,672
lt H2 (ktc) .Hai kim loi l :
A Be v Mg
B Mg v Ca
C Sr v Ba
D Ca v Sn
29/Ho tan hon ton 4,68 gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v B k tip nhau trong nhm IIA vo dung dch HCl
d thu c 1,12 lt kh CO2 (ktc) . Kim loai A v B l :
A Be v Mg
B Mg v Ca
C Ca v Sr
D Sr v Ba
30/Dn kh clo qua dung dch NaOH nhit phng , mui thu c l:
A. NaCl, NaClO
B. NaCl, NaClO3
C. NaCl, NaClO4 D. NaClO, NaClO3
31/Dung dch HI khng phn ng c vi dung dch :
A. NaOH
B. Na2CO3
C. H2SO4
D. NaCl
32/Lin kt ho hc trong cc phn t F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 l lin kt
A. Ion
B. Cng ho tr khng cc C. Cng ho tr c cc D. Cho nhn
33/Chn pht biu sai:
A. Clo y iot ra khi dung dch NaI
B. Clo y brom ra khi dung dch NaBr
C. Brom y iot ra khi dung dch KI
D. Iot y brom ra khi dung dch NaBr
34/Nhng cht tc dng c vi dung dch HCl l:
A. Fe2O3, KMnO4, Cu
B. Fe, CuO, Ba(OH)2
C. CaCO3, MgCO3, BaSO4
D. CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, Ag
35/Cho 4,04 gam hn hp gm Mg v Zn tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl ,thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2 ( ktc) . S gam mi cht
trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 1,44g ; 2,6g
B. 2,6g ; 1,44g
C. 1,4g ; 2,64g
D. 2,64g ; 1,4g
36/Cht tc dng vi H2O to ra kh oxi l:
A. Flo
B. Clo
C. Brom
D. Iot
37/Hp cht m trong oxi c s oxi ho +2 l :
A. H2O
B. H2O2C. OF2
D. Cl2O7
38/Sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh oxi ho
A. S < Cl < O < F
B. F < O < Cl < S
C. Cl < S < O < F
D. F < O < S < Cl
39/Trong cng nghip ngi ta iu ch kh clo bng cch:
A. Cho KMnO4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl c
B. Cho MnO2 tc dng vi dung dch HCl c
C. in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn xp
D. in phn dung dch NaCl khng c mng ngn xp
40/Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl, sn phm l :
A. FeCl3 v H2
B. FeCL2 v H2
C. Khng phn ng
D. A, B, C u ng

41Cho 1,95g Zn tc dng ht vi mt phi kim nhm VIIA , thu c 4,08g mui. Phi kim l:
A. Flo
B. Clo
C. Brom
D. Iot
42/Cho 15,8g kalipemanganat tc dng vi dung dch HCl m c. Th tch kh clo thu c ( ktc) l :
A. 0,56lit
B. 2,8 lit
C. 5,6 lit
D. 11,2 lit
43/ a ra nh sng ng nghim ng bac clorua c nh thm t git dung dch qu tm. Hin tng xy ra l :
A. Qu mt mu, dn dn ho , AgCl mu en
B. Qu mt mu, dn dn ho xanh, AgCl mu en
C. Qu khng mt mu, dn dn ho , AgCl mu en
D. Qu khng mt mu, dn dn ho xanh, AgCl mu en
44/Ho tan hn hp CaO v CaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d , ta thu c dung dch A v 0,448 lit kh CO2 ( ktc). C cn dung
dch A ta thu c 3,33g mui khan. S gam mi cht trong hn hp ban u ln lt l:
A. 0,28g ; 0,2g
B. 2,8g ; 2g
C. 5,6g ; 20g
D. 0,56g ; 2,0g
45/ Sp xp no sau y theo chiu tng dn tnh axit:
A. HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HCl O4
B. HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
C. .HClO3 < HClO4 < HClO < HClO2
D. HClO3 > HClO4 > HClO > HClO2